雅思大作文专项突破：垃圾增多的原因
垃圾处理的雅思英语作文
垃圾处理的雅思英语作文关于垃圾处理的雅思英语作文在当今社会,大城市和农村都在广泛使用不可生物降解的垃圾塑料容器和餐具。
面对这些垃圾，我们该怎么办?下面有店铺整理的关于这个话题的雅思范文，大家可以参考参考。
如何面对永不消失的垃圾Many people say that we have developed into a “throw-away society”, because we are filling up our environment with so many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. To want extent do you agree with this opinion and what measures can you recommend to reduce this problem?In present-day society, plastic containers and utensils are extensively used in big cities and the countryside alike. They are so ubiquitous I would hazard the guess that each one of us has seen, at one time or another, the unsightly scene of plastic bags swirling in the wind. These plastic shopping bags, chopsticks, to-go boxes and mineral-water bottles, to name but a few, when not properly disposed of, create a colossal amount of non-biodegradable refuse. Therefore, some people argue that we have embarked upon a “throw-away” era when plastic trash is largely dumped indiscriminately and irresponsibly (this practice is often labeled “white pollution” on account of the color of plastic wastes). Personally , I wholeheartedly support their view.There are numerous reasons for this worrisome phenomenon coming into being. To begin with , at present the bulk of people who shop and/or eat out regularly are still poorly-informed, uninformed or misinformed about the pernicious influence that non-biodegradable pollutants exert on the ecosystem, which is the main culprit in the global-scalemishandling of the plastic wastes. The chief component of such trash is polythene, which cannot decompose on landfill sites over the process of the next hundreds of years if no major scientific breakthrough comes along in polythene treatment. Thus, such trash must be dealt with collectively rather than be scattered like tumbleweeds. Secondly, the proliferation of plastic shopping bags and eating ware is largely fuelled by the surging, headlong consumerism. Plastic containers and utensils are lighter in weight, cheaper(often free of charge) in price and water-resistant in performance. These superior properties make them preferable to their paper and cloth counterparts in customers’ eyes; and as consumer satisfaction reigns supreme in contemporary society, compared with superb portability, affordability and utility, how to dispose of them is the last thing the customers are concerned about. Additionally, plastic bags, wrap and containers are also commercially feasible since they are cheaper to manufacture, ship and store. These mercenary considerations also have prompted the good old cloth or paper bags to be supplanted by plastic bags but over the phasing-out process, few stores and restaurants advocate or encourage the use of environmentally—benign disposal of plastic trash, hence the whole slew of non-biodegradable garbage. And environmental hazards ensue.Given the scale and severity of “white pollution”, we must take immediate steps to address this scourge. In the first place, we must do our utmost to enhance people’s awareness of how persistent and devastating non-biodegradable trash can be to our environment and our posterity’s. Secondly, retail stores and dining establishments should spare no effort in encouraging their customers to reuse plastic packing items. Furthermore, indiscriminate and irresponsible dumping of household garbageor personal junk should be outlawed by the legislature and heavy fines or even jail terms must be imposed on those compulsive litterbugs who fail to get their act together. Then , on the part of the biochemical researchers and technologists , scientific research must be launched here and now in pursuit of effectual ways to convert non-biodegradable refuse to biodegradable refuse. Last but not least, the government must not shirk its obligations in mobilizing scientific resources and rallying popular support in the crusade against “white pollution”. Neither should it pay just lip service to relevant research and campaigns if no enough funding can be obtained otherwise. Additionally, I am convinced a customer tax levied by the government on the use of plastic bags will also help to curb this massive “white pollution”.The havoc non-biodegradable refuse can wreak on the ecosystem is beyond our imagination. It can eventually devastate soil, water and the aquatic and terrestrial biota. We must start combating this environmental catastrophe before the ecosystem irretrievably breaks down under the reign of the minute plastic debris.参考翻译在当今社会,塑料容器和餐具是广泛使用在大城市和农村。
雅思英语写作范文：垃圾问题
