Skyscrapers
Rethinking Skyscrapers 重新审视摩天大楼
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Rethinking SkyscrapersJerkily WatsonMost of the world’s tall buildings, called skyscrapers, are in the United States. However, the recent terrorist attacks have caused some Americans to worry about the safety of these extremely tall buildings.For almost 30 years, the World Trade Center stood more than 410 meters above New York City’s financial center. The two towers of the Center were the tallest buildings in the city. They had more than 100 levels. Then on the morning of September 11th, two hijacked airplanes struck the buildings.Many people died immediately in explosions and fires. Others ran down many levels of steps in an effort to escape the buildings. Others waited for help in their offices. Then, one after another, both buildings fell. The collapse of the towers killed thousands of people. It also wrecked or damaged surrounding buildings.Engineers from the state of Illinois soon will investigate the collapse of the buildings for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Their early study, however, shows that the buildings held up well. One tower remained standing for about forty-seven minutes after the plane hit it. The other tower stayed up for about one hour and forty minutes after it was struck. The fact that the towers stayed up as long as they did permitted many people to escape.Several experts have said no building could have resisted the attacks. The terrorists meant to cause the largest explosions and the hottest fires possible. So they hijacked planes heavily loaded with fuel. The heat from the burning fuel weakened the steel structure of the towers. These fires burned far hotter than fires used to test building materials. They also burned longer. The intense heat caused the upper levels of the buildings to fall. Then the lower levels also fell.Some pieces of building wreckage caused destruction in the area. Mainly, however, the towers imploded and fell down in their own space. Several engineers praised the World Trade Center for this. Many more people would have died if the buildings had fallen to the side.Officials say the wreckage will take months to clear. After the attacks, broken glass and smoking metal lay 12 meters above the ground. The World Trade Center had contained 200,000 tons of steel. It also had 43,000 windows.About 50,000 people worked in the World Trade Center. Some estimates say as many as 90,000 people passed through it on some days. The towers represented business and trade in the biggest city in America. Many people throughout the world recognizedpictures of the World Trade Center against the skies of New York.People in New York are discussing ways to remember the World Trade Center and the people who died in the attack. Several artists and building designers suggest a memorial called Towers of Light. The arts group Creative Time proposes forming two towers of light in the shape of the fallen buildings. These lights would reach toward the sky. The artists currently are researching methods that could produce lighting with such power.Businessman Larry Silverstein currently controls use of the World Trade Center property. Mr. Silverstein says he will rebuild the Center. However, it is unclear what the new center will be like.Some architects have suggested creating four shorter buildings. These structures would have about 50 levels. A park between the buildings would contain a memorial to victims of the attack.Other New York citizens called for rebuilding the World Trade Center as it was. For example, former mayor Ed Koch urged replacement of the two skyscrapers. He said this would show the terrorists that New York remained undefeated.However, some city planners believe such extremely tall structures should not be replaced. Instead, some experts advise copying other New York buildings that are not as tall.The Urban Land Institute is a research and educational organization for planners and building designers. Some members believe skyscrapers waste space. These experts say some buildings use their lower levels mainly to get people to the upper levels.Some experts also believe the office needs of businesses are changing. Most large companies now have their headquarters in skyscrapers. This permits their employees to work together in one place. However, employees today can communicate easily though electronic mail and other technology. So some planners believe there will be less need for skyscrapers in the future.The Empire State Building is now the tallest building in New York City. It was built in 1931. It was the tallest building in the world for more than 40 years. It still is one of the most popular. Thousands of millions of visitors have seen New York from observation areas in this building.Some Americans now say they are worried about the Empire State Building. However, a wealthy New York property owner has offered as much as 57 million dollars to buy it. He says he believes fear of skyscrapers will be temporary.Many of American skyscrapers have increased safety measures since the terroristattacks. Owners have placed barriers around the buildings at street level. Security devices and guards examine people who enter the buildings. Building occupants are receiving information about what to do in an emergency.Skyscrapers were invented in the United States. As early as the 1880s, two new technical developments made these taller buildings possible. One development was the mechanical elevator. It meant that people would not have to climb many steps to reach the upper floors of tall buildings. The development of steel also helped make taller buildings possible.The first skyscraper was built in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. The Home Insurance Building was almost 55 meters tall.Chicago became home to the world’s tallest buildings in 1973 when the Sears Tower was built. It is 442 meters tall. The Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world for 23 years. Then, in 1996, two taller buildings were completed. They are the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They are about 452 meters tall.Recently, businessman Donald Trump proposed another very tall building for Chicago. Mr. Trump and the owners of the Chicago Sun-Times newspaper wanted to build a structure 457 meters high along the Chicago River. Mr. Trump and the newspaper owners have been seeking more money for the project. Now, however, it is unclear if they will continue proposing such a big skyscraper.Developers in China want to build the tallest skyscraper ever. They are planning an International Financial Center for Shanghai. The Center is to be more than 487 meters tall.The building would have several safety measures not included in the World Trade Center buildings. For example, the areas containing steps would be wider than those in the World Trade Center. Areas called refuge floors would be placed every ten to twelve levels. These open-air places are designed to protect people from smoke. They are legally required in China and some other Asian countries.Experts say there is almost no engineering limit to the height a skyscraper can be. Still, people’s feelings may limit the size of skyscrapers in the future.For example, a New York City stock trader works in an office high in a skyscraper. He says he once liked to look out his office window and see the other tall buildings of the city. But his feelings have changed since the terrorist attacks.Now, he says, he would like to work much closer to the ground.重新审视摩天大楼世界上大多数被称做摩天大楼的高层建筑在美国。
阅读材料5 Skyscrapers and Environment
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Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.60年代后期,许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题,那些崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到了广泛的批评。
生态学家指出,城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停车场的承载能力造成过重的负担。
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts -- enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.摩天大楼还是电能的过度消费者与浪费者。
最近的某一年,纽约市摩天写字楼1,700万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需求量提高了120,000千瓦。
