chapter 6 transportation
会计英语chapter 6
Total cost
A
15
8
12
120
B
20
15
12
300
C
25
8
7
200
D
18
5—25; D—0.
Approach 2, AC—0; BD—60.
Approach 3, ABCD—25.
Total Market value
180
240
175
90
Cost to be included in inventory
For a manufacturing firm, there are three types of inventory:
c, finished goods are the manufactured products awaiting sale.
Vocabulary
total inventory gross profit method retail inventory method inventory turnover number of days` sales in inventory
Main Points
Inventories refer to merchandise, finished goods and all kinds of materials, low-value and perishable articles and so on that stocked for the purpose of sales, production or consumption during the production operational process.
the LIFO method is deleted in China.
西方财务会计第六章答案
chapter 6 Accounting for merchandising businessesClass Discussion Questions1. Mercha ndising businesses acquire merchandise for resale to customers. It is the selling ofmerchandise, instead of a service, that makes the activities of a merchandising business dif-ferent from the activities of a service business.2. Yes. Gross profit is the excess of (net) sales over cost of merchandise sold. A net loss ariseswhen operating expenses exceed gross profit. Therefore, a business can earn a gross profit but incur operating expenses in excess of this gross profit and end up with a net loss.3. a. Incr ease c. Decreaseb. Increase d. Decrease4. U nder the periodic method, the inventory records do not show the amount available for saleor the amount sold during the period. In contrast, under the perpetual method of accounting for merchandise inventory, each purchase and sale of merchandise is recorded in the invento-ry and the cost of merchandise sold accounts. As a result, the amount of merchandise availa-ble for sale and the amount sold are continuously (perpetually) disclosed in the inventory records.5. The multiple-step form of income statement contains conventional groupings for revenuesand expenses, with intermediate balances, before concluding with the net income balance. In the single-step form, the total of all expenses is deducted from the total of all revenues, with-out intermediate balances.6. The major advantages of the single-step form of income statement are its simplicity and itsemphasis on total revenues and total expenses as the determinants of net income. The major objection to the form is that such relationships as gross profit to sales and income from opera-tions to sales are not as readily determinable as when the multiple-step form is used.7. a. 2% discount allowed if paid within ten days of date of invoice; entire amount of invoicedue within 60 days of date of invoice.b. Payment due within 30 days of date of invoice.c. Payment due by the end of the month in which the sale was made.8. a. A credit memorandum issued by the seller of merchandise indicates the amount for whichthe buyer's account is to be credited (credit to Accounts Receivable) and the reason for the sales return or allowance.b. A debit memorandum issued by the buyer of merchandise indicates the amount for whichthe seller's account is to be debited (debit to Accounts Payable) and the reason for the purchases return or allowance.9. a. The buyerb. The seller10. E xamples of such accounts include the following: Sales, Sales Discounts, Sales Returns andAllowances, Cost of Merchandise Sold, Merchandise Inventory.Ex. 6–1a. $490,000 ($250,000 + $975,000 – $735,000)b.40% ($490,000 ÷ $1,225,000)c. No. If operating expenses are less than gross profit, there will be a net income. On the otherhand, if operating expenses exceed gross profit, there will be a net loss.Ex. 6–2 : $15,710 million ( $20,946 million – $5,236 million )Ex. 6–3a. Purchases discounts, purchases returns and allowancesb. Transportation in;c. Merchandise available for saled. Merchandise inventory (ending)Ex. 6–41. The schedule should begin with the January 1, not the December 31, merchandise inventory.2. Purchases returns and allowances and purchases discounts should be deducted from (notadded to) purchases.3. The result of subtracting purchases returns and allowances and purchases discounts frompur chases should be labeled ―net purchases.‖4. Transportation in should be added to net purchases to yield cost of merchandise purchased.5. The merchandise inventory at December 31 should be deducted from merchandise availablefor sale to yield cost of merchandise sold.A correct cost of merchandise sold section is as follows:Cost of merchandise sold:Merchandise inventory, January 1, 2006 ........ $132,000 Purchases ........................................................... $600,000Less: Purchases returns and allowances$14,000Purchases discounts .............................. 6,000 20,000 Net purchases ..................................................... $580,000Add transportation in ....................................... 7,500Cost of merchandise purchased ................. 587,500 Merchandise available for sale ......................... $719,500 Less merchandise inventory,December 31, 2006....................................... 120,000 Cost of merchandise sold .................................. $599,500 Ex. 6–5Net sales: $3,010,000 ( $3,570,000 – $320,000 – $240,000 )Gross profit: $868,000 ( $3,010,000 – $2,142,000 )Ex. 6–6THE MERIDEN COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended June 30, 2006Revenues:Net sales ................................................................................. $5,400,000Rent revenue ......................................................................... 30,000Total revenues................................................................... $5,430,000 Expenses:Cost of merchandise sold ..................................................... $3,240,000Selling expenses .................................................................... 480,000Administrative expenses ...................................................... 300,000Interest expense .................................................................... 47,500Total expenses ................................................................... 4,067,500Net income ..................................................................................... $1,362,500Ex. 6–71. Sales returns and allowances and sales discounts should be deducted from (not added to)sales.2. Sales returns and allowances and sales discounts should be deducted from sales to yield "netsales" (not gross sales).3. Deducting the cost of merchandise sold from net sales yields gross profit.4. Deducting the total operating expenses from gross profit would yield income from operations(or operating income).5. Interest revenue should be reported under the caption ―Other income‖ and should be addedto Income from operations to arrive at Net income.6. The final amount on the income statement should be labeled Net income, not Gross profit.A correct income statement would be as follows:THE PLAUTUS COMPANYIncome StatementFor the Year Ended October 31, 2006Revenue from sales:Sales .................................................................... $4,200,000Less: Sales returns and allowances ............... $81,200Sales discounts ....................................... 20,300 101,500Net sales ........................................................ $4,098,500 Cost of merchandise sold ........................................ 2,093,000 Gross profit .............................................................. $2,005,500 Operating expenses:Selling expenses ................................................. $ 203,000Transportation out ............................................ 7,500Administrative expenses ................................... 122,000Total operating expenses ............................ 332,500 Income from operations .......................................... $1,673,000 Other income:Interest revenue ................................................. 66,500Net income ................................................................ $1,739,500 Ex. 6–8a. $25,000 c. $477,000 e. $40,000 g. $757,500b. $210,000 d. $192,000 f. $520,000 h. $690,000Ex. 6–9a. Cash ......................................................................................... 6,900Sales ................................................................................... 6,900 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 4,830Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 4,830b. Accounts Receivable ............................................................... 7,500Sales ................................................................................... 7,500 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 5,625Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 5,625c. Cash ......................................................................................... 10,200Sales ................................................................................... 10,200 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 6,630Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 6,630d. Accounts Receivable—American Express ........................... 7,200Sales ................................................................................... 7,200 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 5,040Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 5,040e. Credit Card Expense (675)Cash (675)f. Cash ......................................................................................... 6,875Credit Card Expense (325)Accounts Receivable—American Express ..................... 7,200Ex. 6–10It was acceptable to debit Sales for the $235,750. However, using Sales Returns and Allow-ances assists management in monitoring the amount of returns so that quick action can be taken if returns become excessive.Accounts Receivable should also have been credited for $235,750. In addition, Cost of Mer-chandise Sold should only have been credited for the cost of the merchandise sold, not the selling price. Merchandise Inventory should also have been debited for the cost of the merchandise re-turned. The entries to correctly record the returns would have been as follows: Sales (or Sales Returns and Allowances) ............................. 235,750Accounts Receivable ......................................................... 235,750 Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 141,450Cost of Merchandise Sold ................................................ 141,450Ex. 6–11a. $7,350 [$7,500 – $150 ($7,500 × 2%)]b. Sales Returns and Allowances .............................................. 7,500Sales Discounts (150)Cash ................................................................................... 