2009研究生复试(C)卷答案

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大连交通大学2009年硕士研究生招生复试考试试题

考试科目代码及名称：718分析化学本页为第 1 页共 3 页注意：本试题共 5 道大题，满分100分，答题时间为2小时，所有答案均应写在由考场发给的专用答题纸上，答在其它地方为无效。

一、选择题（每空2分，共30分）（单项选择，将正确答案添在下表中）1.显色反应中，显色剂的选择原则是：（ 2A..显色剂的ε值越大越好；B. 显色产物和显色剂在同一波长下的ε差值越大越好；C. 显色产物的ε值越小越好；D.显色剂的ε值越小越好；2.下列情况对分析结果产生正误差的是( 2 )A.称取试样,将试样加入到洁净但湿润的锥形瓶中；B.减量法称样时，第二次读数时使用了磨损的砝码；C.锥形瓶中溶解基准物多加了15mL水；D.移液管移取溶液未润洗；3.下列情况属于系统误差的是（ 4 ）A.滴定管读数估计不准；B.天平零点稍有变动；4C.移液管移取溶液时未润洗；D.砝码腐蚀；4.用EDTA测定Cu2+、Zn2+、Al3+的Al3+，最合适的滴定方法是（ 3 ）A. 直接滴定法B. 间接滴定法C. 返滴定法D. 置换滴定法5.对于NH4AC溶液，其质子条件正确的是( 4 )A. [NH3]=[HAC]+[H+]+[OH-]B. [H+]=[HAC]+ [NH3]+[OH-]C. [OH-]=[HAC]+ [NH3]D. [OH-]+ [NH3]=[HAC] +[H+]6.物质的量浓度是指（ 2 ）A. 单位质量溶液中所含物质的量；B. 单位体积溶液中所含物质的量；C.单位质量溶液中所含物质的质量；D. 单位体积溶液中所含物质的质量；7.对于酸碱指示剂，全面、正确的说法是（3 ）A. 酸碱指示剂为有色物质；B. 酸碱指示剂为弱酸或弱碱C. 酸碱指示剂为弱酸或弱碱，其酸式或碱式结构具有不同的颜色；D．酸碱指示剂在酸碱溶液中呈现不同的颜色8.用可见分光光度法测定试样中铁的含量时,最常用的显色剂是 ( 1 )A. 邻二氮菲B. 二甲酚橙C. 磺基水杨酸D. 邻苯二甲酸9.在分光光度法测定中，下列操作正确的是（ 3 ）A. 比色皿外壁上有水珠B.手捏比色皿的毛面C. 手捏比色皿的磨光面D. 用普通白纸擦去比色皿外壁上有水珠10.下列物质可以作为酸碱滴定基准物的是 ( 4 )A. NaOHB. HClC. Na2C2O4D. H2C2O4·2H2O11.一元弱酸HA，若δHA =δA，则pH与pKa的关系是（ 1 ）A. pH=pKa B. pH＜pKaC. pH＞pKaD. pH=012. 关于氧化还原滴定，下列说法正确的是（ 3 ）：。

2009年GCT考试逻辑真题与答案解析

2009年GCT考试逻辑真题与答案解析第三部分逻辑推理能力测试（50题，每题2分，满分100分）1、生活应该是一系列冒险，它很有乐趣，偶尔让人感到兴奋，有时却好像是通向不可预知未来的痛苦旅程。

