Show the motion 8.19

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EssayExample

McDonald’s is one example of food franchisers, which have created a new form of fast-food chain in all over the world and continues to grow. McDonald has a powerful brand and excellent business model that made McDonald’s revenues continues to grow. Discuss this statement and relate your answer to the financial performance.McDonald's Corporation is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants, serving nearly 47 million customers daily (Brown, 2009). McDonald's sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, and desserts. McDonald's revenues grew 27% over the three years ending in 2007 to $22.8 billion, and 9% growth in operating income to $3.9 billion (Brown, 2009) due to its excellent business model and powerful brand.In 2003, the US consumer food-service market totals approximately $408 billion. From this amount, $64 billion, or 15.7%, was contributed by the top 30 sandwich chains (Thompson, Strickland and Gamble, 2005). It was projected that future growth in the sandwich segment to be around 2% p.a. for the foreseeable future.The two percent growth rate indicates that this industry is in a maturity position in the business life cycle. It fact, Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2005) reported that the US fast-food market was rapidly becoming saturated.What is the significance of the two percent p.a. growth rate? Translate into absolute amount; this is equivalent to approximately $8.2 billion for 2004. This is an attractive figure to potential entrants into the fast-food industry. It can be attributed to the growing world population and that food need to be consumed to survive propels the growth of the food-service industry.Table 1 gives the sales and the percentage sales among the 10 largest chains for food-service market based on 2003 systemwide salesIt gives a good account of the fast-food industry. These results are represented graphically in Figure 1.Table 1: Sales and percentage sales for the top 10 food chain in U.S.Figure 1: A pie chart showing the relative market shares of the top 10 food chain in USLeading the field is McDonald’s with 30.14% of the total sales of the 10 largest stores. Burger King and Wendy’s come in second and third with 12.39% and 10.32%. It can also be observed that the sales of McDonald’s itself is approximately equal to the combined sales Burger King, Wendy’s and Aramark Global Food.McDonald’s business model is its biggest strength. It has a diversified income base. These income bases are related and synergistic in McDonald’s operations. Putting together McDonald’s can weather storm better compared with companies with a narrow income base. These income bases include the company’s resta urant operations (McDonald’s and its partner brands), its vast real estate holdings and the retail sales of merchandise. The retail sale of merchandise is a category that has great potential to grow and contribute a larger percentage of total revenue.McD onald’s ownership of one of the world’s most recognized and a respected brand is strength. It carries many associations in the mind of people: hamburger, fun, children, fast-food, Golden Arches. This is also the opinion of Kotler (2003, p.11). In addition, McDonald’s also drawing its strength from being the world’s leading foodservice retailer (Market-leader strategies, Kotler (2003 p.254-5). Adding to this, it also has an unparalleled global infrastructure. Furthermore, it has competencies in restaurant operations, real estate, retailing, marketing and franchising. Most important of all, its operation generates substantial amounts of cash from serving nearly 50 million customers a day (McDonald’s Corporation 2004 Summary Annual Report).The company own and franchise operations are strengths. Results show that over the past ten years, franchised restaurants typically had accounted for approximately 60 percent or more of McDonald’s total systemwide sales while the company’s own restaurants brought in another 30% of its sales revenue. The amount of profit generated by the company-owned restaurants is strength. Although the lion’s share of existing McDonald’s outlets were franchises, the company owned restaurant contributes a fairly significant portion of the total income. The company kept and applied 100 percent of those profits rather than the much smaller portion of the franchises’ profit it received.McDonald’s Plan to Win is strength. The plan stays focus on five key drivers, the people, products, place, price and promotion. It clearly spelt out the strategy and the direction that it is heading. This plan has been instrumental in McDonald’s successful turnaround, as evidenced by the latest financial results.McDonald’s product offerings are strength. It is offering a variety of high-quality menu options, innovative products that are well accepted by customers worldwide. These products are not easily copied by competitors.F inancial statements given in the case have been taken to ascertain whether McDonald’s current strategy is working. In case there is an insufficiency of data from the case, data has also been incorporated from McDonald’s 2004 annual reports.Operating profit margin, net profit margin, returns on total assets and return on stockholder’s equity for McDonald’s Operations from 1998 to Q3 2003 have been abstracted and represented in Table 2. The information is further presented in Figure 2 to facilitate readers understanding of the underlying facts.Table 2: Profitability ratios analysis for McD onald’s, 1998 – Q3 2003Figure 2: Operating profit margin and net profit margin from 1998 – Q3 2003Reading Table 2 and Figure 2 together, the following information can be abstracted. For operating profit margin and net profit margin, the year 2002 was worst in the period under review.It can be observed that from 2002, the operating profit margin rebounds from a low of 13.72% to 17.75% in Q1 of 2003. This ratio increased further to 19.30% in Q2 2003, and 21.40% in Q3 2003. Without further data, it can be inferred that there is actually a recovery since 2002. It seems that the present strategy is working, but this is not conclusive without further data.The same trend is observed for net profit margin. The figures increased from a low of 5.80% in 2002. Figures for the first three quarters of 2003 are 9.58%, 11.00% and 12.15% respectively. This is indeed a very encouraging development.The return on total assets and return on stockholders equity can be analyzed using figures up to 2004, shown below.We obtained the following information for 1998 –2004 with data from the 2004 McDonald’s Annual Report incorporated. These data are presented in Table 3Table 3: Profitability ratios analysis for McDonald’s, 1998 - 2004Figure 3: Profitability ratios analysis for McDonald’s, 1998 - 2004Operating profit margin and net profit margin from 2002 to 2004 reviewed the followings.The operating profit margin rebounds from a low of 13.72% in 2002, to 16.52% in 2003. The figure increased further to 18.57% in 2004. The same trend occurred for net profit margin. The figures increased from a low of 5.80% in 2002, increased to 8.58% in 2003, and further to 11.95% in 2004. The 2004 net profit margin already surpassed that of 2001.The return on total assets also rebounded from 3.69% in 2002, to 5.69% and 8.19% respectively for 2003 and 2004. Return on stockholders’ equity also increased from 8.69% in 2002 to 12.28% and 16.05% respectively in 2003 and 2004.It is quite convincing that the current strategy is actually working.However, the author would like to look at the marketing data, represented by the growth ratios i.e. Annual percentage growth in total revenues and Annual percentage growth in net income to confirm the conclusion.Table 4: Growth ratio analysis for McDonald’s 1998 - 2003It can also be concluded that McDonald’s current strategy is working fine for the company, as the latest years financial results indicate.Figure 4: Growth ratio analysi s for McDonald’s 1999 - 2004From Table 4 and Figure 4, it is obvious that McDonald’s performance has rebounded since 2002.The author will also look at the change in the number of systemwide restaurants for McDonald’s Corporation as an evidence of excellent business model and powerful brand of McDonald. Table 5below gives the total systemwide restaurants of McDonald’s from 1998 to 2004.Table 5: Total systemwide restaurants, 1998 – 2004The number of restaurants increased by 29%, a steadily increase from 1998 to 2004. In line with the company strategy to increase sales rather than the number of restaurants, the increase in this area has slowed down. However, as noted earlier, there has been increase in the 4 measured parameters. This is another indication that the company current strategy is successful.As conclusion, McDonald has an excellent business model with diversified income base such as franchise and Plan to Win strategy has contributed to the growth of McDonald’srevenues. Furthermore, McDonald’s product offering with high quality menu and powerful brand are one of the factors that contribut ed to the growth of McDonald’s revenues.Word count: 1758LIST OF REFERENCESThompson, A. A., Strickland III, A.J. and Gamble, J.E. (2005), Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage Concepts and Cases, 14th ed. New York, USA: McGraw HillKotler, P., (2003), Marketing Management , 11th ed. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.McDonald’s Corporation (2004), Financial Report, McDonald [Online], Available at: /annualreport/index.html, Assessed Date (12th February 2008)J. Brown (2009), McDonald’s, Amazon [Online], Available at: /McDonald's, Assessed Date (12th February 2008)UEL ID/Matric NoExample of Essay REPORT PRESENTATION:▪Font: Time New Roman, size 12.▪Paragraph alignment: Justify▪Line spacing : 1.5 lines▪Word Count to be indicated at the end of the essay it should be not more than 1,500 words excluding the references.▪Page numbers should be used for your essay▪Your student number should be entered in the header area of your essay.▪Do not submit your work in a ring binder. These are too bulky for staff to handle in large numbers.11。

DigiScore 电子钢琴说明书

The magic of DigiScore.The entire family can learn, play, and enjoy the piano.Built-in music programs help you learn the basics of piano and music in an enjoyable way.A variety of lesson programs for all age groups.Onboard rhythm function and over 400 songs, including classical masterpieces, etudes, and popular songs.Compose and arrange your own songs using the 16-part recorder and its menu of editing functions.DigiScore creates charts automatically; simply play, and it writes the music! You can then save the chart as an image file for printing or electronic sharing, or convert your performance into audio format and upload it to the Internet.Lesson button provides fast access to the built-in lesson programs and music games.The piano experience redefined.Discover a new way to learn and play with DigiScore.Notation display: View up to 48 measures* of a two-line piano score at a time.*48 measures can be shown when you choose to display notes only and set the notation display size to “small.”A variety of musical symbols, including p (piano), f (forte), crescendo, and allegro are available for display.Additional notation displays, such as one hand, magnified, finger numbers, and chord display, are also supported.Displays options include graphical keyboard, metronome, chart, and/or note names.Auto Sync feature lets you play at your own pace as the digital sheet music automatically scrolls and follows.For practice, you can conveniently view the left- and right-hand parts separately.Your recorded performance is displayed as notation. Check your performance visually and print the sheet music.More fun, more practice, more improvement!The path to musical expression and enjoyment.DigiScore is an interactive and engaging system for piano learning and performance. People of all age groups and skill levels can experience the joy of playing piano at their own level and pace.Medal Collection The Medal Collection feature awards virtual gold, silver, or bronze medals based on the accuracy of your performance. DigiScoreDigiScore encourages and assists beginners with a friendly, fun approach.DoReMi Course Learn the basics of piano playing, such as the fundamentals of note reading, fingering, “thumb under” technique, and pedal basics.Can piano practice be fun? Yes!Flash CardThis helps to build reading and listeningskills by playing notes and chord whichappear as virtual flash cards on the screen.For ear training, a note or chord is soundedaudibly and the player attempts to match it.Visual LessonDigiScore removes the boredom fromdaily practice. The Visual Lesson featureanalyzes and displays your performanceFor piano studentsRH-L20Headphones Headphones Headphones USB Flash Memory M-UF2GHeadphones RH-A7-BK RH-A7-WH RH-A7-RD。

惠普彩色激光打印机 Pro M454 和惠普彩色激光多功能一体机 Pro M479 维修手册说明书

Table -1 Revision history Revision number 1
Revision date 6/2019
Revision notes HP LaserJet Pro M454 HP LaserJet Pro MFP M479 Repair manual initial release
Additional service and support for HP internal personnel HP internal personnel, go to one of the following Web-based Interactive Search Engine (WISE) sites: Americas (AMS) – https:///wise/home/ams-enWISE - English – https:///wise/home/ams-esWISE - Spanish – https:///wise/home/ams-ptWISE - Portuguese – https:///wise/home/ams-frWISE - French Asia Pacific / Japan (APJ) ○ https:///wise/home/apj-enWISE - English ○ https:///wise/home/apj-jaWISE - Japanese ○ https:///wise/home/apj-koWISE - Korean ○ https:///wise/home/apj-zh-HansWISE - Chinese (simplified)
Find information about the following topics ● Service manuals ● Service advisories ● Up-to-date control panel message (CPMD) troubleshooting ● Install and configure ● Printer specifications ● Solutions for printer issues and emerging issues ● Remove and replace part instructions and videos ● Warranty and regulatory information

J2ME_API快速查询手册(8.19)新增多媒体

Alert 显示一个包含消息的对话框 AlertTyperithmeticExceptionArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptionArrayStoreExceptionBooleanByteByteArrayInputStreamByteArrayOutputStreamCalendar 日历；Canvas 画布CertificateCertificateExceptionCharacterChoiceChoiceGroup 单选框与复选框ClassClassCastExceptionClassNotFoundExceptionCommConnectionCommand 命令；CommandListenerConnectionConnectionNotFoundExceptionConnectorContentConnectionControlControllableCustomItemDataInputDataInputStreamDataOutputDataOutputStreamDatagramDatagramConnectionDateDateField 接收日期的输入DisplayDisplayableDoubleEOFExceptionEmptyStackExceptionEnumerationErrorExceptionFloatFontForm 容器类：能显示从Item派生的类 GameCanvasGauge 显示图形化的进度条Graphics 虚拟画笔Hashtable Hash表二维集合；HttpConnectionHttpsConnectionIOExceptionIllegalAccessExceptionIllegalArgumentExceptionIllegalMonitorStateExceptionIllegalStateExceptionIllegalThreadStateExceptionImage 创建图片文件ImageItem 显示存储在文件中的图像IndexOutOfBoundsExceptionInputConnectionInputStreamInputStreamReaderInstantiationExceptionIntegerInterruptedExceptionInterruptedIOExceptionInvalidRecordIDExceptionItem Form的派生类；ItemCommandListenerItemStateListenerLayer 图层父类LayerManager图层管理List 显示一个条目如菜单LongMIDletMIDletStateChangeExceptionManagerMathMediaExceptionNegativeArraySizeExceptionNoClassDefFoundErrorNoSuchElementExceptionNullPointerExceptionNumberFormatExceptionObjectOutOfMemoryErrorOutputConnectionOutputStreamOutputStreamWriterPlayerPlayerListenerPrintStreamPushRegistryRandomReaderRecordComparatorRecordEnumerationRecordFilterRecordListenerRecordStoreRecordStoreExceptionRecordStoreFullExceptionRecordStoreNotFoundExceptionRecordStoreNotOpenExceptionRunnableRuntimeRuntimeExceptionScreenSecureConnectionSecurityExceptionSecurityInfoServerSocketConnectionShortSocketConnectionSpacerSprite 角色（精灵）图层；StackStreamConnectionStreamConnectionNotifierStringStringBufferStringIndexOutOfBoundsExceptionStringItem 在屏幕上显示文字SystemTextBox 在屏幕上显示多行文本 TextField 接收文本的输入ThreadThrowableTicker 屏幕上横向滚动文本 TiledLayer 地图图层；TimeZone 时区；TimerTimerTask 定时器；ToneControlUDPDatagramConnectionUTFDataFormatExceptionUnsupportedEncodingExceptionVector 一级集合； VirtualMachineErrorVolumeControlWriterClass Canvas javax.microedition.lcduiClass Screen javax.microedition.lcduiClass Displayable javax.microedition.lcduiClass Alert javax.microedition.lcduiClass Form javax.microedition.lcduiClass ChoiceGroup javax.microedition.lcduiClass DateField javax.microedition.lcduiClass Gauge javax.microedition.lcduiClass StringItem javax.microedition.lcduiClass TextField javax.microedition.lcduiClass Image javax.microedition.lcduiClass ImageItem javax.microedition.lcduiClass List javax.microedition.lcduiClass TextBox javax.microedition.lcduiClass Ticker javax.microedition.lcduiClass Graphics javax.microedition.lcduiClass Font javax.microedition.lcduiClass Display javax.microedition.lcduiClass Command javax.microedition.lcduiSince:MIDP 1.0Interface CommandListener javax.microedition.lcduiSince:MIDP 1.0Class Item javax.microedition.lcduiSince: MIDP 1.0Interface ItemStateListener javax.microedition.lcduiSince: MIDP 1.0Class MIDlet javax.microedition.midletClass MIDletStateChangeException javax.microedition.midletSince: MIDP 1.0Class AlertType javax.microedition.lcdui Since: MIDP 1.0Class Sprite javax.microedition.lcdui.game MIDP 2.0Class LayerManager j avax.microedition.lcdui.gameSince:MIDP 2.0Class TiledLayer javax.microedition.lcdui.gameClass Math ngSince:JDK1.0, CLDC 1.0Class TimeZone java.utilClass Calendar java.utilClass Random java.utilClass RecordStore javax.microedition.rms.RecordStoreSince:MIDP 1.0interFace DataInput java.io从以下版本开始：JDK1.0另请参见：DataInputStream, DataOutputinterFace DataOutput java.io从以下版本开始：JDK1.0另请参见：DataInput, DataOutputStreaminterFace Player javax.microedition.mediainterFace PlayerListener javax.microedition.media。

IMPATT

IMPact ionization Avalanche Transit ransit-Time Function as microwave oscillator. Used to produce carrier signal for microwave transmission system. IMPATT can operate from a few GHz to a few hundred GHz
IMPATT DIODE
• One-sided abrupt p-n junction: • Most avalanche multiplication p occurs in a narrow region near the highest field between 0 & xA (width of avalanche region) • Hi-lo structure: • Avalanche region confined within the N1 region • Lo-hi-lo structure: • a “clump” of donor atoms is located at x=b •High Hi h fi field ld region i exists i t f from x=0 0 to x=b, xA=b, max. field can be Figure 8.6. Doping profiles and electric-field much lower than hi-lo structure distributions at avalanche breakdown of three
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IMPATT DIODE Operation