这些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。
英语作文范文 SkyscrapersandEnvironment
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Skyscrapers and Environment: A Delicate BalanceSkyscrapers, or tall buildings, have become an iconic symbol of modern cities, showcasing architectural innovation and technological advancement. Their sheer height and grandeur have left people awestruck and, as a result, skyscrapers have sprung up in cities around the world, forming a dense urban landscape. Nonetheless, as much as they represent progress, skyscrapers pose significant environmental challenges that threaten the well-being of our planet. In this article, we will explore the impact of skyscrapers on the environment and the measures that can be taken to mitigate that impact, ensuring that the skyscrapers themselves can coexist alongside the environment in a sustainable manner.The Impact of Skyscrapers on the EnvironmentSkyscrapers, by their very nature, consume vast amounts of natural resources during their construction and operation, which negatively impacts the environment in several ways. One of the main environmental impacts of skyscraper construction is the depletion of natural resources, such as water, forest, and minerals, which are required to manufacture buildingmaterials. These resources are finite and often take years to replenish, or they cannot be replenished at all.In addition, skyscrapers require colossal amounts of energy for heating, cooling, and lighting, which contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to global warming. Such emissions, in turn, lead to various environmental problems, including air and water pollution, soil erosion, and climate change.Moreover, skyscrapers have a significant impact on the surrounding environment, altering natural landscapes, and affecting the quality of life of nearby residents. Their construction can damage nearby ecosystems, particularly if they are built on wetlands or sensitive habitats. Skyscrapers can also cause environmental disruptions and health issuesfor those living around them because of the increased noise and vibration generated by their operation.Solutions for Mitigating the Impact of SkyscrapersThe impact of skyscrapers on the environment can be curtailed using various solutions that promote sustainable living. One solution is the incorporation of renewable energysources, such as solar and wind power, to power skyscrapers. Renewable sources are more environmentally friendly and have a more significant impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions than traditional fossil fuels.Another solution is to design skyscrapers that are more energy-efficient. This can be achieved by using high-performance insulation, double-glazed windows, and climate-responsive design techniques. These techniques significantly reduce energy wastage, contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts.Furthermore, skyscrapers鈥?design should also incorporate rainwater harvesting systems and graywater reuse, which can minimize water usage and reduce wastewater generation. This approach is essential in locations where water is scarce or is more costly to obtain.Lastly, Skyscraper developers should encourage employees and tenants to use public transportation, such as mass transit, bicycles, and ride-sharing services. This reduces the number of vehicles on the road, cutting down on traffic congestion and the air pollution emanating from traffic.ConclusionAs the world continues to grow and urbanize, skyscrapers will remain part of our contested urban landscape. Whilethere is no clear consensus on the role of the skyscraper in the modern city, it is clear that the environmental impactsof these tall structures must be minimized whenever and wherever possible. By utilizing the solutions presented here, we can promote sustainable, energy-efficient designs that incorporate renewable energy sources and minimize the disruption to nearby ecologies and neighborhoods. Importantly, when developing skyscrapers, we should always consider their impact on the environment, thus ensuring that they seamlessly integrate into our environment while inspiring and elevating the cityscape.。
【必备资料】托福口语必背篇经典文章-摩天大楼Skyscrapers and Environment
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【必备资料】托福口语必背篇经典文章-摩天大楼Skyscrapers and Environment英语学习过程中,我们常会听到“语感”这个词,什么是语感?简言之,就是对语言的感觉。
如何培养语感呢?首先要多听英文材料,听的多了,口语自然而然就上去了。
那么,以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福口语的必备经典文章,希望能为大家的托福口语备考带来帮助。
托福口语必背篇经典文章:摩天大楼Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention toenvironmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widelycriticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a cityoften overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In onerecent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office spacein New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (orgain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that througha typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain onheating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun touse double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver orgold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. Iffully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.。
Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境
![Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/02f8c0bba58da0116d17493d.png)
Skyscrapers and Environment摩天大楼与环境In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.60年代后期,许多北美人把注意力转向了环境问题,那些崭新的玻璃钢摩天大楼受到了广泛的批评。
生态学家指出,城市中密集的高层建筑经常给公共交通与停车场的承载能力造成过重的负担。
Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts -- enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.摩天大楼还是电能的过度消费者与浪费者。
最近的某一年,纽约市摩天写字楼1,700万英尺办公面积的增加使电能的最高日需求量提高了120,000千瓦。
这些电能足以供纽约的整个奥尔巴尼市使用一天。
skyscrapers
![skyscrapers](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/470a78966bec0975f465e249.png)
1998
双峰塔
Petron 吉隆坡 尚存 as Tower s
Taipei 101 台北 尚存
452 米 452 米
88
最高的双子 塔
2004
台北 101大 楼 上海环 球金融 中心
480 米 508 米
101
中国建筑首 次荣登世界 最高摩天大 楼 楼板最高的 大楼
Skyscrapers
, which is called super high rise building , is a very high building with floors as many as forty or fifty.
The six tallest buildings in the world.
No.1
Burj Khalifa
哈利法塔原名迪拜塔 ,又称迪拜
大厦或比斯迪拜塔 ,是位于阿拉伯 联合酋长国迪拜的一栋已经建成 的摩天大楼,有160层,总高828 米,比台北101足足高出320米。 迪拜塔由韩国三星公司负责营造, 2004年9月21日开始动工,2010 年1月4日竣工启用,同时正式更 名哈利法塔。
Home 芝加哥 已毁 Insura nce Buildin g World 纽约 Buildin g Manha 纽约 ttan Life Insura nce Park 纽约 Row Buildin g Philad elphia City Hall 费城 已毁
1890
世界大 楼
94.2 米
106.4 米
2008
Shang 上海 hai World Financ ial Center Burj Khalif a 迪拜
Skyscraper 建筑英语范文
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(A) THE SKYSCRAPERA generation ago, it was still possible to speak of the skyscraper as an American phenomenon. Of course there were tall buildings elsewhere, but few of them ―they seemed always to be somewhat out of place(不相称), odd intrusions(侵入)of the American spirit into other cultures. The real skyscrapers, the important ones, were almost always American ―and the real skyscraper cities, like New York, Chicago, and Houston, were absolutely American.一代人以前,还有可能说摩天大楼是一种美国现象。
的确是那会儿到处都有高楼,但很少是摩天大楼。
它们似乎总是显得有些格格不入,似乎是美国精神对别国文化的古怪侵犯。
真正的摩天大厦,那些最重要的作品,几乎总是美国货,同时真正的摩天大楼式的城市,如纽约、芝加哥和休斯敦,都绝对是美国的。
Now, as we approach the end of the century, it is no longer so. America owns the history of the skyscraper, but other countries, other cultures, seem to control more and more of its present and, it seems certain, its future. The sheer(完全的、绝对的)quantity of skyscrapers that have been built outside the United States is astonishing; cities that through the 1970's had no very tall buildings at all seem now to have dozens of them, and it is no longer possible to think of the skylines of these cities as representing some kind of intervention(介入)of an alien(海外)American economic, technological and architectural culture. Skyscrapers are now the culture of Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo, Seoul, Singapore and Bangkok, not to mention Frankfurt, Paris, San Paulo and Sydney. In the latest list of the one hundred tallest buildings in the world prepared by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat(栖息地,自然环境), 35 of the structures ―more than one-third ―were not in North America. Skyscrapers are now commonplace in almost every large urban area of the developed world, if not in older historic cores, then on the outskirts(市郊), as around Paris, and they have redefined the nature of urbanity(文雅气质)in our time.如今,随着我们接近世纪的尾声,事情不再是这样了。