The roads are dotted with trash, the railways are littered with decaying garbage and our cities are disgraced by plastic bags. Lately, the worsening rubbish problem has aroused people’s wide concern. Some hold the belief that it is an overstatement to claim that people have formed a “throw away” society, and that they just discard the used items, which is necessary. Others, however, firmly contend that people do develop a habit of throwing things away. Personally, I firmly side with the latter. It is no doubt that our cities are on the way towards becoming a huge landfill. To begin with, people are in the habit of littering. Nowadays, people tend to discard old items like outdated furniture and worn-out appliance, which are actually recoverable. Furthermore, due to the inadequate facilities of garbage collection, people throw away their refuse everywhere at will. In addition, rubbish is in rapid increase. In the first place the quickening tempo of modern lifestyle gives rise to people’s favor of disposable items for sake of convenience, which greatly adds the amount of rubbish. In the second place, the development of science and technology also contributes to it. It generates new product in a more frequent way, which makes the old ones cast aside as rubbish at a quicker pace. Consequently, our cities are decorated with trash.. In view of the severity of the issue, we should adopt immediate measure to address it. First of all, the government should play a leading role. It ought to bring in strong anti-littering laws, backed by heavy penalties and effective enforcement, to tackle the littering behaviors. Also, officials should make good use of mass media to promote the public’s awareness of environmental protection, making sure that everyone will become a conscious environment protector. Additionally, scientists can develop efficient technologies to degrade and recycle the rubbish. Research findings reveal that 63% of the refuse nowadays are recycled. Finally, it is essential for schools to attach importance to environmental education, so that every child will become environmentally friendly and get rid of the littering habit. In conclusion, people’s littering habit is turning our communities into a rubbish holder. It is high time that we took joint effort to solve the rubbish problem. Otherwise, we will live with rubbish in the future.该道路点缀着垃圾，铁路上到处是腐烂的垃圾，我们的城市是由塑料袋灰头⼟脸。
英语考试作文-8日雅思写作真题及7分范文：垃圾处理问题
英语考试作文8日雅思写作真题及7分范文：垃圾处理问题9月8日场的雅思考试已经结束，下面为大家带来本场雅思写作大作文真题回忆及范文，题目为：We have developed a “throw-away”society and are filling the environment with many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. What measures should be taken to combat the problem? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.本周考的是一个环境类的老题目。
我们现在的社会是一个浪费型的社会(a throw-away society)，随处可见被扔弃不用的东西。
本题要求分析这个现象产生的原因及解决办法。
就原因而言，大家可能想到的生活水平提高了，物质太丰富了，这是老雅经常谈到的物质层面上的原因。
如果我们再往下想一想，可能就想到，我们乱扔东西，可能还有一个心理层面上的原因：出于方便(out of convenience)。
除此之外，当然还有一个社会层面的原因，即消费社会鼓励大家扔弃旧东西，换新时尚。
在这类分析原因类的考题中，大家都可以按照这三个层面去思考，就容易写得更有逻辑一些。
就解决办法而言，无非也就两条：一是国家层面，制定法规，让大家对垃圾进行分类回收，二是个人层面，提高大家垃圾回收的意识。
我们在构思任何一篇雅思作文的时候，都应该写出层次，这是雅思作文批判思维的基本要求。
各位烤鸭应该在这方面积累经验。
雅思写作范文Ours is a “throw-away” society strongly influenced by consumerism as we value convenience over environmental protection. We throw away out of convenience, and societal conventions have us move on to the next fad or technology. For example, we are dumping large quantities of thrash, such as plastic bags and diapers, that we cannot fully dispose of. Likewise, we are discarding televisions, cell phones, computers and other used items in exchange of new ones that unsurprisingly will become our future garbage. Under these circumstances, environmental pollution is the cruel price we have to pay for the consumerism culture in the age of mass production. Even though our society as a whole is increasingly aware of the environmental pollution, more has to be done to prevent the problem from worsening.我们的社会是一个受消费主义强烈影响的“浪费型”社会，因为我们更看重方便而不是环境保护。
雅思环境英语作文 我们制造出越来越多的垃圾,政府怎么改善？
Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening?What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.You should write at least 250 words.Model Answer 1:The modern society is generating an increasing amount of waste and the waste management has become one of the pressing issues both indeveloping and developed countries. With the inevitable rise in population and industrialisation, this problem will be further aggravated. The government can help decrease waste production by educating the public and by promoting recycling. The global population has reached a staggering seven billion recently. Solid waste is a by-product of this phenomenon. This number is expected to balloon to nine billion by 2050 if the current trend goes on. The amount of trash produced is likewise expected to rise. Manufacturing industries also contribute to the total of accumulated waste. While market demands go higher, the number of factories builtalso increases to satisfy this demand. This unsavoury problem has taken centre stage as the world focused on tackling global warming. One way that the government can help alleviate this burden