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linux kernel5.15编译原理

linux kernel5.15编译原理Linux kernel 5.15编译原理Linux kernel是一个开源操作系统内核，其稳定版本的更新和发布对于整个Linux生态系统具有重要意义。

在内核更新的过程中，编译内核是一个重要的步骤。

本文将为您解释Linux kernel 5.15的编译原理，并逐步回答关于该主题的问题。

第一步：准备工作在开始编译内核之前，我们需要做一些准备工作。

1. 下载内核源代码要编译特定版本的Linux内核，首先需要从Linux官方网站（2. 安装必要的依赖项编译内核需要一些工具和依赖项。

在大多数Linux发行版中，您可以使用包管理器来安装它们。

例如，在Ubuntu上，您可以运行以下命令安装常见的依赖项：sudo apt-get install build-essential libncurses-dev bison flexlibssl-dev libelf-dev这些依赖项将帮助您构建所需的内核映像。

第二步：配置编译选项在编译内核之前，需要配置一些编译选项以满足特定需求。

1. 进入内核源代码目录解压下载的内核源代码，并在终端中进入解压后的目录。

例如：tar -xf linux-5.15.tar.xzcd linux-5.152. 清理旧的配置选项可以使用以下命令清理旧的内核配置选项：make mrproper3. 配置编译选项可以使用以下命令进入菜单式配置界面：make menuconfig在配置界面中，您可以选择不同的内核功能、驱动程序和选项。

根据需要进行选择，并保存配置文件。

第三步：编译内核完成配置后，我们可以开始编译Linux内核了。

1. 执行编译命令使用以下命令开始编译内核：make这个过程可能需要一些时间，具体取决于您的计算机性能。

2. 安装编译后的内核完成编译后，可以使用以下命令安装编译后的内核：sudo make install此命令将复制编译后的内核映像、模块和其他文件到适当的位置，并更新GRUB或其他引导程序配置。

制造业常用英文缩写定义_图文(精)