city life词语归类
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"City life" 可以从多个角度进行词语归类,以下是一些可能的分类方式:1. 生活方面:-都市生活方式(urban lifestyle)-城市居民(city dwellers)-高楼大厦(skyscrapers)-公寓生活(apartment living)-快节奏生活(fast-paced life)-通勤(commuting)-餐厅和咖啡馆(restaurants and cafes)-娱乐场所(entertainment venues)2. 社会文化方面:-多元文化(multiculturalism)-艺术与音乐(art and music scenes)-博物馆和画廊(museums and galleries)-街头艺术(street art)-社区活动(community events)-历史遗迹(historical landmarks)3. 环境与设施:-公共交通(public transportation)-公园和绿地(parks and green spaces)-商业区(business districts)-购物中心(shopping malls)-健身设施(fitness facilities)-医疗服务(healthcare services)4. 挑战与问题:-噪音污染(noise pollution)-空气污染(air pollution)-人口密度(population density)-生活成本(cost of living)-压力和焦虑(stress and anxiety)-安全问题(safety concerns)5. 个人经历与感受:-孤独感(feeling of loneliness)-社交互动(social interactions)-冒险与探索(adventure and exploration)-创造力激发(creativity stimulation)-适应城市生活(adjusting to city life)这些词语归类可以帮助我们更全面地理解和描述城市生活的各个方面。
skyscraper--摩天大楼科普
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The Sky is No Limit for the Tallest Buildings in the WorldSTEVE EMBER: Today we look up into the skies to explore the past and present of the tallest buildings in the world. Skyscrapers were first built in the late nineteenth century. Engineers then probably would not believe the soaring heights of today's tallest buildings.Skyscrapers represent modernity, power, and the expanding boundaries of human invention and new technology.BOB DOUGHTY: Skyscrapers were invented in the United States. As early as the eighteen eighties, two new technical developments made these taller buildings possible. One development was the mechanical elevator. The other is steel building technology.Many experts consider the Home Insurance Building in Chicago to be the first skyscraper. Built in eighteen eighty-five and later expanded, this tower was about fifty-five meters tall.STEVE EMBER: Today this would not be considered much of a skyscraper. But at the time, this height was striking.William Jenney was the engineer who helped build the Home Insurance Building. He realized the possibilities that steel frames could offer. Some people consider him the father of the skyscraper.Soon after his building was finished, builders in Chicago and New York City began copying and improving on the idea of building up. Builders in these cities and others would also begin competing for the title of "tallest building."BOB DOUGHTY: The Empire State Building in New York City is probably one of the most famous skyscrapers in the world. It held the title of tallest building for over forty years. It was completed in nineteenthirty-one and stands three hundred eighty-one meters tall.The next building to hold the record no longer exists. One World Trade Center tower in New York City was completed in nineteen seventy-two. Itmeasured four hundred seventeen meters. It was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September eleventh, two thousand one.STEVE EMBER: The next records for tallest buildings are in other countries. The two Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia measure four hundred fifty-two meters. They were followed by the Taipei 101 building in Taiwan, which is five hundred eight meters tall.The most recent addition to this list is the Tower in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. This building measures eight hundred twenty-eight meters in height. It cost an estimated one and a half billion dollars to create. The building's Web site says that as many as twelve thousand people were working on the building at the same time.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------STEVE EMBER: You might be wondering how the height of a building is officially measured. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat explains that early tall buildings were generally measured from the ground floor to the top of the building, not including flagpoles. By the nineteen thirties, some of the possible record-making skyscrapers were being designed with spires. Spires are the thin, pointy tops of buildings. These spires were considered an architectural part of the building, so their length was included in the building's height measurement.BOB DOUGHTY: Sometimes measurements can lead to debates[diˈbeit] and disputes[disˈpju:t]. The Council decided in nineteen ninety-six toinclude the height of the spires of the Petronas['petrəunəs] Towers. This led to its surpassing the height of the Sears Tower in Chicago by about ten meters. Many people felt this was unfair, because the Sears Tower's tall antenna[ænˈtenə] was not included in the official heightmeasurement.As a result, the Council now considers other height categories['kætigəri], such as highest occupied[ˈɔkjupaid] floor and highestantenna. The Tower in Dubai ['dju:bai]is not only the world's tallest building architecturally. It is also the tallest building when measuring height to tip, and highest occupied floors. But this record will probably not last for long. Builders in Dubai and China have already started plans for surpassing the height.STEVE EMBER: So far, we have discussed the reality of skyscrapers. But what would tall buildings look like if your imagination was the only limit?.A group of architecture students at Columbia University in New York started eVolo, a building design magazine. The magazine also holds a yearly skyscraper competition for the best ideas for redefining the role of skyscrapers.Judges for this contest studied how each design looks and how it uses new technologies and materials. This year there were four hundred thirty entries from forty-two countries. The judges chose three winners and gave special recognition to twenty-seven others.BOB DOUGHTY: First place went to a design for a skyscraper jail made by architecture students in Malaysia. Their aim was to create a prison city in the sky. It was designed to permit prisoners to live free and productive lives that would help people in the city below. The jail would contain fields and factories so that the prisoners could work to provide services to the larger community. The idea was to make it easier for prisoners to rejoin their communities after they served their jail sentences.Second place went to a team in Indonesia. They designed a large building that would clean a polluted river in Jakarta.And, third place went to a team in the United States for their "Nested Skyscraper." Built like a robot, this building can change, based on the conditions of the climate and city around it. The designers wanted to rethink the fixed and boxy skyscraper. Their building can bend, move, and change to be more useful in its setting in Tokyo, Japan.These interesting buildings are helping to show what skyscrapers and our cities might look like in the future.。
skyscraper雅思阅读
