ShortwaveRadiation Options in the WRF Model
广东省深圳外国语学校2024届高三上学期第2次月考英语含答案
深圳外国语学校2023—2024学年度第一学期高三年级第二次月考英语试卷本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，共9页，满分120分，考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1．答题前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、班级、座位号等相关信息填写在答题卷指定区域内。
2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卷上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案；不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卷各题目指定区域内的相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4．考生必须保持答题卷的整洁。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
ACommunity Volunteers ProgramCommunity V olunteers Program is a brand new service opportunity that engages volunteers in weekly service with community-based organizations in neighborhoods surrounding the Boston campus. It offers various volunteer placements that will allow you to connect your skills, passions, and interests with weekly service!826 BostonIt is a nonprofit kids writing and publishing organization empowering traditionally under-served students (age 2 to 13) to find their voices, tell their stories, and gain communication skills to succeed in school and in future life.●Primary Focus: After-school enrichment / tutoring.●Opportunity Type: Remote.Family Gym ProgramFamily Gym’s goal is to provide families with young children (age 0 to 10) with a safe, accessible space to engage in fun, and age-appropriate physical activity.●Primary Focus: Nutrition and Meal Assistance, Nutrition and Physical Education.●Opportunity Type: Virtual / Remote.Community ServingsCommunity Servings actively engages the community to provide medically tailored, nutritious, scratch-made meals to critically ill kids (age 6 to 10) and their families.●Primary Focus: Food Security, Nutrition and Meal Assistance.●Opportunity Type: In person.Hernández After School ProgramHASP involves youth from the Rafael Hernández Two-Way Bilingual School to provide the highest quality of specialized services to meet the educational, social, emotional, cultural, and recreational needs of its students (age 5 to 12) in the surrounding communities.●Primary Focus: After-school enrichment / tutoring for multilingual students.●Opportunity Type: Remote.21. What is the main job of volunteers in 826 Boston?A. To teach students expressive skills.B. To provide kids with physical training.C. To offer teenagers social assistance.D. To help youth with emotional problems.22. Which program may prefer volunteers with medical knowledge?A. 826 Boston.B. Family Gym Program.C. Community Servings.D. Hernández After School Program.23. What do the four programs have in common?A. They advocate healthy diets.B. They focus on education.C. They feature online service.D. They center around children.BDaniel Brush, an astonishing worker in gold, jewels and steel died on November 2022, aged 75. Students from a jewellery school once came to Brush’s studio, a loft in mid-Manhattan, awed to be meeting a figure who, to them, was a worker of miracles.For 45 years in that loft, he had pursued his calling. His wife Olivia was the only company. He produced hundreds of objects of all sorts, most of them exquisite and many astonishingly small. Rather than use electricity, he laboured alone in a forest of antique machines and when tools frustrated him, he made his own, displaying them in cupboards as art in themselves.Above all else, he worked in gold. His obsession took fire when at 13 he saw an Etruscan gold bowl in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The ancient technique of applying gold beads as fine as sand-grains to a curved gold surface without solder (焊接), was stunning, but so was the lightness of spirit.He resolved then that he would make such a bowl, and gold became the study of his life. Simply to watch it melt, turn to red-hot and white-hot, then glow purple, was magical. To hold pure gold grain and let it move slowly through his fingers restored his calm of spirit. His chief motivation, he said, was to understand the material and, through that, himself. He wondered why his heart had beaten so fast in the museum that day. Gold in particular had a message for him. His contact with this glorious metal might focus all his attention and help him to hear it.He developed delicate craftsmanship, with each object virtually a museum piece. For Daniel Brush, he loved the idea that one might take a piece made by Brush out of a pocket, let its beauty pass from mind to mind, and smile. That too was what its maker was after.24. What can we learn about Daniel Brush?A. Students visited him regularly.B. He began to live in his loft in 1975.C. He tended to use ancient crafts to produce objects.D. Most objects he produced were of a surprisingly small size.25. What is the main reason for his lifelong study of gold?A. He wanted to learn more about both gold and himself.B. He wondered why his heart had beat fast in the museum.C. His calm was restored when gold grain moved through fingers.D. Gold had a particular message for him and he was eager to hear it.26. Which of the following can best describe Daniel Brush?A. Stubborn.B. Wealthy.C. Dedicated.D. Lonely.27. What does the author try to emphasize in the last paragraph?A. Brush’s valuable works.B. The admirers Brush expected.C. Brush’s desire for fame.D. The artistic ideal Brush pursued.CWe all know that unpleasant feeling when we’re talking about something interesting and halfway through our sentence we’re interrupted. But was that really an interruption? The answer depends on whom you ask, according to new research led by Katherine Hilton from Stanford University.Using a set of controlled audio clips (录音片段), Hilton surveyed 5,000 American English speakers to better understand what affects people’s perceptions of interruptions. She had participants listen to audio clips and then answer questions about whether the speakers seemed to be friendly andengaged, listening to one another, or trying to interrupt.Hilton found that American English speakers have different conversational styles. She identified two distinct groups: high and low intensity speakers. High intensity speakers are generally uncomfortable with moments of silence in conversation and consider talking at the same time a sign of engagement. Low intensity speakers find it rude to talk at the same time and prefer people speak one after another in conversation.The differences in conversational styles became evident when participants listened to audio clips in which two people spoke at the same time but were agreeing with each other and stayed on topic, Hilton said. The high intensity group reported that conversations where people spoke at the same time when expressing agreement were not interruptive but engaged and friendlier than the conversations with moments of silence in between speaking turns. In contrast, the low intensity group perceived any amount of simultaneous (同时) chat as a rude interruption, regardless of what the speakers were saying.“People care about being interrupted, and those small interruptions can have a massive effect on the overall communication,” Hilton said.“Breaking apart what an interruption means is essential if we want to understand how humans interact with each other.”28. What does Hilton’s research focus on?A. What interruptions mean to people.B. Whether interruption is good or not.C. How to avoid getting interrupted.D. Why speakers interrupt each other.29. What do participants of the study need to do?A. Record an audio clip.B. Answer some questions.C. Listen to one another.D. Have a chat with a friend.30. What do low intensity speakers think of simultaneous chat?A. It’s important.B. It’s interesting.C. It’s inefficient.D. It’s impolite.31. What can we learn from Hilton’s research?A. Human interaction is complex.B. Communication is the basis of life.C. Interruptions promote thinking.D. Language barriers will always exist.DSwot satellite is scheduled to be launched Thursday morning to conduct a comprehensive survey of Earth’s vital resource. By using advanced microwave radar technology it will collect height-surface measurements of oceans, lakes and rivers in high-definition detail over 90% of the globe. It’s really the first time to observe nearly all water on the planet’s surface.The major mission is to explore how oceans help to minimize climate change by absorbingatmospheric heat and carbon dioxide in a natural process. Oceans are estimated to have absorbed more than 90% of the extra heat trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere by human-caused greenhouse gases. Swot will scan the seas from the orbit and precisely measure fine differences in surface elevations (高度) around smaller currents and eddies (漩涡), where much of the oceans’ decrease of heat and carbon is believed to occur. “Studying the mechanism will help climate scientists answer a key question: What is the turning point at which oceans start releasing, rather than absorbing, huge amounts of heat back into the atmosphere and speed up global warming, rather than limiting it,” said Nadya Shiffer, Swot’s program scientist.By comparison, earlier studies of water bodies relied on data of rivers or oceans taken at specific points, or from satellites that can only track measurements along a one-dimensional line, requiring scientists to fill in data gaps through extrapolation (外推法). Thanks to the radar instrument, Swot can scan through cloud cover and darkness over wide ranges of the Earth. This enables scientists to accurately map their observations in two dimensions regardless of weather or time of day and to cover large geographic areas far more quickly than was previously possible.“Rather than giving us a line of elevations, it’s giving us a map of elevations, and that’s just a total game changer,” said Tamlin Pavelsky, Swot freshwater science leader.32．What does the underlined expression “vital resource” in the first paragraph refer to?A. Technology.B. Climate.C. Oceans.D. Water.33．What is the major mission of Swot?A. To explore the influences of greenhouse gases.B. To explain the consequence of global warming.C. To identify the causes of water absorbing heat and CO2.D. To study the mechanism of oceans influencing climate.34．What makes it possible for Swot to measure precisely?A. The high-definition computer.B. Advanced radar technology.C. The three-dimensional image.D. An accurate map of elevations.35．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. A Solution to Climate ChangeB. A Breakthrough in Space TravelC. First Global Water Survey from SpaceD. The Successful Launch of Swot Satellite第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
新型无机闪烁体的能量分辨率(中英文对照)
成都理工大学学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文极，（b）光电子是后来ηNph，（c）这些∝ηNph电子在第一倍增极和到达（d）倍增极的k（k = 1，2…）放大后为δk 并且我们假设δ1=δ2=δ3=δk=δ的，并且δ/δ1≈1的。
我们可以得出：R2=Rlid2=5.56δ/[∝ηNph（δ-1）] ≈5.56/Nel （3）Nel表示第一次到达光电倍增管的数目。
在试验中，δ1≈10＞δ2=δ3=δk，因此，在实际情况下，我们可以通过（3）看出R2的值比实际测得大。
请注意，对于一个半导体二极管（不倍增极结构）（3）也适用。
那么Nel就是是在二极管产生电子空穴对的数目。
在物质不均匀，光收集不完整，不相称和偏差的影响从光电子生产过程中的二项式分布及电子收集在第一倍增极不理想的情况下，例如由于阴极不均匀性和不完善的重点，我们有：R2=Rsci2+Rlid2≈5.56[(νN-1/Nel)+1/Nel] (4)νN光子的产生包括所有非理想情况下的收集和1/Nel的理想情况。
为了说明，我们在图上显示，如图1所示。
ΔE/E的作为伽玛射线能量E的函数，为碘化钠：铊闪烁耦合到光电倍增管图。
1。
对ΔE/E的示意图（全曲线）作为伽玛射线能量E功能的碘化钠：铊晶体耦合到光电倍增管。
虚线/虚线代表了主要贡献。
例如见[9,10]。
对于Rsci除了1/（Nel）1/2的组成部分，我们看到有两个组成部分，代表在0-4％的不均匀性，不完整的光收集水平线，等等，并与在0-400代表非相称keV的最大曲线。