当你试图以一种创造性的方式生活时，即使你身处沙漠中，也会遇到灵感之井、妙想之泉，它们却不是能事先拥有的。

下面哪一个选项所强调的意思与题干的主旨相同？A、英国哲学家休谟说，习惯是人生的伟大指南。

B、美国诗人弗罗斯特说，假如我知道写诗的结果，我就不会开始写诗。

C、法国化学家巴斯德说，机遇只偏爱有准备的头脑。

D、美国哲学家怀特海说，观念的改变损失最小，成就最大。

2、在反映战国到秦朝这一时期的电影《英雄》和《刺秦》中，许多骑马打仗的镜头不符合历史的真实情况。

今天看到的秦兵马俑，绝大多数战马是没有马鞍的，有马鞍的战马一律没有马镫。

没有马镫，士兵的马背上就待不住，也使不上劲，所以当时的骑兵没法在马上打仗。

以下哪一个选项是上述论证所依赖的假设？A、秦时的陪葬品能够反映当时社会的真实情况。

B、秦时的骑兵骑着马冲到敌人跟前，然后翻身下马与敌人打仗。

C、在唐代雕刻的昭陵六骏浮雕上，每匹骏马的身上都有马鞍和马镫。

D、在历史上，马镫是一件可以彻底释放士兵战斗力的重要军事装备。

3、有网友发贴称，8月28日从湖北襄樊到了陕西安康的某次列车，其有效席位为978个，实际售票数却高达3633张。

铁道部要求，普快列车超员率不得超过50%，这次列车却超过370%，属于严重超员。

如果以下陈述为真，哪一项将对该网友的论断构成严重质疑？A、每年春运期间是铁路客流量的高峰期，但8月底并不是春运时期。

B、从湖北襄樊到陕西安康的这次列车是慢车，不是普快列车。

C、该次列车途经20多个车站，每站都有许多旅客上下车。

D、大多数网友不了解铁路系统的售票机制。

4、大多数人都熟悉安徒生童话《皇帝的新衣》，故事中有两个裁缝告诉皇帝，他们缝制出的衣服有一种奇异的功能：凡是不称职的人或者愚蠢的人都看不见这衣服。

2009年心理学专业考研真题及参考答案解析c

2009年心理学专业考研真题及参考答案解析c82、试述皮亚杰的认知发展理论及其对教学工作的启示【参考答案要点】皮亚杰是的发展心理学家，他提出的认知发展理论对发展心理学和教育心理学均有深远的影响。

1、皮亚杰的发展观皮亚杰的认知发展理论的核心是“发生认识论”，主要是研究人类认识的产生和发展的问题。

该理论认为(1)认知发展的实质和原因是主题通过动作对客体的适应，他强调内外因的相互作用，以及在这种相互作用中心理不断产生量和质的变化; (2分)(2)适应主要通过两种形式来实现，其中同化是指把环境因素纳入机体已有的图式或结构之中，以加强和丰富主体的动作;顺应是指改变主主体动作以适应客观变化;(2分)(3)图式是指主体动作的结构或组织，主体会对相同的刺激做出不同的反应，就是因为图式不同。

(2分)(4)机体通过同化和顺应两种形式不断的实现平衡—不平衡—平衡的过程，此即心理发展的本质与原因。

(2分)2、认知发展的阶段理论皮亚杰认为儿童的认知发展表现为连续的四个阶段，每一个阶段都是在前一个阶段的基础上发展起来的，会表现出与前一个阶段本质的不同，所有儿童都会按照这一固定的顺序发展，不能跳跃任何一个阶段。

这四个阶段分别是： (2分)(1)感觉运算阶段(0-2)这一阶段的发展主要是感觉和动作的分化。

初生的婴儿,只有一系列笼统的反射。

他最初的感觉动作是笼统含糊,缺乏精确性和协调性的,也分辩不清自己与周围世界的关系。

随后的发展便是组织自己的感觉与动作以应付环境中的刺激,到这一阶段的后期,感觉与动作才渐渐分化而有调适作用的表现,开始意识到主体与客体的区别,有了客体恒常性概念,思维也开始萌芽。

(2分)(2)前运算阶段(2-7)随着语言的出现和发展,使儿童日益频繁地用表象符号来代替外界事物,但他们的语词或其他符号还不能代表抽象的概念,思维仍受具体直觉表象的束缚,难以从知觉中解放出来。

他们的思维是单维的和不可逆的,其推理也常常是不合逻辑的。

2009年考试真题及参考答案

2009年联考MBA 联考真题综合试卷一、问题求解（本大题共15题，每小题3分，共45分。

在下列每题给出的五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡．．．上将所选的字母涂黑。

） 1．一家商店为回收资金把甲乙两件商品均以480元一件卖出。

已知甲商品赚了20%，乙商品亏了20%，则商店盈亏结果为（A ）不亏不赚（B ）亏了50元（C ）赚了50元（D ）赚了40元（E ）亏了40元2．某国参加北京奥运会的勇女运动员比例原为19:12，由于先增加若干名女运动员．使男女运动员比例变为20:13．后又增加了若干名男运动员，于是男女运动员比例．最终变为30:19．如果后增加的男运动员比先增加的女运动员多3人，则最后运员的总人数为（）。