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Skyscrapers are stunning architectural achievements that continue to captivate the imagination of people around the world. In this article, we will explore the history, design, and impact of skyscrapers, as well as the impact they have on modern society.1. Introduction to SkyscrapersSkyscrapers are defined as tall, continuously habitable buildings with multiple floors. They are typically found in urban areas and are designed to maximize usable space while minimizing the building's footprint. Skyscrapers are often characterized by their height, which sets them apart from other buildings and makes them a prominent feature of the city skyline.2. The History of SkyscrapersThe concept of building upwards has been around for centuries, but the modern skyscraper can be traced back to the late 19th century. The development of steel-frame construction techniques and the invention of the elevator made it possible to build taller and taller buildings. The first true skyscraper is often credited as the Home Insurance Building in Chicago,pleted in 1885. Since then, skyscrapers have continued to grow in height andplexity, with iconic examples such as the Empire StateBuilding and the Burj Khalifa pushing the limits of engineering and design.3. Design and EngineeringThe design and engineering of skyscrapers present unique challenges due to their immense height and the forces they must withstand. Architects and engineers must consider factors such as wind loads, seismic activity, and the weight of the building itself. Advanced materials and construction techniques have allowed for the creation of increasingly taller and more innovative skyscrapers, with features such as sloping facades, sky bridges, and sustainable design elements bing moremon.4. Impact on SocietySkyscrapers have had a profound impact on the way people live and work. They have allowed for greater population density in urban areas, with a single building providing space for thousands of people. The creation of iconic skyscrapers has also be a source of civic pride for cities around the world, serving as symbols of progress and achievement. Additionally, skyscrapers have played a role in shaping the way cities are designed and function, with vertical living and mixed-use developments bing more prevalent.5. Cultural and Symbolic SignificanceSkyscrapers are not just feats of engineering; they also carry cultural and symbolic significance. They often represent the aspirations and ambitions of a city or a nation, with their height and grandeur conveying a sense of power and achievement. Skyscrapers have also been featured in numerous works of art, literature, and popular culture, bing enduring symbols of modernity and progress.6. Environmental ConsiderationsThe construction and operation of skyscrapers have raised concerns about their environmental impact. They require significant amounts of energy to heat, cool, and power the building, and their construction often involves the use of large quantities of materials and resources. However, advancements in sustainable design and technology have enabled the creation of green skyscrapers that minimize their environmental footprint through features such as energy-efficient systems, green roofs, and use of recycled materials.7. ConclusionSkyscrapers are marvels of modern architecture andengineering that have left an indelible mark on the urban landscape. Their impact on society, culture, and the environment is undeniable, and their continued evolution and innovation will shape the cities of the future. As we look to the sky and marvel at these towering structures, we are reminded of the human quest to reach new heights and push the boundaries of what is possible.。
Skylines and Skyscrapers
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Skylines and SkyscrapersJohn A. Kouwenhoven11 Those engaged adj. 使用中的,忙碌的in discovering America often begin by discove ring the Manhattan n. 曼哈顿岛(美国的一个区2 skyline n. 地平线;空中轮廓线;, and here as well as elsewhere adv. 在别处;到别处 they discover apparently adv. 显然地;似乎,表面上irreconcilable adj. 矛盾的;不能和解的;不能协调的opposites. They notice at once that it doesn’t make any sense, in human or aesthetic adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的terms. It is the product of insane[in'sein adj. 疯狂的;精神病的;极愚蠢的politics, greed, competitive ostentation[,ɔsten'teiʃən n. 卖弄;虚饰;虚有其表, megalomania, the worship n. 崇拜;礼拜;尊敬of false虚伪的;伪造的gods. Its products, in turn, are traffic jams, bad ven tilation[,venti'leiʃən]n. 通风设备;空气流通, noise, and all the other ills that metropolitan[,metrə'pɔlitən adj. 大都市的;大主教辖区的;宗主国的 flesh is heir n. 继承人;后嗣;嗣子to3. And the net result is, illogically adv. 不合逻辑地enough, one of the most exaltedly exalted [eɡ'zɔ:ltid] adj. 高尚的;尊贵的;兴奋的beautiful things man has ever made.2 Perhaps this parado xical [,pærə'dɔksikəl adj. 矛盾的;诡论的;似非而是的result will be less bewildering [bi'wildə vt. 使迷惑,使不知所措if we look for a moment at the formal and structural adj. 结构的;建筑的principles which are involved in the skyline. It may be helpful to c onsider the skyline as we might consider a lyric ['lirik adj. 抒情的;吟唱的poem, or a novel, if we were trying to analyze its aesthetic [i:s'θetik adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的quality.3 Looked at in this way, it is clear that the total effect which we call “the Manhattan skyline” is m ade up of almost innumerable adj. 无数的,数不清的buildings, each in competition (for height, or glamour n. 魅力,魔力;迷人的美, or efficiency, or respectability n. 体面;可尊敬;有社会地位) with all of the others. Each goes its own way, as it were, in a ca rnival ['kɑ:nivəl n. 狂欢节,嘉年华会;饮宴狂of rugged adj.崎岖的;凹凸不平的;结实的;崴['rʌɡid architectural individualism n. 个人主义;利己主义;个人特征4. And yet as witness to the universal adj. 普遍的;通用的;宇宙的;全世界的;全体的feeling of exaltation n.兴奋,得意洋洋and aspiration n. 渴望;抱负;呼气;吸引术which the skyline as a whole evokes[i'vəuk vt. 引起,唤起;博得out of this irrational[i'ræʃənəl adj. 不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的, unplanned, and often infuriat ing[ɪnˈfjʊərɪeɪtɪŋadj.令人大怒的chaos'keiɔs n. 混沌,混乱, an unforeseen unity has evolved vt. 发展,进化;进化;使逐步形成;推断. No building ever bui lt in New York was placed where it was, or shaped as it was, because it would contribute to the aesthetic[i:s'θetik adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的effect of the skyline-lifting it here, giving it mass there, or lend ing a needed emphasis n. 重点;强调;加强语气. Each was built, all those now under construction are being built, w ith no thought for their subordination[sə,bɔ:di'neiʃən n. 从属;附属;[语]主从关系to any over-all effect.4 What, then, makes possible the fluid [ˈflu:ɪd] adj. 流动的;流畅的;不固定的andever-changing unity which does, in fact, exist? Quite simply, there are two things, both simple in themselves, which do the job. If they were not simple, they would not work; but they are, and they do.5 One is the gridiron[ˈgrɪdˌaɪən n.(炙烤食物用的)烤架;美式橄榄球球场;船架;火刑铁格pattern of the city’s streets— the same basic pattern which accounts for说明(原因、理由等Denver n. 丹佛(地名,美国城市), Houston, Little Rock, Birmingham, and almost any American town you can name, and the same pattern which, in the form of square townshipsn. 镇区;小镇, sections n. 截面,节段;型材(section的复数, and quarter n. 四分之一;sections, was imposed vi. 利用;欺骗;施加影响by the Ordinance'ɔ:dinəns]n. 条例of 1785 on an almost continental scale n. 规模. Wh atever its shortcomings when compared with the “discontinuous street patterns” of modern planned communities, this artificia l geometric[dʒiəu'metrik adj. 几何学的;几何学图形的grid[ɡrid]n. [计]网格;格子,栅格;输电网-imposed v. 欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于upon the land without regard to contours['kɔntuən. 轮廓;等高线;周线;电路;概要or any pre conceive d[ˌpri:kənˈsi:vd adj.预想的,先入为主的pattern of social zon ing n. (美)分区制;都市的区域划分— had at least the quality of rational['ræʃənəl adj. 合理的;理性的simplicity. And i t is this simple gridiron船架street pattern which, horizontally adv.水平地,横地, controls the spacing and arrangement of the rectangular 'rek'tæŋɡjuləadj. 矩形的;成直角的shafts n. 拍杆;轴;箭杆;杆状物which go to make up the skyline.6 The other thing which holds the skyline’s diversity together is t he structural principle of the skyscraper. When we think of individua l buildings, we tend to think of details of texture n. 质地;纹理;结构;本质,实质, color, and form, of surface ornamentation[,ɔ:nəmen'teiʃən]n. 装饰物or the lack of it. But as elements in Manhatten’s skyline, these th ings are of little consequence. What matters there is the vertical['və:tikəl adj. 垂直的,直立的;头顶的,顶点的thrust[θrʌst vt. 插;插入;推挤, the motion n. 动作;移动;手势;请求;意向upward; and that is the product of cage or skeleton['skelitən n. 骨架,骨骼, constr uction in steel — a system of construction which is, in effect, mere ly a three-dimensional[di'menʃən adj. 空间的;尺寸的variant['vεəriənt adj. 不同的;多样的n. 变体;转化of the gridiron street plan, extending vt. 延伸;扩大;推广vertically adv. 垂直地 instead of horizontally.7 The aesthetics[i:s'θetiks]n. 美学;美的哲学of cage, or skeleton['skelitən n. 骨架,, construction have never been fully anal yzed, nor am I equipped to analyze them. But as a lay observer, I am struck v. 罢工,打,打击(strike的过去式和过去分词by fundamental differences between the effect created by height in the RCA building abbr. 