昆仑气动机器人舵机产品说明书

Catalog PDN1000-2USParker Pneumatic• Medium duty to extremely heavy duty linear motion• Powered by the 3MA or 4MA NFPA cylinder, with ISO options available • Bore sizes 1-1/2", 2", and 2-1/2"• Thrust, reach, and compact versions available• Shock absorber, bumpers/stop collars, and proximity sensor options availableOrdering information for HBC, HBT and HBRActuator Products – Guided Cylinders HB SeriesFor sensors see page B294.Click here to view bookmarks.Modelnumber A B C Ds*Do**EF NPTF F BSPP K L M N P R S T U 151 3.25 6.00 2.2520mm (0.79) 25mm(0.98)0.3751/411/4 1.06 5.19 6.260.94 5.88 1.94 4.250 1.375 2.75020 4.007.25 2.7525mm (0.98)30mm(1.18)0.5003/81/4 1.31 6.397.00 1.197.13 2.44 5.000 1.750 3.250255.009.003.2530mm (1.18)35mm (1.38)0.5003/83/81.567.828.381.448.882.886.5002.0003.750Model number V W X Y AA BB CC EE FF GG HH JJ KK LL MM 1510.2510.27 2.7500.7500.281/4 1.750 1.500 2.310.501/4-20 2.500.753/8 2.500200.3130.33 3.2500.7500.345/16 2.250 1.750 2.310.635/16-18 3.000.883/8 3.000250.3760.394.0001.5320.413/83.0002.2502.380.753/8-164.001.001/24.000* Standard shafting ** Oversized shafting1 Model 15 with Cylinder Type 3A (3MA cylinder) has 3/8" NPTF ports.All dimensions in inches unless otherwise noted.Model number A B C Ds*Do**E F NPTF F BSPPK L M N P R S T 15 5.0 6.00 2.2520mm (0.79)25mm (0.98)0.3751/4 11/4 1.06 6.948.190.94 5.88 1.94 4.250 1.37520 5.57.25 2.7525mm (0.98)30mm (1.18)0.5003/81/4 1.317.888.94 1.197.13 2.44 5.000 1.750256.59.003.2530mm (1.18)35mm (1.38)0.5003/83/81.569.3110.311.448.882.886.5002.000Model numberU V W X Y AA BB CC EE FF GG HH JJ KK 15 2.7500.2510.27 2.750 1.9380.281/4 2.500 1.500 2.310.501/4-20 4.250.6920 3.2500.3130.33 3.250 2.2500.345/16 2.750 1.750 2.310.635/16-18 4.500.88253.7500.3760.394.0002.7500.413/83.5002.2502.380.753/8-165.501.00* Standard shafting ** Oversized shafting1 Model 15 with Cylinder Type 3A (3MA cylinder) has 3/8" NPTF ports.All dimensions in inches unless otherwise noted.Model number A B CDs*Do**E F NPTF F BSPP K L M N P R S T 158.00 6.00 2.2520mm (0.79)25mm (0.98)0.3751/4 11/4 1.069.9411.190.94 5.88 1.94 4.250 1.3752010.007.25 2.7525mm (0.98)30mm (1.18)0.5003/81/4 1.3112.3913.44 1.197.13 2.44 5.000 1.7502512.009.003.2530mm (1.18)35mm (1.38)0.5003/83/81.5614.8215.821.448.882.886.5002.000Model number U V W X Y AA BB CC EE FF GG HH JJ KK 15 2.7500.2510.27 2.750 1.9380.281/4 5.500 1.500 2.310.501/4-207.250.6920 3.2500.3130.33 3.250 2.2500.345/167.250 1.750 2.310.635/16-189.000.88253.7500.3760.394.0002.7600.413/89.0002.2502.380.753/8-1611.001.00* Standard shafting ** Oversized shafting1 Model 15 with Cylinder Type 3A (3MA cylinder) has 3/8" NPTF ports.All dimensions in inches unless otherwise noted.The graphs illustrate the side load vs. actuator stroke for the three HB slide sizes. Applied loads will cause a slight deflection of the support rods. The graphs include the weight of the support rods and tooling plate and are based on a bearing life equivalent to 10 million cycles for dynamic conditions. Higher dynamic loads will reduce cycle life. For static loads, multiply the information in the graph by 1.5.Note: Actuator life may vary depending on the severity of the following variables:• Acceleration• Velocity• Vibration• OrientationHBC1508121620Stroke + "d"(inch)Load(lb)5152025Stroke + "d" (inch)Load(lb)Stroke + "d" (inch)HBC20HBC25 4HBT1512Stroke + "d" (inch)Load(lb)510152025Stroke + "d" (inch)Stroke + "d" (inch)HBT20HBT25 4HBR15Load(lb)30510152025HBR20HBR25EXAMPLE:An HBT15 with ball bearingsand a “stroke+d” of 12" wouldhave a load capacity of 20 lbs.“d”LoadDeflectionThe graphs illustrate the side load vs. actuator stroke for the three HB slide sizes. Applied loads will cause a slight deflection of the support rods. Deflection distance is alsoshown. The graphs include the weight of the support rods and tooling plate and are based on a bearing life equivalent to 10 million cycles for dynamic conditions. Higher dynamic loads will reduce cycle life. For static loads, multiply the information in the graph by 1.5.Note: Actuator life may vary depending on the severity of the following variables:• Acceleration• Velocity • Vibration • OrientationL o a d (l b )HBC15812162024Stroke + "d" (inch)L o a d (l b )01520Stroke + "d" (inch)L o a d (l b )001218Stroke + "d" (inch)HBC20HBC25430L o a d (l b )HBT1524Stroke + "d" (inch)L o a d (l b )Stroke + "d"(inch)L o a d (l b )Stroke + "d" (inch)HBT20HBT254EXAMPLE:An HBT15 with oversized composite bushings and a “stroke+d” of 8" would havea load capacity of 60 lbs.L o a d (l b )HBR158121620L o a d (l b )903005152025L o a d (l b )1218HBR20HBR254250300“d”LoadDeflectionAsymmetrical loading occurs when the load is applied to one side of the unit. HB Series units can resist torsional loads that are asymmetrical. The graphs show torsional load capacity for both standard and oversized shafting under dynamic conditions For static applications, multiply the information in the graphs by 1.5. The vertical load for HBN does not include the weight of the tool plate and support rods.Note: Actuator life may vary depending on the severity of the following variables:• Acceleration• Velocity• Vibration• OrientationAsymmetrical Torque CapacityHBC15Stroke + "d" (inch)Torque(lb-in)Torque(lb-in)Torque(lb-in)101525Stroke + "d" (inch)Stroke + "d" (inch)HBC20HBC25HBT15Stroke +“d”(inch)Torque(lb-in)Torque(lb-in)60Stroke +“d”(inch)012243036Stroke +“d”(inch)HBT20HBT256HBR15051020Stroke + "d" (inch)101525HBR2015800800600400200012243036HBR256100012001400Torque(lb-in)Torque(lb-in)Torque(lb-in)Torsional LoadVertical Eccentric Load CapacityHB Series units mounted vertically will have the sameeccentric load capacity regardless of orientation. The graphs provide maximum load capacity for an eccentric mounted load on a 4" stroke cylinder. The load is assumed to be mounted at the face of the tooling plate.Note: Actuator life may vary depending on the severity of the following variables:• Acceleration • Velocity • VibrationHBC15Eccentricity (inch)L o a d (l b )0HBC20Eccentricity (inch)HBC25Eccentricity (inch)HBT155101520Eccentricity (inch)L o a d (l b )HBT20Eccentricity (inch)L o a d (l b )HBT25Eccentricity (inch)EXAMPLE:An HBT15 with ball bearings carrying an eccentric load with an eccentricity distance of 15" would have a load capacity of 40 lbs.HBR15L o a d (l b )HBR20HBR25。

synthmaster player用户手册说明书

SynthMaster Player User ManualVersion 2.6.16Written ByBülent BıyıkoğluCreditsProgramming, Concept,Design & Documentation : Bulent BiyikogluUser Interface Development: Salvatore ZummoBülent BıyıkoğluFactory Wavetables: GalbanumUser wavetables: Compiled with permission from public archiveFactory Presets (v2.5/2.6): BigToneFrank “Xenox” NeumannNori UbukataRob LeeSami RabiaTeoman PasinliogluUmit “Insigna” UyXenos SoundworksUfuk KevserBeta Testing: Sound designers, , forum users AU Version of SynthMaster is built using Symbiosis by NuEdge Development.XML processing is done by using TinyXMLHTTP/FTP processing is done by using LibCurlCopyright © 2007-2014 KV331 Audio. All rights reserved.This guide may not be duplicated in whole or in partwithout the express written consent of KV331 Audio.SynthMaster is a trademark of KV331 Audio.ASIO, VST, VSTGUI are trademarks of Steinberg.AU is a trademark of Apple Corporation.RTAS, AAX are trademarks of Avid CorporationAll other trademarks contained herein are theproperty of their respective owners.Product features, specifications, system requirements,and availability are subject to change without notice.TABLE OF CONTENTSSynthMaster Player User Manual (1)Introduction (4)System Requirements (4)Download Links for SynthMaster Player FREE (4)Download Links for SynthMaster Player (4)Forgot Your Serial Number? (5)Installing Latest Version (5)Changing Data Folder (6)Getting Started with SynthMaster Player (7)Browsing Presets (8)Controlling the Browser from your MIDI Controller (9)Adding Presets to Your Favorites List (10)Assigning the “Default” Preset (10)Loading a Preset from Your Favorites List (10)Importing Preset Banks Into SynthMaster (10)Assigning Easy Knobs to MIDI Controllers (MIDI Learn) (12)Editing Preset Parameters (12)Easy Parameters (12)Layer Insert Effects (13)Global Insert Effects (13)Preset Polyphony (13)Global/Preset Engine Buffer Size (13)Global/Preset Engine Quality (13)Global/Preset Scale (14)Global/Preset Skin (14)Changing Current Skin Globally (15)Changing Current Skin for the Current Preset (16)IntroductionSystem RequirementsSynthMaster Player comes in the following formats:Format System Requirements DAW RequirementsVST Instrument Windows 7 and aboveMacOSX 10.6 and above2 GB RAM, 2 GHz CPUVST Host supporting VST 2.4pluginsAU Instrument MacOSX 10.6 and above2 GB RAM, 2 GHz CPUAU Host applicationRTAS Instrument Windows 7 and aboveMacOSX 10.6 and above2 GB RAM, 2 GHz CPUProTools 9ProTools 10AAX Instrument Windows 7 and aboveMacOSX 10.6 and above2 GB RAM, 2 GHz CPU32bit: ProTools 10.3.6 and above64bit: ProTools 11 and aboveDownload Links for SynthMaster Player FREESynthMaster 2.6 Player FREE installer can be downloaded at:Windows-32 bits: /DownloadFile.aspx?fileID=83Windows-64 bits: /DownloadFile.aspx?fileID=84Mac OSX (32/64bits): /DownloadFile.aspx?fileID=85This installer contains the latest binaries and all the data files necessary to install SynthMaster 2.6 Player FREEDownload Links for SynthMaster PlayerSynthMaster 2.6 Player FREE installer can be downloaded at:Windows-32 bits: /DownloadFile.aspx?fileID=81Windows-64 bits: /DownloadFile.aspx?fileID=82Mac OSX (32/64bits): /DownloadFile.aspx?fileID=86This installer contains the latest binaries and all the data files necessary to install SynthMaster 2.6 Player. To start your download for SynthMaster Player you should enter your registered email address and serial number:Forgot Your Serial Number?If you forgot your serial number, it is very easy to retrieve it. Just go to/requestlicensefile.aspxenter your registered email address, and that’s it. You’ll receive your serial number plus the above download links in a couple of minutes!Installing Latest VersionOnce you download the zip archive containing SynthMaster 2.6 Player setup files, simply extract its contents to a temporary location and run the setup application: (SynthMaster26PlayerSetup.exe on Windows, SynthMaster26PlayerSetup.pkg on MacOSX)By default, SynthMaster will be installed under the following directories:Windows: C:\Program Files\Vstplugins\SynthMaster PlayerMacOSX: /Library/Application Support/KV331 Audio/SynthMaster PlayerOn MacOSX, you might get the following warning message after you install SynthMaster Player, and run your DAW application:In that case, please copy the following files manually:SynthMasterLicenseKey.txt to -> /Library/Application Support/KV331 Audio/SynthMaster Playerponent to -> /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/ComponentsSynthMasterPlayer.vst to -> /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/VSTSynthMasterPlayer.dpm to -> /Library/Application Support/Digidesign/DAE/Plug-InsChanging Data FolderIf you want to place SynthMaster Player data files in a different folder, there is an easy way to do that:Copy all SynthMaster folder/files except SynthMaster2.dll, SynthMaster2FX.dll and SynthMasterPlayerFolders.txt into the new folderOpen up the SythMasterPlayerFolders.txt file using a text editor, and change the following line:RootFolder=<new folder path goes here>Then save the SynthMasterPlayerFolder.txt file and you’re done!Getting Started with SynthMaster PlayerNow that we you’ve installed SynthMaster Player, it’s time to explore it!Let’s start by instantiating a SynthMaster Player instance in our DAW application:SynthMaster Player opens up with its default “Player Skin”. One of the unique features of SynthMaster is that it support multiple skins. You can even edit the skins that come with SynthMaster Player and customize your own skins, with the Interface Editor that comes with SynthMaster (just download and install SynthMaster DEMO for that:Browsing PresetsSynthMaster Player comes with a comprehensive preset library, with 800 presets to start with (the free version has only 200):When you select a preset from the list, it is loaded from disk, and its 12 easy parameters and insert effects are displayed. You can tweak the easy parameters right from the browser or using you MIDI controller’s knob/sliders that are globally linked to the easy parameters.The presets can be filtered byInstrument TypeAttributesMusic StylePreset AuthorBank NameFor instance, if you want to see all Mono Bass Factory presets for Electro music style created by Aiyn Zahev, click on Bass, Mono, Electro, Aiyn Zahev and then Factory Presets:To load a preset on the list: click on it:To go to the next preset on the list: click on the arrow, or press the “Down” key on your keyboard. To go to the previous preset on the list: click on the arrow, or press the “Up” key on your keyboard. To scroll down the list: move your mouse wheel down (when mouse is over the presets list)To scroll up the list: move your mouse wheel up (when mouse is over the presets list)To search for a preset by name: type the text into the search textbox and press enter or click on the Search button. The matching presets will be displayed on the list:Controlling the Browser from your MIDI ControllerIt is possible in SynthMaster Player to control the preset browser from your MIDI controller, by sending MIDI CC messages. You can assign buttons on your controller for scrolling up/down Instrument typeMusic stylePreset AuthorPresetsTo link a button to a list, move your mouse over the list, and then click on the right mouse button. The popup menu will show up with 2 selections: Prev and NextAfter you select one of the menu items, press the button on your MIDI controller to send the MIDI CC message, SynthMaster Player will learn the button and establish the link between the button and the browser function. SynthMaster Player saves this link in its configuration file, so you have to do this linking only once.Adding Presets to Your Favorites ListIt is possible to mark the presets you like as ‘favourites’ so that you can easily load them again in your sessions. To add a preset to your ‘favourites’ list:Click on the presetname to choosethe presetRight click on thepreset name tobring up thedropdown menuChoose “Add toFavourites”Assigning the “Default” Preset“Default” preset is the preset that is loaded when a new instance of SynthMaster Player is created. To assign a preset as the “default” preset:Click on the presetname to choosethe presetRight click on thepreset name tobring up thedropdown menuChoose “Set AsDefault Preset”Loading a Preset from Your Favorites ListOnce you assign your favourite presets, you canload them back by right clicking on the currentpreset name (displayed on the top header) andthen choosing a preset listed under the “LoadFavourite: “ category.Importing Preset Banks Into SynthMasterSynthMaster Player and Player FREE allows you to use the preset banks released by KV331 Audio. If you purchase preset banks from our website , you will notice that most of them require manual installation (expect the ones that come with their own installers).Starting with version 2.6.15, we’ve made it very easy to import those banks into SynthMaster Player:1. Move your mouse under the Bank list and right click. Popup menu will show up. Select Importpreset bank(s) menu item:2. Directory browser dialog will open up. Browse to the folder where you extracted the zip file thatcontains the preset bank files (that end with .smpb / .smar) and click OK to import the files:3. If import is successful, the preset browser will be refreshed and you’ll see the imported banks : In case importing fails (due to write permission error), you can manually copy the preset bank file(s) (andthe archive file(s) if the preset bank uses any custom samples/waveforms) to the following locations: Windows: C:\Program Files\Vstplugins\SynthMaster Player\PresetsMacOSX: /Library/Application Support/KV331 Audio/SynthMaster Player/PresetsAssigning Easy Knobs to MIDI Controllers (MIDI Learn)In SynthMaster Player, easy parameters (knobs and XY Pads) can be assigned to MIDI controllers. This assignment is achieved by the MIDI Learn feature in SynthMaster Player. The easy parameter assignments are saved in the configuration file so the assignments are global, not per preset.parameter (knob), and then right click to bring upthe content menu.Click on the MIDI Learn menu item, and then startmoving the corresponding knob/slider/etc on yourMIDI controller device to send MIDI ControlChange (CC) messages. As soon as SynthMasterreceives a CC message, it will assign thatcontroller to the parameter.your mouse over the parameter (knob) that’s linkedto a MIDI controller, and then right click to bring upthe content menu.Click on the Remove MIDI CC Link menu item, andthe assignment will be removed.Editing Preset ParametersSynthMaster Player has limited editing capabilities compared to SynthMaster. For each preset, the following parameters can be edited by the user:Easy ParametersEasy parameters are assigned by the sound designer to enable tweaking most important parameters in the preset’s design. Each preset has 8 easy knobs and 2 XY Pads.Layer Insert EffectsFor each of the 2 layers there are 5 insert effects that are assigned by the sound designer. To turn on/off an assigned effect click on the effect name ,its state will toggle.Global Insert EffectsThere are 2 global effect buses with 5 insert effect slots for each. To turn on/off an assigned effect click on the effect name, its state will toggle.Preset PolyphonyPolyphony is used to limit the maximum number of voices that thesynth can play at a time. By lowering polyphony, you can reduce theCPU usage of the synth. Its value can be set between 4-64 voices.Global/Preset Engine Buffer SizeEngine buffer size determines the smallest buffer size at which internalLFOs, envelopes, etc. are recalculated. Increasing engine buffer sizewill lower CPU usage. It takes the following values:Short (16 samples)Normal (32 samples)Large (64 samples)XLarge (128 samples)XXLarge (256 samples).TIP: If Global Engine Buffer Size is not set to “Preset” it will override Preset Engine Buffer Size parameter. TIP: For best performance set buffer size to Normal/Large during tracking, and set it to Short when bouncing to audio.Global/Preset Engine QualityEngine quality determines the internal oversampling rate.Oversampling helps reduce aliasing noise that’s generated especiallyat high pitches. The more oversampling used, the more CPU cycleswill be consumed. The engine quality parameter takes the followingvalues:Draft (no oversampling)Good (2 times oversampling)Better (3 times oversampling)Best (4 times oversampling)TIP: If Global Engine Quality is not set to “Preset” it will override Preset Engine Quality parameter.TIP: For best performance set engine quality to Draft during tracking, and set it to Good/Better/Best when bouncing to audio.Global/Preset Scaleeach preset separately. By default, it comes with only 1 scaledefinition: EqualTempered scale. The scale definitions, which are inScala format, are stored under:Windows : C:\Program Files\VstPlugIns\SynthMasterPlayer\ScalesMacOSX: /Library/Application Support/KV331Audio/SynthMaster/ScalesTIP: If Global Scale is not set to “Preset” it will override Preset Scale parameter.TIP: If you want to use different tunings, please copy the scale files (in Scala format) into the above folders.Global/Preset SkinSynthMaster Player comes with 2 different skins (which will be 3 quitesoon!). By changing the Preset Skin parameter, you can use adifferent skin for the current preset. For the skin change to take effect,you have to close and reopen the plug-in window.TIP: If Global Skin is not set to “Preset” it will override Preset Skin parameter.Changing Current Skin GloballyTo change the current skin globally (for all SynthMaster Player instances), you should1. Click on the left/right arrows (next to the parameter name) on the header to display the currentvalue of the Global Skin parameter:2. Click on the left/right arrows (next to the parameter value) on the header to change Global Skinparameter’s value:3. Close and then reopen the skin:Changing Current Skin for the Current PresetRather than using a global skin for all SynthMaster Player instances, you can have a different skin for each instance. The skin name is saved inside preset settings. To change the current skin for the current instance, you should1. Click on the left/right arrows (next to theparameter name) on the header to displaythe current value of the Global Skinparameter2. Click on the left/right arrows (next to theparameter value) on the header to changeGlobal Skin parameter’s value to Preset3. Click on the left/right arrows (next to theparameter name) on the header to displaythe current value of the Preset Skinparameter4. Click on the left/right arrows (next to theparameter value) on the header to changePreset Skin parameter’s value to the skinyou want to switch to5. Close and then reopen the skin。