7,350Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 4,500Cost of Merchandise Sold ................................................ 4,500Ex. 6–12(1) Sold merchandise on account, $12,000.(2) Recorded the cost of the merchandise sold and reduced the merchandise inventory account,$7,800.(3) Accepted a return of merchandise and granted an allowance, $2,500.(4) Updated the merchandise inventory account for the cost of the merchandise returned,$1,625.(5) Received the balance due within the discount period, $9,405. [Sale of $12,000, less return of$2,500, less discount of $95 (1% × $9,500).]Ex. 6–13a. $18,000b. $18,375c. $540 (3% × $18,000)d. $17,835Ex. 6–14a. $7,546 [Purchase of $8,500, less return of $800, less discount of $154 ($7,700 × 2%)]b. Merchandise InventoryEx. 6–15Offer A is lower than offer B. Details are as follows:A BList price ............................................................................... $40,000 $40,300Less discount ......................................................................... 800 403$39,200 $39,897 Transportation (625)$39,825 $39,897Ex. 6–16(1) Purchased merchandise on account at a net cost of $8,000.(2) Paid transportation costs, $175.(3) An allowance or return of merchandise was granted by the creditor, $1,000.(4) Paid the balance due within the discount period: debited Accounts Payable, $7,000, and cre-dited Merchandise Inventory for the amount of the discount, $140, and Cash, $6,860.Ex. 6–17a. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 7,500Accounts Payable ............................................................. 7,500b. Accounts Payable ................................................................... 1,200Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 1,200c. Accounts Payable ................................................................... 6,300Cash ................................................................................... 6,174Merchandise Inventory (126)a. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 12,000Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ......................................... 12,000b. Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ............................................... 12,000Cash ................................................................................... 11,760Merchandise Inventory (240)c. Accounts Payable*—Loew Co. ............................................. 2,940Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 2,940d. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 2,000Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ......................................... 2,000e. Cash (940)Accounts Payable—Loew Co. (940)*Note: The debit of $2,940 to Accounts Payable in entry (c) is the amount of cash refund due from Loew Co. It is computed as the amount that was paid for the returned merchandise, $3,000, less the purchase discount of $60 ($3,000 × 2%). The credit to Accounts Payable of $2,000 in en-try (d) reduces the debit balance in the account to $940, which is the amount of the cash refund in entry (e). The alternative entries below yield the same final results.c. Accounts Receivable—Loew Co. .......................................... 2,940Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 2,940d. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 2,000Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ......................................... 2,000e. Cash (940)Accounts Payable—Loew Co. ............................................... 2,000Accounts Receivable—Loew Co. .................................... 2,940Ex. 6–19a. $10,500b. $4,160 [($4,500 – $500) ⨯ 0.99] + $200c. $4,900d. $3,960e. $834 [($1,500 – $700) ⨯ 0.98] + $50Ex. 6–20a. At the time of sale c. $4,280b. $4,000 d. Sales Tax PayableEx. 6–21a. Accounts Receivable ............................................................... 9,720Sales ................................................................................... 9,000Sales Tax Payable (720)Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 6,300Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 6,300b. Sales Tax Payable ................................................................... 9,175Cash ................................................................................... 9,175a. Accounts Receivable—Beta Co. ........................................... 11,500Sales ................................................................................... 11,500 Cost of Merchandise Sold ...................................................... 6,900Merchandise Inventory .................................................... 6,900b. Sales Returns and Allowances (900)Accounts Receivable—Beta Co. (900)Merchandise Inventory (540)Cost of Merchandise Sold (540)c. Cash ......................................................................................... 10,388Sales Discounts (212)Accounts Receivable—Beta Co. ...................................... 10,600Ex. 6–23a. Merchandise Inventory .......................................................... 11,500Accounts Payable—Superior Co. ................................... 11,500b. Accounts Payable—Superior Co. (900)Merchandise Inventory (900)c. Accounts Payable—Superior Co. ......................................... 10,600Cash ................................................................................... 10,388Merchandise Inventory (212)Ex. 6–24a. debit c. credit e. debitb. debit d. debit f. debitEx. 6–25(b) Cost of Merchandise Sold (d) Sales (e)Sales Discounts(f) Sales Returns and Allowances (g) Salaries Expense (j) Supplies ExpenseEx. 6–26a. 2003: 2.07 [$58,247,000,000 ÷ ($30,011,000,000 + $26,394,000,000)/2]2002: 2.24 [$53,553,000,000 ÷ ($26,394,000,000 + $21,385,000,000)/2]b.These analyses indicate a decrease in the effectiveness in the use of the assets to generateprofits. This decrease is probably due to the slowdown in the U.S. economy during 2002–2003. However, a comparison with similar companies or industry averages would be helpful in making a more definitive statement on the effectiveness of the use of the assets.Ex. 6–27a. 4.13 [$12,334,353,000 ÷ ($2,937,578,000 + $3,041,670,000)/2]b. Although Winn-Dixie and Zales are both retail stores, Zales sells jewelry at a much slowervelocity than Winn-Dixie sells groceries. Thus, Winn-Dixie is able to generate $4.13 of sales for every dollar of assets. Zales, however, is only able to generate $1.53 in sales per dollar of assets. This makes sense when one considers the sales rate for jewelry and the relative cost of holding jewelry inventory, relative to groceries. Fortunately, Zales is able to counter its slow sales velocity, relative to groceries, with higher gross profits, relative to groceries. Appendix 1—Ex. 6–28a. and c.SALES JOURNALCost of MerchandiseSold Dr.Invoice Post.Accts. Rec. Dr. MerchandiseDate No. Account Debited Ref.Sales Cr. Inventory Cr.2006Aug. 3 80 Adrienne Richt ................... ✓12,000 4,0008 81 K. Smith .............................. ✓10,000 5,50019 82 L. Lao .................................. ✓9,000 4,00026 83 Cheryl Pugh ........................ ✓14,000 6,50045,000 20,000b. andc.PURCHASES JOURNALAccounts Merchandise OtherPost Payable Inventory Accounts Post.Date Account Credited Ref.Cr. Dr. Dr. Ref. Amount2006Aug. 10 Draco Rug Importers ................. ✓8,000 8,00012 Draco Rug Importers ................. ✓3,500 3,50021 Draco Rug Importers ................. ✓19,500 19,50031,000 31,000d.Merchandise inventory, August 1 ............................................... $ 19,000Plus: August purchases ................................................................ 31,000Less: Cost of merchandise sold ................................................... (20,000)Merchandise inventory, August 31 ............................................. $ 30,000ORQuantity Rug Style Cost2 10 by 6 Chinese* $ 7,5001 8 by 10 Persian 5,5001 8 by 10 Indian 4,0002 10 by 12 Persian 13,000$ 30,000*($4,000 + $3,500)。
供应链物流管理专业词汇整理
Chapter11.supply chain management 供应链管理2.zero defect 零缺陷3.perfect order 完美订单4.six-sigma performance 六西格玛管理体系5.marketing channel 营销渠道6.economic value 经济价值7.economy of scale 规模效益8.market value 市场价值9.trade-off 背反关系rmation sharing paradigm 信息共享模式11.process specialization paradigm 过程专业化模式12.electronic data interchange（EDI）电子信息交换13.made to plan（MTP）根据计划推测生产14.lead-time 交货期15.made to order（MTO）根据订单生产16.logistic outsourcing 物流外包17.stock keeping unit（SKU）库存单位18.integrated service provider（ISP）一体化服务供应商19.public warehouse公共仓库20.value-added service 增值服务21.third-party service provider 3PL 第三方物流服务供应商22.fourth-party service provider 4PL 第四方物流服务供应商23.anticipatory business model（push）预测性商业模式24.responsive business model（pull）快速响应型商业模式25.logistics postponement 物流延迟26.cash-to-cash conversion 现金转化周期27.dead net pricing 完全净价28.cash spin 现金周转29.operational performance 运作绩效30.order processing 订单处理31.customer accommodation 市场分销Chapter2 Inbound logistics 采购运筹，进口物流1.Procurement perspective and strategies 采购远景和策略2.continuous supply 持续供应3.minimize inventory investment 减少存货投资-JIT4.quality improvement 质量改进5.lowest total cost of ownership-TCO 所有权总成本最低6.supplier-buyer integration 供方买方整合7.value management 价值管理8.sales synergy 销售协同9.Manufacturing perspective and strategies 生产远景和策略10.brand power 品牌力11.Lead time 备货期12.Make-to-stock（MTS）备货型生产13.Make-to-order（MTO）订货型生产14.Assemble-to-order（ATO）面向订单装配15.Material Requirement Planning(MRP) 物料需求计划Chapter3 Outbound Logistics 出货物流1.Supply chain service output 供应链营运功率2.Spatial convenience 空间便利性3.Lot size 批量4.Waiting time 等待时间5.Stock out frequency 缺货率6.Fill rate 供应比率7. Sales and operations planning 销售和运作计划8.Order shipped complete 订货完成率9.Operation Performance 运行性能：10.Service Reliability 服务可靠性11.Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意度：12.Value added service 增值业务：13.Customer-focused services顾客导向之服务14.Promotion-focused services促销导向之服务15.Manufacturing-focused services 生产导向之服务16.Time-based services 基于时间的服务17.Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) 配送资源计划18.Total Quality Management全面质量管理19.customer relationship management（CRM）客户关系管理20.International Organization for Standardization（ISO）国际标准化组织21.European Article Numbering(EAN)欧洲物品编码22.Total Cost of Ownership所有权的总成本23.Economic Order Quantity(EOQ）经济订货量24.authorized economic operator授权经济运营25.make-to-plan（MTP)计划型生产26.Assemble-to-order面向订单装配27.materials requirements planning(MRP）物料需求计划28.performance-based logistics基于性能的物流29.Master Production Schedule主生产计划30.Bill of Materials 物料清单31.Distribution Resource Planning分销资源计划32.Supply chain information systems 供应链信息系统33.Enterprise Resource Planning（ERP)企业资源规划34.transportation management system运输管理系统35.Warehouse management system存货管理系统36.Yard management system堆场管理系统Advanced Planning and Scheduling(APS) 高级计划与排程系统37. available to promise 可行性承诺38.Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment(CPFR)协同规划，预测和补货39.bills of lading提单40. proof of delivery交货证明Chapter4Geographical specialization 地域专门化Decoupling 库存的“分离”作用Balancing supply and demand 平衡供需Buffering uncertainty 降低不确定性因素Service lever 服务水平Average inventory 平均库存Inventory policy 存货政策Cycle inventory, or base stock 周转库存Safety stock inventory 安全库存Transit inventory 在途库存Order quantity 订购数量Transit inventory 已中转存货Obsolete inventory陈旧存货Speculative inventory投机性存货Safety stock 安全储备Reorder point 再订货点Inventory turns库存周转次数performance cycle or lead time绩效循环Inventory carrying cost 库存持有成本Volume Transportation Rates体积运输率Free On board (FOB) 船上交货价Quantity Discount大批量折扣Other EOQ Adjustments其他存货调整Demand uncertainty 需求的不确定性Performance cycle uncertainty 运行周期的不确定性Standard deviation 标准差Poisson distribution 泊松分布Safety Stock with Combined Uncertainty安全库存结合的不确定性Numerical compounding 精确合成Estimating Fill Rate估计填充率Dependent Demand Replenishment相关需求补给Safety time 安全时间Over planning top-level demand 对高水平需求的超额预测Inventory control 库存控制Perpetual Review 永续盘存Periodic Review 定期盘存Reactive inventory system 反应式库存系统Pull inventory system 拉动式库存系统Fair Share Allocation 公平份额分配法Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP) 配送需求计划Collaborate Inventory Replenishment 联合库存补充Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) 供应商管理存货Profile Replenishment (PR) 系列补货Product Classification Analysis (ABC) 产品分类分析Product/Market Classification 产品/市场分类Segment Strategy Definition 战略定义Policies and Parameters 政策和参数Chapter5,6(第八、九、十章）第八章Transportation InfrastructureIn-transit inventory在途库存Diversion转移Economy of scale规模经济 economy of distance 距离经济Tapering principle 远距离递减原则Consignor 发货人 consignee 收货人United States Postal Service （USPS）美国邮政服务Department of Transportation（DOT）运输部门Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) 洲际商会Surface Transportation Board (STB) 陆地运输局Rights-of-way 通行权Ton-mile 吨英里Truckload（TL) 整车运输less—than—truckload（LTL) 零担运输specialty 专项运输North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 北美自由贸易协定Central America Free Trade Act (CAFTA) 中美洲自由贸易法United Parcel Service (UPS) 联合包裹运输服务公司Piggyback service 驼背式运输服务Land bridge 大陆桥Freight forwarders 货运代理人第九章Transportation OperationsStowability 装载能力Hundredweight （CWT) 英担Transport lane 运输通道Back-haul 可带回去Deadheaded 空车返回Variable costs 可变成本Fixed costs 固定成本Joint costs 连带成本Common costs公共成本Cost-of-service 服务成本策略Value-of-service 服务价值策略Combination pricing strategy 组合定价策略Net-rate pricing 净费率定价策略Tariff 费率表Class rate 费率类别Minimum charges and surcharges最低收费和附加费Commodity rate 商品费率Exception rates 特价费率Aggregate tender rate累计费率Limited service rate 有限服务费率Shipper load and count rate 发货人装载和清点费率Released value rate 免责价值费率Freight-all-kind (FAK) rates 均价费率Local rate 地方费率Single-line rate单线费率Joint rate 联合费率Proportional rate比例费率Transit service 转运服务Diversion and reconsignment 转移并变更收货人Split delivery 分票交付Demurrage 滞期费Detention 滞留费用Special or accessorial service 特别的或者附属的费用Special equipment charges 特殊设备使用费Transportation management system （TMS）运输管理系统Core carrier strategy 核心承运人战略Integrated service providers （ISPs）Reactive and proactive反应性和主动性Market area 市场范围法Scheduled area delivery 定期运送Pooled delivery集中运送Preorder planning 预订计划Multi-vendor consolidation 多卖主集拼Expediting 加急Hours of service（HOS) 服务时间Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration联邦汽车运输安全管理局Loss or damage 货物丢失和损伤Overcharge/undercharge索价过低Preaudit 事前审核Post audit 事后审核Bill of lading 提货单Order-notified 待命提单Freight bill运费账单Prepaid or collect 预付或到付Shipment manifest装货清单Free on board船上交货Freight on board 离岸价格F.O.B. Origin FOB原产地价格F.O.B. Destination pricing FOB交货地价格F.O.B. 离岸价Delivered pricing 交货价Single-zone delivered pricing单地区定价Multiple-zone delivered pricing多地区定价Base—point pricing system基点定价系统Phantom freight在售价上加计的运费Freight absorption 运费免收Substantially lessen competition 大大减少竞争Forward-buy 提前购买Every Day Low Pricing（EDLP）天天低价Activity-based costing 作业成本法Total cost-to-serve model总成本与服务模型第十章 WarehousingDistribution center 分销中心Just-in-time （JIT）准时制生产Cross-docking 越库式转运Mixing组合作业Assembly 装配作业Lead suppliers or tier one suppliers 主供应商或一级供应商Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）环境保护机构Food and Drug Administration（FDA）食品药物监管会Occupational Safety and Health Administration（OSHA）职业安全与卫生管理局Spot-stocked 定点储存Value-added services（VAS）增值服务Transfer and selection 货物的转移和分拣作业Flow-through or cross-dock distribution通过式配送或越库式转运Extended storage 长期储存Contract warehousing 合同仓储Selection or picking area 分拣作业的区域Discrete selection and wave selection 单独分拣和区域分拣Batch selection 批次挑选Chapter 7 Integrated Operations PlanningSupply Chain Planning供应链计划Supply chain visibility供应链的可见性Simultaneous resource consideration资源的同步考虑Resource utilization资源的利用率Supply Chain Planning Applications供应链计划应用系统Demand Planning需求计划Product Planning生产计划Logistics Planning 物流计划Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP)销售和作业计划系统Maximize production产量最大化Stable schedule稳定的生产进度Long lead times长的提前期Lower margins较低的利润Aggregate forecasts总体预测Rapid response 快速响应Maximize revenue 利润最大化Collaborative planning协同计划Exponential smoothing指数平滑法extended exponential smoothing扩展平滑法Adaptive smoothing调节性平滑法Multiple regression多元回归Chapter 8 Global Supply ChainGlobal Supply Chain Integration全球供应链一体化Stages of international development国际化发展的阶段Use restriction使用限制Price surcharges价格附加费Local presence本地经营Global Sourcing 国际采购Rationale for Low-Cost-Country sourcing低成本国家采购的理由Guidelines for sourcing采购的指导方针Achieve economies of scale实现规模经济Reduce direct cost减少直接成本Reduce market access uncertainty减少市场准入的不确定性Enhance sustainability增强可持续性Combined transport document联运单据Commercial invoice商业发票Insurance certificate保险证书Certificate of origin原产地证书Logistics Performance Index（LPI）物流绩效指数Chapter 9 Chapter 10(第十五、十六章)SDWT--self-directed work teams 自我指导工作小组Balanced scorecards 平衡计分卡Balance sheet 资产负债表Income statement 利润表The great divide 严重断层Reliability-based trust 以可靠性为基础的信任Character-based trust 以特性为基础的信任Average order cycle time 平均订货周期时间Order cycle consistency 订货周期一致性On-time delivery 准时交货Downtime 停工期Inventory turnover rate 库存周转率ROA---return on assets 资产回报率ROI---return on investment 投资回报率RONW---return on net worth 净值回报率Contribution approach 贡献毛利法Net profit approach 净利润法SPM---Strategic Profit Model 战略盈利模型CMROI---contribution margin return on inventory investment库存投资利润贡献率。
Chapter06-运输问题和指派问题
The P&T Co. Transportation Problem
运输问题模型参数表(供应 量、需求量和单位成本)
Copyright 2007 © 深圳大学管理学院 运筹学 20
Spreadsheet Formulation
Copyright 2007 © 深圳大学管理学院 运筹学 21
Copyright 2007 © 深圳大学管理学院 运筹学 5
P&T Company Distribution Problem
CANNERY 1 Bellingham
罐头厂1-贝林翰
CANNERY 2 Eugene
罐头厂2-尤基尼
WAREHOUSE 3 Rapid City
仓库3-赖皮特城
CANNERY 3 Albert Lea
Copyright 2007 © 深圳大学管理学院 运筹学 2
Table of Contents (主要内容)
Variants of Transportation Problems: Nifty (Section 6.3)(运输问题的变形：耐芙 迪公司问题) Applications of Transportation Problems: Metro Water (Section 6.4)(运输问题的应 用：米德罗水管站问题) Applications of Transportation Problems: Northern Airplane (Section 6.4)(运输问题 的应用：北方飞机制造公司问题)
贝林翰先满足萨克拉门托， 剩余的运送到盐湖城 艾尔贝先满足奥尔巴古， 剩余的运送到赖皮特 尤基尼满足剩余需求
交通运输业的性质特点
交通运输业的性质，特点和作用交通运输业的性质，特点和作用(1)交通运输业是生产活动的重要组成部分；(2)交通运输业借助于工业革命实现了交通工具的机械化而成为"公用运输业"；(3)各种运输活动促进了运输业发展，运输业的发展推动了社会生产力的发展。
双语教材交通运输工程导论本书以整个交通运输系统（包括铁路、道路、水运、航空、管道和城市交通运输系统）为对象，讨论现代社会运输的性质和作用、交通运输系统的组成以及各种交通运输系统的现状，各类载运工具的特点，以及各种交通运输系统的运行特性；分析交通流特性，探讨交通运输工程规划的基本原则与思路，交通运输基础设施、运输价格与合同管理、货运包装与标记、多式联运、智能交通系统的分析与评价等方面的问题。
全书共分为9章。
本书为物流工程、物流管理等专业的学科基础必修课教材，定位于交通运输工程、交通运输系统方面基础知识的介绍。
本书不要求学生具备交通设施设计的专业能力，而是要在了解交通系统的基础上，学会分析交通系统的通行能力、性能特征、安全保证、规划调度等，为物流系统、社会系统的设计与集成打下基础。
本书可作为物流工程、物流管理、工业工程、交通工程等专业教材，同时还可供从事物流、交通等相关专业工程技术人员学习参考。
Chapter 1 Transportation Engineering Introduction1.1 Transportation and Transportation Engineering1.1.1 Definitions ofTransportation1.1.2 What Is Transportation Engineering?1.1.3 Transportation and People’S Life1.1.4 Progress in Transportation1.2 Transportation Engineering1.2.1 The Field of Transportation Engineering1.2.2 Definition of Transportation Engineering1.2.3 The Practice of Transportation Engineering1.2.4 The Nature of Transportation Engineering1.2.5 Civil Engineering Involvement in Transportation1.3 Transportation System1.3.1 Scope and Functional Organization of Transportation System1.3.2 The Systems Approach1.3.3 Overview of Transportation Systems Characteristics1.3.4 Transportation Systems，Hierarchies，and Classification1.3.5 Objectives and Constraints of Transportation Systems1.3.6 Transportation Policy Making1.3.7 Transportation and Transportation—Related Problems 1.3.8 Transportation and SustainabilityQuestionsChapter 2 Transportation Facilities2.1 Transportation and the Facilities2.1.1 Transportation Facilities Today2.1.2 Basic Requests of Transportation Facilities2.2 Modes of Transportation2.2.1 Highways2.2.2 Urban Transit2.2.3 Air2.2.4 Rail2.2.5 Water2.2.6 Pipelines2.2.7 Other Modes2.2.8 Relative Importance2.3 Diversified Types of Transportation Facilities2.3.1 Motor Vehicle2.3.2 Train2.3.3 Watercraft2.3.4 Airplane2.3.5 Pipelines2.4 Container Transportation2.4.1 The Increasing Role of Containers2.4.2 Container and Its Objects2.4.3 Advantages of Container Transport2.4.4 Handing Over of the Container Transit2.5 Urban Transportation System2.5.1 Public Transportation2.5.2 Urban Transit Modes2.5.3 Critical Components in a Traffic System2.5.4 Intercity Bus TransportationQuestionsChapter 3 Transportation Infrastructure……Chapter 4 Traffic FlowChapter 5 Transportation PlanningChapter 6 IntermodalChapter 7 Price,Contract,and PackingChapter 8 Inteligent Transportation SystemsChapter 9 Transportation System Analysis and Evaluation References点击查看大图作 者：张庆英 主编出版社：电子工业出版社•出版时间：2007-8-1•ISBN：9787121040955全国交通运输发展战略正酝酿中国在交通运输的科学系统发展战略方面的空白将被弥补。
《物流实务英语》(英汉双语)
inventory
control,
information
processing, customer service must
execute together.
Summary本章小结
In this initial part a number of logistics definitions have been introduced. The important elements of logistics have been described, and these will be expanded in subsequent chapters of the book.
物流信息技术
Chapter1 Logistics物流
Chapter1 Logistics物流
● Part1 The definition of Logistics物流的定义 Part2 7R theory of logistics 物流“7R”理论 Part3 Main activities of logistics system 物流 系统的主要活动 Summary本章小结 Exercises 习题
Case Study
How a bottle of Coca Cola coke moves to an end consumer?
Learning Objective【学习目标】
● To learn the definition of logistics. ● To learn the 7R theory of logistics. ● To learn the activities in logistics源自 True or False 判断对错
1.There are a variety of definition about the term "logistics", each have slightly different meaning.