（A ）686 （B ）637 （C ）700 （D ）661 （E ）6003．某工厂定期购买一种原料，已知该厂每天需用该原料6吨，每吨价格1800元．原料的保管等费用平均每吨3元，每次购买原料支付运费900元，若该厂要使平均每天支付的总费用最省，则应该每（）天购买一次原料。

（A ）11 （B ）10 （C ）9 （D ）8 （E ）74．在某实验中，三个试管各盛水若千克。

现将浓度为12%的盐水10克倒入A 管中，混合后，取10克倒入口管中，混合后再取10克倒入C 管中，结果 A ，B ，C 三个试管中盐水的浓度分别为6%、2%、0.5%，那么三个试管中原来盛水最多的试管及其盛水量各是（A ）A 试管，10克（B ）B 试管，20克（C ）C 试管，30克（D ）B 试管，40克（E ）C 试管，50克5．一艘轮船往返航行于甲、乙两码头之间，着船在静水中的速度不变，则当这条河的水流速度增加50%时，往返一次所需的时间比原来将( )．（A ）增加（B ）减少半个小时（C ）不变（D ）减少1个小时（E ）无法判断6．方程214x x -+=的根是（）。

09年复试题目汇总(案例部分)

09年复试题目汇总（案例部分）1. 三鹿奶粉最初做出的第一份社会申明有什么问题？简单谈谈危机公关带来的影响和要注意的方面？2. 飞利浦公司连年亏损，研发成本占销售额的15%，研发经理和一线经理关系很差，如何看待这件事情3. 由“山寨春晚”谈一下“山寨文化”4•酒店的竞争很激烈，广告、直邮、短信等层出不穷，但是都很容易被竞争对手模仿，问如果你是商务酒店经理，你怎么办。

5. 某电信企业利用安装和维修电话的工作人员开展新业务销售，主要负责三方面的工作：一是电话的安装和维修；二是新的adsl上网等新业务的推广和销售；三是追讨客户的欠款。

但是经过一段时间的经营很不成功。

你觉得存在什么问题？6. 一商场着火，由于走程序未能及时疏散导致有伤亡，安全系统是否存在问题？中间有个广播员请示未果后擅自通知疏散，事后为什么没有被追究责任？7. 2008年中国人中餐消费增长17%西餐消费没有增长或很少增长，经营必胜客等西餐的百胜公司的营销要怎么做。

8. 雀巢奶粉被抵制的事件说明危机处理方式和内部管理存在什么问题？9. 奇瑞QQ艮成功，吉利为什么就没能成功？10. 飞利浦某部门市场销售额高达18亿美元/年，但由于研发费用过高，导致连续3年亏损。

为此市场部与研发部之间的矛盾不可调和。

请问你认为是市场部还是研发部门的责任导致连续亏损？如何解决这一困境？11. 在汽油持续涨价的背景下，如果你是汽车厂家会做出怎样的选择。

12. 消费者调查，对通用、丰田等有认知度，但对别克和凯越的关系不了解，作为品牌经理你要怎么办13. 从营销理论的角度分析三鹿奶粉事件的原因。

并谈如何把营销理论贯穿到企业管理中去。

14. 瑞典银行业内，分行就能决定最终贷款与否，由最终决定权来看分权管理15. 谈谈冠生园点心使用陈年馅料问题？16. 小明在一次闭卷考试中很恼火，别人都在做弊，监考老师也不管。

如果你遇到这种情况你会跟着做弊还是坚持原则？17. 一个MBA海归站柜台，你如何看待18. 随着中国人的日益富足和观念改变，中国人现在越来越喜欢吃口味适中的中餐而非西餐，拥有肯德基和必胜客的百盛集团也面临利润下降的问题，08年利润率为1%而2007年是17%同样麦当劳也是利润下滑。

北大法硕2009复试笔试题目

北大法硕2009复试笔试题目一、逻辑题(每题3分,共30分)1、19世纪一位英国改革家说,每个勤劳的农夫都有自己的土地,那些没有自己土地的人通常都是好吃懒做的人。