ASAP As Soon As Possible越快越好MOQ Material Order Quantity物料最少订单数量AOD Accept On Deviation暂收此批MO Manufacture Order生产单ACC Accept接受MAR Material Authorization Requirement物料授权需求ASST.Assortment分类MR Material Requirement物料需求ASSY Assembly装配,组装MEMO Memorandum备忘录AM Ante Meridiem上午MC Master Carton外箱A/C Account 账户MC Material Control 物料控制A/R Accounting receivable应收款MIS Management Information System管理信息系统A/P Accounting payable应付款MMC Maximum Material Condition最大物料条件ASP Average Selling Price平均售价MMS Maximum Material Size 最大物料数量APP Approve核准,认可,承认MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需计划ADV.Advice通知(书MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance制造品质保证AQL Acceptable Quality Level运作类允收品质水准NPD New Project Development新产品开发排期ASTM American Society for Testing and 美国产品物料测标准NO.Number 数字BOM Bill Of Material物料清单N/A Not Applicable不应用CA Concept Approval初定/初步确认NG Not Good不行,不合格pany公司NW Net Weight净重CAV Cavity工模穴数NP Not Performed未执行CUFT Cubic Feet立方英尺NR Not Required不需要CBM Cubic Meter立方米OI Original Issue原始发行CIF Cost Insurance Freight成本加保险费、运费OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer原始设备制造商CY China YianTian中国盐田ODM Original design manufacture原装设计制造商CR Critical极严重的OPC Order Plan Control订单计划控制CUM Cubic metre立方米OD Outside Diameter 外径CTN Carton卡通箱OS Operating System 操作系统CEO Chief Executive Officer首席执行官OQC Output Quality Control出货质量管理CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器PQC Production Quality Control生产质量控制C=0Critical=0极严重不允许PPC Production Plan Control生产计划控制CHK Check 检查PMC Production & Material Control生产和物料控制CAD Computer Aided Design计算机辅助设计PCC Product control center生产管制中心Computer 个人计算机CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing计算机辅助制造PC PersonalCAE Computer Aided Engineering计算机辅助工程PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板Department 生产部CAR Correction Action Report改善报告PD ProductCNC Computerized numeral controller电脑数值控制PE Production/Project Engineer产品/生产工程COC Certificate of Compliance产品认证PIE Production Industrial Engineer生产工业工程DEPT Department部门PSD Product Shipment Date 出货日期DIY Do it yourself自己动手PAD Product Arrived Date到货日期D/C Date Code生产日期码PP Product Pilot产品试产DC Development Cost开发成本PS Production Start产品放产DC Design Criteria设计标准PS Package specification包装规范DC Document Center资料中心PKG Package包装DWG Drawing图面PM Paint Master油色办DQA Design Quality Assurance 设计品质保证PM Post Meridiem下午DVD Digital Video Disk数字化可视光盘P/N Part Number料号EA Executive Approval确认产品开发P/P Plans & Procedure计划与程序EDM Engineer Decision Memo工程决策备忘PPM Percent Per Million百万分之一ECN Engineering Change Notice工程变更通知PO Purchase Order订单/购买合同ECO Engineering Change Order工程改动要求PDF Portable Document Format 便携式文件格式ES Engineering Standard工程标准PCN Process Change Notice工序改动通知EP Engineering Pilot工程试验PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划EEE Electronic Electric Equipment电子电器设备PCS Pieces个(根,块等EMI Electrical Magnetic Interference电磁干扰PRS Pairs双(对等EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility电磁兼容性测试PAL Pallet/skid栈板EEC European Economic Community欧洲经济共同体PL Parts List零件例表ETD Estimated time of departure预计开船时间QTY Quantity数量ETA Estimated time of Arrival预计到达时间QC Quality Control质量控制ERP Enterprise Resource Planning企业资源计划QA Quality Audit质量监查FOB Free Of Board货到码头/离岸价QE Quality engineer品质工程FCL Full container load柜货价QSOP Quality and Safety Operating Program量体系操作程序FEP Final Engineer Pilot最后工程试验REQ Requirement需求FS First Shot第一次试模REJ Reject退货FOC Free Of Charge免费RT Right右边FQC Final quality control终点质量管理人员R&D Research and Development 资源与开发FYI For Your Information供参考FYR For Your Reference供参考FTP File Transfer Protocol文本传输协议SPD Sum Production Date总生产日期GW Gross Weight毛重SPT Sum Production Time总生产时间GS GeneralSpecification 一般规格SEC Second秒数HK Hong Kong香港STD Standard标准HR Human resource人力资源SMT Surface Mounted Technology表面黏贴式封装I/S Instruction Sheet指示表SKU Stock Keeping Unit.货格/单款产品装IQC Incoming quality Control来料质量控制SA Safe Arrival安全到达IE Industrial Engineer工业工程SPEC Specification规格ID Identification身份证明文件SO Sale Order销售订单ID Inside Diameter内径SI Sale Invoice销售发票IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范SI Shipment Instruction出货指示IT Information Technology信息技术SAS Sign Aesthetic Sample油色/外观签办I/O Input/Output输入/输出SS Shipment schedule出货排期ISO International Standard Organizatio国际标准化组织SS Sample Size样办数量IPQC In Process Quality制程质量管理人员SQA Strategy Quality Assurance策略品质保证IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证LTD Limited有限的SIP Standard Inspection Procedure制程检验标准程序L/O Lay out设计摆位SOP Standard Operation Procedure制造作业规范LCL Less than Carload Lot零担货物SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求LT Left左边TQC Total Quality Control全面质量管理L/N Lot Number批号TBA To Be Assured待定LMC Least Material Condition最少物料条件TBA To Be Approve待复LMS Least Material Size最少物料数量TBD To Be Decide待定LED Lighting-emitting diode 发光二极管TL Tooling Let模具放产LCD Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示UPC Universal Product Code通用产品条形码LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率VCD Video Compact Disk可视光盘LAB Laboratory 实验室VDM Vendor Decision Memo供应商决策备忘MIN Minor次要的VIP Very Important Person贵宾MAJ Major主要的VCP Vendor Certification Program供应商验证程序MKT Market市场.XLS Excel电子表格ME Machine Engineer机械工程/夹具工程WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 每周出货要求5S Seiri,Seiton,Seiso,Seiketsu,Shitsuke6M Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, Message 5WIH When, Where, Who, What, Why, How to4MTH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time, How 整理、整顿、清扫,清洁,修养人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源人、机、物料、方法、尺寸、消息时候、地方、谁、怎么样、为什么、怎样去做Restriction Of Hazardous Substancein EEE电子电器设备中的危险物质限制Rohs。