个场景常用英语口语
C h a p t e r1基本社交?B a s i c C o m m u n i c a t i o n 1H o w a r e y o u d o i n g?你还好吗2A l l o w m e t o i n t r o d u c e m y s e l f.请允许我做一下自我介绍。
3H e l l o.T h i s i s I r e n e.你好，我是艾琳。
4W h a t t i m e i s i t?现在几点了5I t’s s u n n y t o d a y.今天天气真好。
6T h a n k y o u.谢谢你。
7P a r d o n m e,p l e a s e.请原谅我。
8D o t r y t o c o m e.请一定来。
9G o o d b y e.再见。
C h a p t e r2家庭F a m i l y 1A n y b o d y h o m e?有人在家吗2I d o n’t w a n n a g e t u p.我真不想起床。
3I’m h u n g r y.W h a t’s f o r d i n n e r?我饿了，晚餐吃什么4I w a n t t o s a v e s o m e m o n e y.我想存点钱。
5I’m g o n n a t o v i s i t m y g r a n d p a r e n t s.我要去看望我爷爷奶奶/外公外婆。
6 Let’s get there quickly, everybody can’t wait to see you again. 咱们快点儿去那儿吧，大家都等不及要见你了。
C h a p t e r3态度观点A t t i t u d e a n d M i n d 1I p r e f e r t e a t o c o f f e e.比起咖啡来我更喜欢茶。
2L e t’s a g r e e t o d i s a g r e e.咱们就求同存异吧。
物流学 6
associations
Basically the same function as freight forwarders, but they do not operate as profitmaking organizations. Membership cooperative Transportation cost savings for its members
6
KEY ISSUES
Transportation
infrastructure in various
countries
Five
different modes of transportation
transportation of carriers
Intermodal
Classification
7
CONTENTS
1
• Transportation modes
2
• Intermodal transportation
3
• Transportation specialists
4
• Legal classification of carriers
8
TRANSPORTATION MODES
The
Lower-value, high-volume shipments of bulktype commodities
15
WATER
Inland
waterways Unreliable
Drought, icing, flooding Waterways’ lock system
Slow Inflexibility
（完整版）国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题
（完整版）国际贸易实务英⽂版第三版知识点及模拟题国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，⽆的为⼀般记忆和了解)Chapter one1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trad e, foreign trad e,overseas trad e. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besid es, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purchase and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.2.（了解）1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage andeconomies of scal e)3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences andconsumption patterns)3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:Language habits and cultural differences2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad errange of management skills4.1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易⽅（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转⼝贸易)转⼝贸易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转⼝贸易⼜称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出⼝货物的买卖，不是在⽣产国和消费国之间直接进⾏，⽽是通过第三国转⼿进⾏的贸易。
商务英语写作chapter6
Chapter 6 Adjustment and RefusalsIn business world it is unavoidable to receive complaints and claims. How to appropriately resolve the matter becomes a tough and challenging task. It is said the most difficult business letter is to respond to complaints and claims. However, there are still some useful tips for writing it without damaging the company's image.AdjustmentWhen you get a complaint or claim, you may either grant an adjustment or reject it depending on the circumstances. When you grant an adjustment, the situation is a happy one for your customer. You are correcting an error. You are doing what you were asked to do. As in other positive situations, a letter written in the direct order is appropriate. The direct-order plan follows these general steps:1.Begin directly---with the good news.2.Incidentally1 identify the correspondence that you are answering.3.Avoid negatives that recall the problem.4.Regain lost confidence through explanation or action.5.End with a friendly, positive comment.RefusalRefusal of a request is definitely a bad news message; therefore, an indirect order is preferred. In the refusal letter, you have two goals. The main one is to say no; the other is to maintain goodwill. You could achieve the first goal by simply saying no ---plainly and directly. Maintaining goodwill, however, requires more. The following general pattern will help you better handle the tasks.1.Begin with words that indicate response to the request and are neutralas to the answer, and set up the strategy.2.Present your justification or explanation, using positive language andyou-viewpoint.3.Refuse positively.4.End with adapted, goodwill comment.The following two letters are written according to thewriting principles mentioned above. Now read the lettersand try to figure out how the writing principles areapplied in them. The questions after the letters might helpyou accomplish the task.Letter A Letter of adjustmentDear Mrs. Williams:Your repaired video game is being returned by UPS, and you should receive it within a week. Skilled engineers made your video game almost as good as new.Recently Pace Electronic has acquired the assets of Four Star Games and has became responsible for repairs under warranties. Now you can be assured of prompt and reliable service. Any future repairs can be made by one of the dealers of our expanded network (see enclosed sheet).Also enclosed is a brochure showing some of our exciting new products, as well as Four Star's old favorites. You can order by mail, using the order form in the brochure, or call 1-800-877-PACE. We look for-ward to helping you enjoy your video game.Letter B Credit refusal letterDear Mr. Sands:We sincerely appreciate your interest in an account with White-Horton & Company. Whenever we can, we are always willing to serve you.In determining what we can do for you regarding your June 8 request for credit, we made the routine checks you authorized. The information we have received permits us to serve you only as a cash customer2. But asyou know, cash buying here at White-Horton's discount prices can make a very real saving for your budget.We hope to see you in the store again very soon, and we look forward to the opportunity of serving you.Questions for Comprehension1.What kind of order does each letter adopt?2.How does the author of adjustment begin his/her letter?3.Do the replies clearly state the problems?4.How does each author arrange the body of his/her letter?5.Is the tone of each letter polite and considerate?6.How does each author end his/her letter?7.What's the purpose of each letter?8.Does each letter state clearly its explanation?9.What's your impression on these letters?10. Sum up the requirements for writing an adjustment and a refusal.Sample Analysis1Sample 6-1 Adjustment for the wrong materialsDear Glenn Presley:The correct consignment of the clothing material will reach you within 20 days.I'm grateful for your letter dated September 1st. We're sorry to learn that the clothing materials don't match the sample. After careful examination, we found that we had misfilled3your order and another order that was different from yours with only one letter. We have arranged for the correct consignment and it would arrive at your place by September 24th.As compensation for the wrong delivery, I would like to provide you a 5% discount on this consignment, and I hope such an arrangement is satisfactory to you.Thank you for your letter of March 3rd and we will take care of your broken-down sewing machines.It is our common practice to carry out a careful screening to ensure our machines functional and reliable before they are finally sent out to customers. We are so confident and proud of our quality that our warran-ties4 run for as long as the customers possess the products.Your letter informing us of the problem has been handed to the Technology Department. The senior engineers will make a careful research to find out the potential problem areas. Simply send us the bill for the repairs and we'll reimburse you the costs.For any problems arising with this or any other machines we produced, simply take it to your nearest Sharp Machine Distributor who will repair it at no expense for you.Sincerely yours,Sample 6-3 Refusal to claim on replacement1Dear Mr. Mitchell:We understand your concern about the software Model 4050 you mentioned in your letter of May 6. We are willing to do as much as we reasonably can to make things right.From your description and our staff's careful research, we found that there was something wrong in the computer networks you adopted.As it is stated in the operating instruction, this software is solely compatible5 with Windows XP, which is different from Windows 98. And before you use this software, you should have to install the starting sys-tem6 at the bottom of the box first. But you haven't installed it. Therefore, please install the starting system first and then try it with Windows XP. For other procedures, please follow the procedures strictly with our instruction brochure.We hope the software will bring much convenience and profit to you.Frankly yours,Sample 6-5 Adjustment of a wrong order •Dear Mr. White:I would be disappointed to lose your cooperation, but even more disappointed to lose your faith and friendship in our firm. So I sincerely thank you for your letter that was written in friendliness to give us an-other opportunity.I am sorry that you had to send the wrong order back, which, I know, is really bothering. Though you didn't send back the leather chairs of which we sent the wrong style and the amount is not that much, we want to made it right. We will immediately send the sandal-wood chairs that you wanted.I must apologize again for the inconvenience has caused you. If you want to change any other items in your order, let me know and we will send them to you. You can return them when you are convenient. A check for postage is also enclosed as we don't expect to have you pay the extra expense because of our mistakes.You have been a customer of long standing. We will try our best to avoid mistakes in serving you.Dear Sirs:We have received your letter of October 15, but we are surprised to know your unreasonable request.Obviously, the rice was wetted by the seawater during the transportation, so you shouldn't claim on us. You have to write to those who are responsible.Sincerely yours,Language for WritingI. Notes1. incidentally: adv.The issue was brought up incidentally at the meeting.2.cash customer:The credit investigation survey permits us only to serve you as a cash customer.3.misfill: v.We misfilled your order owing to the carelessness on the part of our warehouse worker.4.warranty: n.The car enjoys a five-year warranty period.patible: adj.The two systems are not compatible.6.starting system:The new starting system proves much faster than the older ones,7. route: v.We will route the information to the headquarters by tomorrow.II. Useful Sentence Patterns1. BeginningAdjustment1)... should reach you in three days...2) The attached check for... is Newton's way of assuring you that your satisfaction is very important to us.3) By... (time), your three Dove Bicycles should reach you at... shop.Refusal1) We understand your concern about the.... As always, we are willing to do asmuch as we reasonably can to make things right.2) You were right in assuming that.... We are always interested in doingwhatever we can to make our sales satisfactory.3) Your order and request are sincerely appreciated. We are always grateful forthe opportunity of serving you in the best way we can.2. Indirect Refusing1) The best we can do is...2)... permit us to serve you only as a cash customer.3) We feel at this time you will be acting in your own best interest by...4) We must consider the sale final.5)In view of this explanation, you will understand why we must stand by ourguarantee policy in this case.3. Ending1) Thank you for this opportunity to explain. We shall continue to work hard toprovide you with the service you have a right to expect.2) We hope to see you again in the store, and we look forward to theopportunity of serving you..3) We are always pleased to do business with your organization and willcontinue to serve you with quality industrial equipment.4) So, whenever it is convenient, please come by and let us...5) We wish you the best in enjoying from...ExercisesI. Put the following sentences into the right order and make it a completeletter.a..Please accept our apologies for the delay.b. The mistake has been corrected and will never occur again.c. Our internal research has uncovered a bottleneck in our fulfillmentprocedures.d. Thank you for your letter of December 10th regarding your order thechinaware.e. Therefore, we have delayed several shipments, including yours.f.Your order has now been ranged and shipped.g. Please contact me if I can offer any help.II.Fill in the blanks of the following letter with the words given. Change the form where necessary.recover invoice appreciateregarding account inconvenienceDear Sirs:Thank you for your letter dated January 18th __________ the mistaken bill.On January 4th, a virus hit our computer system. When we ________ our collapse system, we discovered the __________ were out of order.We realized that all the _____________ we have sent out were inaccurate, including the one you received on January 8th.We have corrected all the accounts and sent new invoices.We are extremely sorry for the_________brought to our customers; therefore, we enclosed a 15% discount coupon for your next order.W e ___________ your cooperation during this time and look forward to serving you again.Sincerely yours,III. Read the following adjustment and see if you can improve i t.Thank you for your letter of May 3rd concerning the furniture you purchased. I'm sorry that we have sent you the wrong size.The mistake was made by our distribution department and they made a mistake in looking for the right name.Sincerely apologize for the inconvenience it brought you.1) One of your customers, Mrs. Douglas, wrote to claim to you that youhave mixed up the tables she ordered. After examination, you foundthat it was owing to the loss of the sales file of that purchase.You are asked to write a response to her claim and tell her you will offer her a 10% discount on her next purchase as compensation.2)Your customer, Mr. Bidwell wrote to you that you had sent him thewrong bill with $150 overcharged. After calculation, you found that hehad missed to calculate the transportation fees.Now write him a letter to refuse his request.。