因此,他的改革方式便是国家给每一个没有土地的农夫分配土地,这样整个国家就没有好吃懒做的人了。

问选项中哪一项的论证中出现的错误与题干中的类似。

凯程2014法硕考研录取10人，8人法律硕士非法学，2人法律硕士法学，录取的学校有北大、清华、人大、公安大学、政法、中央民族大学，其中有三本学生1人，2本学生5人，4人为一本院校。

在凯程法硕集训营，全日制封闭式高三式集训，加上凯程严格的管理授课督导，确保学生把法律基础、法律综合应试化掌握，切中考研要点，迅速提高考试成绩。

在复试阶段，凯程动用一切关系资源为学生复试保录。

2016年凯程法硕保录班开始报名，每个学校的法硕限额招生2-3人，避免在复试中资源冲突。

2、参加考研辅导班的同学都考上了研究生,因此考上研究生的同学都参加了辅导班。

稳问选项中哪一项最能削弱该结论。

答案是有的学生没有参加考研辅导班也考上了研究生。

3、甲乙丙丁戊五个人去打猎,每个人的箭上都有自己的名字,围猎中一只鹿中箭倒下,但却不知何人射中。

甲说,或者是我,或者是丙射中。

乙说不是戊。

丙说,如果不是丁,那么一定是乙。

丁说,既不是我,也不是乙。

戊说,既不是丙也不是甲。

以上五人中的话只有两个人是真的,问是谁射中的。

4、有张三、李四、王五三位同学,学计算机、法律、经济,来自长沙、沈阳、上海。

有三个条件,类似张三出生在沈阳,李四不是学法律的之类的,问谁是学法律的?5、有两种减肥药,有80%的被调查者声称服用了第一种减肥药,有30%的被调查者声称服用了第二种减肥药,问以下那项最能解释题目中出现的问题。

答案是有人同时服用两种减肥药。

6~9题,题干都是有甲乙丙三个停车场,分别停五种汽车,然后乙停车场停放的车型必须同时停放在甲停车场,捷达只能停放在一个停车场,如果一个停车场停放了沃尔沃,那么也不能停放大众,第六题问以下哪项是可能的停放方式,其他三个题又在自己的题干上各加了一个条件,并对应提出了问题。

2009年北京大学经济学院考研复试真题及答案解析

2009年北京大学经济学院考研复试真题及答案解析国际贸易1.名词解释：里比兹恩斯基定理（5）2.产业内贸易的发展及原因。

（10）3.分析关税对于大国福利的影响。

（10）财政学1.在一般均衡的框架内，分析私人产品供给与公共产品供给的不同（10）2.税收归宿的影响因素有哪些？（8）试分析我国将成品油税收从0.2元升到1元，会对不同人群的税收负担产生什么影响。

（7）货币银行学1.在可贷资金理论框架内，分析使利率下降的因素（5），利率下降会对银行产生什么风险？应如何应对这一风险。

（5）2.如果中央银行希望增加货币供应量，则它将会使用什么货币政策工具？为什么？（7）这将如何通过银行渠道而作用于实体经济部门？（8）国际金融1.分析布雷顿森林体系崩溃的原因，并提出你对国际货币制度改革的意见。

（12）2.国际收支失衡有哪些原因？（13）政治经济学部分1.劳动力商品是资本主义生产方式的前提，又是资本主义生产方式发展的结果。

30分【育明教育答案解析】本答案分三部分，一是劳动力商品及其特点，二是资本的总公式及其矛盾，三是劳动力成为商品是货币转化为资本的前提。

（1）劳动力商品及其特点劳动力商品是指劳动者的劳动能力称为商品。

它必须具备两个条件：一是劳动力所有者是“自由人”，能自由支配自己的劳动力；二是他除了自己的劳动力外，必须一无所有，不得不靠出卖劳动力来维持生活。

劳动力是商品，它和其他商品一样具有使用价值和价值。

劳动力商品的价值是由生产和再生产劳动力商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的。

劳动力商品的价值包括三部分：维持劳动者自身生存必须的生活资料的价值，用以再生产他的劳动力；劳动者繁衍后代所必需的生活资料的价值，用以延续劳动力的供给；劳动者接受教育和训练所支出的费用，用以培训适合资本主义再生产需要的劳动力。

劳动力商品的价值还受历史和道德因素的影响。

（2）资本的总公式及其矛盾资本总公式：G—W—G′（G'=G+m）从形式上看，资本总公式与价值规律存在着矛盾：按照等价交换原则，商品交换过程只能使价值形式在商品与货币之间转换，而不能引起价值量的变化。