Indradrive 系列故障代码

Error MessagesF9001 Error internal function call.F9002 Error internal RTOS function callF9003 WatchdogF9004 Hardware trapF8000 Fatal hardware errorF8010 Autom. commutation: Max. motion range when moving back F8011 Commutation offset could not be determinedF8012 Autom. commutation: Max. motion rangeF8013 Automatic commutation: Current too lowF8014 Automatic commutation: OvercurrentF8015 Automatic commutation: TimeoutF8016 Automatic commutation: Iteration without resultF8017 Automatic commutation: Incorrect commutation adjustment F8018 Device overtemperature shutdownF8022 Enc. 1: Enc. signals incorr. (can be cleared in ph. 2) F8023 Error mechanical link of encoder or motor connectionF8025 Overvoltage in power sectionF8027 Safe torque off while drive enabledF8028 Overcurrent in power sectionF8030 Safe stop 1 while drive enabledF8042 Encoder 2 error: Signal amplitude incorrectF8057 Device overload shutdownF8060 Overcurrent in power sectionF8064 Interruption of motor phaseF8067 Synchronization PWM-Timer wrongF8069 +/-15Volt DC errorF8070 +24Volt DC errorF8076 Error in error angle loopF8078 Speed loop error.F8079 Velocity limit value exceededF8091 Power section defectiveF8100 Error when initializing the parameter handlingF8102 Error when initializing power sectionF8118 Invalid power section/firmware combinationF8120 Invalid control section/firmware combinationF8122 Control section defectiveF8129 Incorrect optional module firmwareF8130 Firmware of option 2 of safety technology defectiveF8133 Error when checking interrupting circuitsF8134 SBS: Fatal errorF8135 SMD: Velocity exceededF8140 Fatal CCD error.F8201 Safety command for basic initialization incorrectF8203 Safety technology configuration parameter invalidF8813 Connection error mains chokeF8830 Power section errorF8838 Overcurrent external braking resistorF7010 Safely-limited increment exceededF7011 Safely-monitored position, exceeded in pos. DirectionF7012 Safely-monitored position, exceeded in neg. DirectionF7013 Safely-limited speed exceededF7020 Safe maximum speed exceededF7021 Safely-limited position exceededF7030 Position window Safe stop 2 exceededF7031 Incorrect direction of motionF7040 Validation error parameterized - effective thresholdF7041 Actual position value validation errorF7042 Validation error of safe operation modeF7043 Error of output stage interlockF7050 Time for stopping process exceeded8.3.15 F7051 Safely-monitored deceleration exceeded (159)8.4 Travel Range Errors (F6xxx) (161)8.4.1 Behavior in the Case of Travel Range Errors (161)8.4.2 F6010 PLC Runtime Error (162)8.4.3 F6024 Maximum braking time exceeded (163)8.4.4 F6028 Position limit value exceeded (overflow) (164)8.4.5 F6029 Positive position limit exceeded (164)8.4.6 F6030 Negative position limit exceeded (165)8.4.7 F6034 Emergency-Stop (166)8.4.8 F6042 Both travel range limit switches activated (167)8.4.9 F6043 Positive travel range limit switch activated (167)8.4.10 F6044 Negative travel range limit switch activated (168)8.4.11 F6140 CCD slave error (emergency halt) (169)8.5 Interface Errors (F4xxx) (169)8.5.1 Behavior in the Case of Interface Errors (169)8.5.2 F4001 Sync telegram failure (170)8.5.3 F4002 RTD telegram failure (171)8.5.4 F4003 Invalid communication phase shutdown (172)8.5.5 F4004 Error during phase progression (172)8.5.6 F4005 Error during phase regression (173)8.5.7 F4006 Phase switching without ready signal (173)8.5.8 F4009 Bus failure (173)8.5.9 F4012 Incorrect I/O length (175)8.5.10 F4016 PLC double real-time channel failure (176)8.5.11 F4017 S-III: Incorrect sequence during phase switch (176)8.5.12 F4034 Emergency-Stop (177)8.5.13 F4140 CCD communication error (178)8.6 Non-Fatal Safety Technology Errors (F3xxx) (178)8.6.1 Behavior in the Case of Non-Fatal Safety Technology Errors (178)8.6.2 F3111 Refer. missing when selecting safety related end pos (179)8.6.3 F3112 Safe reference missing (179)8.6.4 F3115 Brake check time interval exceeded (181)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand ControlsI Bosch Rexroth AG VII/XXIITable of ContentsPage8.6.5 F3116 Nominal load torque of holding system exceeded (182)8.6.6 F3117 Actual position values validation error (182)8.6.7 F3122 SBS: System error (183)8.6.8 F3123 SBS: Brake check missing (184)8.6.9 F3130 Error when checking input signals (185)8.6.10 F3131 Error when checking acknowledgment signal (185)8.6.11 F3132 Error when checking diagnostic output signal (186)8.6.12 F3133 Error when checking interrupting circuits (187)8.6.13 F3134 Dynamization time interval incorrect (188)8.6.14 F3135 Dynamization pulse width incorrect (189)8.6.15 F3140 Safety parameters validation error (192)8.6.16 F3141 Selection validation error (192)8.6.17 F3142 Activation time of enabling control exceeded (193)8.6.18 F3143 Safety command for clearing errors incorrect (194)8.6.19 F3144 Incorrect safety configuration (195)8.6.20 F3145 Error when unlocking the safety door (196)8.6.21 F3146 System error channel 2 (197)8.6.22 F3147 System error channel 1 (198)8.6.23 F3150 Safety command for system start incorrect (199)8.6.24 F3151 Safety command for system halt incorrect (200)8.6.25 F3152 Incorrect backup of safety technology data (201)8.6.26 F3160 Communication error of safe communication (202)8.7 Non-Fatal Errors (F2xxx) (202)8.7.1 Behavior in the Case of Non-Fatal Errors (202)8.7.2 F2002 Encoder assignment not allowed for synchronization (203)8.7.3 F2003 Motion step skipped (203)8.7.4 F2004 Error in MotionProfile (204)8.7.5 F2005 Cam table invalid (205)8.7.6 F2006 MMC was removed (206)8.7.7 F2007 Switching to non-initialized operation mode (206)8.7.8 F2008 RL The motor type has changed (207)8.7.9 F2009 PL Load parameter default values (208)8.7.10 F2010 Error when initializing digital I/O (-> S-0-0423) (209)8.7.11 F2011 PLC - Error no. 1 (210)8.7.12 F2012 PLC - Error no. 2 (210)8.7.13 F2013 PLC - Error no. 3 (211)8.7.14 F2014 PLC - Error no. 4 (211)8.7.15 F2018 Device overtemperature shutdown (211)8.7.16 F2019 Motor overtemperature shutdown (212)8.7.17 F2021 Motor temperature monitor defective (213)8.7.18 F2022 Device temperature monitor defective (214)8.7.19 F2025 Drive not ready for control (214)8.7.20 F2026 Undervoltage in power section (215)8.7.21 F2027 Excessive oscillation in DC bus (216)8.7.22 F2028 Excessive deviation (216)8.7.23 F2031 Encoder 1 error: Signal amplitude incorrect (217)VIII/XXII Bosch Rexroth AG | Electric Drivesand ControlsRexroth IndraDrive | Troubleshooting GuideTable of ContentsPage8.7.24 F2032 Validation error during commutation fine adjustment (217)8.7.25 F2033 External power supply X10 error (218)8.7.26 F2036 Excessive position feedback difference (219)8.7.27 F2037 Excessive position command difference (220)8.7.28 F2039 Maximum acceleration exceeded (220)8.7.29 F2040 Device overtemperature 2 shutdown (221)8.7.30 F2042 Encoder 2: Encoder signals incorrect (222)8.7.31 F2043 Measuring encoder: Encoder signals incorrect (222)8.7.32 F2044 External power supply X15 error (223)8.7.33 F2048 Low battery voltage (224)8.7.34 F2050 Overflow of target position preset memory (225)8.7.35 F2051 No sequential block in target position preset memory (225)8.7.36 F2053 Incr. encoder emulator: Pulse frequency too high (226)8.7.37 F2054 Incr. encoder emulator: Hardware error (226)8.7.38 F2055 External power supply dig. I/O error (227)8.7.39 F2057 Target position out of travel range (227)8.7.40 F2058 Internal overflow by positioning input (228)8.7.41 F2059 Incorrect command value direction when positioning (229)8.7.42 F2063 Internal overflow master axis generator (230)8.7.43 F2064 Incorrect cmd value direction master axis generator (230)8.7.44 F2067 Synchronization to master communication incorrect (231)8.7.45 F2068 Brake error (231)8.7.46 F2069 Error when releasing the motor holding brake (232)8.7.47 F2074 Actual pos. value 1 outside absolute encoder window (232)8.7.48 F2075 Actual pos. value 2 outside absolute encoder window (233)8.7.49 F2076 Actual pos. value 3 outside absolute encoder window (234)8.7.50 F2077 Current measurement trim wrong (235)8.7.51 F2086 Error supply module (236)8.7.52 F2087 Module group communication error (236)8.7.53 F2100 Incorrect access to command value memory (237)8.7.54 F2101 It was impossible to address MMC (237)8.7.55 F2102 It was impossible to address I2C memory (238)8.7.56 F2103 It was impossible to address EnDat memory (238)8.7.57 F2104 Commutation offset invalid (239)8.7.58 F2105 It was impossible to address Hiperface memory (239)8.7.59 F2110 Error in non-cyclical data communic. of power section (240)8.7.60 F2120 MMC: Defective or missing, replace (240)8.7.61 F2121 MMC: Incorrect data or file, create correctly (241)8.7.62 F2122 MMC: Incorrect IBF file, correct it (241)8.7.63 F2123 Retain data backup impossible (242)8.7.64 F2124 MMC: Saving too slowly, replace (243)8.7.65 F2130 Error comfort control panel (243)8.7.66 F2140 CCD slave error (243)8.7.67 F2150 MLD motion function block error (244)8.7.68 F2174 Loss of motor encoder reference (244)8.7.69 F2175 Loss of optional encoder reference (245)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand Controls| Bosch Rexroth AG IX/XXIITable of ContentsPage8.7.70 F2176 Loss of measuring encoder reference (246)8.7.71 F2177 Modulo limitation error of motor encoder (246)8.7.72 F2178 Modulo limitation error of optional encoder (247)8.7.73 F2179 Modulo limitation error of measuring encoder (247)8.7.74 F2190 Incorrect Ethernet configuration (248)8.7.75 F2260 Command current limit shutoff (249)8.7.76 F2270 Analog input 1 or 2, wire break (249)8.7.77 F2802 PLL is not synchronized (250)8.7.78 F2814 Undervoltage in mains (250)8.7.79 F2815 Overvoltage in mains (251)8.7.80 F2816 Softstart fault power supply unit (251)8.7.81 F2817 Overvoltage in power section (251)8.7.82 F2818 Phase failure (252)8.7.83 F2819 Mains failure (253)8.7.84 F2820 Braking resistor overload (253)8.7.85 F2821 Error in control of braking resistor (254)8.7.86 F2825 Switch-on threshold braking resistor too low (255)8.7.87 F2833 Ground fault in motor line (255)8.7.88 F2834 Contactor control error (256)8.7.89 F2835 Mains contactor wiring error (256)8.7.90 F2836 DC bus balancing monitor error (257)8.7.91 F2837 Contactor monitoring error (257)8.7.92 F2840 Error supply shutdown (257)8.7.93 F2860 Overcurrent in mains-side power section (258)8.7.94 F2890 Invalid device code (259)8.7.95 F2891 Incorrect interrupt timing (259)8.7.96 F2892 Hardware variant not supported (259)8.8 SERCOS Error Codes / Error Messages of Serial Communication (259)9 Warnings (Exxxx) (263)9.1 Fatal Warnings (E8xxx) (263)9.1.1 Behavior in the Case of Fatal Warnings (263)9.1.2 E8025 Overvoltage in power section (263)9.1.3 E8026 Undervoltage in power section (264)9.1.4 E8027 Safe torque off while drive enabled (265)9.1.5 E8028 Overcurrent in power section (265)9.1.6 E8029 Positive position limit exceeded (266)9.1.7 E8030 Negative position limit exceeded (267)9.1.8 E8034 Emergency-Stop (268)9.1.9 E8040 Torque/force actual value limit active (268)9.1.10 E8041 Current limit active (269)9.1.11 E8042 Both travel range limit switches activated (269)9.1.12 E8043 Positive travel range limit switch activated (270)9.1.13 E8044 Negative travel range limit switch activated (271)9.1.14 E8055 Motor overload, current limit active (271)9.1.15 E8057 Device overload, current limit active (272)X/XXII Bosch Rexroth AG | Electric Drivesand ControlsRexroth IndraDrive | Troubleshooting GuideTable of ContentsPage9.1.16 E8058 Drive system not ready for operation (273)9.1.17 E8260 Torque/force command value limit active (273)9.1.18 E8802 PLL is not synchronized (274)9.1.19 E8814 Undervoltage in mains (275)9.1.20 E8815 Overvoltage in mains (275)9.1.21 E8818 Phase failure (276)9.1.22 E8819 Mains failure (276)9.2 Warnings of Category E4xxx (277)9.2.1 E4001 Double MST failure shutdown (277)9.2.2 E4002 Double MDT failure shutdown (278)9.2.3 E4005 No command value input via master communication (279)9.2.4 E4007 SERCOS III: Consumer connection failed (280)9.2.5 E4008 Invalid addressing command value data container A (280)9.2.6 E4009 Invalid addressing actual value data container A (281)9.2.7 E4010 Slave not scanned or address 0 (281)9.2.8 E4012 Maximum number of CCD slaves exceeded (282)9.2.9 E4013 Incorrect CCD addressing (282)9.2.10 E4014 Incorrect phase switch of CCD slaves (283)9.3 Possible Warnings When Operating Safety Technology (E3xxx) (283)9.3.1 Behavior in Case a Safety Technology Warning Occurs (283)9.3.2 E3100 Error when checking input signals (284)9.3.3 E3101 Error when checking acknowledgment signal (284)9.3.4 E3102 Actual position values validation error (285)9.3.5 E3103 Dynamization failed (285)9.3.6 E3104 Safety parameters validation error (286)9.3.7 E3105 Validation error of safe operation mode (286)9.3.8 E3106 System error safety technology (287)9.3.9 E3107 Safe reference missing (287)9.3.10 E3108 Safely-monitored deceleration exceeded (288)9.3.11 E3110 Time interval of forced dynamization exceeded (289)9.3.12 E3115 Prewarning, end of brake check time interval (289)9.3.13 E3116 Nominal load torque of holding system reached (290)9.4 Non-Fatal Warnings (E2xxx) (290)9.4.1 Behavior in Case a Non-Fatal Warning Occurs (290)9.4.2 E2010 Position control with encoder 2 not possible (291)9.4.3 E2011 PLC - Warning no. 1 (291)9.4.4 E2012 PLC - Warning no. 2 (291)9.4.5 E2013 PLC - Warning no. 3 (292)9.4.6 E2014 PLC - Warning no. 4 (292)9.4.7 E2021 Motor temperature outside of measuring range (292)9.4.8 E2026 Undervoltage in power section (293)9.4.9 E2040 Device overtemperature 2 prewarning (294)9.4.10 E2047 Interpolation velocity = 0 (294)9.4.11 E2048 Interpolation acceleration = 0 (295)9.4.12 E2049 Positioning velocity >= limit value (296)9.4.13 E2050 Device overtemp. Prewarning (297)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand Controls| Bosch Rexroth AG XI/XXIITable of ContentsPage9.4.14 E2051 Motor overtemp. prewarning (298)9.4.15 E2053 Target position out of travel range (298)9.4.16 E2054 Not homed (300)9.4.17 E2055 Feedrate override S-0-0108 = 0 (300)9.4.18 E2056 Torque limit = 0 (301)9.4.19 E2058 Selected positioning block has not been programmed (302)9.4.20 E2059 Velocity command value limit active (302)9.4.21 E2061 Device overload prewarning (303)9.4.22 E2063 Velocity command value > limit value (304)9.4.23 E2064 Target position out of num. range (304)9.4.24 E2069 Holding brake torque too low (305)9.4.25 E2070 Acceleration limit active (306)9.4.26 E2074 Encoder 1: Encoder signals disturbed (306)9.4.27 E2075 Encoder 2: Encoder signals disturbed (307)9.4.28 E2076 Measuring encoder: Encoder signals disturbed (308)9.4.29 E2077 Absolute encoder monitoring, motor encoder (encoder alarm) (308)9.4.30 E2078 Absolute encoder monitoring, opt. encoder (encoder alarm) (309)9.4.31 E2079 Absolute enc. monitoring, measuring encoder (encoder alarm) (309)9.4.32 E2086 Prewarning supply module overload (310)9.4.33 E2092 Internal synchronization defective (310)9.4.34 E2100 Positioning velocity of master axis generator too high (311)9.4.35 E2101 Acceleration of master axis generator is zero (312)9.4.36 E2140 CCD error at node (312)9.4.37 E2270 Analog input 1 or 2, wire break (312)9.4.38 E2802 HW control of braking resistor (313)9.4.39 E2810 Drive system not ready for operation (314)9.4.40 E2814 Undervoltage in mains (314)9.4.41 E2816 Undervoltage in power section (314)9.4.42 E2818 Phase failure (315)9.4.43 E2819 Mains failure (315)9.4.44 E2820 Braking resistor overload prewarning (316)9.4.45 E2829 Not ready for power on (316)。