on the environment is by educating the culprits –the general public. By promoting the use of reusable bags when shopping, the amount of plastic bags can be greatly reduced. Furthermore, the government can also run advertisements and put up posters in ways that a household can reduce the trash it generates. Another step that the government may undertake is through sound recycling. It must invest in a technology that can be managedthrough the municipal level. To encourage its citizens to adhere to this program, collection areas for recyclable materials must be accessible. Sweden has set these areas within 300 meters from residential areas and so far they are succeeding. To conclude, it is a fact that the human population will continue to rise. In order for the world’s natural resources remain sustainable, the government and the public must cooperate to find a solution to this ever-present problem.Model Answer 2:Of late, humans are producing a ginormous amount of garbage - both domestic and industrial. There are many causes for the proliferation of rubbish these days. This essay delves into the causes and the remedial actions by the government to subdue the acute problem of debris. To begin with, the rapid growth of garbage is directly linked to the overwhelming number of population. To elucidate, As the number of people grows the number of products they consume also rises. This, in turn, inflates the waste production. Moreover, to meet the growing demands, new industries have to be set up which aggravate the situation further. To addmore to that, modern life is practising throw-away culture. As the name suggested, people are less interested in using repaired commodities. Instead, they dispose old project and buy a new merchandise. There are numerous steps that a government can undertake to alleviate this condition. For instance, as plastic makes up almost 70 percent of the hoard of garbage, many authorities have put a ban on polythene usage. The other steps involve, government to exert strict ordinance to monitor the waste produced by industries. Furthermore, they can take up the initiative to encourage citizens to keep their surroundingsclean. To recapitulate, the rise in population is the primary factor for an increase in littler. Another prominent attribute is the fostering of the throw-away culture. The government can take many measures to fight this problem. Few of them are banning eco-unfriendly products, applying stringent supervising on factories and encouraging residents to keep the community clean. Written by - Mashood BashaModel Answer 4:Nowadays humans are producing more and more rubbish. Scientists argue why this problem appears in human life. The role of governmentsin reducing the amount of rubbish should be more or less. The amount of waste we produce has increased. This problem is a result of our consumer culture. Advertisers encourage us to buy the newest fashions. If something breaks, we throw it away and buy a new one. Products are not made to last. The amount of household waste is growing because most foods are sold non-biodegradable plastic packaging. This waste ends up in landfill sites. People do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish. They assume that somebody is responsible for cleaning the streets, but they do not know who is this somebody. Most of the litterseen on streets is fast food packaging. The plastic packaging does not break down easily. Companies should make goods that last longer. They should not use so much packaging. Governments should be stricter, about waste produced by companies. They should put legal limits on the packaging. Consumers should avoid buying over-packaged products. We should recycle and reuse useful materials. There are collection banks for paper, glass and plastic bottles. Households can use several rubbish bins to separate waste. Recycling saves energy and raw materials. Governments should invest in transforming human culture, away fromconsumerism towards a culture of sustainability. They could impose green tax on drivers and airline companies. Government campaigns should promote recycling. Individuals should also try to be greener. We should recycle as much as possible. To summarise, it seems either governments or people should be responsible for the amount of rubbish is produced. Also, all human being should learn to be more environmentally friendly.Model Answer 5:The environment today is threatened by many factors such as air pollution and so on. However,among the most concerning is the increase in the amount of waste production. It is argued that the main causes of this are the availability of poor quality products and over-population. To tackle these issues, government's role will be analysed for viability. To begin with, consumerism plays a key role in the rise of garbage around the world. Nowadays, people