2009年硕士研究生入学考试复试试题格式

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A 侧电流速断保护定值； B 侧电流速断保护定值； A 侧限时电流速断保护定值（需校验灵敏系数，整定动作时限）； A 侧定时限过电流保护定值（需整定动作时限）；
（5）在系统振荡时，上述保护是否会动作？整套保护是否会误动？ 2. （25 分）在图示双侧电源系统中，AB 和 BC 线路上均装有三段式距离保护和电流差动保护，各段阻抗继电器均为 0º接线的方向阻抗继电器。
当 arg E M E N 0 时，线路 C 侧出口经 2.1Ω 过渡电阻三相短路， BC 分析
该侧距离 I 段阻抗继电器的动作行为。 3. （15 分）假设某中性点直接接地系统的正序、负序和零序阻抗角均为 75º，线路装设了 90º接线的功率方向继电器，内角为 30º。（1）（2）写出 90º接线的功率方向继电器的动作方程，说明其接线方式；当正方向出口发生 A 相接地短路时，不计负荷电流，用向量图分析的方

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。

2009考研试题答案及解析

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章结构本文是一篇有关动物智力话题的文章。

文章源自2008年5月的The New York Times （《纽约时报》），作者是Verlyn Klingkenberg ，原文标题为“The Cost of Smarts ” （《聪明的代价》）。

全文结构思路如下所示：二、试题解析Ⅰ○1Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. ○2 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. ○3Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. ○4This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright. 对动物的智力研究总使我们想知道人类是如何得聪明。

就以《科学时代》里Carl Zimmer 的论文所描述的果蝇实验为例吧。

经过训练比一般果蝇更聪明的那些果蝇趋向于有更短的寿命。

这表明光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长一些，暗淡也是一种优势。

1. [A] Suppose 假设、猜想 [B] Consider 考虑 [C] Observe 观察 [D] Imagine 设想【正确答案】[B] 【试题考点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题思路】文章开篇指出：Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are （对动物智力的研究总是让我们对人类到底有多聪明感到好奇”，接着举了果蝇的例子。

2009级攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题.doc

2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：微生物生化(含工业微生物学、生物化学)适用专业：生物化工，发酵工程，生物制药共 3 页一、填空题(每个空1 分，共35 分)1．侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称为（）。

2. 芽孢是芽孢细菌的（）器官。

3．某些酵母在繁殖过程中,芽体不脱落,并相连接成藕节状,形似菌丝称（）。

4．根瘤菌可与（）植物共生固氮。

5. 荚膜的主要化学成分有（）和（）等，常采用（）方法进行荚膜染色。

6．微生物的培养基按用途通常分为基础培养基、完全培养基、（）、（）、（）五大类。

7．Lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) contain both lipid and carbohydrate, and consist of threeparts: （）, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)8．Genetic recombination occurs in eucaryotes through sexual reproduction. In bacteria, recombination occurs through the processes of （），（）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)9．The multiplication cycle of bacteriophages, like that of all viruses, can be divided intofive distinct stages: （）, （）, biosynthesis of viral components, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)+10．TCA循环中，α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶催化的反应需要的辅因子有：NAD 、TPP 、（）、（）、（）和（）。

11. 腺嘌呤环上的第（）位氮原子与戊糖的第（）位碳原子相连形成（）。

2009年各个专业复试试题汇总

2009年各个专业复试试题民商面试1.物权法定原则的理由2.提存的条件与法律效力3.附随义务与从合同义务的关系4.团体性系列（一人公司、合伙、有限公司）5.共益权在公司治理中的作用6.公司章程与合伙协议性质比较7.物权合同的效力（考《物权法》第15条）8.评析《物权法》108条9、为什么要实行物权法定原则10、提存的构成要件和法律效果11、可撤销法律行为与效力待定法律行为的区别12、独立董事的法律地位民商笔试20个单选10个多选简答1.破产法中重组与清算目的的比较以及对破产原因与重组原因的影响2.不安抗辩权行使的条件论述（二选一）1.证券法上信息公开原则的地位以及法定要求2.物权法定与契约自由案例1.大意是董事会中，董事（非董事长）突击提案，最终通过该提案（董事长反对票），将章程副本、公章等文件的保管权归非法人代表（法人代表是董事长）。