Glider Flying Handbook说明书

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

汽车配件说明书

Care ............................................. 105 Operation .................................... 103 CAUTION, Explanation of ............... ii CD Care .......................................... 100 CD Changer...................................... 99 CD Changer Error Messages ...... 102 CD Player Error Messages .......... 101 CD Player.......................................... 98 Ceiling Light..................................... 84 Certification Label ......................... 200 Chains ............................................. 172 Changing a Flat Tire ..................... 177 Changing Oil How to......................................... 151 When to....................................... 145 Charging System Indicator .... 54, 189
Indicators................................ 131 Shift Lever Positions ................. 131 Shift Lock Release..................... 134

8.19 四级图表漫画类范文

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big. You should write at least 120 words butno more than 180 words.首段：图画描述(引入图画)This/There/It/Given is a simple/funny but thought-provoking/enlightening cartoon/picture/drawing. (图画描述：人/物+动作+环境+文字) the youngster/guy/boy/child/son expresses his worries about “disposing of nuclear waste”. To his surprise/shock, his father points at the dustbin, telling him that if he can empty the dustbin there, he can do anything.二段：图画主题+现象+意义(图画主旨) This picture/cartoon/drawing, obviously/apparently, can be naturally associated with/linked to the critical importance/significance of doing small things. (主题评论) That is to say/To be specific, if youngsters intend to/want to/dream to/aim to/target to achieve success, it is advisable/ sensible/ vital/ indispensable/ necessary/ intelligent/ wise/ well-advised for them to begin/start with little jobs. (现象概述) In the contemporary/present-day society, it has become a trend for a host of/a large number of/ quite a few teenagers/young people to ignore/neglect tiny things in life, such as cleaning rooms, washing clothes and emptying dustbins. (相关人+感受) Meanwhil e/In the meantime/, an increasing number of/a growing number of young people find it rather useless or unnecessary to deal with these things.(举例) A case in point/A typical example is the boy in the picture. However/Nonethel ess/Whereas, (意义) it is these small tasks that enable/help/ensure/rend er youngsters to accumulate/ buil d up/ master/ gain/ obtain/ acquire adequate/sufficient/ ample precious/valuable knowledge, ability/capacity/competence, skills and experience. (万能总结) Intelligent/Wise/rational people in large numbers, as a matter of fact/in fact/ actually, have come to realize/recognize/be aware of the vital/critical significance of these small things.（补充举例2）Just taking a l ook around, we can notice/see/find a great many young people like the boy in the picture.(意义句补充) Doing small things brings us skills, arouses our enthusiasm/ passion for success, and helps us to make progress.尾段：观点+建议+展望(观点：尾段首句万能) I, as a college student, am convinced that it is of great necessity/it is exceedingly necessary for youngsters to enhance/strengthen/improve/boost our overall/comprehensive quality by doing small things. (万能建议) Thus/Hence/Accordingly/As a result, we shoul d educate, advocate and encourage our friends, classmates and acquaintances to cultivate/foster/ develop this positive awareness and habit. (展望1:)We, trying our utmost to do so/sparing no efforts to do so, may witness/see a hopeful and promising future of our life/work/study. (展望2:) Do bear in mind: small progress every day leads to a big success./We shoul d bear/keep in mind that a big success comes from/originates from /stems from everyday small progress.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and comment on kids’understanding of going to school. You should write at least 120 but no more than 180 words.【试题解析】阅卷发现：很多同学写只写了“手机对学生的影响”，但其实不然。