表1给出了E=662Kev时的数值（137Cs）在传统的闪烁体资料可见。
从图一我们可以清楚的看到在低能量E＜100Kev，如果Nel，也就是Nph增大的话，是可以提高能量分辨率的。
这是很难达到的，因为光额产量已经很高了（见表1）在能量E＞300Kev时，Rsci主要由能量支配其能量分辨率，这是没办法减小Rsci 的。
然而，在下一节我们将会讲到，可以用闪烁体在高能量一样有高的分辨率。
WRF做区域气候方法
3. OBSERVATIONS Observations used for evaluation come from the gridded dataset prepared as part of the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP). Details of creation of this dataset can be found in Raupach et al. (2008a & b). This dataset includes precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, and vapour pressure surfaces obtained by interpolating surface station measurements. Solar radiation is derived from satellite measurements. Various surface hydrology parameters, such as soil moisture and runoff, are obtained using the WaterDyn hydrology model driven by the AWAP meteorological variables. Seasonal precipitation and mean temperature derived from the AWAP dataset for the period of interest is shown in Figure 2. The temperature increases from the high country in the South-east of the basin toward the north-west. The Murray basin has a precipitation maxima in winter and spring, while the Darling basin has a summer maxima.
2025年重庆市普通高中学业水平选择性考试9月调研试卷 英语
2025年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试9月调研测试卷英语英语测试卷共8页，满分150分。
考试时间120分钟。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，请先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A 、B 、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much isthe shirt?A.f19.15.B.f9.18.C.f9.15.答案是C。
1.What will the speakersprobably do next?A.Drive back home.B.Buy some drinks.C.Do grocery shopping.2.What does the man probably want to do?A,Book a hotel room. B.Find a swimming instructor. C.Get some physical exercise.3.What is the relationship between thèspeakers?A.Boss and clerk. B Sacher and student. C.Husband and wife.4. What does the woman want to do withth言KV?A.Exchange a cheaperone.B.Haveirsepaired.C.Sell it to QuickFix Guys.5.Which train will the man take?A.14:15.B.14:30.C.15:00.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
托福阅读真题第25套
第25套Effects of the Commercial RevolutionParagraph1In the third and the second millennia B.C.long-distance trade supposedly had the character of an expedition.By the start of the last millennium B.C.,however,a new approach to engaging in such trade emerged.Based on the principle of colonization,it was pioneered by the Phoenicians and Greeks,who established colonies along the Mediterranean Sea.The new approach to long-distance trade,known as the commercial revolution,led to changes in a number of political and economic patterns.1.The word“pioneered”in the passage is closet in meaning toadopteddescribeddemonstratedintroducedParagraph2For the first time,the planting of colonies in distant lands became possible.The Phoenician settlements in the central and western Mediterranean,such as Carthage, and the slightly later establishment of Greek colonies are early examples,while the settlement of south Arabians in Eritrea around the middle of the last millennium marks the subsequent spread of this sort of commercial consequence to the Horn of Africa.In the third or second millennia B.C.,a state such as Egypt might colonize areas outside its heartland,such as Nubia.But this colonization comprised military outposts and ethnic settlements that were planted to hold the contiguous territories ofa land empire,not distant localities far separated from the home country.2.All of the following groups are mentioned in paragraph2as establishing distanttrading outposts in the last millennium B.C.EXCEPTthe Greeksthe Egyptiansthe Phoeniciansthe south Arabians3.The word“subsequent”in the passage is closet in meaning toinitialanticipatedlaterincreasing4.In paragraph2,why does the author mention the colonization of Nubia by theEgyptians?To prove that colonization was first carried out by the militaryTo indicate that Egypt was a major military power in the third and second millennia B.C.To illustrate how large the geographic area of colonization had become over several millenniaTo show that the purpose of colonization during the third and second millennia B.C.differed from that of the last millennium B.C.5.The word“comprised”in the passage is closet in meaning toresulted infocused onwas inspired byconsisted ofParagraph3The commercial revolution constructed the economic basis as well for a new kind of town or city,an urban center that above all serviced trade and was home to the crafts and occupational specializations that went along with commercial development.The urban locations of earlier times commonly drew trade simply because their populations had included a privileged elite of potential consumers.Such towns had arisen in the first place as political and religious centers of the society,they attracted population because power and influence resides there and access to position and wealth could be gained through service to the royal or priestly leadership.6.According to paragraph3,before the emergence of the commercial revolution,tradeenabled craftspeople and occupational specialists to gain power and influence in societycentered on the ruling elite and those groups closely associated with themwas primarily conducted by people serving the royal and religious leadershipwas a major reason why urban centers were establishedParagraph4Wherever the effects of the commercial revolution penetrated over the last millennium B.C.,kings and emperors increasingly lost their ability to treat trade as a royalty sponsored activity,intended to preserve the commodities of trade as the privileges of immemorial power and position.Instead,their policies shifted toward controlling geographical accessibility to the products of commerce and to ensuring security and other conditions that attracted and enhanced the movement of goods.No longer could kings rely on agriculturally supported and religiously based claims to an ability to protect their lands and people;now they also had to overtly support the material prosperity of their people compared to other societies.And rather than exerting amonopoly over prestige commodities,as had Egyptian kings of the third and second millennia,and redistributing such commodities in ways designed to reinforce the allegiance of their subjects and enhance the awesomeness of their position,rulers turned to the taxation of trade and to the creation and control of currency,more and more relying on duties and other revenues to support the apparatus of the state.It was no historical accident that the first metal coinage in the world began to be made in eighth-century Anatolia(modern Turkey)and that the use of coins rapidly spread with the expanding commercial revolution.The material bases and the legitimizations of state authority as we know them today had begun to take shape.7.The word“enhanced”in the passage is closet in meaning toimprovedinfluencedprotectednecessitated8.The word“reinforce”in the passage is closet in meaning todemandstrengthenearnrepay9.According to paragraph4,as the commercial revolution expanded,rulers focusedontaxation and the development and control of moneymonopolizing prestige commoditiesdistributing prestige commodities to ensure the allegiance of their subjectsprotecting their land to legitimize their authority10.What can be inferred from paragraph4about Anatolia?Its merchants specialized in the trading of prestige commodities.It was the first place to use currency for the taxation of trade.It contained enormous supplies of metal compared with other states in the region. Trade remained a royally sponsored activity there long after the emergence of the commercial revolution.Paragraph5The commercial revolution tended also to spread a particular pattern of exchange.The early commercial centers of the Mediterranean most characteristically offered manufactured goods—purple dye,metal goods,wine,olive oil,and so forth—for the raw materials or the partially processed natural products of other regions.As the commercial revolution spread,this kind of exchange tended to spread with it,with the recently added areas of commerce providing new kinds of raw materials or newsources for familiar products of the natural world,and the longer established commercial centers—which might themselves have lain at the margins of this transformation—producing,or acting as the intermediaries in the transmission of, manufactured commodities.India,for instance,had developed by the turn of the era into a major exporter of its own cotton textiles,as well as naturally occurring materials,such as gems of various kinds,and at the same time its merchants were the intermediaries of the silk trade.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.During the commercial revolution,newer centers of trade acted as intermediaries in the exchange of different types of manufactured goods.Longer-established trading centers were familiar with the unprocessed products of the natural world,but depended on other areas as sources for manufactured commodities.Eventually,the commercial revolution led to a trading system whereby newly established commercial centers provided the resources needed for the production of goods while older trading centers produced the goods or assisted in their distribution.The commercial revolution depended on a system of trade where consumers valued novelty in the manufactured goods they acquired,but,at the same time, they wanted to be familiar with the natural products they received.12.Paragraph5supports which of the following statements about Indian merchants atthe time of the commercial revolution?They imported cotton,silk,and other high-quality fabrics intended for the Indian market.They obtained various kinds of gems from intermediaries in the silk trade.They were simultaneously exporters of manufactured and natural products and intermediaries for goods produced elsewhere.They created a highly sophisticated textile industry at the same time that they were engaged in the processing of natural products.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.It was significantly different from the typical centers that existed before the commercial revolution.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3■The commercial revolution constructed the economic basis as well for a new kind of town or city,an urban center that above all serviced trade and was home to the crafts and occupational specializations that went along with commercial development.■The urban locations of earlier times commonly drew trade simply because their populations had included a privileged elite of potential consumers.■Such towns had arisen in the first place as political and religious centers of the society,they attracted population because power and influence resides there and access to position and wealth could be gained through service to the royal or priestly leadership.