后董事长诉董事会各个其他董事，提出决议无效。

涉及董事会决议无效制度和撤销制度2.夫妻一方未经另一方同意，擅自将房产抵押给银行，拍卖后未过户登记的处理。

还包括房价上涨和装修问题。

涉及制度有共同共有、无权处分、抵押责任、善意取得、添附刑法学专业满分100分一、名词解释5个，20分刑法溯及力、自然人主体犯罪、期待可能性、信用卡诈骗罪、伪证罪二、简答2个，30分单位犯罪的构成要件、贪污罪和职务侵占罪的区别三、案例案例一（35分），罪名涉及强奸罪、抢劫罪，主要考察共同犯罪的相关的问题，还涉及片面共犯（实行过限）、自首认定、量刑情节等案例二（15分），考擦徇私枉法罪与受贿罪（好像考察的是二者的想象竞合如何认定）？宪法行政法专业复试真题1.简述行政诉讼合理性审查的空间和可能性2.行政诉讼中举证责任的分担3.行政复议制度的不足.4.行政处罚法对行政程序的规定,及意义5.行政行为的效力及变动6.简述行政合理性审查原则六道题中选五道，全部都答的按五道给分.经济法面试题：1、金融分业经营与混业经营模式2、反垄断法对垄断协议的规制3、经济法产生发展的历史4、反垄断法对经营者集中的规制5、试论经济法的价值与功能6、反不正当竞争法中的侵权与民事侵权的区别7、经济法与民法的区别8、农民及合作组织适用反垄断法除外原则的原因分析。

09年考研真题及解析答案

09年考研真题及解析答案2009年的考研真题及解析答案涉及到多个学科和专业，由于内容较多，这里无法提供完整的真题和答案。

不过，我可以为你提供一些获取考研真题及解析答案的途径和方法。

首先，考研真题是考生复习的重要资料之一，通常可以通过以下几种方式获取：1. 官方渠道：一些高校和教育部门会在其官方网站上发布历年的考研真题，考生可以访问这些网站进行下载。

2. 考研论坛和社群：很多考研论坛和社群会有考生分享的真题和答案，考生可以通过加入这些社群来获取资料。

3. 考研辅导机构：一些专业的考研辅导机构会提供真题解析服务，考生可以通过购买相关课程或资料来获取。

4. 图书馆和书店：部分图书馆和书店会出售历年考研真题汇编的书籍，考生可以前往查阅或购买。

5. 在线资源：互联网上也有许多资源，考生可以通过搜索引擎查找相关资料。

其次，考研真题的解析答案通常包括以下几个方面：- 题目分析：对题目的出题意图和考察点进行分析。

- 解题思路：提供解题的基本步骤和方法。

- 答案解析：详细解释答案的来源和计算过程。

- 考点总结：总结题目所涉及的知识点和考试重点。

最后，考生在复习时应注意以下几点：- 理解题目：不仅要会做题，更要理解题目背后的知识点。

- 多做练习：通过不断的练习来巩固知识点和提高解题速度。

- 总结经验：在练习过程中总结自己的解题方法和技巧。

- 调整心态：保持良好的心态，避免因为紧张而影响考试表现。

希望这些信息能够帮助你更好地准备考研。

如果你需要更具体的某一年的考研真题或答案，建议通过上述途径进行查找。

祝你考研顺利！。

专家解答：2009年考研复试之疑问全解答

专家解答：2009年考研复试之疑问全解答万学·海文09年研究生入学考试初试成绩已揭晓，对于进入复试的广大考生而言，现在最关键的是如何去有效应对复试。

这就需要在对复试各个环节熟悉的基础上去精心准备。

1.2009年的硕士研究生入学考试的复试即将开始，在复试过程中有哪些细节需要注意？在复试过程中，除了充分准备复试的内容（专业课和英语）之外，还需要注意一些其他的细节，比如礼仪、着装等方面。