Native Instruments MASCHINE MIKRO MK3用户手册说明书

The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Native Instruments GmbH. The software described by this docu-ment is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Native Instruments GmbH, hereinafter referred to as Native Instruments.“Native Instruments”, “NI” and associated logos are (registered) trademarks of Native Instru-ments GmbH.ASIO, VST, HALion and Cubase are registered trademarks of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.All other product and company names are trademarks™ or registered® trademarks of their re-spective holders. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them.Document authored by: David Gover and Nico Sidi.Software version: 2.8 (02/2019)Hardware version: MASCHINE MIKRO MK3Special thanks to the Beta Test Team, who were invaluable not just in tracking down bugs, but in making this a better product.NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH Schlesische Str. 29-30D-10997 Berlin Germanywww.native-instruments.de NATIVE INSTRUMENTS North America, Inc. 6725 Sunset Boulevard5th FloorLos Angeles, CA 90028USANATIVE INSTRUMENTS K.K.YO Building 3FJingumae 6-7-15, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001Japanwww.native-instruments.co.jp NATIVE INSTRUMENTS UK Limited 18 Phipp StreetLondon EC2A 4NUUKNATIVE INSTRUMENTS FRANCE SARL 113 Rue Saint-Maur75011 ParisFrance SHENZHEN NATIVE INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Limited 5F, Shenzhen Zimao Center111 Taizi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChina© NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH, 2019. All rights reserved.Table of Contents1Welcome to MASCHINE (23)1.1MASCHINE Documentation (24)1.2Document Conventions (25)1.3New Features in MASCHINE 2.8 (26)1.4New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.10 (28)1.5New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.8 (29)1.6New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.7 (29)1.7New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.4 (31)1.8New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.3 (33)2Quick Reference (35)2.1MASCHINE Project Overview (35)2.1.1Sound Content (35)2.1.2Arrangement (37)2.2MASCHINE Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1MASCHINE MIKRO Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1.1Browser Section (41)2.2.1.2Edit Section (42)2.2.1.3Performance Section (43)2.2.1.4Transport Section (45)2.2.1.5Pad Section (46)2.2.1.6Rear Panel (50)2.3MASCHINE Software Overview (51)2.3.1Header (52)2.3.2Browser (54)2.3.3Arranger (56)2.3.4Control Area (59)2.3.5Pattern Editor (60)3Basic Concepts (62)3.1Important Names and Concepts (62)3.2Adjusting the MASCHINE User Interface (65)3.2.1Adjusting the Size of the Interface (65)3.2.2Switching between Ideas View and Song View (66)3.2.3Showing/Hiding the Browser (67)3.2.4Showing/Hiding the Control Lane (67)3.3Common Operations (68)3.3.1Adjusting Volume, Swing, and Tempo (68)3.3.2Undo/Redo (71)3.3.3Focusing on a Group or a Sound (73)3.3.4Switching Between the Master, Group, and Sound Level (77)3.3.5Navigating Channel Properties, Plug-ins, and Parameter Pages in the Control Area.773.3.6Navigating the Software Using the Controller (82)3.3.7Using Two or More Hardware Controllers (82)3.3.8Loading a Recent Project from the Controller (84)3.4Native Kontrol Standard (85)3.5Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.1Differences between Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.2Switching Instances (88)3.6Preferences (88)3.6.1Preferences – General Page (89)3.6.2Preferences – Audio Page (93)3.6.3Preferences – MIDI Page (95)3.6.4Preferences – Default Page (97)3.6.5Preferences – Library Page (101)3.6.6Preferences – Plug-ins Page (109)3.6.7Preferences – Hardware Page (114)3.6.8Preferences – Colors Page (114)3.7Integrating MASCHINE into a MIDI Setup (117)3.7.1Connecting External MIDI Equipment (117)3.7.2Sync to External MIDI Clock (117)3.7.3Send MIDI Clock (118)3.7.4Using MIDI Mode (119)3.8Syncing MASCHINE using Ableton Link (120)3.8.1Connecting to a Network (121)3.8.2Joining and Leaving a Link Session (121)4Browser (123)4.1Browser Basics (123)4.1.1The MASCHINE Library (123)4.1.2Browsing the Library vs. Browsing Your Hard Disks (124)4.2Searching and Loading Files from the Library (125)4.2.1Overview of the Library Pane (125)4.2.2Selecting or Loading a Product and Selecting a Bank from the Browser (128)4.2.3Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank (133)4.2.3.1Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank on theController (137)4.2.4Selecting a File Type (137)4.2.5Choosing Between Factory and User Content (138)4.2.6Selecting Type and Character Tags (138)4.2.7Performing a Text Search (142)4.2.8Loading a File from the Result List (143)4.3Additional Browsing Tools (148)4.3.1Loading the Selected Files Automatically (148)4.3.2Auditioning Instrument Presets (149)4.3.3Auditioning Samples (150)4.3.4Loading Groups with Patterns (150)4.3.5Loading Groups with Routing (151)4.3.6Displaying File Information (151)4.4Using Favorites in the Browser (152)4.5Editing the Files’ Tags and Properties (155)4.5.1Attribute Editor Basics (155)4.5.2The Bank Page (157)4.5.3The Types and Characters Pages (157)4.5.4The Properties Page (160)4.6Loading and Importing Files from Your File System (161)4.6.1Overview of the FILES Pane (161)4.6.2Using Favorites (163)4.6.3Using the Location Bar (164)4.6.4Navigating to Recent Locations (165)4.6.5Using the Result List (166)4.6.6Importing Files to the MASCHINE Library (169)4.7Locating Missing Samples (171)4.8Using Quick Browse (173)5Managing Sounds, Groups, and Your Project (175)5.1Overview of the Sounds, Groups, and Master (175)5.1.1The Sound, Group, and Master Channels (176)5.1.2Similarities and Differences in Handling Sounds and Groups (177)5.1.3Selecting Multiple Sounds or Groups (178)5.2Managing Sounds (181)5.2.1Loading Sounds (183)5.2.2Pre-listening to Sounds (184)5.2.3Renaming Sound Slots (185)5.2.4Changing the Sound’s Color (186)5.2.5Saving Sounds (187)5.2.6Copying and Pasting Sounds (189)5.2.7Moving Sounds (192)5.2.8Resetting Sound Slots (193)5.3Managing Groups (194)5.3.1Creating Groups (196)5.3.2Loading Groups (197)5.3.3Renaming Groups (198)5.3.4Changing the Group’s Color (199)5.3.5Saving Groups (200)5.3.6Copying and Pasting Groups (202)5.3.7Reordering Groups (206)5.3.8Deleting Groups (207)5.4Exporting MASCHINE Objects and Audio (208)5.4.1Saving a Group with its Samples (208)5.4.2Saving a Project with its Samples (210)5.4.3Exporting Audio (212)5.5Importing Third-Party File Formats (218)5.5.1Loading REX Files into Sound Slots (218)5.5.2Importing MPC Programs to Groups (219)6Playing on the Controller (223)6.1Adjusting the Pads (223)6.1.1The Pad View in the Software (223)6.1.2Choosing a Pad Input Mode (225)6.1.3Adjusting the Base Key (226)6.2Adjusting the Key, Choke, and Link Parameters for Multiple Sounds (227)6.3Playing Tools (229)6.3.1Mute and Solo (229)6.3.2Choke All Notes (233)6.3.3Groove (233)6.3.4Level, Tempo, Tune, and Groove Shortcuts on Your Controller (235)6.3.5Tap Tempo (235)6.4Performance Features (236)6.4.1Overview of the Perform Features (236)6.4.2Selecting a Scale and Creating Chords (239)6.4.3Scale and Chord Parameters (240)6.4.4Creating Arpeggios and Repeated Notes (253)6.4.5Swing on Note Repeat / Arp Output (257)6.5Using Lock Snapshots (257)6.5.1Creating a Lock Snapshot (257)7Working with Plug-ins (259)7.1Plug-in Overview (259)7.1.1Plug-in Basics (259)7.1.2First Plug-in Slot of Sounds: Choosing the Sound’s Role (263)7.1.3Loading, Removing, and Replacing a Plug-in (264)7.1.4Adjusting the Plug-in Parameters (270)7.1.5Bypassing Plug-in Slots (270)7.1.6Using Side-Chain (272)7.1.7Moving Plug-ins (272)7.1.8Alternative: the Plug-in Strip (273)7.1.9Saving and Recalling Plug-in Presets (273)7.1.9.1Saving Plug-in Presets (274)7.1.9.2Recalling Plug-in Presets (275)7.1.9.3Removing a Default Plug-in Preset (276)7.2The Sampler Plug-in (277)7.2.1Page 1: Voice Settings / Engine (279)7.2.2Page 2: Pitch / Envelope (281)7.2.3Page 3: FX / Filter (283)7.2.4Page 4: Modulation (285)7.2.5Page 5: LFO (286)7.2.6Page 6: Velocity / Modwheel (288)7.3Using Native Instruments and External Plug-ins (289)7.3.1Opening/Closing Plug-in Windows (289)7.3.2Using the VST/AU Plug-in Parameters (292)7.3.3Setting Up Your Own Parameter Pages (293)7.3.4Using VST/AU Plug-in Presets (298)7.3.5Multiple-Output Plug-ins and Multitimbral Plug-ins (300)8Using the Audio Plug-in (302)8.1Loading a Loop into the Audio Plug-in (306)8.2Editing Audio in the Audio Plug-in (307)8.3Using Loop Mode (308)8.4Using Gate Mode (310)9Using the Drumsynths (312)9.1Drumsynths – General Handling (313)9.1.1Engines: Many Different Drums per Drumsynth (313)9.1.2Common Parameter Organization (313)9.1.3Shared Parameters (316)9.1.4Various Velocity Responses (316)9.1.5Pitch Range, Tuning, and MIDI Notes (316)9.2The Kicks (317)9.2.1Kick – Sub (319)9.2.2Kick – Tronic (321)9.2.3Kick – Dusty (324)9.2.4Kick – Grit (325)9.2.5Kick – Rasper (328)9.2.6Kick – Snappy (329)9.2.7Kick – Bold (331)9.2.8Kick – Maple (333)9.2.9Kick – Push (334)9.3The Snares (336)9.3.1Snare – Volt (338)9.3.2Snare – Bit (340)9.3.3Snare – Pow (342)9.3.4Snare – Sharp (343)9.3.5Snare – Airy (345)9.3.6Snare – Vintage (347)9.3.7Snare – Chrome (349)9.3.8Snare – Iron (351)9.3.9Snare – Clap (353)9.3.10Snare – Breaker (355)9.4The Hi-hats (357)9.4.1Hi-hat – Silver (358)9.4.2Hi-hat – Circuit (360)9.4.3Hi-hat – Memory (362)9.4.4Hi-hat – Hybrid (364)9.4.5Creating a Pattern with Closed and Open Hi-hats (366)9.5The Toms (367)9.5.1Tom – Tronic (369)9.5.2Tom – Fractal (371)9.5.3Tom – Floor (375)9.5.4Tom – High (377)9.6The Percussions (378)9.6.1Percussion – Fractal (380)9.6.2Percussion – Kettle (383)9.6.3Percussion – Shaker (385)9.7The Cymbals (389)9.7.1Cymbal – Crash (391)9.7.2Cymbal – Ride (393)10Using the Bass Synth (396)10.1Bass Synth – General Handling (397)10.1.1Parameter Organization (397)10.1.2Bass Synth Parameters (399)11Working with Patterns (401)11.1Pattern Basics (401)11.1.1Pattern Editor Overview (402)11.1.2Navigating the Event Area (404)11.1.3Following the Playback Position in the Pattern (406)11.1.4Jumping to Another Playback Position in the Pattern (407)11.1.5Group View and Keyboard View (408)11.1.6Adjusting the Arrange Grid and the Pattern Length (410)11.1.7Adjusting the Step Grid and the Nudge Grid (413)11.2Recording Patterns in Real Time (416)11.2.1Recording Your Patterns Live (417)11.2.2Using the Metronome (419)11.2.3Recording with Count-in (420)11.3Recording Patterns with the Step Sequencer (422)11.3.1Step Mode Basics (422)11.3.2Editing Events in Step Mode (424)11.4Editing Events (425)11.4.1Editing Events with the Mouse: an Overview (425)11.4.2Creating Events/Notes (428)11.4.3Selecting Events/Notes (429)11.4.4Editing Selected Events/Notes (431)11.4.5Deleting Events/Notes (434)11.4.6Cut, Copy, and Paste Events/Notes (436)11.4.7Quantizing Events/Notes (439)11.4.8Quantization While Playing (441)11.4.9Doubling a Pattern (442)11.4.10Adding Variation to Patterns (442)11.5Recording and Editing Modulation (443)11.5.1Which Parameters Are Modulatable? (444)11.5.2Recording Modulation (446)11.5.3Creating and Editing Modulation in the Control Lane (447)11.6Creating MIDI Tracks from Scratch in MASCHINE (452)11.7Managing Patterns (454)11.7.1The Pattern Manager and Pattern Mode (455)11.7.2Selecting Patterns and Pattern Banks (456)11.7.3Creating Patterns (459)11.7.4Deleting Patterns (460)11.7.5Creating and Deleting Pattern Banks (461)11.7.6Naming Patterns (463)11.7.7Changing the Pattern’s Color (465)11.7.8Duplicating, Copying, and Pasting Patterns (466)11.7.9Moving Patterns (469)11.8Importing/Exporting Audio and MIDI to/from Patterns (470)11.8.1Exporting Audio from Patterns (470)11.8.2Exporting MIDI from Patterns (472)11.8.3Importing MIDI to Patterns (474)12Audio Routing, Remote Control, and Macro Controls (483)12.1Audio Routing in MASCHINE (484)12.1.1Sending External Audio to Sounds (485)12.1.2Configuring the Main Output of Sounds and Groups (489)12.1.3Setting Up Auxiliary Outputs for Sounds and Groups (494)12.1.4Configuring the Master and Cue Outputs of MASCHINE (497)12.1.5Mono Audio Inputs (502)12.1.5.1Configuring External Inputs for Sounds in Mix View (503)12.2Using MIDI Control and Host Automation (506)12.2.1Triggering Sounds via MIDI Notes (507)12.2.2Triggering Scenes via MIDI (513)12.2.3Controlling Parameters via MIDI and Host Automation (514)12.2.4Selecting VST/AU Plug-in Presets via MIDI Program Change (522)12.2.5Sending MIDI from Sounds (523)12.3Creating Custom Sets of Parameters with the Macro Controls (527)12.3.1Macro Control Overview (527)12.3.2Assigning Macro Controls Using the Software (528)13Controlling Your Mix (535)13.1Mix View Basics (535)13.1.1Switching between Arrange View and Mix View (535)13.1.2Mix View Elements (536)13.2The Mixer (537)13.2.1Displaying Groups vs. Displaying Sounds (539)13.2.2Adjusting the Mixer Layout (541)13.2.3Selecting Channel Strips (542)13.2.4Managing Your Channels in the Mixer (543)13.2.5Adjusting Settings in the Channel Strips (545)13.2.6Using the Cue Bus (549)13.3The Plug-in Chain (551)13.4The Plug-in Strip (552)13.4.1The Plug-in Header (554)13.4.2Panels for Drumsynths and Internal Effects (556)13.4.3Panel for the Sampler (557)13.4.4Custom Panels for Native Instruments Plug-ins (560)13.4.5Undocking a Plug-in Panel (Native Instruments and External Plug-ins Only) (564)14Using Effects (567)14.1Applying Effects to a Sound, a Group or the Master (567)14.1.1Adding an Effect (567)14.1.2Other Operations on Effects (574)14.1.3Using the Side-Chain Input (575)14.2Applying Effects to External Audio (578)14.2.1Step 1: Configure MASCHINE Audio Inputs (578)14.2.2Step 2: Set up a Sound to Receive the External Input (579)14.2.3Step 3: Load an Effect to Process an Input (579)14.3Creating a Send Effect (580)14.3.1Step 1: Set Up a Sound or Group as Send Effect (581)14.3.2Step 2: Route Audio to the Send Effect (583)14.3.3 A Few Notes on Send Effects (583)14.4Creating Multi-Effects (584)15Effect Reference (587)15.1Dynamics (588)15.1.1Compressor (588)15.1.2Gate (591)15.1.3Transient Master (594)15.1.4Limiter (596)15.1.5Maximizer (600)15.2Filtering Effects (603)15.2.1EQ (603)15.2.2Filter (605)15.2.3Cabinet (609)15.3Modulation Effects (611)15.3.1Chorus (611)15.3.2Flanger (612)15.3.3FM (613)15.3.4Freq Shifter (615)15.3.5Phaser (616)15.4Spatial and Reverb Effects (617)15.4.1Ice (617)15.4.2Metaverb (619)15.4.3Reflex (620)15.4.4Reverb (Legacy) (621)15.4.5Reverb (623)15.4.5.1Reverb Room (623)15.4.5.2Reverb Hall (626)15.4.5.3Plate Reverb (629)15.5Delays (630)15.5.1Beat Delay (630)15.5.2Grain Delay (632)15.5.3Grain Stretch (634)15.5.4Resochord (636)15.6Distortion Effects (638)15.6.1Distortion (638)15.6.2Lofi (640)15.6.3Saturator (641)15.7Perform FX (645)15.7.1Filter (646)15.7.2Flanger (648)15.7.3Burst Echo (650)15.7.4Reso Echo (653)15.7.5Ring (656)15.7.6Stutter (658)15.7.7Tremolo (661)15.7.8Scratcher (664)16Working with the Arranger (667)16.1Arranger Basics (667)16.1.1Navigating Song View (670)16.1.2Following the Playback Position in Your Project (672)16.1.3Performing with Scenes and Sections using the Pads (673)16.2Using Ideas View (677)16.2.1Scene Overview (677)16.2.2Creating Scenes (679)16.2.3Assigning and Removing Patterns (679)16.2.4Selecting Scenes (682)16.2.5Deleting Scenes (684)16.2.6Creating and Deleting Scene Banks (685)16.2.7Clearing Scenes (685)16.2.8Duplicating Scenes (685)16.2.9Reordering Scenes (687)16.2.10Making Scenes Unique (688)16.2.11Appending Scenes to Arrangement (689)16.2.12Naming Scenes (689)16.2.13Changing the Color of a Scene (690)16.3Using Song View (692)16.3.1Section Management Overview (692)16.3.2Creating Sections (694)16.3.3Assigning a Scene to a Section (695)16.3.4Selecting Sections and Section Banks (696)16.3.5Reorganizing Sections (700)16.3.6Adjusting the Length of a Section (702)16.3.6.1Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Software (703)16.3.6.2Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Controller (705)16.3.7Clearing a Pattern in Song View (705)16.3.8Duplicating Sections (705)16.3.8.1Making Sections Unique (707)16.3.9Removing Sections (707)16.3.10Renaming Scenes (708)16.3.11Clearing Sections (710)16.3.12Creating and Deleting Section Banks (710)16.3.13Working with Patterns in Song view (710)16.3.13.1Creating a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.2Selecting a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.3Clearing a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.4Renaming a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.5Coloring a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.6Removing a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.7Duplicating a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.14Enabling Auto Length (713)16.3.15Looping (714)16.3.15.1Setting the Loop Range in the Software (714)16.3.15.2Activating or Deactivating a Loop Using the Controller (715)16.4Playing with Sections (715)16.4.1Jumping to another Playback Position in Your Project (716)16.5Triggering Sections or Scenes via MIDI (717)16.6The Arrange Grid (719)16.7Quick Grid (720)17Sampling and Sample Mapping (722)17.1Opening the Sample Editor (722)17.2Recording Audio (724)17.2.1Opening the Record Page (724)17.2.2Selecting the Source and the Recording Mode (725)17.2.3Arming, Starting, and Stopping the Recording (729)17.2.5Checking Your Recordings (731)17.2.6Location and Name of Your Recorded Samples (734)17.3Editing a Sample (735)17.3.1Using the Edit Page (735)17.3.2Audio Editing Functions (739)17.4Slicing a Sample (743)17.4.1Opening the Slice Page (743)17.4.2Adjusting the Slicing Settings (744)17.4.3Manually Adjusting Your Slices (746)17.4.4Applying the Slicing (750)17.5Mapping Samples to Zones (754)17.5.1Opening the Zone Page (754)17.5.2Zone Page Overview (755)17.5.3Selecting and Managing Zones in the Zone List (756)17.5.4Selecting and Editing Zones in the Map View (761)17.5.5Editing Zones in the Sample View (765)17.5.6Adjusting the Zone Settings (767)17.5.7Adding Samples to the Sample Map (770)18Appendix: Tips for Playing Live (772)18.1Preparations (772)18.1.1Focus on the Hardware (772)18.1.2Customize the Pads of the Hardware (772)18.1.3Check Your CPU Power Before Playing (772)18.1.4Name and Color Your Groups, Patterns, Sounds and Scenes (773)18.1.5Consider Using a Limiter on Your Master (773)18.1.6Hook Up Your Other Gear and Sync It with MIDI Clock (773)18.1.7Improvise (773)18.2Basic Techniques (773)18.2.1Use Mute and Solo (773)18.2.2Create Variations of Your Drum Patterns in the Step Sequencer (774)18.2.3Use Note Repeat (774)18.2.4Set Up Your Own Multi-effect Groups and Automate Them (774)18.3Special Tricks (774)18.3.1Changing Pattern Length for Variation (774)18.3.2Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (775)18.3.3Load Long Audio Files and Play with the Start Point (775)19Troubleshooting (776)19.1Knowledge Base (776)19.2Technical Support (776)19.3Registration Support (777)19.4User Forum (777)20Glossary (778)Index (786)1Welcome to MASCHINEThank you for buying MASCHINE!MASCHINE is a groove production studio that implements the familiar working style of classi-cal groove boxes along with the advantages of a computer based system. MASCHINE is ideal for making music live, as well as in the studio. It’s the hands-on aspect of a dedicated instru-ment, the MASCHINE hardware controller, united with the advanced editing features of the MASCHINE software.Creating beats is often not very intuitive with a computer, but using the MASCHINE hardware controller to do it makes it easy and fun. You can tap in freely with the pads or use Note Re-peat to jam along. Alternatively, build your beats using the step sequencer just as in classic drum machines.Patterns can be intuitively combined and rearranged on the fly to form larger ideas. You can try out several different versions of a song without ever having to stop the music.Since you can integrate it into any sequencer that supports VST, AU, or AAX plug-ins, you can reap the benefits in almost any software setup, or use it as a stand-alone application. You can sample your own material, slice loops and rearrange them easily.However, MASCHINE is a lot more than an ordinary groovebox or sampler: it comes with an inspiring 7-gigabyte library, and a sophisticated, yet easy to use tag-based Browser to give you instant access to the sounds you are looking for.What’s more, MASCHINE provides lots of options for manipulating your sounds via internal ef-fects and other sound-shaping possibilities. You can also control external MIDI hardware and 3rd-party software with the MASCHINE hardware controller, while customizing the functions of the pads, knobs and buttons according to your needs utilizing the included Controller Editor application. We hope you enjoy this fantastic instrument as much as we do. Now let’s get go-ing!—The MASCHINE team at Native Instruments.MASCHINE Documentation1.1MASCHINE DocumentationNative Instruments provide many information sources regarding MASCHINE. The main docu-ments should be read in the following sequence:1.MASCHINE MIKRO Quick Start Guide: This animated online guide provides a practical ap-proach to help you learn the basic of MASCHINE MIKRO. The guide is available from theNative Instruments website: https:///maschine-mikro-quick-start/2.MASCHINE Manual (this document): The MASCHINE Manual provides you with a compre-hensive description of all MASCHINE software and hardware features.Additional documentation sources provide you with details on more specific topics:►Online Support Videos: You can find a number of support videos on The Official Native In-struments Support Channel under the following URL: https:///NIsupport-EN. We recommend that you follow along with these instructions while the respective ap-plication is running on your computer.Other Online Resources:If you are experiencing problems related to your Native Instruments product that the supplied documentation does not cover, there are several ways of getting help:▪Knowledge Base▪User Forum▪Technical Support▪Registration SupportYou will find more information on these subjects in the chapter Troubleshooting.Document Conventions1.2Document ConventionsThis section introduces you to the signage and text highlighting used in this manual. This man-ual uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of potential issues.The icons introducing these notes let you see what kind of information is to be expected:This document uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of poten-tial issues. The icons introducing the following notes let you see what kind of information canbe expected:Furthermore, the following formatting is used:▪Text appearing in (drop-down) menus (such as Open…, Save as… etc.) in the software andpaths to locations on your hard disk or other storage devices is printed in italics.▪Text appearing elsewhere (labels of buttons, controls, text next to checkboxes etc.) in thesoftware is printed in blue. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find thesame text appearing somewhere on the screen.▪Text appearing on the displays of the controller is printed in light grey. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on a controller display.▪Text appearing on labels of the hardware controller is printed in orange. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on the controller.▪Important names and concepts are printed in bold.▪References to keys on your computer’s keyboard you’ll find put in square brackets (e.g.,“Press [Shift] + [Enter]”).►Single instructions are introduced by this play button type arrow.→Results of actions are introduced by this smaller arrow.Naming ConventionThroughout the documentation we will refer to MASCHINE controller (or just controller) as the hardware controller and MASCHINE software as the software installed on your computer.The term “effect” will sometimes be abbreviated as “FX” when referring to elements in the MA-SCHINE software and hardware. These terms have the same meaning.Button Combinations and Shortcuts on Your ControllerMost instructions will use the “+” sign to indicate buttons (or buttons and pads) that must be pressed simultaneously, starting with the button indicated first. E.g., an instruction such as:“Press SHIFT + PLAY”means:1.Press and hold SHIFT.2.While holding SHIFT, press PLAY and release it.3.Release SHIFT.1.3New Features in MASCHINE2.8The following new features have been added to MASCHINE: Integration▪Browse on , create your own collections of loops and one-shots and send them directly to the MASCHINE browser.Improvements to the Browser▪Samples are now cataloged in separate Loops and One-shots tabs in the Browser.▪Previews of loops selected in the Browser will be played in sync with the current project.When a loop is selected with Prehear turned on, it will begin playing immediately in-sync with the project if transport is running. If a loop preview starts part-way through the loop, the loop will play once more for its full length to ensure you get to hear the entire loop once in context with your project.▪Filters and product selections will be remembered when switching between content types and Factory/User Libraries in the Browser.▪Browser content synchronization between multiple running instances. When running multi-ple instances of MASCHINE, either as Standalone and/or as a plug-in, updates to the Li-brary will be synced across the instances. For example, if you delete a sample from your User Library in one instance, the sample will no longer be present in the other instances.Similarly, if you save a preset in one instance, that preset will then be available in the oth-er instances, too.▪Edits made to samples in the Factory Libraries will be saved to the Standard User Directo-ry.For more information on these new features, refer to the following chapter ↑4, Browser. Improvements to the MASCHINE MIKRO MK3 Controller▪You can now set sample Start and End points using the controller. For more information refer to ↑17.3.1, Using the Edit Page.Improved Support for A-Series Keyboards▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can now jump quickly to the results list by holding SHIFT and pushing right on the 4D Encoder.▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can fast scroll through the Browser results list by holding SHIFT and twisting the 4D Encoder.▪Mute and Solo Sounds and Groups from A-Series keyboards. Sounds are muted in TRACK mode while Groups are muted in IDEAS.。

InFocus RealCam PTZ Camera说明书

RealCam PTZ CameraGive everyone the best view in the roomPart #: INA-PTZ-3Add the InFocus RealCam pan/tilt/zoom professional-quality HD camera bundle to your Mondopad (or any other PC) to make your video conferencing meetings shine.The RealCam, which features a full HD wide-angle video camera, delivers intricately detailed, full HD 1080p video to capture everyone and everything you want to show.Make applications like Microsoft Lync, Skype, and GoToMeeting come alive with realistic video quality.Plug it directly into a Mondopad or other PC with USB 3.0 or HDMI, without a separate capture device.Broad Range, Flexible Control, Vivid ImagesQuiet pan/tilt action covers a wide range, ideal for capturing extensive areas when face-to-face discussions are critical.225 position presets make it quick and easy to access the precise settings you use most for pan, tilt, and zoom, focus position, exposure mode, and white balance mode.Many options to connect to your device. With HDMI, USB3.0 and Network Stream this camera can ﬁt most needs. Plus the RealCam can multicast to all at once. Control over your network with RS232, RS485 or USB UVC compatibility.• Full HD 1080p resolution • Pan, tilt and zoom• 72.5-degree wide-angle lens • USB3.0 ultra-high speed interface• H.265 support enables Full HD images at ultra-low bandwidth • 12x optical zoom and 32x digital zoom• Use any PC with any software or OS via USB • Pan angle of -170° to +170°• Tilt angle of -30° to +90°Speciﬁcations*INA-PTZ-3Compatible with Major Video Platforms(up to 1080p if allowed by that service) includingMicrosoft Skype for Business Adobe Connect, CitrixGoToMeeting, LifeSize ClearSea, Avistar C3, CiscoJabber, Skype, Polycom Real Presence Desktop,Radvision Scopia Desktop, and Google Hangout.Also works with InFocus Mondopad, 121, BigConnect,and ConX.*Product speciﬁcations, terms, and offerings are subject to change at any time without notice.©2016 InFocus Corporation. All rights reserved. InFocus-RealCam3-INA-PTZ-3-Datasheet-EN-10MAR16。

外研版初中英语九年级上册全册导学案含答案

外研版九年级上册英语全册导学案目录Module 1Unit 1 What isa wonder of the world? (1)Unit 2 I was on the edge of the Grand Canyon. (4)Unit 3 Language in use (14)单元检测 (18)Module 2Unit1 Confucius‘ works are read by many people (28)Unit 2 It‘s still read and lov ed (34)Unit 3 Language in use (42)单元检测题 (47)Module 3Unit 1 When will the match be held ? (60)Unit 2 Liu Xiang was trained for gold. (64)Module 3 单元测试题 (70)Module 4Unit 1 Paper and printing have been used for ages. (83)Unit 3 Language in use (91)Module 5Unit 1 You mustn‘t touch it (106)Unit 2 There‘s no shouting and no running . (111)Unit3 Language in use (116)Module 6Unit 1 It‘s wasteful to throw away paper and metal (124)Unit2 Remember three words: reduce, reuse and recycle (129)Unit3 language in use (136)Save our world (140)模块综合练习 (143)Unit 7 Australia (151)Module 7Unit1 I‘m looking for the photos that you took in Austr alia. (155)Unit 2 The camel that I rode had a bad temper. (158)Module 7 Australia单元练习题 (164)Module 8 PhotosGrammar (174)Unit1 It＇s the band which gets everyone dancing. (179)Unit 2 Read on to find out who the winners are. (184)Unit 3 Language in use (188)单元学情检测 (195)Module 9Module 9 Cartoon stories (209)Unit 2 There are several fan clubs in China which have held birthday parties for Tintin.213 Module 9 Cartoon stories (218)Module 10Unit 1 I‘ve got a friend (231)Unit 2 Jamie is a cook whose ideas are changing school dinners (236)Module 10 Fitness (240)Module 10 单元测评 (246)Module 11Unit 2 It was a quiet country village. (260)Unit 3 Language in use (265)单元检测题 (269)Module 12Unit 1 Your host family is meeting you at the airport. (279)Unit 2 Learn English in Los Angeles. (285)Unit 3 Language in use (291)单元测试题 (297)导学案参考答案Module 1 (304)Module2 Great books (306)Module 3 Sporting life (308)Module 4 Great inventions (310)Module 5 Museums (312)Module 6 Save our world (314)Module 7 Australia (316)Module 8 Photos (319)Module 9 Cartoon stories (323)Module 10 Fitness (324)Module 11 Population (327)Module12 Summer in LA. (330)Module 1 Wonders of the world Unit 1 What is a wonder of the world?课型：听说课一．教学目标：1. 熟练掌握本单元的语言点。