perf -g 调用栈的解释

perf -g 调用栈的解释摘要：本文将介绍Linux 性能分析工具perf 的-g 选项，以及如何使用它来分析和理解调用栈中的性能问题。

1. 介绍perf 是Linux 系统上一个强大的性能分析工具，它可以帮助我们识别和解决系统中的性能问题。

perf 提供了许多选项，其中一个常用的选项是-g，它可以帮助我们查看调用栈中的性能问题。

在本文中，我们将介绍如何理解和解释使用perf -g 获得的调用栈信息。

2. perf -g 选项perf -g 选项允许我们收集函数调用的信息，以便更好地理解程序的执行过程。

当我们运行perf -g 时，perf 会收集函数调用信息，包括函数名称、参数、返回地址等。

这些信息可以帮助我们识别程序中的瓶颈和潜在问题。

3. 如何使用perf -g要使用perf -g，首先需要安装perf 工具。

在大多数Linux 发行版中，perf 工具已经预装。

如果没有，可以使用包管理器（如apt 或yum）进行安装。

安装完成后，可以使用以下命令运行perf -g：```perf record -g command_to_analyze```这里，`command_to_analyze` 是你要分析的命令或程序。

perf 将在后台记录该命令的执行过程，并将调用栈信息输出到标准输出。

4. 分析和解释调用栈信息perf -g 输出的调用栈信息通常以以下格式显示：```function1@0x1234 (1.23%)function2@0x5678 (3.45%)function3@0x9012 (4.56%)```每个函数都以`@0x` 开头，后面跟着函数地址和百分比。

百分比表示函数在所有函数调用的总数中所占的比例。

要分析调用栈信息，可以执行以下操作：- 找出占用的百分比zui高的函数。

这些函数通常包含性能瓶颈或潜在问题。

- 在占用百分比较低的函数中寻找模式。

例如，如果发现多个函数占用相同的比例，可能表明这些函数中存在重复的工作。

2017年12月英语四级真题试卷及答案(第一套)

目录2017年12月大学英语四级真题试题一(完整版) (1)答案 (15)2017年12月大学英语四级真题试题一(完整版)Part I Writing (25 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on how to best handle the relationship between doctors and patients. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