交通运输专业英语 阎春利 教材原文
Contents Chapter 1 Transportation System Introduction1.1Transportation system1.1.1The statue of Transportation1.1.2The definition of Transportation system1.2Modes of Transportation1.2.1Main means of Transportation1.2.2The choice of the mode of Transportation1.3Transportation Planning1.3.1The definition of Transportation Planning1.3.2The role of Transportation Planning1.4Transportation-Related problems and Sustainability1.4.1Transportation-Related problems1.4.2Transportation and SustainabilityChapter 2 Road Transportation2.1 Road Vehicles2.1.1 Engine2.1.2 Chassis2.1.3 Body part2.1.4 Electronic control system2.2 Road transport management2.2.1 Speed Limits on Roads2.2.2 Quality management in transport2.3 Road traffic safety2.3.1 Classification of Injuries in Accident2.3.2 Protection for driver2.3.3 Protection for Motorcyclists and Cyclists2.3.4 Protection for the Pedestrian2.4 Road transport vehicles and the Requirement2.4.1 The Requirement of the Vehicle2.4.2 Vehicle dimensionsChapter 3 Rail Transport System3.1 Public Transportation3.1.1 Overview of Public Transportation3.1.2 How Flying Cars Will Work3.2 Maglev Train3.2.1 Maglev Train3.2.2 Maglevs: The Future of Flying Trains3.3 High-speed Rail3.3.1 Introduction to High-speed Rail3.3.2 All Aboard: High-speed Rail Network Connecting China3.3.3 Train Control System for High-peed Train3.4 Rapid Transit3.4.1 Introduction to Rapid Transit3.4.2 Rapid Transit Technology3.4.3 Metro Signalling3.5 Urban Rail Transport System3.5.1 Light Rail Transit3.5.2 Monorail3.6 Train3.6.1 Introduction to Train3.6.2 Train Station3.6.3 Railroad CarChapter 4 Public transit4.1 Transit in North America4.1.1 Role of Transit4.1.2 Dominance of Large Systems4.1.3 Statistics4.2 Bus Transit4.2.1 Service Types4.2.2 Operating Environments4.2.3 Vehicle Types4.2.4 Observed Bus and Passenger Flows4.3 Bus Rapid Transit4.3.1 What is BRT?4.3.2 Running Ways4.4 Public Transport Priority4.4.1 Design objectives4.4.2 Bus Priority Measures4.4.3 Bus priority treatmentsReading materialChapter 5 Logistics Engineering5.1 The General Introduction to Logistics5.1.1 What is logistics?5.1.2 The importance of Logistics5.1.3 Main activities of logistics system5.2 Introduction to Supply Chain Management5.2.1 Elements of the Supply Chain5.2.2 Supply Chain Management5.2.3 Supply Chain Management Technology5.3 RFID and the Supply Chain: Measured progress5.3.1 Starting Small5.3.2 The Last Few Inches5.4 What is Kanban?5.4.1 The Effect of Bottlenecks5.4.2 Kanban Reveals Bottlenecks Dynamically5.4.3 Worked Example5.4.4 How to Get Started with Kanban5.5 Refreshing Your Logistics Network: 6 Steps to Success5.5.1 State Your Goals5.5.2 Assemble the Data5.5.3 Clean up the Data5.5.4 Create scenarios5.5.5 Run the Models5.5.6 Make it Happen5.5.7 Expert Advice5.6 Reverse Logistics5.6.1 Helping the Customer5.6.2 Warehouse Operations5.6.3 RecyclingReferencesChapter 1 Transportation System Introduction1.1 Transportation system1.1.1 The statue of TransportationThe importance of transportation in world development is multidimensional. For example; one of the basic functions of transportation is to link residence with employment and producers of goods with their users. From a wider viewpoint, transportation facilities provide the options for work, shopping, and recreation, and give access to health, education, and other amenities. Nearly every day, items in the news remind us of transportation’s vital role in our economy and its significant relationship to our quality of life. Mobility is important to the whole community. An exploration of the realm of transportation, with emphasis on key aspects of its engineering and its close relationship to our social and economic lives is focused in this course, which is likely to be helpful to lead to transportation engineering solutions in the real world.Considering your furniture, your clothes, the food you eat, and everything else you use as part of your life, there is very little among those things that did not at some point undergo movement by at least one freight carrier.Good transportation provides for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods. The field of transportation can be compared to a mansion with several stories, many chambers, and scores of connections. We would like to take the reader on a short tour of this mansion just to acquaint him or her with some of its characteristics. One of the prerequisites for accompanying us on this trip is to have an open mind; almost everyone will have had several years of personal experience as a user of the transportation system, such as a car driver, a bus passenger, an elevator user, a frequent flyer, or just a sidewalk user. Naturally, almost every person will tend to acquire his or her own personal viewpoint. No two persons can expect to come to the same conclusion about a problem confronting transportation even though they are each known to be highly objective and rational. Try as hard as you can to approach the field of transportation and its myriad problems with an open mind, free of presumptions and prejudice. Like food, shelter, clothing, and security, transportation is an integral part of human culture. Movement in a broad sense offers inherent joy and pleasure as well as pain, suffering, and frustration. These factors will assume even greater importance in the years ahead.Everybody is involved with transportation in so great a variety of ways that a mere listing of these ways would take us by surprise. Ultimately, all human beings are interacting over distance and time, and this interaction in itself creates involvement. Transportation has an increasinglyclose relationship to various social, economic, and political affairs. The role of transportation in the day-to-day life of human beings can be appreciated in various aspects.Historical of transportationThe principles of transportation engineering have been evolving over many millennia. Human beings are known to have laid out and used convenient routes as early as 30,000 B.C. Although it was traders and migrants who opened up most major routes of communication, the military has generally been responsible for improving the status of early routes built by civilians. The first wheeled military vehicles were developed around 2500 B.C., and since then, vehicles were developed around 2500 B.C., and since then, significant resources have been devoted by rulers and their builders to constructing and maintaining communication routes in the form of roads.Steady progress has since been maintained in providing the highway and street network (which forms the stationary component of the transportation system), in providing vehicles for moving people and goods over this network (which comprises the dynamic part), and in enhancing the ability of drivers (or controllers) to operate the vehicles Basically it is these three major interacting components that are to be studied critically.Before bicycles and motor vehicles came into fashion, vehicle speeds seldom exceeded 10 miles per hour (mph). Naturally, a surface of compacted broken stone made an ideal pavement surface, even for the solid iron wheels then in use. Today, the highway system consists of millions upon millions miles of high-class streets and highways, classified by function, into a series of interconnected networks, which provides access to most part of the world by road. The centerpiece of the highway development program in the developed countries is the freeway system, considered to be one of the greatest public works achievements since the dawn of history. In urban areas, the thrust has been in constructing complicated freeway interchanges, pedestrian and bicycle facilities and high-occupancy vehicle and bus lanes.Vehicles (and pseudo vehicles) have been in use since human beings learned to walk. People who traveled on foot could manage between 10 and 25 miles per day. It is Claimed that the Incas were able to transmit messages at the rate of 250 miles per day by using fast runners over short stretches, thus achieving speeds of about 10 mph. Horses, on the other hand, could make a1most 40miles per day, by the late 1840s, the horse-drawn street car appeared in a number of cities, operating at an average speed of about 4 mph. It was not until the 1880s that electrically propelled transportation was introduced. By the beginning of World War I, the electric street car had already had a major impact on the growth and structure of the city.The entire picture for transportation changed in 1885 with Daimler and Benz's introduction of the gasoline-powered internal-combustion engine. Within the last 100 years the motor vehicle has revolutionized private transportation all over the world. Before the appearance of the motor vehicle, vehicle speeds seldom exceeded 10 mph. The car soon changed the situation, and for purposes of safety and efficiency, traffic signals were introduced at intersections.Some of the most outstanding technological developments in transportation have occurred in the preceding 200 years:(1) The first pipelines in the United States were introduced in 1861.(2) First railroad opened in 1825.(3) The internal-combustion engine was invented in 1866.(4) The first automobile was produced in 1886 (by Daimler and Benz).(5) The Wright brothers flew the first heavier-than-air machine in 1903.(6) The first diesel electric locomotive was introduced in 1921.(7) Lindbergh flew over the Atlantic Ocean to Europe in 1927.(8) The first diesel engine buses were used in 1938.(9) The first limited-access highway in the United States (the Pennsylvania Turn-pike) opened 1940.(10) The Interstate Highway system was initiated in 1950.(11) The first commercial jet appeared in 1958.(12) Astronauts landed on the moon in 1969.(13) The use of computers and automation in transportation grew dramatically through the 1960s and 1970s and continues to grow unabated.