牛津苏教版-英语-六下--6B Unit 3 Asking the way自主作业(全课时)

Unit 3 Asking the way自主作业Period 1一、翻译下列词组。

1．问路2．度假3．历史博物馆4．沿着……走5．每隔五分钟6．邮局7．距离一千米8．一所小学9．在你左边10．在第三个十字路口11．多远12．购物中心13．跑出……14．失而复得；重新得到二、从右栏中找出与左栏相对应的句子，将序号填入题前括号内。

( ) 1. Are bears as big as rabbits? A. You can take a No. 3 bus.( ) 2. How can I get there? B. No. It's about a kilometre away.( ) 3. Whose ruler is longer? C. Only one.( ) 4. Is it far from here? D. No, they aren't.( ) 5. Does she swim faster than you? E. Me, too.( ) 6. Can you show me the way to Jinling Hotel? F. No, she doesn't.( ) 7. How many stops are there? G. Sure. Come with me.( ) 8. I'm good at English. H. Yes, he is.( ) 9. Is Wang Bing as tall as Liu Tao? I. Mike is.( )10. Who's taller, Tom or Mike? J. Helen's.三、看图，按逻辑顺序给下列句子排序，将序号填入括号内。

( ) Four metres.( ) How about Gao Shan?( ) How far does David jump?( ) Five metres.( )Gao Shan jumps farther than David.四、连词成句。

Fugoo Bluetooth 声响器用户手册说明书

Fugoo Bluetooth SpeakerUser Manual Model FSNA1ContentsIn the Box (2)Speaker controls (2)Charging (5)Checking your battery level (5)Charging your speaker (5)Turning on the speaker (5)Connecting (6)Connecting through an audio cable (6)Pairing and connecting with another Bluetooth device (6)Disconnecting from another Bluetooth device (6)Reconnecting (7)Clearing all pairings (7)Audio playback (7)Adjusting the volume (7)Playback (7)Taking a call - speakerphone mode (7)Taking a call (7)Voice Response mode (8)Customization / other functions (8)Normal and Loud modes (8)Voice prompts: normal, low, off (8)Power Save on / off (8)Resetting the speaker (9)Updating the firmware (9)Care and maintenance (9)Cleaning the core (9)Cleaning the Style and Sport jackets (9)Cleaning the Tough jacket (9)Changing jackets (10)Specifications (12)Optional accessories (14)Remote control (14)Bike mount (14)Clip (14)Strap (14)Customer support (14)FCC and legal notices (15)In the box•Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker, with one jacket – Style, Sport, or Tough •AC wall charger •Micro USB charging cable •3.5 mm audio cable •Accessory pouch •Startup Guide •Thumbscrews – for Sport and Tough models •Hex wrench – for Tough model onlyFugoo Bluetooth Speaker controlsPower button ( button ( )1. Power button2. Bluetooth button3. Micro USB connector4. Audio input jack5. Microphone6. Release push grip7. Volume down8. Action button9. Volume Up 10. Mounting plate holes 11. Release latch1. Power button2. Bluetooth button3. Micro USB connector4. Audio input jack5. Microphone6. Release push grip7. Volume down8. Action button9. Volume Up 10. Thumb screws 11. Self-draining holes. 12. Mounting plate1. Power button2. Bluetooth button3. Micro USB connector4. Audio input jack5. Microphone6. Release push grip7. Volume down8. Action button9. Volume Up 10. Thumb screws 11. Self-draining holes. 12. Mounting plate 13. Side retaining screwPOWERING UP AND CONNECTIONS Power On / Off .................... Hold 1 second Battery status ..................................... Click Pair with a device ................ H old3 seconds Disconnect device ............................... ClickClear all paired devices ..... H old10 seconds Reset ...................... Holdand O 10 seconds PLAY CONTROL Play / Pause ....................................... C lick O Volume up / down .......................... C lick + / -Previous track ................................ C lick O and - Next track ...................................... C lick O and + Voice Control............................ Hold O 1 secondNormal / Loud mode .................... Hold O andPower Save On / Off ..................... H old - andVoice prompts level: ........... Hold + and - andSPEAKERPHONEAnswer / end call ..................................... Click OReject a call ................................ Double-click OMute microphone in a call .............. Click + and -Charging your Fugoo Bluetooth SpeakerChecking the battery level•Click the (Power) button momentarily. The LED indicator blinks green one to six times to indicate the charge of the battery, unless battery is being charged.•If voice prompts are enabled, the speaker responds with "Battery is almost full." or another indication of the state of the battery’s charge, or “Battery is charging.”•If the battery charge gets very low, the LED indicator will blink red, and after several minutes, the speaker will say “Please recharge the battery. Powering off.”, and thespeaker will turn off to protect the battery.LED indicator Voice promptsix green blinks Battery is full.five green blinks Battery is almost full.four green blinks Battery is three quarters.three green blinks Battery is half.two green blinks Battery is one quarter.one green blink Battery is low.•While the speaker’s battery is being charged, the LED will slowly pulse on/off green.•When the speaker’s battery has reached full charge, the LED will glow solid green.Charging your speaker•Connect the Micro-USB charging cable to the speaker and to the supplied AC adapter.•Plug the AC adapter into a power outlet.•The LED blinks green during charging.•The LED glows solid green once the battery is fully charged.• CAUTION: Never use your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker without one of its jackets(Style, Sport, or Tough). The jacket is an essential part of your speaker because it protects the speaker drivers from damage. The tweeters, especially, could bedamaged by a thumbnail, or by contact with any other relatively hard-edged object.Turning on your speaker• Click the (Power) button momentarily to turn the speaker on.•When the speaker runs from battery power, it will turn itself off after 15 minutes of inactivity, unless the Power Save feature is Off.• Hold the (Power) button for one second to turn the speaker off.Connecting your speaker to smartphones and other devices You can connect to your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker either through its audio input jackor through a Bluetooth wireless link. Only one of these inputs can be active at a time.Connecting through an audio cable to the audio input•Connect one end of a 3.5 mm audio cable to your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker's audio input jack, then connect the other end to the headphones jack of your audio device.•The LED glows blue and a voice prompt says, “Disconnect ed. Bluetooth off.Connected”.•Plugging an audio cable into the speaker's audio input jack turns off the Bluetooth wireless link, to save power and maximize battery life.Pairing and connecting with another Bluetooth device1. Make sure that a 3.5 mm audio cable is not connected to the speaker's audio input.2. Place your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker and your other Bluetooth device within33 feet (10 meters) of each other.3. Turn the speaker and the other device on.4. Hold the (Bluetooth) button for three seconds. The LED blinks blue and redrepeatedly. If voice prompts are enabled, the speaker says, “Pairing mode.Use the Bluetooth settings of your device to co nnect.” The speaker willremain in pairing mode for three minutes.5. On your other Bluetooth device, turn on Bluetooth, which will allow it to discoverthe speaker. (See the Bluetooth settings information for your device.)6. Select 'Fugoo Speaker' on your Bluetooth device.7. Wait briefly for the speaker to discover your Bluetooth device. If voice promptsare enabled, the speaker will say, "Pairing successful” and “Connected”.If you hear "Pairing is unsuccessful. Please try again. Powering off.", trypairing again.If you are using an iPhone or an iPad that has been previously paired to thespeaker, it may be necessary to 'Forget this Device', as follows:1. Tap Settings.2. Tap Bluetooth.3. Tap the icon to the right of 'Fugoo Speaker'.4. Tap 'Forget this Device'.5. Tap 'Forget Device'.As long as the speaker is in pairing mode, the iPhone should find the speakeragain, and pair with it.Disconnecting from another Bluetooth deviceTo disconnect your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker from another Bluetooth device, you can: •Click the (Bluetooth) button on your speaker.•Move your speaker and the other Bluetooth device more than 33 feet (10 meters) apart.•Turn off your speaker.•Turn off the other device.•Turn off Bluetooth on your other device.•Plug an audio cable into the speakers audio input jack.•Disconnecting temporarily interrupts the Bluetooth wireless link between the speaker and the other devices, which permits the speaker to re-connect with another deviceit has been paired with. The disconnected device will still be paired with the speaker,allowing them to automatically reconnect when they are both on and within 30 feetof each other.Reconnecting•To reconnect to a Bluetooth device that you have paired with, just turn on the speaker and the other device, and place them within 33 feet (10 meters) of eachother. It’s also necessary that no cable be plugged into the audio input jack.Typically, speaker and the other device will reconnect automatically.•If voice prompts are enabled, the speaker says "Connected".Clearing all pairings•To clear all of the Bluetooth pairings with other devices, turn the speaker on, and then hold the (Bluetooth) button for ten seconds, until the speaker says "AllBluetooth pairings cleared. Pairing mode. Please use the Bluetooth settings of yourdevice to connect.”Audio playbackAdjusting the volume•Click the + (Volume up) or –(Volume down) buttons to raise or lower the volume.Playback•Play / pause– Click (Action) to toggle between playing and pausing your audio.•Next track: click and + to skip to the next track of the recording you're listening to.•Previous track: click and – to skip to the previous track of the recording you're listening to.Taking a call – Speakerphone modeYour Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker can act as a very high quality speakerphone for your cell phone or smartphone. You can receive and end calls and manage a call on hold.Taking a callIf you take a call on your phone when it is connected to the speaker, you'll hear it ringing through the speaker.•Click the (Action) button to receive (pick up) the call.•Talk and listen through the speaker during the call.•Click + or –to raise or lower the volume.•Click + and –to mute the microphone.•Click to end (hang up) the call.•If you have a call on hold, press to switch to it, and to switch back to the other call.•Double-click to end the active call and switch to the call on hold.•U se your phone’s controls if you would like to transfer the call back to your phone. Voice Response mode•While your phone or other device is paired to the speaker (and a call is not in progress) hold (Action) for one second. A tone sounds through the speaker toactivate a voice response service, such as Siri or Google Now.•Speak voice response commands through the speaker’s microphone.•Click + or –to raise or lower the volume.•Click the (Action) button) to cancel voice response mode.Customization / other functionsNormal and Loud modes•There are two EQ modes for your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker. Normal mode is the default, and is designed for best overall sound with most types of music. Loud modeis quite a bit louder, and is ideal for playing music outdoors, and in large rooms.Both modes employ dynamic realtime equalization to boost the loudness of songsthat have been recorded at lower volume levels.•To switch from one mode to the other, start with the speaker off, then press and hold the Action (O) button and press the power button. The speaker will turn on, andannounce which mode it's in.Voice prompts level•There are three voice prompt levels: Normal, Low and Off. Normal is the factory default volume level – the level for voice prompts you will hear when you first turn onyour Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker. The Low level is about 20% lower than the Normallevel.•To change the voice prompt level from Normal to Low, start with the speaker off, then press and hold the –(volume down) and + (volume up) buttons, then alsopress the (Power) button for one second. The speaker will turn on, and announcethat voice prompts have been set to Low.•Follow the same steps as above to change the voice prompt level from Low to Off.•Follow the same steps again to change the voice prompt level from Off to Normal.Power Save mode On / OffThe speaker can shut itself off to conserve power, after a period of inactivity. Beginning with firmware version 1.0.43, Power Save mode can be toggled on and off by holding the –(volume down) button while turning the speaker on with the (Power) button.If Power Save mode is on, then the speaker will shut itself off as follows…∙If the speaker is not connected to a source deviceand is not charging, the speaker turns off after 15 minutes of inactivity.∙If the speaker is not connected to a source deviceand is charging, the speaker turns off after 30 minutes of inactivity.∙If the speaker is connected to a source deviceand is not charging, the speaker turns off after 1 hour of inactivity.∙If the speaker is connected to a source deviceand is charging, the speaker will not shut off automatically.If Power Save mode is off, then the speaker will remain on until you turn it off by pressing the (Power) button for one second.Resetting the speaker•It the speaker becomes unresponsive, or behaves differently than you believe it should, try resetting it. Hold the (Bluetooth) and (Action) buttons for tenseconds. This will reset the speaker's processor, without clearing its pairing list.•The speaker can be reset whether it's on or off.Updating your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker's firmwareFugoo posts new versions of the speaker firmware from time to time to add features,improve the sound quality and loudness, and enhance the user interface.The firmware updates are installed by an Update Utility that is compatible with Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, and Mac OSX 10.6 and higher.Please visit the Downloads page on our website to download the Update Utility and the latest speaker firmware.Care and maintenanceCleaning the core•After a day at the sandy beach or the muddy trail, remove your speaker core from its jacket and rinse it off with warm water from a sink faucet. Don't use soap,detergents, or any chemical cleaning products. Don't use a garden hose,compressed air, or any other high-pressure stream to clean it, as this may damagethe speaker drivers. Don't use a brush of any kind, for the same reason.Cleaning the Style and Sport jackets•Remove your sandy or muddy Style or Sport jacket from the speaker core, and rinse it off with warm water from a sink faucet. Don't use a garden hose or any other high-pressure stream to clean it, as this may damage the jacket's fabric covering. Feel free touse soap or detergent, but don't use a brush of any kind, for the same reason.Cleaning the Tough jacket•Remove your sandy or muddy Tough jacket from the speaker core, and rinse it off with soap or detergent, and a nylon or natural bristle brush to help remove debris.Never use a metal brush, which may scratch the surface of the jacket.Changing jacketsYou can easily remove the jacket on your speaker, or swap it with another one.Watch this helpful video How To: Changing Jackets on Fugoo Speakers:• CAUTION: Never use your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker without one of its jackets (Style, Sport, or Tough). The jacket is an essential part of your speaker because it protects the speaker drivers from damage. The tweeters, especially, could bedamaged by a thumbnail, or by contact with any other relatively hard-edged object.• CAUTION: Never use your Fugoo Bluetooth Speaker without one of its jackets (Style, Sport, or Tough). The jacket is an essential part of your speaker because it protects the speaker drivers from damage. The tweeters, especially, could bedamaged by a thumbnail, or by contact with any other relatively hard-edged object.SpecificationsAudio•Six proprietary, custom-designed acoustic drivers:•Two 28mm tweeters•Two 39mm woofers•Two 43mm x 54mm passive radiators•Drivers face all directions, with an 8-degree upward tilt for better dispersion•6W (3W per channel)•SoundPressureLevel(SPL-A):**************•Full-range frequency response: 60Hz - 20KHz•Supports aptX®, AAC and SBC codecs for high-quality Bluetooth stereo sound Connectivity•Bluetooth 4.0 for wireless connectivity up to 33 feet•Bluetooth Low Energy for remote control•Bluetooth Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP 1.5) enables control from your audio device and the optional Remote Control.•Other Bluetooth profiles: Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) 1.3, Hands-Free Profile (HFP) 1.6, Headset Profile (HSP) 1.2• 3.5mm stereo input for wired connection•Micro-USB for charging and updatesMicrophone•Omnidirectional microphone with echo cancellation•Full-duplex capable in speakerphone mode•Digital signal processor for wind and background noise reduction Power•Up to 40 hours continuous play at 50% volume•Built-in lithium-Ion rechargeable battery•Charged via USB or international AC adapter (included)•Battery life displayed on devices running iOS 6 and higherEnvironmental•Operating Temp: 14° - 131° F (-10° - 55° C)•Storage Temp: -40° - 158° F (-40° - 70° C)•IP67 Rated: Dustproof and waterproof to 1 meter for 30 minutes Size & WeightWith Style jacket• 2.1" x 6.5" x 2.6" (54 x 165 x 66mm)•.97 lbs (442g)With Sport jacket• 2.3" x 7.4" x 2.9" (59 x 187 x 73mm)• 1.1 lbs (519g)With Tough jacket• 2.3" x 7.75" x 2.9" (59 x 197 x 73mm)• 1.4 lbs (624g)Optional accessoriesFor more information, visit Fugoo's Accessories webpage.Remote ControlPlease see the separate Fugoo Remote Control User Manual.Product support∙Visit Fugoo's Support page at for help with connecting, to view our FAQs, or to ask us a question.∙Visit Fugoo's downloads page at /downloads, for firmware updates, alternative voice prompts, and mobile wallpaper images,∙Send us a support request at mailto:*****************.Legal noticesFCC StatementThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:∙Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.∙Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.∙Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.∙Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.This device complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.Caution!Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. IC StatementThis device complies with Industry Canada licence-exempt RSS standard(s).Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device.Le présent appareil est conforme audio CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables audio appareils radio exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée audio deux conditions suivantes : (1) l'appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage, et (2) l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout brouillageradioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en compromettre le fonctionnement.The device meets the exemption from the routine evaluation limits in section 2.5 of RSS 102 and compliance with RSS-102 RF exposure, users can obtain Canadian information on RF exposure and compliance.Le dispositif rencontre l'exemption des limites courantes d'évaluation dans la section 2.5 de RSS 102 et la conformité à l'exposition de RSS-102 rf, utilisateurs peut obtenir l'information canadienne sur l'exposition et la conformité de rf.C OFE TELLa operación de este equipo está sujeta a las siguien t es dos condiciones: (1) es posible que este equipo o dispositivo no cause interferencia perjudicial y (2) este equipo o dispositivo debe aceptar cualquier in t er f erencia,incluyendo la que pueda causar su operación no deseada.。