prefer replacing the old items with the new one when the existing one stops working, which in turn adds to the waste produced. In addition, the increase in the count of inhabitants means more people throwing the products which directly increases the quantity of sewage produced.Thus, it is apparent that both these factors are dependent on each other and thereby, contribute equally towards the rubbish addition. To counter this, the government can play a major role by monitoring the objects manufactured by the companies. In other words, they can enforce these organisations to produce durable items which can be used for the longer duration. As a consequence, disposing of products will be minimised and hence, the amount of waste produced will also be reduced to a greater extent. Along with this, legal entities should concentrate on educating society about the negative effects of excessive population andwork together for controlling this growth. As it is clear, that population rise and less robust equipment's have led to the boost in the sewage within the nation. It is thus hoped that the government will implement regulations for developing sturdy products and thus, discourage people from creating rubbish.Model Answer 6:It is undeniable that the increment of rubbish is giving problems to the society. In my opinion, this issue did not exist in the past, until thirty years ago, the change of human behaviour. There are a few reasons that cause the volumeof rubbish increase. Let me illustrate the causes. First of all, from my point of view, one of the main reason for increasing rubbish is, overly purchase habit of people. Often, people nowadays tend to buy more than what they really need. It is very clear and obvious that whenever there are promotions, the sales volume will increases. As a result of that, people buy items that will not be used for a period of time and it will then be thrown away. Therefore the volume of rubbish is increasing. Apart from that, I would say, the lack of recycling practices in the society is another main reason. Recycling could reduce the volume of rubbish in the worldby reusing the thrown away materials. By doing so, it could also reduce the usage of natural resources. Last but not least, a proper way of disposing of wastage and rubbish is a must. By implementing a proper way of disposing of rubbish, it could save cost and manpower to control the volume of rubbish at the same time. In conclusion, it is essential to control the volume of rubbish in the society. The government could educate the citizen with the knowledge of reducing rubbish in a good way. The government could hold campaigns, advertise or even educate the citizen, starting from young, maybe from primary school. If thisissue continues to go on, it would cause damages to the earth, action must be taken before it is too late. I believe, government and citizen must work together in order to achieve this goal, as all things can be done with unity.Model Answer 7:It is evident that people are generating more waste these days. There are reasons that lie beneath the issue and this essay will discuss them, and also will discuss some of the solutions that governments could do to resolve it. It is a fact that the amount of garbage that people produce these days has increased rapidlycompared to the past. The main reason is due to the significant growth of the world population in the past few years. It is undeniable that waste production will automatically increase when the world population grows, as every individual will surely generate some wastages. Another reason is that people's lifestyle has changed these days and they have adopted a throwaway habit. It is noticed that people prefer to use plastic bags or plastic mineral bottles rather than to bring their own permanent bags or bottles. Many people do not realise that plastic wastages need around one hundred years to be decomposed. People nowadays change their electronic gadgets andappliances more frequently than ever before. This kind of living has seriously impacted the amount of rubbish that is produced each day. There are some considerable solutions that governments could do in order to resolve the issue. Firstly, governments should make a clear regulation about limiting the usage of plastic bags and bottles. For example, governments could give tax incentives to retailers who reduce the usage of plastic bags and replace them with recyclable paper bags. Secondly, they could also make campaigns to the society about the negative effects of plastic bags and bottles to the environment. Campaigns could be made inthe form of posters, short video clip or even a documentary film which can be easily accessed by the public. Furthermore, people have to be more careful about waste dumping and taking responsibility for waste recycling. By considering to these soluble solutions, it is hoped that the garbage production will decline in the future. In conclusion, it is true that nowadays people are producing more garbage than ever before. It is mainly due to the significant growth of the population, the usage of plastic materials and people's lifestyle. Some of the solutions that governments could do would be by setting clear regulations and making awareness campaignsto the society while people have to participate in waste recycling.。