(14) Microcomputers have revolutionized our capabilities to run programs since the 1980s and such capabilities have helped us to examine alternatives quickly and efficiently.1.1.2 The Definition of Transportation SystemTransportation is typically system engineering, A system is a set of interrelated parts, called components that perform a number of functions in order to achieve common goals. It is also, as explained at Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, a group of related parts which work together forming a whole. Transportation is also ordinarily defined as a means of conveyance or travel from one place to another, or, it is a public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a commercial enterprise. Transportation is everything involved in moving either the person or goods from the origin to the destination. Consider the businessman’s trip depicted in Figure1.1.The trip is from the bus inessman’s home (origin) to a hotel in a distant trip, the departure and arrival airports are replaced by the railway stations.The trip could begin in his personal automobile, on a public transit vehicle, or in a taxi .This first link of his trip takes him from home to the airport parking garage or to the door of the airport terminal. This first segment is one of several line-haul portions of the trip if he drives his car, he parks it at the airport parking garage, changing from the highway mode to the walking mode for a short distance, and then taking the shuttle bus to the airport. If he left home by public transit or taxi, he gets dropped off directly at the door to the airport terminal. The places where there is a change of mode are referred to as intermodal transfer points. Fig.1.l indicates that this trip has several points where the businessman changes mode. Although the main portion of his trip is by airplane, there are numerous other uses of the transportation system involved.Fig.1.1 A businessm an’s tripThe transportation system is organized around society’s need to provide an adequate service and involves broad interaction with many other disciplines. The transportation system itself is one of the major or functional systems of society, and is an essential feature of people’s lives, especially in wealthy societies. The goals of the transportation system are primarily economic; the most important constraints it faces are environmental. The transportation system itself may be analyzed in functiona l terms or in terms of modes of transportation. Take the businessman’s trip as an example, it is clear that each segment of his trip depends on at least one constructed facility, such as a roadway or a runway at the intermodal transfer points, constructed facilities such as parking lots or airport terminals are necessary.Transport system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities and control system that permit people and goods (freight) to overcome the friction of geographical space.(1)Fixed facilities: physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute the network of links;(2)Flow entities: units that traverse the fixed facilities (include vehicles, container units, railroad cars, etc.)(3)Control system: vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on the fixed facilities. Flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles (signing, marking, and signal systems and the concomitant rules of operation).Transportation is one of the major or functional systems of modern society. A system, in the sense intended here, is something that may be thought of as a whole consisting of parts or components. The description of a system involves identification of the system itself as distinct from its environment (that is, the rest of the world), identification of its components, and a description of how the components interact. In the case of the transportation system, the components may be conceived of in various ways. For instance, they may be thought of as entities that perform various functions (or tasks) in the provision of transportationThe transportation system is a functional system in the context of society as a whole because it provides a service the movement of goods and people from place to place that is essential to the functioning of the community as a whole. It is a major functional system because it is an essential feature in the economy and the personal lives of people everywhere, most especially in the developed nations. A highly developed transportation system makes possible the abundance and variety of goods and the high levels of personal mobility that are the hallmarks (for better or for worse) of a wealthy society. The economic scope of the transportation system is indicated by the fact that in l 998, transportation accounted for l1.2 percent of the gross domestic product and l 9 percent of the average household expenditures in the United States. Its impact on the lives of individuals is revealed by the fact that in l995 the average American made l, 568 local trips, and traveled over 27, 500 km, 5,000 km of which was for long-distance travel (trips of more than l60 km). At the same time, the transportation system is a major or source of resource consumption and environmental impact.Transportation accounts for almost two-thirds of the petroleum consumption in the United States and is a major contributor to environmental problems such as air pollution, noise, and destruction of natural habitats.If viewed in functional terms, the transportation system includes the following components:（1）Physical facilities, including streets, roads, highways, railroads, airports sea and ports, pipelines, and canals.（2）Fleets of vehicles, vessels and aircraft.（3）Operating bases and facilities, including vehicle maintenance facilities and office space.（4）Organizations. These may be classified roughly as facility-oriented organizations and operating organizations are primarily involved in planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities. They include the United States Department of Transportation; state departments of transportation (or equivalent agencies); metropolitan planning organizations (organizations responsible for transportation planning at the level of the metropolitan region); local departments of public works, departments of transportation, and similar organizations; port authorities, and private land developers. Operating organizations, also known as carriers, are primarily concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services. They include railroads, airlines, ship or barge lines, truck lines, transit operators, and private individuals who operate automobiles, motorcycles, and bicycles.(5)Operating strategies, including vehicle routing, scheduling, and traffic control.Fig.1.2 illustrates the ways in which the functional components of the commercial air transportation system are interrelated. Major organizations include the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), the airlines, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), and airport authorities or other owners and operators of airports of airports. Of these, the FAA, the MPOs, and the airport authorities are primarily concerned with providing facilities, and hence would be considered facility-oriented organization. The FAA is responsible for design standards for air transportation facilities and provides some funding; the MPOs are involved in planning airport facilities at the local level, and the airport authorities actually own and construct the airport. The airlines are primarily concerned with operating commercial air service, and hence are operating organization. In addition, the FAA provides safety regulation (including certification of aircraft and pilots) and air traffic control. The airlines own and operate fleets of aircraft and determine operating strategies, include route structures (that is, which airport pairs are served directly and how the overall network is linked together), schedules, and various other operating policies. The major physical facilities are the airport, which consist of terminals are part of the air traffic control system and are staffed by the FAA. Most activities in the terminals are carded out by tenant organizations, including the airlines, which use them for functions such as ticketing, baggage handling, and loading and unloading aircraft. The airlines also operate the maintenance facilities, which serve as their operating bases.Fig.1.2 Interrelationship of functional components of a commercial air transportation system The provision of transportation service results when various organizations construct physical facilities and deploy fleets in accordance with their operating strategies. In order for the system to function effectively, the interactions of the various components must be understood. For instance, in order to design a highway effectively, it is necessary to know the characteristics of both the vehicles and the drivers that will use it, and to be aware of the traffic control strategies that will be employed. To give another example, to design an effective air traffic control system, it is necessary to understand the operating strategies of the airlines; the physical devices used to implement air traffic control; and the characteristics of aircraft, pilots, and airports.New Wordsconveyance n. 交通工具garage n. 车库intermodal n. 联运segment vi. 分割n. 段；部分; vt. 分割expenditure n. 支出，花费；经费，消费额metropolitan adj.大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的; n.大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民.Tenant n. 承租人；房客；佃户；居住者; vt. 租借（常用于被动语态）; n. (Tenant) 人名；(法) 特南Implement vt. 实施，执行；实现，使生效; n. 工具，器具；手段Mobility n. 移动性；机动性；[电子] 迁移率Mph miles per hour （速度单位：英里/每小时）Note to the Text（1）Transportation engineering（交通工程）：the application of scientific principles to the planning, design, operation, and management of transportation system.（2）Transportation is typically system engineering, A system is a set of interrelated parts, called components that perform a number of functions in order to achieve common goals.运输系统是由一组具有相关执行功能的组件组合在一起，以实现共同目标。
运筹学复习提纲
Relationship between complementary basic solutions（和上面 Duality theorem 不同） Primal basic solution Complementary dual basic solution Superoptimal Optimal Suboptimal Neither feasible nor superoptimal
Chapter1BusinessNegotiation商务谈判
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
1.Some Basic Concepts of Negotiation
(1)The Concept of Negotiation A negotiation is a process of communication between parties
• 2.The Forms of Business Negotiation
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
3.The Overall Framework of International Business Negotiation
Background Atmosphere Factors
1)the best target; 2)the intermediate target; 3)the acceptable target.
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
• 5.Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation
• 1.Some Basic Conceots of Negotiation • 2.The Forms of Business Negotiation • 3.The Overall Framework of International Business
Negotiation • 4.Features of International Business Negotiation • 5.Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation • 6.The General Producer of International Negotiation • munication Skills for Negotiations • 8.Types of Negotiation Styles • 9.The Business Contract
采矿工程专业英语词汇
Introduction （绪论）mine n. 矿山，矿井。
v. 米矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉，沉陷subsidence n. 沉降，沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使… 机械化mechanization n. 机械化blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷；石门coal crosscut 煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine （矿井基本概念）coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 戈Ll 分division n. 戈Ll 分material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip运煤斜巷分带mine production capacity 能力(MPC) 矿井生产inclined material haulage roadway of a strip分带运料斜巷mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道，开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 畐廿立井air shaft 风井development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场，车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel 区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face 工作面production n. 生产；产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system 通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风，污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system （electric power, compressedair）动力供应（电、压风）communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖，开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods 采煤方法）stope 采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液（乳化液）等winning/mining technique 采煤工艺mining system 采煤系统mining roadway layout 回采巷道布置classify v. 分类dry mining 旱采wall mining system 壁式开采full-seam mining 整层single longwall mining methodlongwall mining on strike 走向长壁开采longwall mining on inclineii 倾向长壁开采sublevel caving 放顶煤shield 掩护支架slicing method 分层inclined slicing 倾斜分层horizontal slicing 水平分层oblique slicing 斜切分层top-slicing system of sublevel caving 水平分段放顶煤pillar mining system 柱式开采room and pillar mining method 房柱式room method 房式hydraulic mining 水采underground liquefaction 地下液化和气化underground gasification 地下液化和气化roof caving 垮落法（自然垮落、强制放顶）packing 充填法pillar support 刀柱式nearly horizontal coal seam 近水平煤层gently inclined coal seam 缓斜煤层inclined coal seam 倾斜煤层steeply inclined〜急倾斜厚煤层：thin coal seam 薄煤层middle thick coal seam 中厚煤层thick coal seam 厚煤层steeply inclined coal seam with an hugethickness 急倾斜特厚煤层blasting mining technology 炮采conventionally mechanized mining technology 普通机械化采煤工艺fully mechanized mining technology 综合机械化采煤工艺fully mechanized mining with top coal cavingtechnology 综采放顶煤工艺continuous miner 连续采煤机shuttle car n. 梭车universal extensible conveyor 万向接长机bolt v. 打锚杆；n. 锚杆mining method 采矿方法；mining operation 采矿作业；单一长壁采煤法ground control 顶板管理；recovery 回采率；subsidence control 地表沉陷控制cover 覆盖层；overburden 上覆地层；immediate roof 直接顶；floor 底板；hardness 硬度；strength 强度cleavage 解理gas , methane 瓦斯daily operation 日常工作single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业auxiliary operation 辅助作业cutting n. 切割，掏槽；lighting n. 照明outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层development stage 开拓阶段production stage 生产阶段haulage capacity 运输能力main entry 主巷barrier pillar 隔离煤柱butt entry 区段平巷shearer 滚筒采煤机planer ，Plow 刨煤机auger mining 螺旋钻开采rapid excavation 快速掘进ocean mining 海洋采矿Chapter3 Concepts of Mine Development 田开拓的概念)mine boundary 井田边界terrain n. 地形geological structure 地质构造fault n. 断层fold n. 褶皱down fold n. 背斜upfold n. 向斜coal quality 煤质occurrence 赋存mine geological reserve usable reserves ( A 储量temprary useless resrves 暂不能利用储量mine industrial reserveZg=(A +B + C) 矿井工业储量future reserve ( D) 远景储量workable reserve 开采储量designed lost reserve 设计煤炭损失recovery rate 回采率Mine Production Capacity (MPC) coalface output 采煤工作面产量mining district production capacity能力cost per ton coal product 吨煤成本mine service life 矿井使用年限mine field development 井田开拓development roadway 开拓巷道development way 开拓方式development system 开拓系统portal type 井筒类型shaft development 立井开拓combined development 综合开拓development roadway layout 开拓巷道布置main roadway for single seam 分层大巷gathering main roadway 集中大巷gatering main roadway for each coal seam group分组集中大巷single level 单水平mutiple level 多水平preparation type 准备方式rise type 上山式rise and dip Type 上下山式combined rises and dip 上山、上下山混合式industrial area 工业场地mining level 开采水平pit bottom 井底车场development deepening 开拓延深replacement of mining level 水平接替transportation facility 运输设备electromechanical mine operation 矿井机电作业capital investment 基本建设投资。