索尼MASTER系列Z9G 8K HDR LED电视说明书

Step into the world of 8K with Sony’s best processor ever. Sony’s MASTER Series continues to change the way you watch TV with the Z9G 8K HDR LED TV. With four times the resolution of 4K HDR, picture is richer in color and clarity than ever before. Upscale anything you watch to the heights of near-8K HDR quality withthe Picture Processor X1 Ultimate and Backlight Master Drive.Bullets• MASTER series TVs are meticulously engineered for excellence with the latest and greatest in TV technology • Everything is upscaled to get close to 8K HDR with the Picture Processor X1™ Ultimate and 8K X-Reality PRO 1,2• 8K X-tended Dynamic Range™ PRO 20x contrast range provides a wider range of brightness 3• Acoustic Multi-Audio produces an immersive Sound-from-Picture Reality™ experience• 8K HDR 1 - HDR10, HLG, IMAX Enhanced 4 and Dolby Vision™5 support for incredible detail and clarity • X-Wide Angle technology makes picture and color look great from anywhere in the room• On-screen action and motion look better than ever with X-Motion Clarity™ technology and native 120Hz refresh rate.• Enjoy smooth and vibrant colors with TRILUMINOS™ Display & 8K HDR Super Bit Mapping• Android™ TV with the Google Assistant built in gives you a genius TV with hands-free voice search 6• Enjoy studio-quality Netflix content with Netflix Calibrated Mode 10FeaturesMasters of picture qualitySony’s MASTER Series TVs are the very best of Sony, created to exemplify the goal of faithfully conveying the creator’s intent on-screen. These TVs are engineering marvels that are meticulously designed with the latest and greatestproprietary TV technology. The MASTER Series TVs deliver Sony’s best picture quality, no matter what you like to watch.Intelligent processing, ultimate realism.Simply put, our proprietary 8K HDR Picture Processor X1™ Ultimate is our best processor, ever. Object-based rendering happens in real time at lightning speed to remaster and upscale everything you see to near-8K HDR quality.1,2 Everything on the screen is identified, analyzed and optimized individually to adjust the overall contrast, sharpness and color for a picture that looks nearly identical to the real thing.Experience a more natural picture with 8K X-Reality PRO & Object-Based Super ResolutionEvery object, accurately displayed. With Object-Based Super Resolution in combination with 8K X-Reality PRO™, you’ll see lifelike detail, textures, and clarity in everything you watch. Leveraging intelligent 8K database, pictures look cleaner with less on-screen noise. Every single pixel is enhanced beautifully by Sony’s best 8K HDR Picture Processor X1™ Ultimate.1,2Enhanced brightness, incredible contrast with Backlight Master Drive and 8K X-tended Dynamic Range Pro 20xSony’s Backlight Master Drive dynamically changes the light levels in sections of the screen depending on the content, resulting in a dramatic increase in contrast and brightness. Add in 8K X-tended Dynamic Range™ PRO 20x which gives the screen 20 times the contrast range of a conventional LED-edge lit TV 3. Backlight Master Drive’s calibrated beam design accurately send light only where it is needed for more accurate contrast. Balancing the light output across the screen, darker scenes get darker brighter scenes get brighter.XBR-85Z9G85” class (84.6” diag.) 8K HDR TVAn immersive audio experienceFour front facing speakers across the chassis of the TV create wide, authentic sound that seems to come from where the action occurs. With action and sound precisely aligned, your viewing becomes so much more immersive, no matter what you’re watching.See the big picture with 8K HDR, IMAX Enhanced and Dolby VisionHigh Dynamic Range (HDR) picture is the way TV was always meant to be watched. 8K resolution and HDR video content combine to bring dazzling detail, color and contrast to everything you watch, while keeping a far wider range of brightness than other video formats.1 IMAX Enhanced™4 makes movies feel larger than life. Dolby Vision™5 brings scenes to life with striking highlights, deeper darks and vibrant colors. Whichever format you choose, Sony TVs deliver picture-perfect reality, creating an immersive and engaging cinematic experience.Every seat is the best seat in the houseX-Wide Angle technology gives the Z9G vivid real-world colors from any angle while retaining more color and brightness than other LED TVs. Enjoy a great picture with incredible color from anywhere in the room.On-screen action and motion look better than everScenes appear as they do in real life with X-Motion Clarity™ technology. This revolutionary, best in class technology from Sony refines action on the screen in real time with an incredible refresh rate for action that is brighter and clearer than ever before.TRILUMINOS™ Display & 8K HDR Super Bit Mapping deliver smooth and vibrant colorsColors are as rich and vivid as nature’s own thanks to the TRILUMINOS™ Display with more shades of red, green andblue than ever before. You’ll enjoy rich, authentic images that evoke the emotion in every scene. And, 8K HDR Super Bit Mapping reveals thousands of shades and gradations of light, for sunsets as bright and clear as real life.Hands-free smart TVWith Android TV and the Google Assistant built-in, simply ask and you shall receive. With hands-free voice search, just start with “Hey Google” to ask it questions, control smart home devices like Nest™, or access many of the apps and services you already use every day.6 In addition, cast your favorite apps with Chromecast built-in7, or enjoy a huge range of apps from Google Play™, including YouTube™, Netflix, Prime Video, Hulu, Spotify and more.6Well-connected to your smart homeWith Google Home9 and Amazon Alexa10 compatibility, simply voice-control your TV and ask it to do things like cast and control videos from YouTube with Google Home or change the channel or volume with Amazon Alexa. Apple HomeKit and Airplay 2 support seamlessly integrate your iPhone and Siri devices with your Sony TV for effortless smart home management and content streaming.12Enjoy studio quality Netflix content with Netflix Calibrated ModeThis mode was specially developed to enjoy Netflix originals and reproduce picture quality on a TV that is as brilliant as a studio evaluation master. With Netflix Calibrated Mode, the creator’s vision and intent is faithfully preserved.10High performance calibration for professionalsOur MASTER Series TVs receive high performance calibration that has never previously been possible using CalMAN software11. It allows adjustments to be made with finer precision than conventional picture quality settings to meet the strict requirements of creators in the post-production stage. Colors are reproduced with maximum fidelity to the original TV signal, giving exceptional picture control for a TV. CalMAN also features an easy-to-use interface that has been well received by calibration specialists.Specifications1.8K: 7,680 x 4,320 pixels. Requires HDR compatible content from supported streaming services, such as Netflix and Amazon Video or HDR compatible content device connected via HDMI input. Requires HDMI® cables sold separately2. Upscaled, simulated and enhanced 8K images will vary based on source content.3. This is the perceptible contrast level expanded by X-tended Dynamic Range PRO technology, which is a unique figure calculated for the contrast that users actually feel and experience (XDR Contrast). This figure is based on our conventional TV without local dimming.4. IMAX Enhanced content enables the full IMAX Enhanced experience.5. Dolby Vision™ is available via network update. Dolby Vision content will be compatible with Dolby Vision devices and streaming services such as Prime Video, Apple TV 4K, and Netflix.6. User must connect to a Google account to use, including voice to activate linked apps. Wireless connectivity requires 802.11 home network (802.11n recommended). Network services, content, and the operating system and software of this product may be subject to separate or third party terms and conditions and changed, interrupted or discontinued at any time and may require fees, registration and credit card information. Apps must be compatible with TV. App availability varies by region and device. Broadband speed of at least 2.5 Mbps recommended for SD services, 10 Mbps for HD streaming or 4K downloads, 20 Mbps for 4K Ultra HD streaming. Use of this TV requires consent to Google Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Please visit /policies/terms/, /policies/privacy/.7. Chromecast built-in compatibility dependent on app.8. Google Home device (sold separately) compatible with Sony TV’s powered by Android TV. Requires compatible devices connected to the same wireless home network. Downloadthe Google Home app from the iPhone App Store or Google Play. Subject to third party app terms and conditions. User must link compatible devices in order to control operation. Once download is complete, the Google Home feature may be connected to the Sony device to access the voice control function9. Amazon Alexa enabled devices (sold separately) compatible with Sony TV’s powered by Android TV. Amazon account required. Subscriptions may be required to access certain content. Compatible devices require internet connection.10. Netflix streaming membership required. 4K Ultra HD availability subject to your Netflix subscription plan, internet service, device capabilities, and content availability. / termsof11. Requires separately sold CalMAN calibration software to be installed on your PC, a pattern generator, a meter (colorimeter, spectrophotometer etc.), and CalMAN for BRA VIA appto be downloaded from Google Play and installed on your TV. Internet needed to utilize app services on TV. Network services, content, and software of this product may be subject to separate terms and conditions and changed, interrupted or discontinued at any time and may require fees, registration and credit card information.12. AirPlay 2 and HomeKit compatibility will be available later this year. This Sony TV is compatible with AirPlay 2 and HomeKit. iOS 12.2 or later or macOS 10.14.4 or later is required.© 2019 Sony Electronics Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibitedSony X-Reality, X-Motion Clarity, TRILUMINOS, X-tended Dynamic Range and the Sony logo are trademarks of Sony Corporation. HDMI is a trademark of HDMI Licensing LLC. Android, Android TV, Google Play, Google, YouTube and the Google logo are registered trademarks of Google Inc., used with permission. Amazon Alexa is a registered trademark of Amazon Technologies, Inc. Dolby, Dolby Vision and the double-D symbol are registered trademarks of Dolby Laboratories. Nest is a trademark of Nest Labs, Inc. Netflix is a trademark of Netflix Inc. All other trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Features and specifications are subject to change without notice. /Updated: February 22, 2019。

motionninja英文版

motionninja英文版Title: MotionNinja English Version: Revolutionizing Video EditingIntroduction:MotionNinja, the revolutionary video editing software, has recently launched its English version, opening up new possibilities for video creators around the world. This article aims to provide an in-depth exploration of MotionNinja's features and benefits. The following sections will discuss five major points, each consisting of several sub-points, highlighting the software's capabilities and advantages.1. Intuitive User Interface:1.1 Streamlined Design: MotionNinja's interface is designed to be user-friendly, ensuring effortless navigation and accessibility.1.2 Customizable Workspace: Users can personalize their workspace by rearranging panels, adjusting toolbars, and setting shortcuts, enhancing efficiency and workflow.1.3 Responsive Controls: The software's responsive controls allow for real-time editing, ensuring smooth and seamless video production.2. Advanced Video Editing Tools:2.1 Powerful Editing Capabilities: MotionNinja provides a wide range of editing tools, including trimming, splitting, merging, and cropping, enabling precise control over video content.2.2 Transition Effects: Users can choose from a vast library of transition effects, such as fade-ins, fade-outs, wipes, and dissolves, enhancing the visual appeal of their videos.2.3 Color Correction: MotionNinja offers advanced color correction tools, allowing users to adjust brightness, contrast, saturation, and apply filters to achieve the desired visual effects.3. Dynamic Effects and Filters:3.1 Special Effects Library: MotionNinja comes equipped with an extensive collection of special effects, including explosions, fire, rain, and more, enabling users to add excitement and drama to their videos.3.2 Animated Text and Titles: Users can create dynamic text and titles with various animations and font styles, enhancing the visual impact of their videos.3.3 Filters and Overlays: MotionNinja offers a wide range of filters and overlays, such as vintage, cinematic, and glitch effects, allowing users to add a unique touch to their videos.4. Audio Editing and Enhancement:4.1 Audio Mixing: MotionNinja enables users to adjust audio levels, add background music, and apply audio effects, ensuring a balanced and immersive audio experience.4.2 Voiceover Recording: The software facilitates voiceover recording, eliminating the need for external tools and simplifying the editing process.4.3 Sound Effects Library: MotionNinja provides a comprehensive library of sound effects, allowing users to enhance their videos with audio elements such as applause, footsteps, and ambient sounds.5. Export and Sharing Options:5.1 Multiple Format Support: MotionNinja supports a wide range of video formats, ensuring compatibility with various devices and platforms.5.2 High-Quality Output: The software preserves the original video quality during the export process, ensuring professional-grade results.5.3 Social Media Integration: MotionNinja allows users to directly share their edited videos on popular social media platforms, streamlining the sharing process and maximizing reach.Conclusion:MotionNinja's English version brings a revolution to the world of video editing, providing a comprehensive set of tools and features that empower users to create professional-quality videos. With its intuitive interface, advanced editing capabilities, dynamic effects, audio enhancement tools, and seamless export options, MotionNinja is a game-changer for video creators worldwide. Embrace the power of MotionNinja and unlock your creativity in the world of video editing.。