■14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click onView Text.Answer ChoicesA.New kinds of urban centers emerged that focused on commerce and encouraged craft and occupational specializations.B.Rulers in the last millennium began to promote the material prosperity of their people through support and improvement of commerce.C.More established commercial centers supplied final products to newer regions in exchange for raw materials.D.During the first millennium B.C.,new political and religious centers arose that based their power on their ability to protect their lands and people.E.The focus on raw materials switched the balance of power from the manufacturing centers to the control of the exporters of the natural products.itary occupation of neighboring lands became a major means of expanding trade into new territories.European Context of the Scientific RevolutionParagraph1The Scientific Revolution represents a turning point in world history.By1700 European scientists had overthrown the science and worldviews of the ancient philosophers:Aristotle and Ptolemy.Europeans in1700lived in a vastly different intellectual world than that experienced by their predecessors in,say,1500.The role and power of science,as a way of knowing about the world and as an agency with the potential of changing the world,likewise underwent profound restricting as part of the Scientific Revolution.1.The word“profound”in the passage is closet in meaning tofrequentintensechallengingcareful2.According to paragraph1,what was new about the intellectual world of1700?Scientists were aware that they were participating in a turning point in world history.Beliefs about nature developed by ancient philosophers were no longer accepted. People believed that science had changed the world.The impact of the Scientific Revolution was being felt in all aspects of European life.Paragraph2The social context for science in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had changed in several dramatic ways from the Middle Ages(roughly,500C.E.to the 1400s C.E.).Advances in military technology,the European voyages of exploration, and contact with the New World altered the context in which the Scientific Revolution unfolded.The geographical discovery of the Americas generally undermined the closed Eurocentric cosmos of the later Middle Ages,and the science of geography provided a stimulus of its own to the Scientific Revolution.With an emphasis on observational reports and practical experience,new geographical discoveries challenged accepted knowledge.Cartography(mapmaking)thus provided exemplary new ways of learning about the world in general,ways self-evidently superior to mastering established doctrines from dusty books.Many of the scientists of the Scientific Revolution seem to have been involved in one fashion or another with geography or cartography.3.According to paragraph2,all of the following influenced European scientific thought during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries EXCEPTprogress in military technologyexplorative journeys made by Europeansviews expressed in the scholarship of the Middle Agesthe development of cartography4.According to paragraph2,how did the study of geography influence the Scientific Revolution?It supported established doctrines in the European-centered world.It created new ways of learning through recording observations and practical experiences.It contributed to advances in military technology.It allowed scientists from different regions to exchange information. Paragraph3In the late1430s,Johannes Gutenberg,apparently independently of the development of woodblock printing in Asia,invented printing with movable type,and the spread of this powerful new technology after1450likewise altered the cultural landscape of early modern Europe.The new medium created a revolution in communications that increased the amount and accuracy of information available and made copying of books by scribes obsolete.Producing some13,000works by1500,printing presses spread rapidly throughout Europe and helped to break down the monopoly of learning in universities and to create a new group of nonreligious intellectuals.Indeed,the first printshops became something of intellectual centers themselves,with authors, publishers,and workers collaborating in unprecedented ways in the production of new knowledge.Renaissance humanism,that renowned philosophical and literary movement emphasizing human values and the direct study of classical Greek and Latin texts,is hardly conceivable without the technology of printing that sustained the efforts of learned humanists.Regarding science,the advent of printing and humanist scholarship brought another wave in the recovery of ancient texts.Whereas Europeans first learned of ancient Greek science largely through translations from the Arabic in the twelfth century,in the later fifteenth century scholars brought forth new editions from Greek originals and uncovered influential new sources,notably the Greek mathematician Archimedes.Similarly,printing disseminated previously obscure handbooks of technical and magical secrets that proved influential in the developing Scientific Revolution.5.The word“obsolete”in the passage is closet in meaning tocostlyless frequentunappealingout of date6.The word“obscure”in the passage is closet in meaning tolittle knownexpensiveforbiddencelebrated7.Paragraph3suggests that before1500the transmission of knowledge in Europe wasstimulated by printing developments in Asiadependent on collaborations between scribes and publisherslimited to religious intellectuals in academic settingsinfluenced by philosophical rather than literary sources8.The author discusses“Renaissance humanism”in order todemonstrate that printing presses facilitated the spread of humanistic thoughtdiscuss why print shops declined as intellectual centerscompare the beliefs of classical humanists to the Renaissance humanistsemphasize the importance of the direct study of Greek and Latin texts9.According to paragraph3,what effect did the invention of printing have on science in Europe?Scientists were able to publish books for humanists and other non-scientific intellectuals.Europeans gained access to new editions of texts as well as new sources of knowledge.Translations of Arabic texts documenting scientific discoveries became widely available.Humanistic study declined as a result of the advance of scientific study. Paragraph4Particularly in Italy,the revival of cultural life and the arts in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries commonly known as the Renaissance must also be considered as an urban and comparatively secular phenomenon,aligned with courts and courtly patronage but not with the universities,which were religiously base.One associates the great flourish of artistic activity of the Renaissance with such talents as Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci,Raphael,and Michelangelo.In comparison with medieval art,the use of perspective—a projection system that realistically renders the three dimensions of space onto the two dimensions of a canvas—represents a new feature typical of Renaissance painting,and through the work of Leon Battista Alberti,Albrecht Durer, and others,artists learned to practice mathematical rules governing perspective.So noteworthy was this development that historians have been inclined to place Renaissance artists at the forefront of those uncovering new knowledge about nature in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.【Whatever one may make of that claim,early modern artists needed accurate knowledge of human muscular anatomy for lifelikerenditions,and an explosion of anatomical research in the Renaissance may be attributed to this need in the artistic community.】10.The word“associates”in the passage is closet in meaning tocomparesappreciatesconnectspresents11.According to paragraph4,Renaissance artistic contributed to the Scientific Revolution byreviving medieval mathematical and scientific sources for studyestablishing institutions for the study of mathematics and scientific principles in artcreating paintings that contributed to the wealth of the courts and courtly patronage of scienceusing mathematical information to realistically represent space in art12.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Early modern artists claim to have uncovered new knowledge about nature and human muscular anatomy before the explosion of anatomical research.Artists’need for accurate knowledge in order to realistically represent the human body may have caused the sudden increase in anatomical studies in the Renaissance.Whatever other claims are made about early modern art,it is accurate to state that Renaissance artists were concerned with creating lifelike representations.The need for early modern artists to create lifelike renditions developed after the explosion of anatomical research made human anatomy clear.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Given the advantages these new approaches offered,it is hardly surprising that sciences associated with exploration attracted great intellectual interest.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph2■The social context for science in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had changed in several dramatic ways from the Middle Ages(roughly,500C.E.to the1400s C.E.).■Advances in military technology,the European voyages of exploration, and contact with the New World altered the context in which the Scientific Revolution unfolded.The geographical discovery of the Americas generally undermined the closed Eurocentric cosmos of the later Middle Ages,and the science of geography provided a stimulus of its own to the Scientific Revolution.■With an emphasis on observational reports and practical experience,new geographical discoveries challenged accepted knowledge.Cartography(mapmaking)thus provided exemplary new ways of learning about the world in general,ways self-evidently superior to mastering established doctrines from dusty books.■Many of the scientists of the Scientific Revolution seem to have been involved in one fashion or another with geography or cartography.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.The discovery of the Americas stimulated the science of geography and cartography which in turn emphasized observation and practical experience.B.The invention of movable type increased the accuracy and availability of information,and a new group of nonreligious scholars emerged.C.The growth of both artistic and scientific activity in Renaissance Italy was encouraged by the financial support of universities and wealthy merchants.D.Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of printing in the late1430s appears to have been unrelated to earlier developments in print technology in Asia.E.European intellectuals first discovered the existence of ancient Greek science and mathematic texts in the late fifteenth century,when translations from the Arabic finally became available.F.The revival of culture and art in fourteenth-century Italy encouraged the development of perspective and the adherence to mathematical rules in painting.Earth’s Energy CycleParagraph1To understand most of the processes at work on Earth,it is useful to envisage interactions within the Earth system as a series of interrelated cycles.One of these is the energy cycle,which encompasses the great“engines”—the external and internal energy sources—that drive the Earth system and all its cycles.We can think of Earth’s energy cycle as a“budget”energy may be added to or subtracted from the budget and may be transferred from one storage place to another,but overall the additions and subtractions and transfers must balance each other.If a balance did not exist,Earth would either heat up or cool down until a balance was reached.1.The word“encompasses”in the passage is closet in meaning toexplainsincludescombinescreates2.The author mentions the“budget”energy in paragraph1in order to?indicate how different cycles interact with each otherillustrate how Earth’s energy cycle must maintain in balanceshow that Earth gains energy from both external and internal sourcesexplain how energy is transferred from one storage place to another Paragraph2The total amount of energy flowing into Earth’s energy budget is more than174,000 terawatts(or174,000×10¹²watts).This quantity completely dwarfs the10terawatts of energy that humans use per year.There are three main sources from which energy flows into the Earth system.3.Why does the author mention the energy that humans use per year?To call into question a large amount of energy available in Earth’s energyTo provide a comparison that establishes how enormous amount of energy flowing into Earth’s energy budget isTo explain why there must be more than one source of energy for the Earth systemTo argue that the use of energy by humans amounts to such a small part of Earth’s energy budget that it cannot have significant effectsParagraph3Incoming short-wavelength solar radiation overwhelmingly dominates the flow of energy in Earth’s energy budget,according for about99,986percent of the total.An estimated174,000terawatts of solar radiation is intercepted by Earth.Some of this vast influx powers the winds,rainfall,ocean currents,waves,and other processes in the hydrologic(or water)cycle.Some is used for photosynthesis and is temporarily stored in the biosphere in the form of plant and animal life.When plants die and areburied,some of the solar energy is stored in rocks,when we burn coal,oil,or natural gas,we release stored solar energy.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Almost all of the short-wavelength energy in Earth’s energy budget comes from solar radiation.Short-wavelength radiation is by far the largest part of the total energy that the Sun radiates to Earth.The amount of short-wavelength radiation received from the Sun is huge by comparison to Earth’s own energy production.Almost the entire amount of energy that flows into Earth’s energy budget is short-wavelength radiation from the Sun.5.According to paragraph3,all of the following are powered by solar radiation EXCEPTphotosynthesis in plantswindsformation of rocksprocesses in the hydrologic cycleParagraph4The second most powerful source of energy,at23terawatts or0.013percent of the total,is geothermal energy,Earth’s internal heat energy.Geothermal energy eventually finds its way to Earth’s surface,primarily via volcanic pathways.It drives the rock cycle and is therefore the source of the energy that uplifts mountains,causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,and generally shapes the face of the Earth.6.According to paragraph4,all of the following can be attributable to geothermal energy EXCEPT?It is the main source of heat for the Earth to formIt is responsible for earthquakes.It causes the eruptions of volcanoes.It causes mountains to rise high above the rest of Earth’s surface.Paragraph5The smallest source of energy for Earth is the kinetic(motion)energy of Earth’s rotation.The Moon’s gravitational pull lifts a tidal bulge in the ocean;as Earth spins on its axis,this bulge remains essentially stationary.As Earth rotates,the tidal bulge runs into the coastlines of continents and islands,causing high tides.The force of the tidal bulge“piling up”against land masses acts as a very slow brake,actually causing Earth’s rate of rotation to decrease slightly.The transfer of tidal energy accounts forapproximately3terawatts,or0.002percent of the total energy budget.7.The word“stationary”in the passage is closet in meaning toisolatedvisibleraisedunmoving8.Paragraph5supports which of the following about the Moon’s gravitational pull?It causes high tides that reshape the continents and islands.It causes Earth to rotate on its axis at a somewhat faster speed than it would otherwise.It pulls ocean water into a bulge that runs into land masses as Earth rotates on its axis.It reduces the force with which the tidal bulge would otherwise pile up against continents.Paragraph6Earth loses energy from the cycle in two main ways:reflection,and degradation and re-radiation.About40percent of incoming solar radiation is simply reflected, unchanged,back into space by the clouds,the sea,and other surfaces.For any planetary body,the percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected is called the “albedo.”Each different material has a characteristic reflectivity.For example,ice is more reflectant than rocks or pavement;water is more highly reflectant than vegetation,and forested land reflects light differently than agricultural land.Thus,if large expanses of land are converted from forest to plowed land,or from forest to city, the actual reflectivity of Earth’s surface,and hence its albedo,may be altered.Any change in albedo will,of course,have an effect on Earth’s energy budget.9.The word“hence”in the passage is closet in meaning tothereforeperhapssometimesobviously10.What can be inferred from paragraph6if cloud cover increased the area of glaciers on the continent?Different materials would become more similar in their reflectivity.It would become a greater necessity to convert forests into plowed land and cities.A larger percentage of incoming solar radiation would be reflected back intospace.The reflectivity of ice and water would change and become greater over time.。
辐射出度英文
辐射出度英文Radiation, also known as radiating or emitting, is the process by which energy is emitted in the form of waves or particles. This energy can come from various sources, such as the sun, nuclear reactions, or electronic devices.Radiation can be classified into two main types: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms and molecules, thereby creating ions. Examples of ionizing radiation include gamma rays, X-rays, and some forms of ultraviolet radiation. These types of radiation have significant health risks and can cause damage to living tissues and DNA.On the other hand, non-ionizing radiation consists of lower energy waves that do not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms. Examples of non-ionizing radiation include radio waves, microwaves, and visible light. While non-ionizing radiation is generally considered to have minimal health risks, prolonged exposure to certain types of non-ionizing radiation, such as ultraviolet rays from the sun, can still lead to skin damage and increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Radiation is used in various fields and applications. In medicine, ionizing radiation is used for diagnostic purposes, such as X-rays and CT scans, as well as for cancer treatment through radiation therapy. In agriculture, radiation can be used to control pests and increase the shelf life of foods. In industry, radiation is utilized for sterilization and quality control purposes.However, it is important to note that radiation can have harmful effects if not properly controlled or protected against. Workers in industries that use or produce radioactive materials must follow strict safety protocols to minimize their exposure. Additionally, the general public should take precautions, such as wearing sunscreen and limiting sun exposure, to minimize their risk of harmful effects from radiation.In conclusion, radiation is the process by which energy is emitted in the form of waves or particles. It can be classified into ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, each with their own risks. While radiation is used in various fields and applications, it is crucial to follow safety protocols and take necessary precautions to minimize the harmful effects of radiation.。
我研究微波遥感的英语作文
我研究微波遥感的英语作文Microwave remote sensing is a powerful tool used to gather information about the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It involves the use of microwave radiation to measure various properties of the target, such as temperature, moisture content, and surface roughness. This technologyhas revolutionized our understanding of the Earth and has numerous applications in weather forecasting, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.Microwave remote sensing works by emitting microwave radiation towards the target and measuring the reflected or emitted radiation. The interaction between the microwave radiation and the target provides valuable informationabout its properties. For example, the amount of radiation reflected by a surface can indicate its roughness, whilethe intensity of the emitted radiation can reveal the temperature of an object.One of the advantages of microwave remote sensing isits ability to penetrate through clouds, vegetation, and even some building materials. This allows researchers to gather data in areas that are otherwise inaccessible or obscured by other factors. For example, microwave remote sensing can be used to monitor soil moisture levels in agricultural fields, providing valuable information for farmers to optimize irrigation practices.Another application of microwave remote sensing is in monitoring sea ice and polar regions. By measuring the microwave radiation emitted by sea ice, scientists can track its extent and thickness, providing crucial information for climate studies and navigation purposes. This technology has also been used to monitor changes in glaciers and ice sheets, helping us understand the impact of climate change on these vulnerable regions.In addition to its applications on Earth, microwave remote sensing is also used for planetary exploration. Spacecraft equipped with microwave sensors have been sent to other planets, such as Mars, to study their surface composition and geological features. By analyzing themicrowave radiation reflected or emitted by these planets, scientists can gain insights into their physical properties and potential for supporting life.In conclusion, microwave remote sensing is a versatile and valuable technology that allows us to gather information about the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Its ability to penetrate through various obstacles and its wide range of applications make it an essential tool in many fields of research. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more exciting discoveries and applications of microwave remote sensing in the future.。
日光放射征英文名词解释
日光放射征英文名词解释When it comes to describing the "Sun Radiation Phenomenon" in layman's terms, we can say it's all about the energy that the Sun pumps out. It's not just about the light we see, but a whole spectrum of energy waves.Think of it like this the Sun is a giant energy ball, constantly sending out these waves. Some of them arevisible to us, like the bright sunlight that warms us up. But there's more to it. There's ultraviolet radiation, which we can't see but it's there, affecting our skin. And infrared radiation, which we feel as heat.Now, when we talk about the "Sun Radiation Phenomenon," we're really referring to all these different types of energy waves coming from the Sun. It's not just a simple thing, but a complex mix of stuff that travels through space and impacts everything on Earth.In a nutshell, the Sun Radiation Phenomenon is simplythe Sun shining its light and energy all over the place, making life possible on our planet. It's a pretty amazing thing when you think about it!。
