英教11301复合词构成法PPT

on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationships within the words are considerably complex. This section will focus on the three major classes of compounds.
Compounding
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Compounding
★ Definition Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a “lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word”. e.g. honey-bee (蜜蜂) sportsman Tip : 复合词的三种写法 easy chair
(7). n + v-er e.g. reporter (8). adv + v e.g. outbreak (9).v + adv e.g. sit-in (10). v-ing + adv e.g. going-over (11). adv + v-ing e.g. up-bringing Tip : All of these patterns are more or less productive except the last two.
1.Noun compounds
(1). n + n e.g. moon walk (2). n + v e.g. toothache (3). v+ n e.g. crybaby (4). a + n e.g. deadline (5). n + v-ing e.g. Air-conditioning (6). v-ing + n e.g. Cleaning lady
★Characteristics
of compounds
Compounds differ from free phrases in following three aspects. 1. Phonetic features In compounds the word stress(重音) usually occurs on the first element, whereas in the nouns phrases the second elements is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In case of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and secondary stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.
Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent . That is, the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. e.g. washing machine disaster-related But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original Identity.
As shown by the examples, back-formed verb compounds are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes: -er, -ing, -ion, etc. The discussion so far is restricted to two-stem compounds. There are many compounds which contain more than two stems. In fact, these are free phrases or idioms but are joined together by hyphens to form a single unit, e.g. stay-athome, forget-me-not .This probably accounts for the high productivity of compounding. When a word which is needed doesn’t exist, all one has to do is choose an expression or even a sentence
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finer art (free phrase)
★ Formation of compounds
Compounding can take place within any of the word classes . ● prepositions : without ● conjunctions : however ● pronouns : somebody But the productive ones are nouns and adjective followed by verbs to a mБайду номын сангаасch lesser extent. Most compounds consist of only two stems but are formed
3. Grammatical features
A compound tends to play a single grammatical role
in a sentence. e.g. a verb, a noun., or an adjective. e.g. Bad- mouth used as a verb can take the third person singular –s and the past tense marker – ed . “ He bad-mouthed me”. (他说我坏话) Compound nouns show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. e.g. new-borns three-year-olds In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element can’t take inflectional suffixes. e.g. fine art (compound)
e.g. aˋfat head (compound ) a fat ˋhead （free phrase ）
2.Semantic features
Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an “inexperienced person”， not a hand that is green in color. The meaning of such example can’t be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds.
2. Adjective compounds
(1) n + v-ing e.g. record-breaking (2) a + v-ing e.g. easy-going (3) n + a e.g. warweary (4) a + a e.g. bitter-sweet (5) n + v-ed e.g. custom-built (6) a(adv) + v-ed e.g. hard-won (7) n(a) + n-ed e.g. short-sighted (8) num + n e.g. four-leg (9) num + n-ed e.g. one-eyed (10) adv + v-ing e.g. out-going
and hyphenate(用连接符把…连接起来) the words. This is the common practice of journalists and popular writers. In mass media, we may often come across expressions like a pain -in-stomach gesture, ahead-of –schedule generally election. Too-eager-not-to-lose champion, a middle-of-the-road policeman, and round-the-clock discussion.
(11) v-ed + adv e.g. worn-out Of these patterns, (1) (3) and (5) are very Productive.