英语考试作文-雅思写作范文及思路点拨：如何培养废物利用意识
英语考试作文雅思写作范文及思路点拨：如何培养废物利用意识考鸭们都知道，雅思写作话题有一个历史题库。
本文就为大家梳理历年雅思写作真题范文:In some countries there is not enough recycling of waste materials (eg. Paper, glass and cans.) What are the reasons and solutions?——2015年9月26日环保类雅思写作真题雅思写作题目讲解文章结构：5段首段：导入话题，简述主体主体段1：缺少回收意识是没有足够的回收利用原因之一。
主体段2：没有足够的回收装置是没有足够的回收利用原因之二。
主体段3：解决没有足够的回收利用这个问题的措施。
结尾段：总结上文雅思写作参考范文 The last years has witnessed the increase in the awareness of environmental protection. However, there are still a lot of waste materials that have not beenrecycled. This essay will mainly discuss the reasons of this problem and suggest some solutions.在过去的几年里，环保意识的提高。
然而，仍有大量的废弃材料没有被回收利用。
本文主要讨论这一问题的原因，并提出一些解决办法。
One main reason of this problem may be that the public haven’t realized the importance of recycling wastes. As economy develops, people have high incomes and can afford a large number of items. At the same time, they don’t know how to deal with what they have used and haven’t realized that their buying habits will cause the consumption of energy, crease waste and increase pollution.造成这一问题的一个主要原因可能是公众没有意识到垃圾回收的重要性。
垃圾问题作文模板英语
垃圾问题作文模板英语英文回答：Title: The Garbage Problem: A Pressing Issue for Our Planet。
Introduction。
Waste management has become a significant concern in the modern world. With the rapid increase in population and consumption, the amount of garbage generated daily has reached unprecedented levels. This issue poses severe environmental and health risks, necessitating immediate and effective solutions.Causes of the Garbage Problem。
Various factors contribute to the garbage problem, including:Population growth: As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for goods and services, leading to increased waste generation.Increased consumption: The rise in consumerism and disposable products has resulted in a surge in the amount of waste produced.Urbanization: Urban areas generate significantly more garbage than rural areas due to higher population densities and consumption patterns.Inadequate waste management systems: In many developing countries, waste management infrastructure is insufficient or non-existent, leading to illegal dumping and open burning.Environmental Impacts。
雅思写作题Unit 4
Unit 4 基础设施和政府职能Topic 1 真题示范Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish, why do you think this is happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?审题：1. 请判断下列哪一项是本题的核心词.(多选)a. the impact of rubbish on our lifeb. reasons for producing more and more rubbishc. what can government do to reduce rubbishd. how to solve the problem of rubbish2. 请判断下列哪一项是本题的核心要求.(多选)a. 垃圾对我们生活的影响b. 垃圾越来越多的原因（reason）c. 政府能做些什么来减少垃圾（reduce rubbish）的数量d. 如何解决垃圾问题扩展时事阅读阅读下面的三段新闻，并完成每段新闻后的中译英练习。
News1 (from /english listening/voaenglish)More than three billion people are at risk from indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use. Most live in Africa, India and China. They use biomass fuels like wood, crop waste, animal waste or coal. These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available. But they are also a major cause of health problems and health.超过30亿人面临着空气污染的威胁，这种污染主要来自于他们使用的供暖设备和烹饪燃料。
雅思写作大作文思路 垃圾与随意丢弃垃圾 waste／rubbish and litter.doc
雅思写作大作文思路垃圾与随意丢弃垃圾 waste/rubbish and litter今天我们雅思写作大作文思路的文章来研究下垃圾与随意丢弃垃圾的问题。
垃圾处理已经成为全世界都为之头疼的一个问题。
这一方面是由于人口越来越多，相应的生活垃圾也越来越多，另一方面是产品更新换代时间短，每个人产生的垃圾也逐渐变多。
除此之外，我们还面临着随意丢弃垃圾的问题。
每次大型活动过后，地面上总是满目疮痍，令人不忍卒视。
小编收集了一些相关的素材和观点，以供大家参考。
垃圾 wast/rubbishThe amount of waster we produce has increased我们产生的垃圾数量正在上升This problem is a result of our consumer culture这个问题是我们消费者文化的结果Products are not made to last产品没有被制造的很持久If something breaks, we throw it away and buy a new one如果什么东西坏了，我们将其扔掉，再买一个新的。
Advertisers encourage us to buy the newest fashions广告从业者鼓励我们买最新的流行物品。
Packaging is an important part of selling包装是销售的重要一方面。
Most foods are sold in non-biodegradable plastics packaging大多数食物被放在无法生物降解的塑料包装中售卖。
The amount of household waste is growing家庭垃圾的数量正在上升。
This waste ends up in landfill sites这些垃圾最终被放进垃圾填埋场中。
随意丢弃垃圾 litterPeople do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish 人们没有考虑过丢弃垃圾的后果。
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雅思大作文专项突破：垃圾增多的原因
本文收集整理了雅思大作文专项突破：垃圾增多的原因。
这是目前常见的、高频的雅思写作话题，同学们在备考时可以边写边学，积累写作素材，以便在考试中更胸有成竹。
Topic 27: Many people believe that the human society has developed into a throw-away society, which is filled with plastic bags and rubbish. What are the causes and solutions?