日本核污水英语作文中学生80字
日本核污水英语作文中学生80字全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Japan's Big Water ProblemHi! My name is Emily and I'm 13 years old. Today I want to talk to you about a really big problem happening in Japan right now. It's all about nuclear wastewater and it's pretty gross but also really important.So what is nuclear wastewater? Well, it's basically the leftover water from nuclear power plants that has gotten contaminated with radioactive materials. In Japan, there is a LOT of this wastewater from the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. Over a million tons of it is stored in huge tanks!After the tsunami hit the Fukushima power plant, it caused a major nuclear accident. The reactors overheated and had meltdowns, releasing radiation into the air and water. Even though it's been over 10 years, they still haven't been able to fully clean up the mess.All that contaminated water used to cool the melted reactors has to be stored somewhere. So they built these massive tank farms to hold it all. But those tanks are really expensive and taking up a lot of space. Plus, they'll eventually run out of room. That's why they've decided to release the wastewater into the ocean.The Japanese government says they will treat the water first to remove most of the radioactive material. Only a little bit of one radioactive substance called tritium will remain. They claim the diluted tritium levels will be safe for marine life and humans.But a lot of scientists and environmental groups aren't convinced it's totally safe. Even low levels of radiation can potentially cause health issues like cancer over many years of exposure. And we don't fully understand how tritium might accumulate in the food chain.Many of Japan's closest neighbors like China, South Korea, and Pacific island nations are furious about the plan. They rely on the ocean for food and jobs in fishing and tourism. If their seafood gets contaminated or looks contaminated, it could devastate their economies.As you can imagine, there's been a huge international argument about what to do. Japan says it has done extensivemonitoring and the release will be carefully controlled. But critics say there are other options besides dumping into the sea, like continuing to store the water or developing new treatment methods.On one hand, I get why Japan wants to get rid of the wastewater. Those tanks are just a temporary solution and there's no room for any more. And radiation is scary but maybe the treated levels will legitimately be low enough to be okay? The ocean is huge so it could dilute a lot.But on the other hand, I wouldn't want anyone dumping even a little radiation into the water near me! What if the models are wrong and it does more damage than expected? We're talking about the entire Pacific Ocean here. That's way too big of a risk in my opinion.This isn't just a problem for Japan - it's really a problem for the whole world. We all share the same oceans and anything that pollutes them affects everyone. Why should other countries have to suffer from Japan's nuclear mistake?I think Japan should keep looking for better solutions, even if they are more expensive or take longer. Maybe they can build stronger tanks to store the water safely for now. Or they could pay other countries to help develop new decontaminationtechnology. Releasing into the ocean just seems too easy of an answer for such a serious issue.This whole situation makes me worried about the future of nuclear power in general. It seems like the risks and toxic leftovers are just too hard to control, even for a technologically advanced nation like Japan. Maybe we need to find safer alternatives that don't create radioactive waste in the first place.Those are just my thoughts as a kid though. What do you all think about Japan's nuclear wastewater issue? I'd love to hear other perspectives, especially from folks who live in that region of the world. This is something that's going to affect the planet for generations so we better figure out the right solution!篇2Japan's Decision to Release Nuclear Wastewater into the OceanHave you heard about what's happening in Japan? The country has announced plans to release treated nuclear wastewater from the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean. This has caused a lot of controversy and debate around the world.As a middle school student, I've been learning about nuclear energy and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in my science classes. When the huge earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, it triggered meltdowns at the Fukushima nuclear plant. This was a really scary and tragic event.Since then, massive amounts of radioactive wastewater have been building up at the plant. The wastewater comes from the water used to cool the melted nuclear fuel rods. It gets contaminated with radioactive materials like cesium and strontium.The Japanese government says they've run out of space to store all this wastewater on site. Their plan is to treat the water using special filters to remove most of the radioactive particles. Then, they want to dilute what's left and slowly release it into the Pacific Ocean over several decades.The purification process can remove 62 different radioactive elements from the water, according to Japanese officials. They say the treated water will be way below internationally approved radiation levels for releasing into the environment.Lots of scientists agree the treated water releases would have a trivial environmental impact. Groups like the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations back up Japan'sclaims that this is the most practical option for dealing with the wastewater problem.However, many people are very worried and upset about this decision. Local fishermen and neighboring countries like China and South Korea are protesting. They're afraid the radioactive materials could contaminate seafood and damage the marine ecosystem over time.As a kid, I understand their concerns. The thought of dumping radioactive substances into the ocean is unsettling, even if the levels are considered safe. The ocean's waters flow and circulate, so those materials could spread far and wide, right? What if we eat contaminated fish or swim at affected beaches down the line?On the other hand, Japan seems to have limited choices here. Experts say the tanks holding the wastewater can't last forever without leaking radiation into the environment. Evaporating or burying the water also isn't very practical. Maybe diluting and releasing it slowly really is the best of some bad options?From what I've read, most of the remaining radioactive material will be tritium, which is a radioactive form of hydrogen. Tritium is considered one of the least dangerous radionuclidesbecause it doesn't accumulate as much in living tissue. And it would be greatly diluted in the vastness of the Pacific Ocean.But I'm just a student - I can't pretend to be an expert on these complex scientific and environmental issues. Reasonable people can look at the same facts and evidence and still disagree. Maybe time will tell if releasing the water turns out to be harmless or hazardous.What I do know is that Fukushima was a horrible nuclear accident that Japan is still dealing with over a decade later. I feel bad for the people who were impacted and had to evacuate their homes, as well as families who lost loved ones. Nuclear disasters show how this technology, despite its benefits, comes with huge risks we must be cautious about.I hope Japan continues to monitor the treated water releases very closely and takes any potential dangers seriously. A lot is at stake when you're messing with radioactive materials and the precious ocean environment that sustains so much life.At the same time, I think we should be open-minded and listen to what scientific authorities recommend as the most responsible path forward. If respected nuclear agencies say this controlled release plan is relatively safe and necessary, we should consider that viewpoint too instead of just panicking.Either way, this whole nuclear wastewater issue highlights why we need to keep pursuing safer, cleaner and more sustainable energy sources in the future. Fossil fuels contribute to climate change, but nuclear power also isn't risk-free as Fukushima reminds us. I'm hopeful my generation can help create better energy solutions when we grow up.What are your thoughts on this controversy? Are you concerned about Japan dumping the treated nuclear篇3Japan's Nuclear Wastewater: A Concerning IssueHey there! My name is Alex, and I'm a 13-year-old student from the United States. Today, I want to talk to you about something that's been on my mind lately – the issue of Japan's nuclear wastewater and how it's affecting our planet.If you're not familiar with this topic, let me give you a quick rundown. Back in 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, causing a nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Since then, the plant has been generating a massive amount of radioactive wastewater, which has been stored in tanks on-site.Now, here's the kicker – Japan is running out of space to store all this wastewater, and they're considering releasing it into the Pacific Ocean. Yikes!As a kid who loves the ocean and all the amazing creatures that live in it, this news really bothers me. I mean, can you imagine what could happen if all that radioactive water gets released into the sea? It could harm marine life, contaminate the food chain, and even make people sick if they eat seafood from that area.But it's not just the ocean that's at risk. The release of this nuclear wastewater could also affect the air we breathe and the water we drink. Radiation is no joke, and even small amounts can be dangerous if we're exposed to it over a long period of time.I know that Japan篇4Japan's Nuclear Wastewater: A Looming Environmental CrisisHi there! My name is Emma and I'm a 7th grader here to talk about a really important issue - the huge amount of nuclear wastewater being stored in Japan after the Fukushima nucleardisaster. This might sound like a complicated topic, but I'll do my best to explain it in a way that's easy to understand.First, let's go over what exactly this "nuclear wastewater" is. Back in 2011, a massive earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, causing a bunch of nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant to melt down. The reactors overheated and leaked radiation all over the place. To try to cool down the reactors and contain the radiation, millions of gallons of water were sprayed onto them.Now here's the tricky part - that water became extremely radioactive after coming into contact with the melted nuclear fuel rods. It couldn't just be dumped back into the ocean because it was contaminated wit篇5Japan's Scary Nuclear Wastewater ProblemMy name is Emily and I'm 13 years old. I love watching anime, eating ramen, and learning about science and the environment. But there's something going on in Japan right now that really worries me - the nuclear wastewater problem!You see, back in 2011 there was a huge earthquake and tsunami that caused a major accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. The