Questions 1 to 2 are based on the new report you have just heard.1.A) Her grandfather.B) Her grandfather.C) Her friend Erika.D) Her little brother.2. A) By taking pictures for passers-by.B) By selling lemonade and pictures.C) By working part time at a hospital.D) By asking for help on social media.Questions 3 to 4 are based on the new report you have just heard.3. A) Testing the efficiency of the new solar panel.B) Providing clean energy to five million people.C) Generating electric power for passing vehicles.D) Finding cheaper ways of highway construction.4. A) They are made from cheap materials.B) They are only about half an inch thick.C) They can be laid right on top of existing highways.D) A) They can stand the wear and tear of natural elements.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the new report you have just heard.5. A) The lack of clues about the species.B) Endless fighting in the region.C) Inadequate funding for research.D) The hazards from the desert.6. A) To observe the wildlife in the two national parks.B) To study the habitat of lions in Sudan and Ethiopia.C) To identify the reasons for the lions’ disappearance.D) To find evidence of the existence of the “lost lions”.7. A) Lions’ tracks.B) Lions walking.C) Some camping facilities.D) Traps set by local hunters.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then markthe corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) A special gift from the man.B) A call from her dad.C) Her wedding anniversary.D) Her ‘lucky birthday’.9. A) Threw her a surprise party.B) Bought her a good necklace.C) With a traveler’s checkD) With his smart phone10. A) What her husband and the man are up to.B) What has been troubling her husband.C) The trip her husband has planned.D) The gift her husband has bought.11 . A) He wants to find out about the couple’s holiday plan.B) He is eager to learn how the couple’s holiday turns out.C) He will tell the women the secret if her husband agrees.D) He will be glad to be a guide for the couple’s holiday trip.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) They take the rival’s attitude into account.B) They know when to adopt a tough attitude.C) They are sensitive to the dynamics of a negotiation.D) They see the importance of making compromises.13. A) They know when to stop.B) They know how to adapt.C) They know when to make compromises.D) They know how to control their emotion.14. A) They are patient.B) They learn quickly.C) They are good at expression.D) They uphold their principles.15. A) Clarify items of negotiation.B) Make clear one's intentions.C) Get to know the other side.D) Formulate one's strategy.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) How space research benefits people on Earth.B) When the International Space Station was built.C) How many space shuttle missions there will be.D) When America's earliest space program started.17. A) They tried to make best use of the latest technology.B) They tried to meet astronauts' specific requirements.C) They developed objects for astronauts to use in outer space.D) They accurately calculated the speed of the orbiting shuttles.18.A) They are expensive to make.B) They are extremely accurate.C) They were first made in space.D) They were invented in the 1970s.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A) Everything was natural and genuine then.B) People had plenty of land to cultivate then.C) It marked the beginning of something new.D) It was when her ancestors came to America.20. A) They were known to be creative.B) They enjoyed living a living a life of ease.C) They had all kinds of entertainment.D) They believed in working for goals.21. A) Chatting with her ancestors.B) Doing needlework by the fire.C) Furnishing her country house.D) Polishing all the silver work.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) Sit down and try to calm yourself.B) Call your family or friends for help.C) Use a map to identify your location.D) Try to follow your footprints back.23. A) You may end up entering a wonderland.B) You may get drowned in a sudden flood.C) You may expose yourself to unexpected dangers.D) You may find a way out without your knowing it.24. A) Walk uphill.B) Look for food.C) Start a fire.D) Wait patiently.25. A) Check the local weather.B) Find a map and a compass.C) Prepare enough food and drink.D) Inform somebody of your plan.Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices, Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.We all know there exists great void（空白）in the public educational system when it comes to (26)_______ to STEM（Science,Technology,Engineering Mathematics）,One educator named Dori Roberts decided to do something to change this system. Dori taught high school engineering for 11 years.She noticed there was a real void in quality stem education at all (27)_______ of the public educational system. she said,“I started Engineering for kids (EFK)after noticing a real lack of math, science and engineeringprograms to (28)_______ my own kids in.”She decided to start an after school program where children (29)_______ in STEM-based competitions.The club grew quickly and when it reached 180 members and the kids in the program won several state (30)_______ . she decided to devote all her time to cultivating and (31)_______ it The global business EFK was born.Dori began operating EFK out of her Virginia home, which she then expanded to (32)_______ recreation centers. Today, the EFK program (33)_______ over 144 branches in 32 states within the United States and in 21 countries. Sales have doubled from $5 million in 2014 to $10 million in 2015,with 25 new branches planned for 2016. the EFK website states, “Our nation is not (34)_______ enough engineers. Our philosophy is to inspire kids at a young age to understand that engineering is a great (35)_______ .”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