概述：环境问题是目前世界的一个热门话题，人们越来越关注环境恶化(environmental degradation.：)对地球产生的影响。
一般来说，环境问题有：
? 全球变暖，冰川融化，海平面上升(sea level rise),淡水减少;
? 污染物增加——放射物质的废物处理(radioactive waste disposal),垃圾增多，废水增多，汽车尾气排放,导致生活环境恶化(deteriorating environment);
? 自然灾害横行-干旱、水灾、沙尘暴、酸雨等(droughts, floods, sand storms and acid rain);
? 能源供应不足，可替代资源(alternative energy)匮乏;
? 食品供应不足(food supply problem),饥荒(famine);
? 森林减少(deforestation),过度放牧(overgrazing)。
解决环境问题需要采取以下步骤：
? 全球合作，制定环境保护的标准和具体措施;
? 提高公众的意识(awareness);
?政府投资，采用对环境有利的科技(environmentally friendly technology )。
解析：
垃圾增多的原因：
? 人口增长(population growth)导致人们对物质需求的加大，这必定会导致垃圾的增多(the increment of rubbish); ?人们对垃圾可能导致的问题意识不强(awareness of waste issues);
? 消费者消费过多(over-consume)—次性产品(short-lived or disposable items)。
垃圾处理的方法：
? 颁布法律严厉控制垃圾任意排放(discharge of refuse);
? 改良工业生产(modify industrial production),减少资源的使用(reduce raw material inputs);
? 采取相关垃圾循环再利用措施(disposal and recycling schemes),大力宣传对垃圾的回收和利用，提高人们的环保意识。
范文
Although waste disposal does not grab a headline as frequently as many other environmental issues do，it does not mean that it is less serious. As a matter of fact, the treatment of garbage continues to be a problem worldwide. Despite its sizable influence, many citizens have not yet realized the seriousness of this issue. It is the goal of this article to outline the potential causes of this problem and suggest possible solutions.
People should first recognize that the increment in garbage is a natural result of the social and economic development. Unethical businesses are the main creators of industrial waste, including heavy metal, chemicals, plastic, and other durable and non-recyclable materials. People's quest for a better standard of living gives them incentives to manufacture a rich variety of consumer goods and disregard the potential impact on environment. This practice can date back to the
earliest days of industrial revolution, producing enormous waste that are unable to be recycled and causing an environmental disaster.
Another potential reason for the slow progress in waste treatment is people's low awareness of the opportunities to reduce, reuse and recycle waste. Many people do not have a firm stand against over-consumption and excessive production of disposable items. Besides, many citizens are not environmentally conscious, disposing of wastes whenever and wherever they consider convenient. Meanwhile, many manufacturers tend to use virgin materials, rather than recyclable materials in the course of production. That's why many communities are facing a, particularly difficult position in waste treatment.
The best approach to address waste issues is simply to minimize its generation. It is primarily because the more waste people produce, the more waste they have to cope with. Waste recycling offers another means, although it requires the spontaneous commitment of both businesses and citizens. Additionally, laws should be set out to regulate corporation behaviour and make their operation environmentally friendly.
It is clear that the problem of waste disposal exists due to people's ever-growing demand for manufactured goods and slow response to the
impact of this problem on the environment. Tackling this problem depends not only on individual's effort to keep the waste to a minimum but also on businesses' attempt to optimise their manufacture and reduce the inputs.
近义词表
1. garbage=refuse=waste=rubbish:垃圾
2. unethical=immoral:不道德的
3. creator=maker:创造者
4. quest=pursuit:对…的追求，渴望
5. earliest days=outset =start=onset:开始
6. recycle=reuse:重新使用
7. awareness=consciousness:意识
8. stand=stance=position:立场
9. virgin material=raw material:原材料
10. set out=lay out=enforce:实施，制定
11. input=resources used:使用的资源。