reactors there melted down and it was a total disaster. Over a million tons of radioactive wastewater had to be used to cool the reactors after the accident. That wastewater is still being stored in huge tanks at the Fukushima site.But here's the scary part - those tanks are going to run out of space by 2023! The Japanese government wants to start dumping that radioactive wastewater into the Pacific Ocean. Can you believe that? Dumping over a million tons of nuclear waste into the ocean that connects to all the other oceans of the world. It makes me really angry and worried.The Japanese government says the wastewater will be treated to remove most of the radioactivity before it's released. But there will still be some radiation left, including tritium which is really hard to filter out. Experts say even low levels of tritium and other radioactive materials could be dangerous, especially for the ocean environment and marine life.Just imagine what could happen - the radioactive wastewater could contaminate fish and other seafood. People who eat that contaminated food could get radiation sickness oreven cancer down the road. It could hurt whales, dolphins, sea turtles and other amazing sea creatures too. And it might spread the radiation to beaches up and down the Pacific coast, putting kids like me at risk when we go swimming.Countries all around the Pacific like South Korea, China, Russia and Mexico are protesting the plan because they don't want their waters, seafood and beaches polluted either. Even Japanese fishing unions are against it because it could ruin their businesses. Environmental groups have been demonstrating and petitioning to stop the dumping too.But the Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and his government don't seem to care about all the opposition. They seem dead set on dumping the wastewater into the ocean, maybe because they think it's cheaper and easier than safely containing it or finding better solutions. To me, that's just lazy and irresponsible thinking that endangers millions of people and could destroy ocean habitats for hundreds of years to come.There have to be better options, right? Like they could use special cements to contain the radioactive water safely in reinforced storage areas on land for the long-term. Or they could exploit new technologies to remove even more of the radioactive materials from the wastewater before releasing it. Couldn't theytransport it somewhere far inland or in a remote area to release it without harming the ocean?Japan is a super advanced, rich country with brilliant scientists and engineers. I'm sure if they put their minds to it, they could figure out a way to deal with this radioactive water problem without fouling up the entire Pacific Ocean and putting so many lives at risk, both human and animal. Why dump it in the ocean and make it everybody else's problem??This whole nuclear wastewater issue makes me lose faith in adults and world leaders sometimes. How can they be so careless and short-sighted about something so serious that could have consequences for generations? Fukushima was one of the worst nuclear disasters ever, and instead of taking responsibility, they want to pass the buck to the rest of the world by fouling our shared ocean environment. It's not fair and it's just wrong.I really hope they come to their senses and find a better solution that protects our planet, our oceans, our food supply and our future. If they go through with ocean dumping, it will be an unforgivable act of environmental destruction. We have to speak up and put pressure on Japan to do the right thing for all of us, not just what's convenient for them.What do you think about this whole nuclear wastewater mess? I'd love to hear your perspective as we're the ones who will be most affected by the consequences down the road. Maybe if we get fired up and raise awareness, we can convince Japan and other world leaders to make smarter, more responsible choices. Our future depends on it!篇6Japan's Big Water ProblemHi there! My name is Emily and I'm 13 years old. Today I want to talk to you about a really big issue happening over in Japan that a lot of people are worried about - what they plan to do with all the nuclear wastewater built up at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.Let me back up and explain what nuclear wastewater is first. You might remember learning about the huge tsunami that hit Japan back in 2011 after a massive earthquake in the Pacific Ocean. The tsunami caused a ton of damage, but the biggest problem was that it flooded the Fukushima nuclear power plant. This caused the nuclear reactors to melt down and release radiation.In order to cool down the melted reactors, they had to continually pour water over them. But then that water became contaminated with radiation and had to be safely stored. Over the years since the meltdown, they've collected nearly 1.3 million tons of this radioactive wastewater in huge tanks!So Japan has to figure out what to do with all that contaminated water. They've treated it using a process to remove most of the radiation, but there's still some left, especially a radioactive substance called tritium that is really hard to filter out fully. If too much tritium is released into the ocean, it could potentially cause radiation sickness and genetic issues for humans and marine life over time.The Japanese government thinks the best solution is to just release the treated water slowly into the Pacific Ocean over many decades. But a lot of people aren't happy about that plan at all!Several neighboring countries have spoken out against it, worried about the potential environmental and health impacts. Countries like China, South Korea, and Russia have accused Japan of trying to use the ocean as just a big nuclear dumpsite. Environmental groups like Greenpeace have protested too, saying there could be unexpected consequences we don't understand yet.On the other hand, some scientists say that diluting the water and releasing it very gradually into the vast Pacific is probably the safest way, since a lot of radiation already naturally exists in the ocean. And the International Atomic Energy Agency, a UN group that monitors nuclear safety, has said Japan's plan meets international standards if done properly.Personally, as a kid who cares about the environment and the ocean, I'm a little skeptical of just dumping it all out there, even if it's diluted and released slowly. We've already seen how plastic in the oceans can have unforeseen impacts on marine ecosystems. I worry that adding more radioactive substances, even if deemed "safe levels," could have consequences we can't yet predict. Marine life doesn't have the same radiation protections as humans.Maybe it would be better to explore other options more, like continuing to store the water in tanks for longer while working on better decontamination methods. Or possibly transporting it to an inland facility far from the ocean for long-term storage? I know those options would be more costly and difficult logistically, but protecting our oceans for future generations seems worth it to me.At the same time, I can understand Japan is in a really tough situation with no perfect solution. The wastewater has to go somewhere eventually and continuing to store it indefinitely also poses risks if those tanks ever leak or get damaged. I just hope they think through all the potential impacts very carefully before taking action.It's a super complex issue without any easy answers. But I wanted to share my thoughts as a student who hopes we can find a way to deal with nuclear waste responsibly while minimizing harm to marine environments. The health of our oceans impacts the whole planet, including future kids like me. We have to be good stewards of it.What do you all think about this whole situation? I'd love to hear your perspectives, especially from people living in Japan or nearby countries that could be affected. I'll do my best to keep learning more so I can develop a really informed view on this important topic as I get older. Thanks for reading!。
radiation
radiationRadiationIntroductionRadiation is a term used to describe the emission or transmission of energy through matter or space in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. It is a natural phenomenon that exists throughout the universe and has both natural and artificial sources. Radiation can have beneficial uses, such as in medical diagnostics and treatments, as well as detrimental effects, such as in nuclear accidents or prolonged exposure. This document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of radiation, its types, sources, uses, and potential risks.Types of RadiationThere are several types of radiation, including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. This type of radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, and high-energy ultraviolet radiation. Non-ionizing radiation, on the other hand, lacks sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, and low-energy ultraviolet radiation.Sources of RadiationRadiation can originate from both natural and man-made sources. Natural sources include cosmic radiation from the sun and outer space, radioactive materials found in the Earth's crust, and radon gas. Man-made sources of radiation include medical imaging procedures such as X-rays, nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, and industrial activities involving radioactive materials. It is important to note that radiation exposure can occur from both direct and indirect sources, and understanding these sources is crucial in assessing potential health risks.Uses of RadiationRadiation has numerous applications in various fields. In medicine, diagnostic procedures like X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) use ionizing radiation to create detailed images of the internal structures of the body. Radiation therapy, another medical application, utilizes high-energy radiation to targetand destroy cancer cells. In industry, radiation is used for sterilization, food irradiation, and material testing. Additionally, radiation plays a vital role in scientific research, space exploration, and telecommunications.Health Risks of Radiation ExposureWhile radiation has diverse uses, it can also pose health risks if exposure levels are not properly controlled. The most significant health risk associated with radiation exposure is an increased likelihood of developing cancer. High doses of ionizing radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to mutations and the development of cancerous cells. Acute radiation sickness can occur with high doses of radiation received over a short period. Other potential health effects include birth defects, genetic disorders, and damage to the immune system.Radiation Protection and Safety MeasuresTo mitigate the health risks associated with radiation exposure, various protection and safety measures are employed. These measures include the use of personal protective equipment, such as lead aprons and shields, to minimize exposure during medical procedures. Strictregulations and monitoring programs are in place to ensure radiation safety in nuclear power plants, and workers are trained to handle radioactive materials safely. Public awareness campaigns and education play a vital role in promoting radiation safety and ensuring that individuals understand the risks and proper precautions.ConclusionRadiation is a natural phenomenon that exists in various forms and has both beneficial and detrimental effects. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the different types of radiation, their sources, and their uses to minimize health risks. With proper protection and safety measures, radiation can be safely harnessed for medical, industrial, and scientific purposes. Ongoing research and advancements in radiation science will continue to enhance our understanding of radiation and its potential applications while ensuring the safety of individuals and the environment.。