美国无线电公司(Radio Corporation of America 5 at Radio ci ty, for example, and the effect created by height in Chartres cathedr al[kə'θi:drəl]n. 大教堂6or in Giotto’s7 campanile. In both the latter (as in all the great architecture of the past) proportion n. 比例;部分;面积;均衡and symmetry['simitri n. 对称(性);整齐,匀称, the relation of height to width n. 宽度;广度, are constituent[kən'stitjuənt n. 成分;选民;委托人to the effect. One can say of a Gothic cathedral, “This tower is t oo high”; of a Romanesque adj.罗马风格的dome[dəum n. 圆屋顶, “This is top-heavy.” But there is nothing inherent adj. 固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的 in cage construction which would invite such judgments. A true skysc raper['skai,skreipə like the RCA building could be eighteen or twenty stories taller, or ten or a dozen stories shorter without changing its essent ial aesthetic adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的搜索effect. Once steel cage construction has passed a certain height, the effect of transitive adj. 及物的;过渡的;可迁的upward motion has been establishe d; from there on, the point at which you cut it off is arbitrary['ɑ:bitrəri adj.任意的;武断的;专制的and makes no difference.8 Those who are familiar with the history of the skyscraper will re member how slowly this fact was realized. Even Louis Sullivan— greatest of the early skyscraper architects — thought in terms of having to close off and climax n. 高潮;顶点;层进法;极点the upward motion of the tall building with an “attic n. 阁楼;顶楼;[” of co rnice['kɔ:nis n. 檐口,飞檐. His lesser contemporaries n. 同龄,同辈人(contemporary复数形式worked for years on the blin d掩饰;借口;assumption that the proportion n. 比例;部分;面积;均衡and symmetry n. 对称(性);整齐,匀称of masonry['meisənri n. 石工;石工行业;石造建筑architecture must be preserved adj. 保藏的in the new technique. If with th e steel cage one could go higher than with load-bearing masonry n. 石工;石工行业;石造建筑walls, the old aestheticeffects could be counterfeited v.仿制,造假( counterfeit的过去分词)by dressing the façade as if one or more buildings had been piled n. 堆;大量;建筑群on top of another — each retaining n.保留,保持,维持防护the illusi on n. 幻觉,错觉;错误of being complete in itself. You can still see such building s in New York: the first five stories perhaps a Greco-Roman temple, t he next ten a neuter n. 无性动物;中性名词;阉割动物adj. 中性的;warehouse n. 仓库;货栈;大商店, and the final five or six an Aztec pyramid8. And that Aztec pyramidn. 金字塔;角锥体is simply a cheap and thoughtless equivalent adj. 等价的,相等的;同意义的of the more s ubtle Sullivan cornice. Both structures attempt to close and climax the upward thrust[θrʌst]vt. 插;插入;推挤, to provide something similar to the Katharsis in Greek tragedy['trædʒidi n.悲剧;灾难;惨案.9 But the logic n.逻辑,逻辑学of cage construction requires no such climax n.顶点,极点;. It has less to do with the inner logic n. 逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性of masonry[ˈmeɪsənri 石工工程,砖瓦工工程;砖石建筑forms than with that ofthe old Globe-Wernicke sectional bookcases, whose interchangeable adj. 可互换的;可交换的;可交替的units (with glass-flap fronts) anticipated[æn'tisipeit adj. 预期的;期望的by fifty years the modular['mɔdjuləadj. 模块化的;模数的;有标准组件的, unit systems of so-called modern furniture. Those bookcases n. 书柜,书架were advertised in the ‘nineties as “always complete but never fin ished”— a phrase which could with equal propriety have been applie d to the Model-T Ford. Many of us remember with affection n. 喜爱,感情;影响;感染 that admirably simple mechanism n. 机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧, forever susceptible adj. 易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的to added gadgets[gæ,dʒets n. 小配件;小工具(gadget的复数)or improved parts, each of which was interchangeable with what you already had.10 Here, then, are the two things which serve to tie together the ot herwise irrelevant adj. 不相干的;不切题components of the Manhattan skyline: the gr idiron ground plan and the three-dimensional adj. 空间的;尺寸的vertical'və:tikəl]adj. 垂直的,直立的;头顶的,顶点的grid . [计]网格;格子,栅格;输电网of steel cage construction. And both of these are closely related to one another. Both are compo sed v. 组成;作曲(compose的过去分词);著作of simple and infinitely['infinitli adv. 无限地;极其repeatable units.。
skyscraper--摩天大楼科普
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The Sky is No Limit for the Tallest Buildings in the WorldSTEVE EMBER: Today we look up into the skies to explore the past and present of the tallest buildings in the world. Skyscrapers were first built in the late nineteenth century. Engineers then probably would not believe the soaring heights of today's tallest buildings.Skyscrapers represent modernity, power, and the expanding boundaries of human invention and new technology.BOB DOUGHTY: Skyscrapers were invented in the United States. As early as the eighteen eighties, two new technical developments made these taller buildings possible. One development was the mechanical elevator. The other is steel building technology.Many experts consider the Home Insurance Building in Chicago to be the first skyscraper. Built in eighteen eighty-five and later expanded, this tower was about fifty-five meters tall.STEVE EMBER: Today this would not be considered much of a skyscraper. But at the time, this height was striking.William Jenney was the engineer who helped build the Home Insurance Building. He realized the possibilities that steel frames could offer. Some people consider him the father of the skyscraper.Soon after his building was finished, builders in Chicago and New York City began copying and improving on the idea of building up. Builders in these cities and others would also begin competing for the title of "tallest building."BOB DOUGHTY: The Empire State Building in New York City is probably one of the most famous skyscrapers in the world. It held the title of tallest building for over forty years. It was completed in nineteenthirty-one and stands three hundred eighty-one meters tall.The next building to hold the record no longer exists. One World Trade Center tower in New York City was completed in nineteen seventy-two. Itmeasured four hundred seventeen meters. It was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September eleventh, two thousand one.STEVE EMBER: The next records for tallest buildings are in other countries. The two Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia measure four hundred fifty-two meters. They were followed by the Taipei 101 building in Taiwan, which is five hundred eight meters tall.The most recent addition to this list is the Tower in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. This building measures eight hundred twenty-eight meters in height. It cost an estimated one and a half billion dollars to create. The building's Web site says that as many as twelve thousand people were working on the building at the same time.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------STEVE EMBER: You might be wondering how the height of a building is officially measured. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat explains that early tall buildings were generally measured from the ground floor to the top of the building, not including flagpoles. By the nineteen thirties, some of the possible record-making skyscrapers were being designed with spires. Spires are the thin, pointy tops of buildings. These spires were considered an architectural part of the building, so their length was included in the building's height measurement.BOB DOUGHTY: Sometimes measurements can lead to debates[diˈbeit] and disputes[disˈpju:t]. The Council decided in nineteen ninety-six toinclude the height of the spires of the Petronas['petrəunəs] Towers. This led to its surpassing the height of the Sears Tower in Chicago by about ten meters. Many people felt this was unfair, because the Sears Tower's tall antenna[ænˈtenə] was not included in the official heightmeasurement.As a result, the Council now considers other height categories['kætigəri], such as highest occupied[ˈɔkjupaid] floor and highestantenna. The Tower in Dubai ['dju:bai]is not only the world's tallest building architecturally. It is also the tallest building when measuring height to tip, and highest occupied floors. But this record will probably not last for long. Builders