运筹学(英文版)
运筹学B（双语）复习纲要I 概念汇总1）运筹学模型的三要素2）LP标准形式3）（非）基变量（入基变量、出基变量）4）基解、基可行解、解基逆矩阵5）退化6）人工变量法、两阶段法7）LP解的四种情况8）LP对偶问题的形式及最优解9）LP对偶问题的经济解释10）运输表格及表上作业法（（非）基变量、入基变量、出基变量）11）网络的基本概念（点、边、权、有向边、链、道路、圈、回路、树、生成树、最小生成树、连通图、割）12）目标规划的含义（模型、偏差变量）13）整数规划模型（分支定界法、割平面法的思路）II 方法汇总1）LP问题图上求解法2）单纯形法3）对偶单纯形法4）运输问题表上作业法（三大步骤）5）求最小生成树6）求最短路问题7）求最大流问题8）目标规划的图解法9）中国邮路问题III题型1）多选题：20分左右2）判断题：10分左右3）简答题：30分左右4）计算题：50分左右《运筹学B》双语课程词汇表Chapter 1 What is Operations Research?Operations Research 运筹学Mathematic model 数学模型decision alternative 决策选择decision variable 决策变量restriction，constraint 约束条件objective criterion 目标准则objective function 目标函数linear programming 线性规划integer programming 整数规划dynamic programming 动态规划network programming 网络规划nonlinear programming 非线性规划algorithm 算法iteration 迭代Chapter 2 Introduction to Linear Programming Graphical solution 图解法Graphical sensitivity analysis 图上灵敏度分析nonnegativity restrictions 非负约束条件feasible solution 可行解optimal feasible solution 最优可行解coefficient 系数denominator 分母infeasible 不可行unit worth 单位价值Chapter 3 The Simplex Methodsolution space 解空间algebraic solution 代数解graphical solution 几何解optimal solution 最优解equation 方程corner point 顶点basic variable 基变量nonbasic variable 非基变量basic solution 基解The Simplex Method 单纯形法iterative 迭代的origin 原点leaving variable 出基变量entering variable 入基变量ratio 比率Gauss-Jordan row operation 高斯-约当行变换pivot column 主列pivot row 主行pivot element 主元素artificial variable 人工变量M-Method 大M方法Two-Phase Method 两阶段方法penalty 罚数degeneracy 退化degenerate 退化的alternative optima 多重最优解infinity 无穷unbounded 无界的pseudo-optimal solution 伪解Chapter 4 Duality and Sensitivity Analysis dual problem 对偶问题primal problem 原问题matrix 矩阵vector 向量identity matrix 单位矩阵verify 证明dual simplex method 对偶单纯形法generalized simplex method 广义单纯形法Chapter 5 Transportation Model and Its Variants Transportation Model 运输模型nontraditional Transportation Model 非典型运输模型The Transportation Algorithm 运输算法source 出发地destination 目的地node 节点arc 边，弧transportation tableau 运输表格balanced 平衡的Northwest-Corner Method 西北角法Least-Cost Method 最小费用法V ogel Approximation Method 沃格尔法The Assignment Model 指派模型Hungarian Method 匈牙利方法Chapter 6 Network Modelsnetwork 网络Minimal Spanning Algorithm 最小生成树算法Shortest-Route Algorithm 最短路算法path 链connected network 连通网络cycle 回路spanning tree 生成树maximal flow 最大流residue network 剩余网络breakthrough path 关键路线Chapter 8 Goal Programminggoal programming 目标规划deviational variable 偏差变量Chapter 9 Integer Linear ProgrammingInteger Linear Programming 整数线性规划integer variables 整数变量Cutting-Plane Algorithm 割平面法B&B Algorithm 分支定界法。
物流专业英语 Chapter Four Shipment,Track and Delivery
Lee: You can see the delivery date and other details in the delivery notice. I have sent it to you through the information system. Peter: Ok. I will check it as soon as possible.
conveyance [kənˈveɪəns] n. 传送,表达;运输工具;交通 工具; 产权转让证书 distribution [ˌdɪstrɪ'bju:ʃn] n.分配，运销，分销，散 步，分布 inventory ['ɪnvəntrɪ] n.存货，库存 transit ['trænzɪt] n.搬运，载运，通过，中转，过境 vt.vi.通过，经过 freight [freɪt] n.货运；货物 vt.运输，装货于 truckload [ˈtrʌkləʊd] n.一货车的容量 vehicles ['vi:ɪklz] n.交通工具，车辆；传播媒介，手段
Allen: Would you please give me some examples of our major clients at present? Lee: At present, one of our major client is Lee Kum Kee. Our main task is the do intensive distribution for it, that is delivering products to all wholesalers and retailers according to customer orders. Allen: It can’t imagine how heavy the workload is.
导游职业简介英语作文范文
导游职业简介英语作文范文Chapter 1: Introduction to the Tour Guide ProfessionThe tour guide profession plays a vital role in the travel and tourism industry. Tour guides are responsible for escorting and informing tourists about various attractions, historical sites, and cultural aspects of a particular destination. They possess extensive knowledge and expertise in the local area and aim to provide an enriching experience for the visitors. This profession requires excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as well as a passion for travel and a desire to share knowledge with others.Chapter 2: Responsibilities and Skills of a Tour GuideTour guides have various responsibilities to ensure a smooth and enjoyable journey for tourists. Firstly, they need to familiarize themselves with the destination, researching the history, culture, and significant landmarks. This preparation allows them to provide accurate information and answer any questions posed by tourists. Additionally, tour guides must coordinate with travel agencies or tour operators to plan itineraries, arrange transportation, and ensure all necessary reservations and permits are in order.In terms of skills, the tour guide profession demands effective communication skills, including proficiency in multiple languages. They must be able to clearly articulate information and adapt their communication style to suit different cultural backgrounds. Furthermore, organizational and time management skills are crucial for ensuring that tours run smoothly and adhere to the set schedule.Chapter 3: Qualifications and TrainingTo become a tour guide, certain qualifications and training are essential. Most countries have specific requirements that individuals must fulfill to obtain a tour guide license or certification. These requirements usually involve completing a training program or a formal education in tourism, hospitality, or related fields. Additionally, these programs often cover topics such as local history, culture, geography, and customer service.Apart from formal education, gaining practical experience is also important. Many aspiring tour guides start by working as tour assistants or volunteers, assisting experienced guides and learning on the job. This hands-on experience helps them develop the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in the profession.Chapter 4: Challenges and RewardsBeing a tour guide can be a demanding profession, filled with both challenges and rewards. Challenges may include dealing with unexpected issues during tours, such as changes in weather, delays in transportation, or difficult tourists. Flexibility, problem-solving skills, and the ability to remain calm under pressure are crucial in overcoming these challenges.On the other hand, the rewards of being a tour guide are immense. It offers the opportunity to explore and learn about different destinations, meet people from diverse backgrounds, and share one's passion for travel with others. The profession also allows tourguides to create memorable experiences for tourists and contribute to the growth of the travel and tourism industry.In conclusion, the tour guide profession requires individuals with in-depth knowledge, exceptional communication skills, and a passion for travel. Becoming a tour guide involves fulfilling certain qualifications, undergoing training, and gaining practical experience. While it may be challenging at times, being a tour guide can be immensely rewarding, offering an exciting and fulfilling career in the travel and tourism industry.Chapter 5: Ethical Considerations for Tour GuidesAs tour guides, it is essential to uphold ethical standards and practices in our profession. We have a responsibility to provide accurate and unbiased information to our tourists, ensuring that their experience is authentic and respectful to the local culture and community. This chapter will discuss some of the ethical considerations that tour guides should be mindful of.One of the most important ethical considerations is cultural sensitivity. As tour guides, we must strive to understand and respect the customs, traditions, and social norms of the destinations we visit. This includes being mindful of appropriate behavior and dress, as well as avoiding any actions or comments that may be offensive or disrespectful to the local community. It is crucial to promote cultural exchange and understanding while avoiding cultural appropriation or exploitation.Another ethical consideration is the importance of sustainable tourism. We must be aware of the impact that tourism can have onthe environment, local economies, and communities. It is our responsibility to promote responsible and sustainable practices, such as encouraging the use of eco-friendly transportation, supporting local businesses, and respecting wildlife and natural habitats. By doing so, we can contribute positively to the destinations we visit and help preserve them for future generations.Tour guides should also be transparent and honest in their dealings with tourists. This includes providing accurate and reliable information about the attractions, sites, and experiences they are showcasing. It is important to avoid exaggeration or misinformation that may lead to false expectations or disappointment for the tourists. Building trust with our clients is crucial for the success and credibility of our profession.Respecting the privacy and dignity of tourists is another ethical consideration to keep in mind. As tour guides, we must ensure that personal information shared by our clients remains confidential and protected. We should also be mindful of their physical and emotional well-being, taking appropriate measures to ensure their comfort and safety at all times.Finally, as tour guides, we should also consider the ethical implications of our own behavior and actions. It is important to maintain a professional demeanor, treating all tourists with respect, fairness, and impartiality. Avoiding any form of discrimination, bias, or inappropriate behavior is crucial to maintaining the integrity and reputation of the profession.Chapter 6: Tools and Resources for Tour GuidesTo excel in the tour guide profession, it is essential to utilize various tools and resources that can enhance our knowledge and help in our day-to-day operations. This chapter will explore some of the tools and resources that can be valuable for tour guides. One of the most important tools for tour guides is a comprehensive guidebook or travel guide of the destination. These guidebooks provide detailed information about the attractions, landmarks, history, culture, and practicalities of the location. They can serve as a valuable reference for tour guides to ensure accurate and up-to-date information during tours.In addition to guidebooks, online resources and websites can be invaluable for tour guides. Online travel forums, destination websites, and tour operator websites can provide information about local events, updates, and tips from other travelers. Online map services and navigation apps can also be useful for tour guides to plan routes, navigate unfamiliar areas, and provide directions to tourists.Technology has also made audio guides and mobile applications available to enhance the tour experience. These tools provide audio commentary, interactive maps, and multimedia content that can enhance the visitor's understanding and engagement with the destination. Tour guides can utilize these tools to supplement their own knowledge and provide a more immersive experience for their clients.Networking and collaboration with fellow tour guides and industryprofessionals is another valuable resource for tour guides. Joining professional associations, attending conferences and workshops, and participating in training programs can provide opportunities for learning, sharing experiences, and expanding professional networks. These connections can lead to potential collaborations, career