因为，导师对考生的印象是非常重要的，会直接影响到考生的最终得分以及录取情况。

首先，在着装方面，考生要遵循“朴素、大方、干净”的原则。

在面试当天，男生应尽量穿西服、头发要理顺、胡须要干净，这样既是对导师的一种尊重，同时也会让老师感觉非常舒适。

女生穿着要稳重、大方，不要穿得太鲜艳；头发长的应该扎起来，显得精神、干练一些；可以适当地化些淡妆，切忌浓妆艳抹。

其次，在礼仪方面，考生应做到礼貌、谦和。

面试时，在进入考场之前，无论考场的门是否关着，都要轻轻敲门，得到老师允许后方可进入；见到老师时一定要鞠躬，主动向老师问好，需要注意的是握手方面的细节，要遵循“尊者先出手”的原则，不要冒昧地先伸手；当老师允许后再轻轻坐下，这样可以首先提高自己的印象分。

在回答问题过程中，要有礼貌、有自信心，眼神不要游离，坐姿或站姿要端正，声音要洪亮且语速不能太快，这样才能保证每个考官能听清，这样可以进一步提高自己的印象分。

面试结束离开考场时，仍要鞠躬，向老师道别，可以再次表达进入学校读书的强烈愿望。

这样又一次可以提高印象分。

总之，如果在复试过程中注意以上细节，会大大提高老师对自己的印象分，相信你的复试分数应该不会低，这样会大大提高自己的总成绩，从而大大提高自己被录取的几率。

2.复试前，如何进行专业课和英语的复习？第一，考生要登陆报考学校的网站，明确该学校复试的指定书目；同时向已经考上该学校的上届师兄师姐请教一些相关的复习经验；与此同时，还可以到该学校的网站论坛以及相关的网站论坛搜集一些信息。

中国政法大学2009经济法复试真题

中国政法大学2009经济法复试真题第一篇：中国政法大学2009经济法复试真题经济法笔试题：一、单选5题共10分1我国最近的新的保证产品质量的制度2、空缺3、空缺4、印花税属于哪类型的税种5、空缺二、多选5题共10分1、价格法中关于价格的2、关于不正当竞争的类型3、房地产法和土地法中关于土地使用权4、哪些银行属于政策性银行5、关于展销会上出租柜台的情况下出售商品产生的产品质量责任，消费者的求偿对象三、简答4题共40分1、食品安全法，对现有法律体制的突破2、三聚氰胺毒奶粉事件的30多万受害者获得了中国奶制品工业协会组织协调的包括三鹿集团在内的22家责任主体设立的赔偿基金的主动性赔偿。

请简述你对此的理解。

3、证券法中责任条款全部为公法责任，问你对这种观点的看法4、反垄断法第50条：经营者实施垄断行为，给他人造成损失的，依法承担民事责任。

分析这个条款四、论述(三选二)共40分1、结合反垄断法，论述市场监管法的特性2、根据经济法的基本理论，谈一下你对我国4万亿救市方案的看法3、论述经济法与金融危机的关系第二篇：2018MPAcc复试：中南财经政法大学历年复试真题2018MPAcc复试：中南财经政法大学历年复试真题中南财经政法大学MPAcc复试真题考生回忆版笔试部分第一，中级财务会计35分1.什么是收入和利得，举例说明，并说出在企业经营中需要更关注收入还是利得。

2.（计算题）给出账户变动情况写出账户期末余额。

5小题。

注意借方贷方。

3.账务处理题。

第一个是关于股票回购，第二个关于将库存商品作为职工福利发放，第三个普通销售处理。

第二，财务管理25分1.写出资本资产定价模型的公式及解释（简答题）2.用插值法计算某项目的IRR3.甲乙两种股票，给了一堆条件，计算股票实际价值和价格相比较判断是否值得购买第三，成本会计20分1.解释什么是逐步结转分步法，其特点是什么2.用分批法进行成本计算（计算题）第四，审计20分1.给了一个案例，问是否违反质量控制原则，5小题2.另一个案例，问是否违反道德原则，5小题英语部分中午1:30抽号码前面一半先专业后英语后面一半反过来今年英语面试相比往年有变化，开始用英文问专业问题。