in Dubai and China have already started plans for surpassing the height.STEVE EMBER: So far, we have discussed the reality of skyscrapers. But what would tall buildings look like if your imagination was the only limit?.A group of architecture students at Columbia University in New York started eVolo, a building design magazine. The magazine also holds a yearly skyscraper competition for the best ideas for redefining the role of skyscrapers.Judges for this contest studied how each design looks and how it uses new technologies and materials. This year there were four hundred thirty entries from forty-two countries. The judges chose three winners and gave special recognition to twenty-seven others.BOB DOUGHTY: First place went to a design for a skyscraper jail made by architecture students in Malaysia. Their aim was to create a prison city in the sky. It was designed to permit prisoners to live free and productive lives that would help people in the city below. The jail would contain fields and factories so that the prisoners could work to provide services to the larger community. The idea was to make it easier for prisoners to rejoin their communities after they served their jail sentences.Second place went to a team in Indonesia. They designed a large building that would clean a polluted river in Jakarta.And, third place went to a team in the United States for their "Nested Skyscraper." Built like a robot, this building can change, based on the conditions of the climate and city around it. The designers wanted to rethink the fixed and boxy skyscraper. Their building can bend, move, and change to be more useful in its setting in Tokyo, Japan.These interesting buildings are helping to show what skyscrapers and our cities might look like in the future.。
skylinesandskyscrapers[精品]
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Skylines and SkyscrapersJohn A. Kouwenhoven11 Those engaged adj. 使用中的,忙碌的in discovering America often begin by discove ring the Manhattan n. 曼哈顿岛(美国的一个区2 skyline n. 地平线;空中轮廓线;, and here as well as elsewhere adv. 在别处;到别处 they discover apparently adv. 显然地;似乎,表面上irreconcilable adj. 矛盾的;不能和解的;不能协调的opposites. They notice at once that it doesn’t make any sense, in human or aesthetic adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的terms. It is the product of insane[in'sein adj. 疯狂的;精神病的;极愚蠢的politics, greed, competitive ostentation[,ɔsten'teiʃən n. 卖弄;虚饰;虚有其表, megalomania, the worship n. 崇拜;礼拜;尊敬of false虚伪的;伪造的gods. Its products, in turn, are traffic jams, bad ven tilation[,venti'leiʃən]n. 通风设备;空气流通, noise, and all the other ills that metropolitan[,metrə'pɔlitən adj. 大都市的;大主教辖区的;宗主国的flesh is heir n. 继承人;后嗣;嗣子to3. And the net result is, illogically adv. 不合逻辑地enough, one of the most exaltedly exalted [eɡ'zɔ:ltid] adj. 高尚的;尊贵的;兴奋的beautiful things man has ever made.2 Perhaps this parado xical [,pærə'dɔksikəl adj. 矛盾的;诡论的;似非而是的result will be less bewildering [bi'wildə vt. 使迷惑,使不知所措if we look for a moment at the formal and structural adj. 结构的;建筑的principles which are involved in the skyline. It may be helpful to c onsider the skyline as we might consider a lyric ['lirik adj. 抒情的;吟唱的poem, or a novel, if we were trying to analyze its aesthetic [i:s'θetik adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的quality.3 Looked at in this way, it is clear that the total effect which we call “the Manhattan skyline” is made up of almost innumerable adj. 无数的,数不清的buildings, each in competition (for height, or glamour n. 魅力,魔力;迷人的美, or efficiency, or respectability n. 体面;可尊敬;有社会地位) with all of the others. Each goes its own way, as it were, in a ca rnival ['kɑ:nivəl n. 狂欢节,嘉年华会;饮宴狂of rugged adj.崎岖的;凹凸不平的;结实的;崴['rʌɡid arc hitectural individualism n. 个人主义;利己主义;个人特征4. And yet as witness to the universal adj. 普遍的;通用的;宇宙的;全世界的;全体的feeling of exaltation n.兴奋,得意洋洋and aspiration n. 渴望;抱负;呼气;吸引术which the skyline as a whole evokes[i'vəuk vt. 引起,唤起;博得out of this irrational[i'ræʃənəl adj. 不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的, unplanned, and often infuriat ing[ɪnˈfjʊərɪeɪtɪŋadj.令人大怒的chaos'keiɔs n. 混沌,混乱, an unforeseen unity has evolved vt. 发展,进化;进化;使逐步形成;推断. No building ever bui lt in New York was placed where it was, or shaped as it was, because it would contribute to the aesthetic[i:s'θetik adj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的effect of the skyline-lifting it here, giving it mass there, or lend ing a needed emphasis n. 重点;强调;加强语气. Each was built, all those now under construction are being built, w ith no thought for their subordination[sə,bɔ:di'neiʃən n. 从属;附属;[语]主从关系to any over-all effect.4 What, then, makes possible the fluid [ˈflu:ɪd] adj. 流动的;流畅的;不固定的andever-changing unity which does, in fact, exist? Quite simply, there are two things, both simple in themselves, which do the job. If they were not simple, they would not work; but they are, and they do.5 One is the gridiron[ˈg rɪdˌaɪən n.(炙烤食物用的)烤架;美式橄榄球球场;船架;火刑铁格pattern of the city’s streets— the same basic pattern which accounts for说明(原因、理由等Denver n. 丹佛(地名,美国城市), Houston, Little Rock, Birmingham, and almost any American town you can name, and the same pattern which, in the form of square townships n. 镇区;小镇, sections n. 截面,节段;型材(section的复数, and quarter n. 四分之一;sections, was imposed vi. 利用;欺骗;施加影响by the Ordinance'ɔ:dinəns]n. 条例of 1785 on an almost continental scale n. 规模. Wh atever its shortcomings when compared with the “discontinuous street patterns” of modern planned communities, this artificial g eometric[dʒiəu'metrik adj. 几何学的;几何学图形的grid[ɡrid]n. [计]网格;格子,栅格;输电网-imposed v. 欺骗(impose的过去分词);把…强加于upon the land without regard to contours['kɔntuən. 轮廓;等高线;周线;电路;概要or any pre conceive d[ˌp ri:kənˈsi:vd adj.预想的,先入为主的pattern of social zon ing n. (美)分区制;都市的区域划分— had at least the quality of rational['ræʃənəl adj. 合理的;理性的simplicity. And i t is this simple gridiron船架street pattern which, horizontally adv.水平地,横地, controls the spacing and arrangement of the rectangular 'rek'tæŋɡjuləadj. 矩形的;成直角的shafts n. 拍杆;轴;箭杆;杆状物which go to make up the skyline.6 The other thing which holds the skyline’s diversity together is t he structural principle of the skyscraper. When we think of individua l buildings, we tend to think of details of texture n. 质地;纹理;结构;本质,实质, color, and form, of surface ornamentation[,ɔ:nəmen'teiʃən]n. 装饰物or the l ack of it. But as elements in Manhatten’s skyline, these th ings are of little consequence. What matters there is the vertical['və:tikəl adj. 垂直的,直立的;头顶的,顶点的thrust[θrʌst vt. 插;插入;推挤, the motion n. 动作;移动;手势;请求;意向upward; and that is the product of cage or skeleton['skelitən n. 骨架,骨骼, constr uction in steel — a system of construction which is, in effect, mere ly a three-dimensional[di'menʃən adj. 空间的;尺寸的variant['vεəriənt adj. 不同的;多样的n. 变体;转化of the gridiron street plan, extending vt. 延伸;扩大;推广vertically adv. 垂直地 instead of horizontally.7 The aesthetics[i:s'θetiks]n. 美学;美的哲学of cage, or skeleton['skelitən n. 骨架,, construction have never been fully anal yzed, nor am I equipped to analyze them. But as a lay observer, I am struck v. 罢工,打,打击(strike的过去式和过去分词by fundamental differences between the effect created by height in the RCA building abbr. 美国无线电公司(Radio Cor poration of Amer ica 5 at Radio ci ty, for example, and the effect created by height in Chartres cathedr al[kə'θi:drəl]n. 大教堂6or in Giotto’s7 campanile. In both the latter (as in all the great architecture of the past) proportion n. 比例;部分;面积;均衡and symmetry['simitri n. 对称(性);整齐,匀称, the relation of height to width n. 宽度;广度, are constituent[kən'stitjuənt n. 成分;选民;委托人to the effect. One can say of a Gothic cathedral, “This tower is t oo high”; of a Romanesque adj.罗马风格的dome[d əum n. 圆屋顶, “This is top -heavy.” But there is nothing inherentadj. 固有的;内在的;与生俱来的,遗传的in cage construction which would invite such judgments. A true skyscraper ['skai,skreip əlike the RCA building could be eighteen or twenty stories taller, or ten or a dozen stories shorter without changing its essent ial aestheticadj. 美的;美学的;审美的,具有审美趣味的搜索effect. Once steel cage construction has passed acertain height , the effect of transitive adj. 及物的;过渡的;可迁的upward motion has been establishe d; from there on, the point at which you cut it off is arbitrary['ɑ:bitrəri adj.