opportunities, and a wider range of resources and support for tour guides.Lastly, tour guides should also make use of their own personal experiences and reflections as a resource. Keeping a journal, taking photographs, and documenting their own explorations can serve as a valuable source of knowledge and inspiration. Reflecting on past tours, seeking feedback from clients, and continuously learning and improving are essential for the growth and development of tour guides.By utilizing these tools and resources, tour guides can enhance their knowledge, deliver a high-quality service to their clients, and continue to grow and succeed in their profession.Chapter 7: ConclusionThe tour guide profession is a dynamic, challenging, and rewarding career in the travel and tourism industry. It requires a combination of knowledge, skills, and ethical considerations to provide an exceptional experience for tourists. By fulfilling the necessary qualifications, undergoing training, and gaining practical experience, individuals can embark on a journey as tour guides and contribute to the growth of the industry.In this book, we have explored various aspects of the tour guide profession, including its role in the travel industry, responsibilities and skills required, qualifications and training, challenges and rewards, ethical considerations, and tools and resources. It is our hope that this book has provided valuable insights and guidance for aspiring tour guides, as well as a deeper appreciation for the important role that tour guides play in creating memorable experiences for tourists.As tour guides, we have the power to inspire, educate, and enrich the lives of those we guide. With our knowledge, passion, and dedication, we can shape the way people experience and perceive the world. Let us embrace the opportunities and challenges that come with being a tour guide, and continue to elevate the standards of our profession.Here's to a fulfilling and successful career as a tour guide!。
小保罗·R·墨菲当代物流学习题辅导
中国经济管理大学学员教辅小保罗·R·墨菲《MBA当代物流学》习题辅导中国自学网/study.asp?vip=2525674ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Logistics and the Supply Chain (1)Chapter 2: The Supply Chain Management Concept (23)Chapter 3: Logistics and Information Technology (43)Chapter 4: Demand Management, Order Management and Customer Service (62)Chapter 5: Protective Packaging and Materials Handling (81)Chapter 6: Transportation (98)Chapter 7: Transportation Management (115)Chapter 8: Distribution Center, Warehouse, and Plant Location (135)Chapter 9: Inventory Management (157)Chapter 10: Warehousing Management (182)Chapter 11: Procurement (201)Chapter 12: International Logistics (221)Chapter 13: Logistics Systems Controls (240)Chapter 14: Organizing and Analyzing Logistics Systems (260)PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 1: LOGISTICS AND THE SUPPLY CHAIN1. Did it surprise you that logistics can be such an important component in a country’s economic system? Why or why not?它构成了一个国家至少10%的GDP、对于经济增长有很重要的作用The answer to this question likely depends on a student’s prior exposure to logistics.A “typical” student in an undergraduate basic logistics course likely has had limitedexposure to and knowledge about logistics and thus would likely be unaware as tologistics’ impact on a country’s economic system. As such, she/he might be pleasantly s urprised to learn that logistics often accounts for at least 10% of a country’s GDPand also is important for economic growth and development.2.Distinguish between possession, form, time, and place utility.Possession utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer beingable to take possession of a product and can be influenced by the relevant payment terms.Form utility refers to a product’s being in a form that (1) can be used by the customer and (2) is of value to the customer. Time utility refers to having products availablewhen they are needed by customers while place utility refers to having productsavailable where they are needed by customers.3.How does logistics contribute to time and place utility?时间效用：不同产品有不同的时间敏感度，香蕉和铅笔；地点效用：把产品从价至少的地方运到价值大的地方。
西安一本大学生活英语教材
西安一本大学生活英语教材IntroductionIn recent years, the importance of English language education in universities has been widely recognized. A well-designed English textbook is crucial for students to improve their language skills effectively. This article aims to introduce a new English textbook specifically tailored for university students in Xi'an, China, focusing on daily life topics.Chapter 1: Greetings and IntroductionsThis chapter covers essential phrases and expressions related to greetings and introductions. Students will learn how to initiate conversations, introduce themselves, and ask basic personal information. Various real-life scenarios are provided, enabling students to practice and apply their knowledge in practical situations.Chapter 2: Daily RoutinesUnderstanding daily routines is essential for effective time management and self-discipline. This chapter introduces vocabulary and phrases related to daily activities, such as waking up, having meals, studying, and engaging in leisure activities. Through dialogues and exercises, students will develop the ability to describe their daily routines and understand others'.Chapter 3: University LifeUniversity life is a unique experience that involves a wide range of activities and interactions. This chapter focuses on vocabulary and expressions related to attending lectures, participating in extracurricularactivities, joining clubs, and socializing with classmates. Practical examples and discussions are included to facilitate students' understanding and application.Chapter 4: Shopping and DiningAs students become more independent, they need to acquire essential skills for shopping and dining. This chapter covers vocabulary and phrases related to shopping for daily necessities, clothes, and food. Additionally, it provides practical guidance on ordering food in restaurants and dealing with various shopping situations, preparing students for their daily life needs.Chapter 5: TransportationGetting around the city is an integral part of university life. In this chapter, students will learn vocabulary and expressions related to various modes of transportation, such as buses, taxis, and the subway. They will also practice asking for directions and understanding public transportation schedules, making their commuting experience in Xi'an more convenient.Chapter 6: Health and WellnessPromoting health and wellness is crucial for students' overall well-being. This chapter introduces vocabulary and phrases related to describing common health issues, making appointments with doctors, and discussing healthy lifestyles. By engaging in dialogues and role-plays, students will enhance their communication skills in the context of health and wellness.Chapter 7: Leisure and RecreationFinding balance between academics and leisure is essential for students' mental and emotional well-being. This chapter covers vocabulary and expressions related to various leisure activities, such as watching movies, playing sports, and exploring tourist attractions. By discussing their hobbies and interests, students can expand their vocabulary and express their opinions effectively.ConclusionIn conclusion, the new English textbook designed for university students in Xi'an provides a comprehensive and practical approach to learning English in the context of daily life. By incorporating relevant topics and real-life scenarios, students can enhance their language skills while also gaining insights into Western culture. This textbook aims to equip students with the necessary language proficiency to excel not only academically but also in their daily interactions and future careers.。
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Because we cross time zones.
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Doctors say that air travelers should go straight to bed on arrival after crossing a number of time zones. They shouldn't work without rest. Businessman, however , are not so luck. After a long journey, they must either go straight to an important meeting or to their boss to give a report . Even so , there are still a lot of businessmen traveling by air. However ,airline pilot can hardly be affected. Why?
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The major attractive attributes of the automobile to be as follows: Control of the route and the stops enroute Control of departure times Ability to carry baggage and equipment easily Low out-of pocket expense of traveling with three or four persons Freedom to use the automobile once the destination is reached
In fact, they often live by their own watches, paying no attention to local time. They can even have breakfast at midnight if necessary.
13
Travel by train
19
Travel by bus/motor coach
In North America and elsewhere the coach performs two key roles To provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation services To provide charter and tour services Buses attract a larger share of the lower-income groups than do the other common carriers. women riders of the bus significantly outnumbered men.
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Negative factors
Slowness in reaching the destination Relatively inflexible departure times A lack of quality in food service Trains are certainly perceived as being a very safe mode of transportation and are thought to attract a significant “fear of flying” market.
6
The services provided by airlines can be divided into three distinct categories:
scheduled
services; nonscheduled, or charter services; air taxi services.
Terminal facilities and locations
3
Travel by air
In the second half of the twentieth century ,the development of air transportation contributed to the growth of tourism, whether for business or pleasure. Travel by air has become safe, comfortable, rapid, and above all cheap, for two reason.
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Travel by water
Travel by ship did in fact precede travel by train ,but it was not until the mid-nineteenth century that travel by ocean liner began to show its greatest prominence. Water transport today plays two main roles in travel and tourism: ferrying and cruising. To commute to work or do other things is vital transportation mode for scheduled passengers.
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The first reason is the enormous growth of aviation technology, especially since the development of the jet airliner after the Second World War. The second reason in the development of mass travel by air has been the enterprise and creativity demonstrated both by air transport management and other entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
Travelers favored the train for the following reasons: Safety Ability to look out of train and see interesting things en route Ability to get up and walk around Arriving at the destination rested and relax Personal comfort
Those operating from smaller ,often rural airports into these hubs The airlines’ purpose is to serve the needs of commuting business people, many of whom regularly use these routes.
Short-duration cruises appear to be gaining in popularity as they require less vacation time and are less expensive.
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Travel by automobile
The automobile brought about a more
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The terms of aviation
Trunk route
Airlines operating on major routes between hub airports within a country .
Feeder /regional airlines Commuter airlines
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The terms of aviation
“Frequent flyer” programmes --- passengers
collect additional free miles based on the mileage they chalk up with a carrier, have all help to stimulate demand and fill aircraft seats. Advance Purchase Excursion(APEX) tickets---to purchase tickets in advance for excursion or pleasure. Stand-by fares---fares to be kept ready for another use ahead of departure time.
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Cruising
Short cruise are of one week or less. Intermediate-length departures last approximately one to four weeks. Long cruises are the round-the-world variety covering a one-to-three-month period.
Chapter 6 Transportation
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Decision and Selection of transportation mode
Why do people select one transportation mode over another for their business and pleasure trips? When you travel to the destination nearby or far from your residential place, which mode of transportation you will choose? Why? What would influence your decision of transportation mode?