关于辐射的英语作文
关于辐射的英语作文Title: Understanding Radiation: Its Types, Effects, and Applications。
Radiation is a phenomenon that encompasses various forms of energy traveling through space or matter. It plays a crucial role in both natural processes and human technologies. In this essay, we will explore the different types of radiation, their effects, and their diverse applications.Firstly, let's delve into the types of radiation. Radiation can be broadly classified into two categories: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Non-ionizing radiation, on the other hand, lacks the energy to ionize atoms. This category includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, andvisible light.Ionizing radiation poses significant health risks to living organisms. Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can damage cells and tissues, leading toradiation sickness, cancer, and even death. However, ionizing radiation also has beneficial applications, such as in medical imaging (X-rays and CT scans) and cancer treatment (radiation therapy).Non-ionizing radiation, while generally considered less harmful than ionizing radiation, can still have biological effects at high intensities. For instance, prolonged exposure to UV radiation from the sun can cause skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer. Similarly, excessive exposure to microwave radiation, such as from mobile phones and microwave ovens, has raised concerns about potential health risks.Despite the risks associated with certain types of radiation, radiation also has numerous beneficial applications across various fields. In medicine, radiationtherapy is used to treat cancer by targeting and destroying cancerous cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. In industry, radiation is employed in sterilization processes to eliminate harmful microorganisms from medical equipment and food products. Additionally, radiation plays a crucial role in scientific research, particularly in fields such as nuclear physics, astronomy, and environmental science.Moreover, radiation is integral to everydaytechnologies that we often take for granted. For instance, radio waves enable wireless communication, including radio broadcasts, television signals, and mobile phone networks. Infrared radiation is utilized in remote controls, thermal imaging cameras, and infrared heaters. Furthermore, visible light, a form of electromagnetic radiation, is essentialfor vision and is utilized in various lighting technologies.In conclusion, radiation is a fundamental aspect of the natural world and human civilization, encompassing a wide spectrum of energy forms with diverse effects and applications. While it can pose health risks at high levelsof exposure, radiation also offers invaluable benefits in medicine, industry, technology, and scientific research. Understanding the principles of radiation is essential for harnessing its potential while mitigating its risks, ensuring its safe and responsible use for the betterment of society.This essay provides a comprehensive overview of radiation, covering its types, effects, and applications. It highlights the dual nature of radiation, emphasizing both its risks and benefits in various contexts. Through this exploration, readers gain a deeper understanding of the complex role that radiation plays in our lives and the importance of responsible management and utilization ofthis powerful force.。
双语教学实例Meteorology市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件
第18页
◆ Bordering the midlatitude zones on the poleward side are the subarctic zone and subantarctic zone, 55o to 60o north and south latitudes
第11页
The Path of the Sun in the Sky
The sun’s path in the sky changes greatly in position and height above horizon from summer to winter. ◆ At equinox, the sun rises directly to the east and sets directly to the west. ◆ The noon sun is positioned at an angle of 50o above the horizon in the southern sky.
第5页
electromagnetic spectrum
Shortwave radiation ◆ Ultraviolet radiation (0.2 to 0.4 μm) ◆ Visible light radiation(0.4 to 0.7μm) ◆ Shortwave infrared radiation (0.7 to
第21页
◆ Pure, dry air consists largely of nitrogen, about 78% by volume, and oxygen, about 21%. Other gases account for the remaining 1%
net longwave surface radiation 翻译
net longwave surface radiation 翻译"Net longwave surface radiation"的意思是净长波地表辐射。
它是指从地表发出的长波辐射与地表吸收的长波辐射之间的差额。
例句：1. The net longwave surface radiation plays a crucial role in the Earth's energy budget.净长波地表辐射在地球能量平衡中起着关键作用。
2. The net longwave surface radiation is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and cloud cover.净长波地表辐射受到温度、湿度和云层覆盖等因素的影响。
3. The measurement of net longwave surface radiation is essential for understanding the Earth's radiation balance.对净长波地表辐射的测量对于理解地球的辐射平衡至关重要。
4. The net longwave surface radiation is a key componentof the energy exchange between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere.净长波地表辐射是地球表面和大气之间能量交换的关键组成部分。
5. Climate models rely on accurate estimates of net longwave surface radiation to predict future climate changes.气候模型依赖于对净长波地表辐射的准确估计来预测未来的气候变化。
散发辐射英语
散发辐射英语Radiation refers to the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. It occurs naturally in various forms, such as sunlight, heat, and radio waves. However, it can also occur as a result of human activities, including nuclear power generation and medical imaging.One of the most common forms of radiation is electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, and microwaves. These forms of radiation are known to have various effects on living organisms.Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, for example, has both beneficial and harmful effects. On one hand, it plays a crucial role in the production of vitamin D, which is essential for bone health. On the other hand, excessive exposure to UV radiation can cause sunburn, eye damage, and increase the risk of skin cancer.Another form of radiation is ionizing radiation, which has the ability to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions. This can lead to damage to DNA, cells, and tissues. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays and gamma rays.Ionizing radiation is widely used in medical imaging, such as X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, to diagnose and treat various medical conditions. However, it is important to use these techniques judiciously to minimize the potential risks of radiation exposure to patients.In addition, ionizing radiation is also used in nuclear powergeneration. Nuclear power plants generate energy by utilizing the heat produced from nuclear reactions. While this form of energy generation is considered to be relatively safe, accidents such as the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters have highlighted the potential dangers of radiation exposure in nuclear facilities.To protect individuals from the harmful effects of radiation, various safety measures are implemented. For example, workers in nuclear power plants wear protective clothing and use shielding materials to minimize their exposure to radiation. Similarly, patients undergoing medical imaging procedures are often provided with lead aprons to protect the rest of their bodies from unnecessary radiation exposure.In conclusion, radiation is a natural phenomenon that occurs in various forms. While it has numerous beneficial applications, such as medical imaging and energy generation, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with excessive radiation exposure. By implementing appropriate safety measures, we can mitigate these risks and ensure the well-being of both individuals and the environment.。
WRF模式运行及后处理简介-于恩涛
2. 设置netcdf路径 2. Export NETCDF=/usr/local… （netcdf库必须由 本机编译器编译）
3 解压
3.> tar zxfv WRFV3.2.1.TAR.gz > tar zxfv WPSV3.2.1.TAR.gz
WRF configure
生成configure.wrf文件
WRF后处理
推荐
http://www.mm /wrf /OnLineTutoria l/Graphics/NC L/index.html
NCL
load “$NCARG_ROOT/lib/ncarg/nclscripts/ csm/gsn_code.ncl" load “$NCARG_ROOT/lib/ncarg/nclscripts/ wrf/WRFUserARW.ncl" begin a = addfile("./geo_em.d01.nc","r") wks = gsn_open_wks("pdf","plt_ter5") res = True res@MainTitle = "GEOGRID FIELDS” pltres = True mpres = True ter = wrf_user_getvar(a,"HGT_M",0) res@cnFillOn = True res@ContourParameters = (/0.,1000.,50./) contour = wrf_contour(a,wks,ter,res) plot = wrf_map_overlays(a,wks,(/contour/),\ pltres,mpres) end
燃气指南说明书
Gas GuideDealing with Gas Problems:Boiler/Heating InsuranceIf you would like the security of having your boiler and central heating maintained regularly and the peace of mind that someone will come out and carry out repairs if it breaks down then you may like to consider insurance.Your own gas supplier may offer this but you are able to take out cover from another supplier if it suits you better. Some covers can include not just your heating but a complete package which covers your plumbing and electrics too.If your system is old or you are not confident that you would be able to resolve a possible problem yourself, it may be worth considering this option. Common problems you may have with your central heating system and howyou might fix them.Radiators:Before winter sets in, you should ensure your heating system is working correctly. Ideally you should have had your heating on at regular intervals during the summer so that system continues to work efficiently.To test your radiators are working correctly, switch on the heating and make sure that the heat is spread evenly throughout each radiator. Ensure that the valves are fully turned on, on each radiator.The radiator is making a noise:If your radiators or heating system seem to be making a noise then it may mean that there is air trapped somewhere. You should check the water tank in your loft, if it is easily accessible; to make sure that there is enough water in it and that it is filling up correctly. If there is water in the tank or you do not have a tank, but a combination boiler then the problem is probably in the radiators, which can be fixed by bleeding them.The Radiator is warm at the bottom but cold at the top:If the radiators are warm at the bottom but cold at the top, then this may also mean that there is air trapped in the top section so you will need to bleed them.It is simple to bleed your radiators; you simply need to let the air out of the radiator by turning the radiator key. As you turn the key, air will be released, the water will push its way to the top, removing all the excess air and once a small amount of water comes out of the valve you should turn the key back. You should have a cloth ready in case the water is hot and to avoid any spillage.The