任意的;武断的;专制的and makes no difference.8 Those who are familiar with the history of the skyscraper will re member how slowly this fact was realized. Even Louis Sullivan — grea test of the early skyscraper architects — thought in terms of having to close off and climaxn. 高潮;顶点;层进法;极点the upward motion of the tall building with an “attic n. 阁楼;顶楼;[” of co rnice['k ɔ:nis n. 檐口,飞檐. His lesser contemporaries n. 同龄,同辈人(contemporary 复数形式worked for years on the blin d 掩饰;借口;assumption that the proportionn. 比例;部分;面积;均衡and symmetry n. 对称(性);整齐,匀称of masonry['meis ənri n. 石工;石工行业;石造建筑architecture must be preserved adj. 保藏的in the new technique. If with th e steel cage one could go higher than with load-bearing masonryn. 石工;石工行业;石造建筑walls, the old aestheticeffects could be counterfeited v.仿制,造假( counterfeit 的过去分词 )by dressing the façade as i f one or more buildings had been piledn. 堆;大量;建筑群on top of another — each retaining n.保留,保持,维持防护the illusion n. 幻觉,错觉;错误of being complete in itself. You can still see such building s in New York: the first five stories perhaps a Greco-Roman temple , t he next ten a neuter n. 无性动物;中性名词;阉割动物adj. 中性的;warehousen. 仓库;货栈;大商店, and the final five or six an Aztec pyramid 8. And that Aztec pyramidn. 金字塔;角锥体is simply a cheap and thoughtless equivalent adj. 等价的,相等的;同意义的of the more subtle Sullivan cornice. Both structures attempt to close and climax the upward thrust[θrʌst] vt. 插;插入;推挤, to provide something similar to the Katharsis in Greek tragedy['trædʒidi n. 悲剧;灾难;惨案.9 But the logic n.逻辑,逻辑学of cage construction requires no such climax n.顶点,极点;. It has less to do with the inner logic n. 逻辑;逻辑学;逻辑性of masonry[ˈmeɪsənri 石工工程,砖瓦工工程;砖石建筑forms than with that ofthe old Globe-Wernicke sectional bookcases, whose interchangeable adj. 可互换的;可交换的;可交替的units (with glass-flap fronts) anticipated[æn'tisipeit adj. 预期的;期望的by fifty years the modular['mɔdjuləadj. 模块化的;模数的;有标准组件的, unit systems of so-called modern furniture. Those bookcases n. 书柜,书架were advertised in the ‘nineties as “always complete but never fin ished”— a phrase which could with equal propriety have been applie d to the Model-T Ford. Many of us remember with affection n. 喜爱,感情;影响;感染that admirably simple mechanism n. 机制;原理,途径;进程;机械装置;技巧, forever susceptible adj. 易受影响的;易感动的;容许…的to added gadgets[gæ,dʒets n. 小配件;小工具(gadget的复数)or improved parts, each of which was interchangeable with what you already had.10 Here, then, are the two things which serve to tie together the ot herwise irrelevant adj. 不相干的;不切题components of the Manhattan skyline: the gr idiron ground plan and the three-dimensional adj. 空间的;尺寸的vertical'və:tikəl]adj. 垂直的,直立的;头顶的,顶点的grid . [计]网格;格子,栅格;输电网of steel cage construction. And both of these are closely related to one another. Both are compo sed v. 组成;作曲(compose的过去分词);著作of simple and infinitely['infinitli adv. 无限地;极其repeatable units.。
skylines and skyscrapers课文主旨
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skylines and skyscrapers课文主旨标题:城市天际线和摩天大楼:改变城市面貌和生活方式的力量引言:城市天际线和摩天大楼是现代城市发展中的重要组成部分,它们不仅改变了城市的面貌,还对城市的经济、文化、社会生活产生了深远影响。
本文将探讨城市天际线和摩天大楼对城市发展带来的影响,并分析其在经济、文化和社会层面上的作用。
同时,我们将讨论摩天大楼设计和建造过程中的技术创新,并考察对城市未来发展的影响。
一、城市天际线和摩天大楼的定义及发展城市天际线定义:城市天际线是指由城市内的高楼、摩天大楼和其他建筑物组成的轮廓线,反映了城市的建筑特点和风貌。
摩天大楼定义:摩天大楼指的是高度超过一定标准的建筑物,通常用来指代高度超过150米的建筑。
摩天大楼的出现标志着城市发展进入了新的阶段。
城市天际线和摩天大楼的发展:随着城市化进程的加速,各大城市纷纷争相建造高楼大厦,形成独特的城市天际线。
20世纪初,美国芝加哥的“西德尼-巴比特”大厦成为世界上第一座现代摩天大楼,对后来的摩天大楼建造起到了开创性的作用。
此后,纽约、迪拜、上海等世界各大城市相继建造了一系列标志性的摩天大楼,推动了城市天际线的发展。
二、城市天际线和摩天大楼对经济的影响1.经济增长和投资吸引力:摩天大楼的建造往往需要庞大的资金投入,可以促进城市经济的增长,并吸引外部投资。
2.聚集效应:摩天大楼的建立可以吸引各种企业、金融机构和商家进驻,形成集聚效应,提高城市的产业集中度和经济活力。
3.增加土地利用效率:摩天大楼可以在有限的土地上建设更多的建筑物,提高土地利用效率,解决城市扩张面临的土地压力。
三、城市天际线和摩天大楼对文化的影响1.建筑风格与城市形象:摩天大楼的建设往往与独特的建筑风格和设计理念相关,成为城市文化的重要组成部分,塑造了城市的形象。
2.建筑艺术与城市美学:摩天大楼的设计追求创新和独特性,不仅在技术上突破,还引领了建筑艺术的发展,并对城市景观起到美学上的提升作用。
skylines and skyscraper
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Skylines and SkyscrapersIntroductionSkylines and skyscrapers are iconic elements of modern cities. They represent the growth and development of urban areas and often serve as symbols of economic success and architectural excellence. This document will explore the significance of skylines and skyscrapers, their history, and the factors that contribute to their design and construction.The Significance of Skylines and SkyscrapersSymbol of Urban DevelopmentSkylines and skyscrapers are often seen as a reflection of a city’s progress and economic prosperity. As cities grow and develop, buildings become taller and more elaborate, resulting in an impressive skyline. A distinctive skyline can enhance a city’s reputation, attracting tourists, businesses, and investment.Architectural ExcellenceSkyscrapers are marvels of architectural engineering. Their unique designs push the boundaries of what is possible in terms of height, structure, and aesthetics. Architects and engineers constantly strive to create innovative and visuallystunning skyscrapers that become landmarks for their respective cities.Utilization of SpaceAs urban areas become more crowded, skyscrapers provide a practical solution to the limited availability of land. By building upwards rather than outwards, cities can optimize space utilization, accommodating more people, offices, and amenities within a limited area.History of Skylines and SkyscrapersEarly DevelopmentsThe concept of skyscrapers can be traced back to the late 19th century. With advancements in steel production and the invention of the elevator, architects and builders began to experiment with taller buildings. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, completed in 1885, is often considered the world’s first skyscraper, standing at 10 stories tall.The Rise of Modern SkyscrapersThe early 20th century witnessed a surge in skyscraper construction, particularly in major American cities. Buildings like the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building in New York City became iconic symbols of the Art Deco architectural style. These skyscrapers not only reached extraordinary heights but also featured ornate designs and intricate detailing.Contemporary SkyscrapersIn recent decades, the construction of skyscrapers has expanded beyond North America to cities all over the world. Countries like China, the United Arab Emirates, and Malaysia have become known for their skyscraper-filled skylines. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, completed in 2010, currently holds the title of the world’s tallest sky scraper, reaching an astonishing height of 828 meters.Factors Influencing Design and ConstructionStructural EngineeringDesigning and constructing skyscrapers require specialized knowledge in structural engineering. Buildings must be able to withstand wind forces, seismic activity, and other environmental factors. Engineers incorporate innovative structural systems, such as steel frames or reinforced concrete cores, to provide stability and ensure the safety of occupants.Aesthetics and ArchitectureWhile functionality and safety are essential, aesthetics also play a significant role in skyscraper design. Architects strive to create visually striking buildings that capture the essence of a city. Unique shapes, iconic silhouettes, and impressive facades contribute to the overall appeal of a skyscraper.Sustainable DesignAs the world becomes more environmentally conscious, sustainability has become a crucial aspect of skyscraper design. Building materials, energy efficiency, and waste management are carefully considered to minimize the environmental impact of these tall structures. Green technologies, such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting systems, are often incorporated to reduce energy consumption and increase sustainability.ConclusionSkylines and skyscrapers are integral parts of modern cities, representing urban development, architectural excellence, and space optimization. Understanding the history and significance of skylines and skyscrapers can help us appreciate these landmarks as more than just impressive structures. The design and construction of skyscrapers will continue to evolve, creating increasingly awe-inspiring city skylines around the world.Note: This document is written in Markdown format.。