Introduction_Fluid_Mechanics_8th_txtbk_Noted

8.3Air at40 Cﬂows in a pipe system in which diameter is decreased in two stages from25mm to15mm to10mm. Each section is2m long.As theﬂow rate is increased,which section will become turbulentﬁrst?Determine theﬂow rates at which one,two,and then all three sectionsﬁrst become turbulent.At each of theseﬂow rates,determine which sections,if any,attain fully developedﬂow.P8.38.4Forﬂow in circular tubes,transition to turbulence usuallyoccurs around Re%2300.Investigate the circumstancesunder which theﬂows of(a)standard air and(b)water at15 C become turbulent.On log-log graphs,plot:the averagevelocity,the volumeﬂow rate,and the massﬂow rate,atwhich turbulenceﬁrst occurs,as functions of tube diameter.Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates8.5For the laminarﬂow in the section of pipe shown in Fig.8.1,sketch the expected wall shear stress,pressure,and centerlinevelocity as functions of distance along the pipe.Explain sig-niﬁcant features of the plots,comparing them with fullydevelopedﬂow.Can the Bernoulli equation be applied any-where in theﬂowﬁeld?If so,where?Explain brieﬂy.8.6An incompressibleﬂuidﬂows between two inﬁnite sta-tionary parallel plates.The velocity proﬁle is given by u5u maxðAy21By1CÞ,where A,B,and C are constants and yis measured upward from the lower plate.The total gapwidth is h e appropriate boundary conditions toexpress the magnitude and units of the constants in termsof h.Develop an expression for volumeﬂow rate per unitdepth and evaluate the ratio V=u max.8.7The velocity proﬁle for fully developedﬂow betweenstationary parallel plates is given by u5aðh2=42y2Þ,wherea is a constant,h is the total gap width between plates,and yis the distance measured from the center of the gap.Deter-mine the ratio V=u max.8.8Aﬂuidﬂows steadily between two parallel plates.Theﬂow is fully developed and laminar.The distance betweenthe plates is h.(a)Derive an equation for the shear stress as a function of y.Sketch this function.(b)Forμ52:431025lbfÁs=ft2;@p=@x524:0lbf=ft2=ft,and h50:05in.,calculate the maximum shear stress,in lbf/ft2.8.9Oil is conﬁned in a4-in.-diameter cylinder by a pistonhaving a radial clearance of0.001in.and a length of2in.Asteady force of4500lbf is applied to the piston.Assume theproperties of SAE30oil at120 F.Estimate the rate at whichoil leaks past the piston.8.10A viscous oilﬂows steadily between stationary parallelplates.Theﬂow is laminar and fully developed.The total gapwidth between the plates is h55mm.The oil viscosity is0.5NÁs/m2and the pressure gradient is21000N/m2/m.Findthe magnitude and direction of the shear stress on the upperplate and the volumeﬂow rate through the channel,permeter of width.8.11Viscous oilﬂows steadily between parallel plates.Theﬂow is fully developed and laminar.The pressure gradient is1.25kPa/m and the channel half-width is h51:5mm.Cal-culate the magnitude and direction of the wall shear stressat the upper plate surface.Find the volumeﬂow rate throughthe channel(μ50:50NÁs=m2).8.12A large mass is supported by a piston of diameterD54in.and length L54in.The piston sits in a cylinderclosed at the bottom,and the gap a50.001in.between thecylinder wall and piston isﬁlled with SAE10oil at68 F.The piston slowly sinks due to the mass,and oil is forced outat a rate of0.1gpm.What is themass(slugs)?P8.12,P8.168.13A high pressure in a system is created by a small piston-cylinder assembly.The piston diameter is6mm and itextends50mm into the cylinder.The radial clearancebetween the piston and cylinder is0.002mm.Neglect elasticdeformations of the piston and cylinder caused by pressure.Assume theﬂuid properties are those of SAE10W oil at35 C.When the pressure in the cylinder is600MPa,estimatethe leakage rate.8.14A hydraulic jack supports a load of9000kg.The fol-lowing data are given:Diameter of piston100mmRadial clearance between piston and cylinder0.05mmLength of piston120mmEstimate the rate of leakage of hydraulicﬂuid past the pis-ton,assuming theﬂuid is SAE30oil at30 C.8.15A hydrostatic bearing is to support a load of1000lbf/ftof length perpendicular to the diagram.The bearing is sup-plied with SAE10W-30oil at212 F and35psig through thecentral slit.Since the oil is viscous and the gap is small,theﬂow may be considered fully developed.Calculate(a)therequired width of the bearing pad,(b)the resulting pressuregradient,dp/dx,and(c)the gap height,if theﬂow rateisQ52.5gal/hr/ft.P8.158.16The basic component of a pressure gage tester consists of a piston-cylinder apparatus as shown.The piston,6mm in diameter,is loaded to develop a pressure of known mag-nitude.(The piston length is25mm.)Calculate the mass, M,required to produce 1.5MPa(gage)in the cylinder. Determine the leakageﬂow rate as a function of radial clearance,a,for this load if the liquid is SAE30oil at20 C. Specify the maximum allowable radial clearance so the vertical movement of the piston due to leakage will be less than1mm/min.8.17In Section8.2we derived the velocity proﬁle between parallel plates(Eq.8.5)by using a differential control volume.Instead,following the procedure we used in Example5.9,derive Eq.8.5by starting with the NavierÀStokes equations(Eqs. 5.27).Be sure to state allassumptions.8.18Consider the simple power-law model for a non-Newtonianﬂuid given by Eq.2.16.Extend the analysis ofSection8.2to show that the velocity proﬁle for fully devel-oped laminarﬂow of a power-lawﬂuid between stationaryparallel plates separated by distance2h may be writtenu5hkΔpL1=nnhn1112yhðn11Þ=nwhere y is the coordinate measured from the channel centerline.Plot the proﬁles u=U max versus y/h for n50:7,1.0,and1.3.8.19Viscous liquid,at volumeﬂow rate Q,is pumpedthrough the central opening into the narrow gap between theparallel disks shown.Theﬂow rate is low,so theﬂow islaminar,and the pressure gradient due to convective accel-eration in the gap is negligible compared with the gradientcaused by viscous forces(this is termed creepingﬂow).Obtain a general expression for the variation of averagevelocity in the gap between the disks.For creepingﬂow,the velocity proﬁle at any cross section in the gap is the sameas for fully developedﬂow between stationary parallel plates.Evaluate the pressure gradient,dp/dr,as a function ofradius.Obtain an expression for p(r).Show that the net forcerequired to hold the upper plate in the position shown isF53μQR2h312R0R2"#hP8.198.20A sealed journal bearing is formed from concentriccylinders.The inner and outer radii are25and26mm,thejournal length is100mm,and it turns at2800rpm.The gap isﬁlled with oil in laminar motion.The velocity proﬁle is linearacross the gap.The torque needed to turn the journal is0.2NÁm.Calculate the viscosity of the oil.Will the torqueincrease or decrease with time?Why?8.21Using the proﬁle of Problem8.18,show that theﬂowrate for fully developed laminarﬂow of a power-lawﬂuidbetween stationary parallel plates may be written asQ5hkΔpL1=n2nwh22n11Here w is the plate width.In such an experimental setup thefollowing data on applied pressure differenceΔp andﬂowrate Q were obtained:Δp(kPa)102030405060708090100Q(L/min)0.4510.7591.011.151.411.571.661.852.052.25Determine if theﬂuid is pseudoplastic or dilatant,and obtainan experimental value for n.8.22Consider fully developed laminarﬂow between inﬁniteparallel plates separated by gap width d50.2in.The upperplate moves to the right with speed U255ft/s;the lower platemoves to the left with speed U152ft/s.The pressure gradientin the direction ofﬂow is zero.Develop an expression for thevelocity distribution in the gap.Find the volumeﬂow rate perunit depth(gpm/ft)passing a given cross section.8.23Water at60 Cﬂows between two largeﬂat plates.Thelower plate moves to the left at a speed of0.3m/s;the upperplate is stationary.The plate spacing is3mm,and theﬂow islaminar.Determine the pressure gradient required to pro-duce zero netﬂow at a crosssection.8.24Two immiscibleﬂuids are contained between inﬁniteparallel plates.The plates are separated by distance2h,andthe twoﬂuid layers are of equal thickness h55mm.Thedynamic viscosity of the upperﬂuid is four times that ofthe lowerﬂuid,which isμlower50.1NÁs/m2.If the plates arestationary and the applied pressure gradient is250kPa/m,ﬁnd the velocity at the interface.What is the maximumvelocity of theﬂow?Plot the velocity distribution.8.25Two immiscibleﬂuids are contained between inﬁniteparallel plates.The plates are separated by distance2h,andthe twoﬂuid layers are of equal thickness h;the dynamicviscosity of the upperﬂuid is three times that of the lowerﬂuid.If the lower plate is stationary and the upper platemoves at constant speed U520ft=s,what is the velocity atthe interface?Assume laminarﬂows,and that the pressuregradient in the direction ofﬂow is zero.8.26The record-read head for a computer disk-drivememory storage system rides above the spinning disk on avery thinﬁlm of air(theﬁlm thickness is0.25μm).The headlocation is25mm from the disk centerline;the disk spins at8500rpm.The record-read head is5mm square.For stan-dard air in the gap between the head and disk,determine(a)the Reynolds number of theﬂow,(b)the viscous shearstress,and(c)the power required to overcome viscousshear.8.27The dimensionless velocity proﬁle for fully developedlaminarﬂow between inﬁnite parallel plates with the upperplate moving at constant speed U is shown in Fig.8.6.Find thepressure gradient@p/@x at which(a)the upper plate and(b)the lower plate experience zero shear stress,in terms of U,a,andμ.Plot the dimensionless velocity proﬁles for these cases.8.28Consider steady,fully developed laminarﬂow of a viscous liquid down an inclined surface.The liquid layer is of constant thickness,e a suitably chosen differential control volume to obtain the velocity proﬁle.Develop anexpression for the volumeﬂowrate.8.29Consider steady,incompressible,and fully developed laminarﬂow of a viscous liquid down an incline with no pressure gradient.The velocity proﬁle was derived in Example5.9.Plot the velocity proﬁle.Calculate the kine-matic viscosity of the liquid if theﬁlm thickness on a30slope is0.8mm and the maximum velocity is15.7mm/s.8.30Two immiscibleﬂuids of equal density areﬂowing downa surface inclined at a60 angle.The twoﬂuid layers are of equal thickness h510mm;the kinematic viscosity of the upperﬂuid is1/5th that of the lowerﬂuid,which isνlower5 0.01m2/s.Find the velocity at the interface and the velocity at the free surface.Plot the velocity distribution.8.31The velocity distribution forﬂow of a thin viscousﬁlm down an inclined plane surface was developed in Example 5.9.Consider aﬁlm7mm thick,of liquid with SG51.2and dynamic viscosity of1.60NÁs/m2.Derive an expression for the shear stress distribution within theﬁlm.Calculate the maximum shear stress within theﬁlm and indicate its direc-tion.Evaluate the volumeﬂow rate in theﬁlm,in mm3/s per millimeter of surface width.Calculate theﬁlm Reynoldsnumber based on averagevelocity.8.32Consider fully developedﬂow between parallel plates with the upper plate moving at U55ft/s;the spacing between the plates is a50.1in.Determine theﬂow rate per unit depth for the case of zero pressure gradient.If theﬂuid is air,evaluate the shear stress on the lower plate and plot the shear stress distribution across the channel for the zero pressure gradient case.Will theﬂow rate increase or decrease if the pressure gradient is adverse?Determine the pressure gradient that will give zero shear stress at y50.25a. Plot the shear stress distribution across the channel for thelattercase.8.33Glycerin at59 Fﬂows between parallel plates with gap width b50.1in.The upper plate moves with speed U52ft/s in the positive x direction.The pressure gradient is@p/@x5 250psi/ft.Locate the point of maximum velocity and determine its magnitude(let y50at the bottom plate). Determine the volume ofﬂow(gal/ft)that passes a given cross section(x5constant)in10s.Plot the velocity andshear stressdistributions.8.34The velocity proﬁle for fully developedﬂow of castor oil at20 C between parallel plates with the upper plate moving is given by Eq.8.8.Assume U51.5m/s and a55 mm.Find the pressure gradient for which there is no netﬂow in the x direction.Plot the expected velocity distribution and the expected shear stress distribution across the channel for thisﬂow.For the case where u51/2U at y/a50.5,plot the expected velocity distribution and shear stress distribution across the ment on features of theplots.8.35The velocity proﬁle for fully developedﬂow of carbon tetrachloride at68 F between parallel plates(gap a5 0.05in.),with the upper plate moving,is given by Eq.8.8. Assuming a volumeﬂow rate per unit depth is1.5gpm/ft for zero pressure gradient,ﬁnd U.Evaluate the shear stress on the lower plate.Would the volumeﬂow rate increase or decrease with a mild adverse pressure gradient?Calculate the pressure gradient that will give zero shear stress at y/a50.25.Plot the velocity distribution and the shear stress distribution for this case.8.36Free-surface waves begin to form on a laminar liquid ﬁlmﬂowing down an inclined surface whenever the Rey-nolds number,based on massﬂow per unit width ofﬁlm,is larger than about33.Estimate the maximum thickness of a laminarﬁlm of water that remains free from waves while ﬂowing down a verticalsurface.8.37Microchips are supported on a thin airﬁlm on a smooth horizontal surface during one stage of the manufacturing process.The chips are11.7mm long and9.35mm wide and have a mass of0.325g.The airﬁlm is0.125mm thick.The initial speed of a chip is V051:75mm=s;the chip slows as the result of viscous shear in the airﬁlm.Analyze the chip motion during deceleration to develop a differential equa-tion for chip speed V versus time t.Calculate the time required for a chip to lose5percent of its initial speed.Plot the variation of chip speed versus time during deceleration. Explain why it looks as you have plotted it.8.38A viscous-shear pump is made from a stationary housing with a close-ﬁtting rotating drum inside.The clear-ance is small compared with the diameter of the drum,so ﬂow in the annular space may be treated asﬂow between parallel plates.Fluid is dragged around the annulus by vis-cous forces.Evaluate the performance characteristics of the shear pump(pressure differential,input power,and efﬁ-ciency)as functions of volumeﬂow rate.Assume that the depth normal to the diagram is b.P8.38,P8.408.39The clamping force to hold a part in a metal-turning operation is provided by high-pressure oil supplied by a pump. Oil leaks axially through an annular gap with diameter D, length L,and radial clearance a.The inner member of the annulus rotates at angular speedω.Power is required both to pump the oil and to overcome viscous dissipation in the annular gap.Develop expressions in terms of the speciﬁed geometry for the pump power,3p,and the viscous dissipation power,3v. Show that the total power requirement is minimized when the radial clearance,a,is chosen such that3v533p.8.40The efﬁciency of the viscous-shear pump of Fig.P8.39is given byη56q ð122qÞð426qÞwhere q5Q=abRωis a dimensionlessﬂow rate(Q is the ﬂow rate at pressure differentialΔp,and b is the depth normal to the diagram).Plot the efﬁciency versus dimen-sionlessﬂow rate,andﬁnd theﬂow rate for maximum efﬁ-ciency.Explain why the efﬁciency peaks,and why it is zero at certain values of q.8.41Automotive design is tending toward all-wheel drive to improve vehicle performance and safety when traction ispoor.An all-wheel drive vehicle must have an interaxledifferential to allow operation on dry roads.Numerousvehicles are being built using multiplate viscous drives forinteraxle differentials.Perform the analysis and designneeded to deﬁne the torque transmitted by the differentialfor a given speed difference,in terms of the design para-meters.Identify suitable dimensions for a viscous differentialto transmit a torque of150NÁm at a speed loss of125rpm,using lubricant with the properties of SAE30oil.Discusshow toﬁnd the minimum material cost for the viscous dif-ferential,if the plate cost per square meter is constant. 8.42An inventor proposes to make a“viscous timer”by placing a weighted cylinder inside a slightly larger cylindercontaining viscous liquid,creating a narrow annular gapclose to the wall.Analyze theﬂowﬁeld created when theapparatus is inverted and the mass begins to fall undergravity.Would this system make a satisfactory timer?If so,for what range of time intervals?What would be the effect ofa temperature change on measured time?8.43A journal bearing consists of a shaft of diameter D535 mm and length L550mm(moment of inertia I50.125 kgÁm2)installed symmetrically in a stationary housing such that the annular gap isδ51mm.Theﬂuid in the gap has viscosityμ50.1NÁs/m2.If the shaft is given an initial angular velocity ofω5500rpm,determine the time for the shaft to slow to100rpm.On another day,an unknownﬂuid is tested in the same way,but takes10minutes to slow from 500to100rpm.What is its viscosity?8.44In Example8.3we derived the velocity proﬁle for laminarﬂow on a vertical wall by using a differential control volume.Instead,following the procedure we used in Example5.9,derive the velocity proﬁle by starting with the NavierÀStokes equations(Eqs.5.27).Be sure to state all assumptions.8.45A continuous belt,passing upward through a chemical bath at speed U0,picks up a liquidﬁlm of thickness h,density ρ,and viscosityμ.Gravity tends to make the liquid drain down,but the movement of the belt keeps the liquid from running off completely.Assume that theﬂow is fully devel-oped and laminar with zero pressure gradient,and that the atmosphere produces no shear stress at the outer surface of theﬁlm.State clearly the boundary conditions to be satisﬁed by the velocity at y50and y5h.Obtain an expression for the velocity proﬁle.8.46A wet paintﬁlm of uniform thickness,δ,is painted ona vertical wall.The wet paint can be approximated as a Binghamﬂuid with a yield stress,τy,and density,ρ.Derive an expression for the maximum value ofδthat can be sus-tained without having the paintﬂow down the wall.Calculate the maximum thickness for lithographic ink whose yield stressτy540Pa and density is approximately1000kg/m3.8.47When dealing with the lubrication of bearings,the governing equation describing pressure is the Reynolds equation,generally written in1D asddxh3μdpdxþ6U dhdx¼0where h is the step height and U is the velocity of the lower surface.Step bearings have a relatively simple design and are used with low-viscosityﬂuids such as water,gasoline,and solvents.The minimumﬁlm thickness in these applications is quite small.The step height must be small enough for good load capacity,yet large enough for the bearing to accom-modate some wear without losing its load capacity by becoming smooth andﬂat.Beginning with the1D equation forﬂuid motion in the x direction,show that the pressure distribution in the step bearing is as shown,wherep s¼6μðh2Àh1Þh31L1þh32L21ppP8.47Laminar Flow in a Pipe8.48Considerﬁrst water and then SAE10W lubricating oil ﬂowing at40 C in a6-mm-diameter tube.Determine the maximumﬂow rate(and the corresponding pressure gradient, @p/@x)for eachﬂuid atwhich laminarﬂow would be expected.P8.458.49For fully developed laminarﬂow in a pipe,determine the radial distance from the pipe axis at which the velocityequals the averagevelocity.8.50Using Eq.A.3in Appendix A for the viscosity of water,ﬁnd the viscosity at220 C and120 C.Plot the viscosity over this range.Find the maximum laminarﬂow rate(L/hr)in a 7.5-mm-diameter tube at these temperatures.Plot the max-imum laminarﬂow rate over this temperature range.8.51A hypodermic needle,with inside diameter d50:005in. and length L51in.,is used to inject saline solution with viscosityﬁve times that of water.The plunger diameter is D50:375in.;the maximum force that can be exerted by a thumb on the plunger is F57:5lbf.Estimate the volumeﬂow rate of saline that can be produced.8.52In engineering science,there are often analogies to be made between disparate phenomena.For example,the applied pressure difference,Δp,and corresponding volume ﬂow rate,Q,in a tube can be compared to the applied DC voltage,V,across and current,I,through an electrical resistor,respectively.By analogy,ﬁnd a formula for the “resistance”of laminarﬂow ofﬂuid of viscosity,μ,in a tube length of L and diameter D,corresponding to electrical resistance,R.For a tube250mm long with inside diameter 7.5mm,ﬁnd the maximumﬂow rate and pressure difference for which this analogy will hold for(a)kerosene and(b)castor oil(both at40 C).When theﬂow exceeds this maximum,why does the analogy fail?8.53Consider fully developed laminarﬂow in the annulus between two concentric pipes.The outer pipe is stationary, and the inner pipe moves in the x direction with speed V. Assume the axial pressure gradient is zero(@p=@x50). Obtain a general expression for the shear stress,τ,as a function of the radius,r,in terms of a constant,C1.Obtain a general expression for the velocity proﬁle,u(r),in terms of two constants,C1and C2.Obtain expressions for C1and C2.P8.538.54Consider fully developed laminarﬂow in a circular pipe. Use a cylindrical control volume as shown.Indicate the forces acting on the control ing the momentumequation,develop an expression for the velocitydistribution.P8.548.55Consider fully developed laminarﬂow in the annular space formed by the two concentric cylinders shown in the diagram for Problem8.53,but with pressure gradient,@p/@x, and the inner cylinder stationary.Let r05R and r i5kR. Show that the velocity proﬁle is given byu52R24μ@p@x12rR2112k2lnð1=kÞlnrRObtain an expression for the location of the maximum veloc-ity as a function of k.Plot the location of maximum velocity (α5r=R)as a function of radius ratio pare the lim-iting case,k-0,with the corresponding expression forﬂow in a circular pipe.8.56For theﬂow of Problem8.55show that the volumeﬂow rate is given byQ52πR4@p@xð12k4Þ2ð12k2Þ2"#Find an expression for the average pare the limiting case,k-0,withthe corresponding expression for ﬂow in a circular pipe.8.57It has been suggested in the design of an agricultural sprinkler that a structural member be held in place by a wire placed along the centerline of a pipe;it is surmised that a relatively small wire would have little effect on the pressure drop for a givenﬂow ing the result of Problem 8.56,derive an expression giving the percentage change in pressure drop as a function of the ratio of wire diameter to pipe diameter for laminarﬂow.Plot the percentage change in pressure drop as a function of radius ratio k for0.001# k#0.10.8.58Consider fully developed pressure-drivenﬂow in a cylindrical tube of radius,R,and length,L510mm,with ﬂow generated by an applied pressure gradient,Δp.Tests are performed with room temperature water for various values of R,with aﬁxedﬂow rate of Q510μL/min.The hydraulic resistance is deﬁned as R hyd5Δp/Q(by analogy with the electrical resistance R elec5ΔV/I,whereΔV is the electrical potential drop and I is the electric current).Calculate the required pressure gradient and hydraulic resistance for the range of tube radii listed in the table.Based on the results,is it appropriate to use a pressure gradient to pump ﬂuids in microchannels,or should some other driving mechanism be used?R(mm)Δp(Pa)R hyd(PaÁs/m3)110211022102310248.59Theﬁgure schematically depicts a conical diffuser, which is designed to increase pressure and reduce kinetic energy.We assume the angleαis small(α,10 )so that tanα%αand r e5r i+αl,where r i is the radius at the diffuser inlet,r e is the radius at the exit,and l is the length of the diffuser.Theﬂow in a diffuser is complex,but here we assume that each layer ofﬂuid in the diffuserﬂow is laminar, as in a cylindrical tube with constant cross-sectional area. Based on reasoning similar to that in Section8.3,the pres-sure differenceΔp between the ends of a cylindrical pipe is。