Radiator is cold at the bottom but warm at the top:If the radiator is cold at the bottom and warm at the top and this problem persists, then there may be some sludge at the bottom of the radiator and it may need flushing out. For this, the radiator will need to be taken off the wall, flushed out with water and refitted. This can be done by yourself if you follow the correct instructions and have a basic understanding of how your heating system works but if you have not done it before or are unsure of the procedure, then you will need to call a plumber or engineer out.If several of your radiators have this problem and it is not solved by flushing the radiator out then the problem may be more serious. This could be caused by a fault with the circulating pump, blocked pipes or radiators or a badly designed system. You will need to call a professional out to look at this problem further as it may require the whole system to be flushed through or repairs to be carried out.The radiator is working correctly but not at the desired temperature.If your radiators are working correctly but are not hot enough or are too hot then you can alter the temperature by either adjusting the controls on your boiler or for more modern radiators with their own temperature controls, simply turn up or down accordingly.InsulationInsulating your house properly can save you money on your heating bills and insulating your heating system properly can save you the inconvenience and money of it breaking down.There are a few things you can do yourself to ensure your system runs well through the winter. Insulating your water tank and your pipes can prevent them from freezing up. Your water tank - usually up in your loft should havean insulating jacket on and water pipes, especially in places more exposed to the cold should have pipe insulation on them. Preventing your pipes and water tank from freezing could save you on expensive repair bills.For extra protection against the cold you can also get a frost thermostat fitted which will automatically turn your boiler on if the temperature drops below a certain level. This can give you the peace of mind if you are away for any period during the winter as a safeguard against the system freezing. It is not recommended to switch your heating off completely if you are away during the winter as if you do not have a frost thermostat you could come back to frozen pipes.Loss of pressure in your system:For a system to work properly the water pressure should remain constant. Modern combination boilers are pressurised systems and water will enter the system from the mains cold water supply through a manual filling device, known as a ‘filling loop’. Adding water via the filling loop to the system after a drop of pressure will help bring your system to the correct pressure again.There are several factors which may contribute to a loss of pressure in your heating system. It could be as a result of a water leak or air removed from the system when the radiators have been bled or removed and replaced. You check the pressure after bleeding or removing the radiators and if you notice a drop of pressure then the system will need to be topped up with water.Water leaks will also cause a drop of pressure , leaks can be very small and go unnoticed as pressure can decrease over a couple of months. Small leaks are quite hard to detect as the water evaporates quickly. If you think there is a leak, you should check the system thoroughly when it is cold especially around the radiator and boiler valves. Larger leaks will mean that you will need to regularly refill the system; these should be repaired as soon as possible.You can check the pressure of the system by using the pressure gauge which you should find on your boiler. You should check this gauge regularly to make sure it is at the correct pressure. It should be between the 1 and 1.5 bar. It should not drop below 0.5 or rise above 2.5.If the pressure is too low then you need to re-pressurise the system by topping it up via the filling loop. This is usually a small tap connected to the system via a metal hose. If the hose is not connected to the system you will need to remove the cap,the end and attach and tighten it. Once attached, you need to turn the tap, whilst watching the gauge and let enough water in to raise the gauge to the correct level (1-1.5bar).The filling loop will always be located near to the boiler but if you can't see it straight away it may be in a cupboard or perhaps behind a boarded section. If you cannot find the filling loop, consult your manufacturer's booklet or ask your service engineer.Gas emergenciesGas leak:Gas is usually a safe and easy way to heat your house but it can also be potentially dangerous if a leak occurs or an appliance is faulty.If you smell gas or think that you may have a gas leak somewhere then you should call National Grid Gas Emergencies on 0800 111 999 straight away. Open your windows and doors to let air in, make sure all gas appliances are turned off and turn the gas off at the mains if possible. Do not turn lights on or off and avoid using other electrical switches and appliances as this could trigger an explosion. Do not smoke, light a match or any other naked flame.Do not try and investigate the problem or attempt to fix a leak or a faulty appliance.Loss of gas supplyAlthough very rarely, there may be times when National Grid may have to interrupt the supply of gas to your home.They promise to give customers sufficient notice of any interruption, keep interruption to a minimum and make interruption requests on an equitable basis.Reasons for interruptions can include network capacity constraints, high system demands, testing and other emergency situations. The National Grid has to keep certain standards of performance and these state that they must notify customers of planned interruptions an in the result of an unplannedinterruption, such as an emergency, they must restore the supply as soon as is possible.Compensation may be available if they do not meet these standards and payments will be made to you either via your gas suppliers or from National Grid directly.Carbon Monoxide poisoningCarbon monoxide poisoning causes a number of accidental deaths every year when gad appliances are installed incorrectly, badly maintained or poorly ventilated. It is so deadly as you cannot see, smell it or taste it. Being exposed to carbon monoxide can cause brain damage and even death.All appliances should be safety checked and maintained and it is especially important if you live in rented accommodation that the landlord checks and maintains any gas appliances. This is a legal requirement.Although carbon monoxide is invisible and difficult to detect, there are ways that you can see whether an appliance (fires, heaters, central heating boilers, water heaters or cookers) may be dangerous. These include:•The pilot light continually blowing out•An orange and yellow flame rather than a blue one• A black, brown or scorched area on an appliance• A musty smell or signs of soot•More condensation than normal on windowsTo keep your house safe and check for the presence of carbon monoxide you can use a carbon monoxide detector. These detectors sense if there is any carbon monoxide in the air and change colour or set an alarm off to warn you. You can buy detectors in hardware or DIY stores and you should make sure that it meets the correct standard before purchasing it. The label should display BS 7860 in Britain, showing it is officially approved by the CO Alarm Standards. You should test your detector every month and replace batteries when necessary. Detectors don't last forever so you replace them as recommended by the manufacturer.Don't ever ignore the detector and if you suspect carbon monoxide is present in your home then you should evacuate everyone immediately.Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning can include: headaches, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, diarrhoea, stomach pains, chest pains and erratic behaviour. A faulty gas appliance can cause these symptoms and you should be wary if the symptoms worsen when a gas appliance is in use and if the symptoms lessen when away from the house but then return again when you are back in the property.Gas safety tipsGas, when not used carefully, is a potentially dangerous source of energy. Following are a number of tips about making sure the gas supply in your home is safe:•The best way to be sure about your gas appliances is to have them checked regularly by your gas supplier, or by a Corgi RegisteredInstaller. Corgi are the national watchdog for gas safety.• NEVER tamper with gas appliances yourself.•If you are in rented accommodation, it is your landlord’s responsibility to ensure that all appliances are maintained properly. If you have anyconcerns about appliances in rented accommodation, talk to yourlandlord.•Poorly maintained gas appliances ( in particular gas fires) can emit Carbon monoxide, an odourless, colourless and potentially fatal gas.Carbon Monoxide detectors can be bought relatively cheaply from most good electrical and home stores to alert you if carbon monoxide ispresent in your home.•If your carbon monoxide detector shows a presence of carbon monoxide, switch off your gas supply and call National Grid’semergency number IMMEDIATELY on 0800 111 999•If you smell gas, or think you have a gas leak in your home, turn off your gas supply, do not switch any electrical appliances on or off, orbring naked flames into your home, and call National Grid's emergency number IMMEDIATELY on 0800 111 999.Source: 。
【医学英文课件】UnderstandingRadiationTherapy
Ionizing Radiation
Atomic nuclei:原子 核能级跃迁或裂变时 释放的高能辐射
Alpha particles:由放 射性原子核衰变产生 的氦核
Beta particles:由放 射性原子核衰变产生 的电子
Gamma rays:由放射 性原子核衰变产生的 电磁波
Neutron particles: 中子不带电，不受库 仑力作用，可直接穿 透物质，具有很强的 穿透能力
02
Types of Radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation
1
Non-ionizing radiation:豁免辐射，不会导致 原子或分子产生电离作用
2
豁免辐射的频率范围包括：豁免辐射的频率范 围包括极低频到毫米波段，不会导致原子或分 子产生电离作用
3
豁免辐射的生物学效应：豁免辐射的生物学效 应包括热效应、非热效应和电磁场对细胞信号 转导的影响
LET is related to the ionization density of the radiation and the amount of energy deposited per unit pathlength.
LET values are used to classify radiation according to its relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values.
04
Radiation Effects on the Body
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
LET is a measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation,primarily used to quantify the biological effectiveness of radiation.
Intro_to_Radiography
IDL 2001
Flaw Orientation (cont.)
Since the angle between the radiation beam and a crack or other linear defect is so critical, the orientation of defect must be well known if radiography is going to be used to perform the inspection.
0o
10o
20o
Radiation Sources
Two of the most commonly used sources of radiation in industrial radiography are x-ray generators and gamma ray sources. Industrial radiography is often subdivided into “X-ray Radiography” or “Gamma Radiography”, depending on the source of radiation used.
Gamma Radiography (cont.)
A “drive cable” is connected to the other end of the camera. This cable, controlled by the radiographer, is used to force the radioactive material out into the guide tube where the gamma rays will pass through the specimen and expose the recording device.