how skyscrapers work雅思阅读
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一、高楼大厦的定义和特点高楼大厦,俗称摩天楼,是指高度超过一定标准的建筑物。
这些建筑物通常具有独特的外观和标志性的地标意义。
高楼大厦的建造通常需要考虑到许多因素,如结构设计、材料选择、通风与采光等。
二、摩天楼的结构设计高楼大厦的结构设计是其建造过程中最重要的部分之一。
结构设计需要考虑到建筑物的高度、承重能力、抗震能力等因素。
一般来说,高楼大厦的结构设计包括了框架结构、钢筋混凝土结构、以及最近兴起的钢结构。
这些结构在确保建筑物稳定性的也使得建筑物能够承受风压和地震等自然灾害的影响。
三、摩天楼的材料选择在高楼大厦的建造过程中,材料的选择是至关重要的。
一般来说,高楼大厦的主要结构材料有钢结构和混凝土。
钢结构通常用于建筑物的主要承重结构,而混凝土则用于填充和加固结构。
为了提高建筑物的牢固程度和美观度,建筑师还会选择一些特殊的外墙装饰材料。
四、高楼大厦的通风与采光在高楼大厦建造过程中,通风与采光是需要特别考虑的因素之一。
通风与采光直接影响到建筑物的舒适度和健康性。
为了保证高楼大厦内部的空气流通和光线充足,建筑师通常会设计一些通风口和采光设施,并在外墙装饰中选用透光材料。
五、高楼大厦的节能设计随着人们对环保和节能意识的不断提高,高楼大厦的节能设计也成为了建筑师们重点考虑的问题。
通过选用合适的建筑材料、设计合理的供暖和空调系统、以及采用节能照明设备等措施,高楼大厦可以大大减少能源的消耗,实现可持续发展。
六、高楼大厦的安全管理由于高楼大厦的高度、建筑材料等因素,建筑物的安全管理显得尤为重要。
除了设计合理的消防设施和紧急疏散通道外,建筑物的定期检查和维护也是保证建筑物安全的重要条件之一。
七、高楼大厦的应用与发展高楼大厦不仅仅是城市的地标性建筑,更是城市发展和进步的象征。
随着城市化进程的不断推进,越来越多的高楼大厦被建造出来,为城市增添了独特的风景线。
高楼大厦的建造也带动了相关产业的发展,为城市经济增长和就业创造了机会。
介绍高楼大厦的英语作文
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介绍高楼大厦的英语作文Skyscrapers are a defining feature of modern city skylines, and they have become symbols of urban power and progress. These towering structures are marvels of engineering and design, and they serve a variety of functions, from office spaces to residential units to commercial centers. In this essay, we will explore the significance of skyscrapers and examine their impact on urban landscapes.Skyscrapers are often seen as a symbol of a city's economic strength and global influence. Their towering presence conveys a sense of power and ambition, and they are often used as a backdrop for important events and celebrations. In many ways, skyscrapers have become synonymous with urban success and prosperity.From a practical standpoint, skyscrapers provide much-needed space in densely populated urban areas. By building upwards, cities can accommodate more people and businesses without expanding outward, which can help preserve green spaces and reduce urban sprawl. Skyscrapers also offer impressive views of the city and the surrounding landscape, making them desirable locations for both living and working.In addition to their function as office and residential spaces, skyscrapers often serve as iconic landmarks and tourist attractions. Visitors flock to observation decks and rooftop restaurants to enjoy panoramic views of the city, and many skyscrapers have become popular symbols of their respective cities. The Empire State Building in New York City, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, and the Shanghai Tower in China are just a few examples of skyscrapers that have achieved global recognition and fame.Despite their many benefits, skyscrapers also pose challenges for urban planners and architects. Building and maintaining these tall structures requires careful planning and engineering expertise, and concerns about safety, environmental impact, and urban density must be carefully considered. Additionally, the construction of skyscrapers can disrupt local communities and create issues related to traffic, noise, and air quality.In conclusion, skyscrapers are impressive feats of engineering and design that have become symbols of urban progress and prosperity. While they offer valuable space and amenities, they also present challenges for urban development and sustainability. As cities continue to grow and evolve, therole of skyscrapers in shaping urban landscapes will remain a topic of great interest and importance.摩天大楼是现代城市天际线的标志性特征,它们已经成为城市力量和进步的象征。
形容城市生活的英语
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形容城市生活的英语摘要:1.城市生活的特点2.形容城市生活的英语词汇和短语3.城市生活英语例句正文:城市生活充满了活力和多样性。
每一天都充满了新的机会和挑战,无论是在工作上还是在娱乐方面。
尽管城市生活有时会感到喧嚣和压力,但是它也提供了无数的机会和资源,让人们去探索和学习。
对于学习英语的人来说,了解如何形容城市生活是非常重要的。
以下是一些形容城市生活的英语词汇和短语:1.Urban - 城市的2.Bustling - 繁忙的3.Diverse - 多样性的4.Fast-paced - 快节奏的5.Concrete jungle - 混凝土丛林6.Skyscrapers - 摩天大楼7.Traffic jam - 交通堵塞8.Crowded - 拥挤的9.Noise pollution - 噪音污染10.Hustle and bustle - 喧嚣和繁忙以下是一些城市生活英语例句:1.New York City is a bustling metropolis with a diverse population and a fast-paced lifestyle.(纽约市是一个繁忙的大都市,人口多样,生活节奏快。
)2.I love the hustle and bustle of the city, but sometimes the noise pollution is overwhelming.(我喜欢城市的喧嚣和繁忙,但有时候噪音污染让人难以承受。
)3.The concrete jungle of Tokyo is home to some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world.(东京的混凝土丛林里有世界上最高的摩天大楼。
)4.The traffic jam in Beijing can be frustrating, but it"s a small price to pay for living in such a vibrant city.(北京的交通堵塞让人沮丧,但这是为生活在如此充满活力的城市所付出的小小代价。
曼哈顿悬日英文文章写景
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曼哈顿悬日英文文章写景New Yorkers were wowed on Wednesday by a sunset that was perfectly framed by skyscrapers,thanks to an urbanastronomicalphenomenon known as Manhattanhenge.美国纽约当地周三晚,出现“曼哈顿悬日”这一城市天文现象:落日完美地镶嵌在摩天大厦之间,引来纽约人惊叹不已。
The same planetary tilt that determines the seasons also dictates exactly where the sun will go down each evening—and because of the way that Manhattan's dominant street grid is laid out,killer sunsets are potentially visible from some of theborough's best-known east-west streets in late May and mid-July.地球自转轴倾斜,造成季节更替,也决定了每晚太阳下落的位置。
由于曼哈顿主街区的网格分布,每年五月下旬和七月中旬,人们可以去往该地区最著名的东西走向的街道,观看令人叹为观止的日落美景。
Tuesday's ceremony was rained out,but the skies were clear enough on Wednesday to make for some beautiful postings on photo-sharing sites such as Instagram and Twitter,Flickr and Facebook.由于周二下雨,悬日美景并未出现。
纽约的10个绰号及其来历
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纽约的10个绰号及其来历一个纽约城就有10个绰号,也许你知道几个,但一定不全吧。
这篇文章就带大家一一了解一下这些绰号及它们的来历。
1. The Big Apple大苹果Jazz musicians called New York City "the Big Apple" in the 1920s and 1930s. They got the term from a horse track worker who said where to a horserace in NYC was referred to as the Big Apple.上世纪二三十年代的时候,爵士乐音乐家们称纽约市为“大苹果”,他们主要是从赛马场工人口中得知的,那些赛马场工人在谈论纽约马赛的时候称之为“大苹果”。
2. The City that Never Sleeps不眠之城A New York City nickname popularized from lyrics in the song "New York, New York" by the one and only Frank Sinatra.纽约的这个绰号之所以有名,是因为我们独一无二的弗兰克·辛纳屈在歌曲《纽约,纽约》的歌词里唱过。
3. The Empire City帝国城市David Stravitz first printed this name in his photographic book titled New York, Empire City: 1920-1945. It represents New York City's wealth and resources. First president George Washington saw New York as the "seat of empire".大卫·斯塔拉维兹在他出版的画册《纽约,帝国城市:1920-1945》中首次将纽约称为帝国城市;其代表了纽约市的财富和资源。
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Burj Dubai
architectural image:
Several connective tubular towers form the building Top view of the tower shaped like "Y" Attracts more and more movies to film the exterior
The Advantages of Skyscrapers
Architectural modeling design is special
Take the latest precautions against earthquakes
and wind
Take more effective use of limited land source Bring significant economic benefits to city
Disadvantages
1.economic crisis 2.potential safety hazard
•terrorist attack •earthquake •fire hazard
3.environment
sunlight noise air quality
English Speech
balance the relationship between skyscrapers and environment
use vanguard design philosophy
Thanks for your attention
English Speech
Skyscrapers
● ● ● ● ●
English Speech
Home Insurance Building
The History of Skyscrapers
1、The building to be higher
YEAR 1885 1890 1894 1899 1908 1909 NAME Home Insurance Building World Building Manhattan Life Insurance Park Row Building Singer Building Met Life Tower CITY Chicago NewYork NewYork NewYork NewYork NewYork HEIGHT 54.9 meters 94.2 meters 106.1 meters 119.2 meters 186.6 meters 213.4 meters
YEAR 1930 1931 1972
NAME Chrysler Building Empire State Building World Trade Center
CITY NewYork NewYork NewYork
HEIGHT 281.9 meters 381 meters 417 meters
well-known seven-star "Burj Al Arab Hotel"
Technology: It use double membrane structure architecture form The super long rope of elevator has seismic effect
Terrorist Attacks and Natural Disasters
English Speech
Landscape Impact
English Speech
Health Effects
what we sould do
we should slow down the speed of building more skyscrapers
1974 2004
2010
Sears Tower Taipei 101
Burj Khalifa
Chicago Taibei
Dubai
452 meters 508 meters
828meters
125 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ears
Height
15 times 54.9meters 828 meters
828 meters