09金融学复试试题

大家都来补充补充，给以后的一点点帮助,考了上午的题很郁闷,我学数学的,有的都没有听说过。

潜了这么长时间的水,也上来发点小东西,希望能给大家点小帮助,考研省点钱,不用买了，也是我没事从别人哪里搜集来200９金融学复试笔试真的ﻫﻫ题回忆一.判断题1５个（15分)1.信用货币的价值稳定基础取决与中央银行的信贷供给.()ﻫ６.风险就是不确定性.()ﻫ7.一定时期货币供应量的大小由中央银行决15.资产的变现能力强，流动性就一定高．()定.()ﻫﻫ二．计算题２个(共10分）ﻫ1．关于证券市场线方程的计算?给出无风险利率8%，和市场组合的期望利率16％，以及β值1.3,求一个投资的实际收益率?（4分)ﻫ如果一个投资的收益率是19％,问值不值得投资?(1分) ２.根据货币需求的现金交易学说,货币流通速度是５,如果货币供应量从20０0万亿元增加到3000万亿元,问名义收入如何变化?（5分)ﻫ三.简答题4个ﻫ１．劣币驱逐良币的解释？２．简述中央银行的独立性?3.如果将部分存款转为现金，联邦基金利率将如何变化，试用准备金市场的有关知识解释?ﻫ４．直接融资和间接融资的联系?ﻫ四.材料题２个1.材料ﻫ共四问1.货币政策是什么?2.什么是货币传导机制?和凯恩斯的货币传导机制的原理?2.材料共三问。

1．什么是虚拟经济和实体经济?2．ﻫ 3．如何避免虚拟经济危机向实体经济蔓延,谈谈你的见解?ﻫ五论述题(２0分)1.论述现在的国际货币制度存在的问题?以及中央银行行长周小川关于非主权国家国际货币储备的观点?ﻫﻫ西南财经大学经济学历年真题2０02-２009年ﻫﻫ西南财经大学２０09年硕士研究生入学考试经济学（二) 政治经济学部分ﻫ一、辨析题（1０分)一般情况下,获利水平低于平均利润率的资本是银行资本。

ﻫ二、简答题1、劳动力商品与一般商品相比，它的价值和使用价值有什么特点?(13分）２、简析近年来我国居民消费需求不足的原因。

(１2分)ﻫ三、论述题(每题２０分）ﻫ1、论述马克思的级差地租理论及其现实意义。

2009华中师范复试答案

2009年研究生入学复试“微生物学”1、实验室培养细菌、放线菌、霉菌和酵母菌常用哪些培养基？（3分）要求回答所对应培养基在配制过程中，哪些需要调PH值?为什么？培养相应微生物的最适培养温度及培养形成菌落所需时间。

标准答案：细菌——牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基；需调PH值7.0~7.2；37℃培养8~16小时。

放线菌——高氏1号培养基；需调PH值7.2~7.4；28℃培养3~5天。

霉菌——查氏培养基；PH值自然；28℃培养3~5天。

酵母菌——麦芽汁琼脂培养基；PH值自然；28℃培养3~5天。

2、写出下列英文缩写的中文意思：LPS、m-DAP、PHB、HBV、HIV、DPA-Ca、TMV、E．Coli（4分）标准答案：（每一个0.5分）LPS——脂多糖；m-DAP——内消旋二氨基庚二酸；PHB——聚-β-羟丁酸；HBV——乙肝病毒；HIV——人类免疫缺陷病毒；DPA-Ca——吡啶二羧酸钙盐；TMV——烟草花叶病毒；E．Coli——大肠杆菌3、综述微生物工业中常用的微生物培养方法。

如何根据所需要的微生物产品的代谢类型选择相应的培养方法。

（4分）答题要点：（1）分批培养和连续培养的一般概念及优缺点；常用连续培养方法。

（2）连续培养(Continous culture )：在微生物的整个培养期间，通过一定的方式使微生物能以恒定的比生长速率生长并能持续生长下去的一种培养方法。

培养过程中不断的补充营养物质和以同样的速率移出培养物是实现微生物连续培养的基本原则。

（3）控制连续培养的方法：恒浊连续培养（以获得微生物初级代谢产品为目的，如微生物菌体细胞、菌体蛋白等）通过连续培养装置中的光电系统控制培养液中菌体浓度恒定、使微生物生长连续进行的一种培养方式；恒化连续培养（以获得微生物次级代谢产品为目的，如抗生素、激素等）则是通过控制培养基中某种营养成分的浓度基本恒定的方式，而保持微生物的比生长速率恒定。

4、请阐述你将要选择和从事的专业领域会运用到哪些微生物学的知识。