关于C语言跟踪调试方法

关于C语言跟踪调试方法C语言是一种编译型语言，跟踪调试是在程序执行过程中进行代码行跟踪和变量值监视的过程。

跟踪调试可以帮助开发人员检测和修复程序中的错误，提高代码质量和程序性能。

下面将介绍一些常用的C语言跟踪调试方法。

1.嵌入式输出嵌入式输出是一种最简单和最基础的调试方法。

通过在代码中插入一些输出语句，将关键变量的值输出到终端或日志文件中，以便开发人员查看程序的执行过程和变量的取值。

例如，在C语言中可以使用`printf`函数输出调试信息。

优点：简单易用，适用于简单的调试需求。

缺点：需要手动在代码中插入输出语句，可能会导致代码冗余。

2.断点调试断点调试是一种常用的调试方法。

通过在程序中设置断点，可以暂停程序的执行，并查看变量的值和代码的执行流程。

在C语言中，可以使用多种集成开发环境（IDE）或调试器工具来设置和管理断点。

优点：可以准确地掌握程序的执行流程和变量的值。

缺点：需要依赖调试器工具和IDE。

3.单步执行单步执行是一种逐行执行代码的调试方法。

在单步执行模式下，程序会逐行执行，开发人员可以根据需要逐行查看程序的执行过程和变量的取值。

在大部分调试器中，可以使用以下单步执行指令：- 向前单步执行（Step Over）：执行当前行，并将控制权移交给下一行。

如果下一行是一个函数调用，会一起执行函数体，并将控制权移交回调用函数的下一行。

- 进入单步执行（Step Into）：执行当前行，并进入函数调用。

如果当前行是一个函数调用，会进入调用的函数中。

- 跳过单步执行（Step Out）：在一个函数中执行到一半时，我们可以选择跳过单步执行，直接执行到函数返回的地方。

优点：可以精确地追踪代码的执行过程。

缺点：程序的逻辑可能过于复杂，逐行单步执行可能会增加调试时间。

4.条件断点条件断点是一种在特定条件下暂停程序执行的调试方法。

在C语言中，可以设置条件断点来跟踪特定的变量或值。

如果条件满足，则程序会在设置的断点处暂停执行。

CS5463A中文资料手册pdf

2．综述 ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 操作原理 ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 ÄÓ 调制器 .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 高速数字低通滤波器......................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 数字补偿滤波器 ................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.4 数字高通滤波器 ................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.5 总的滤波器响应 ................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.6 增益及 DC 偏移量调整 ..................................................................................................... 12 2.1.7 有功能量及有效值计算 ..................................................................................................... 13 2.2 执行测量 ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 CS5460A 线性性能 ........................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 单计算周期（C=0 ） ....................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 连续计算周期（C=1 ）.................................................................................................... 15 2.3 基本应用电路结构....................................................................................................................... 15

Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk_ a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk:a systematic review and meta-analysis1–3Sarah F Brennan,Marie M Cantwell,Chris R Cardwell,Louiza S Velentzis,and Jayne V WoodsideABSTRACTBackground:Dietary patterns,which represent whole-diet and pos-sible food and nutrient interactions,have been linked to the risk of various cancers.However,the associations of these dietary patterns with breast cancer remain unclear.Objective:We critically appraised the literature and conducted meta-analyses to pool the results of studies to clarify the relation between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.Design:MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for relevant ar-ticles that identiﬁed common dietary patterns published up to No-vember2009.Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios(ORs)comparing highest and lowest categories of dietary pattern scores and multi-variable-adjusted ORs for a20th-percentile increase in dietary pat-tern scores were combined by using random-effects meta-analyses. Results:Case-control and cohort studies were retrieved that iden-tiﬁed prudent/healthy(n=18),Western/unhealthy(n=17),and drinker(n=4)dietary patterns.There was evidence of a decrease in the risk of breast cancer in the highest compared with the lowest categories of prudent/healthy dietary patterns(OR=0.89;95%CI: 0.82,0.99;P=0.02)in all studies and in pooled cohort studies alone.An increase in the risk of breast cancer was shown for the highest compared with the lowest categories of a drinker dietary pattern(OR=1.21;95%CI:1.04,1.41;P=0.01).There was no evidence of a difference in the risk of breast cancer between the highest and the lowest categories of Western/unhealthy dietary pat-terns(OR=1.09;95%CI:0.98,1.22;P=0.12).Conclusion:The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that some dietary patterns may be associated with breast cancer risk.Am J Clin Nutr2010;91:1294–302.INTRODUCTIONBreast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the United Kingdom and incidence continues to rise (1).Multiple risk factors for breast cancer such as family history, obesity,lactation,adult attained height,menstrual history,and reproductive history are well established but are generally dif-ﬁcult to modify(2–5,16).A substantial amount of research(6–15)has explored the inﬂuence of diet,a modiﬁable risk factor on breast cancer risk, and it is estimated that approximately one-third of cases could be prevented by dietary modiﬁcation,whereas20%can be attrib-utable to consuming 2alcoholic drinks/d.This highlights the theoretical scope for the prevention of this disease through be-havior modiﬁcation.The majority of research has focused on the effect of individual foods and nutrients,but according to the World Cancer Research Fund(WCRF)report(16),convincing evidence has only been shown for high alcohol consumption.From an epidemiologic perspective,foods and nutrients are never eaten in isolation and their effects are likely to interact(8).This has led to the adoption of a more holistic approach to dietthat is implemented by the identiﬁcation of patterns of dietary intake that aim to represent the complex interaction between foods and nutrients and avoid confounding effects,which may mask true associations.Many studies(17–21)used factor analysis or principal com-ponent analysis to derive dietary patterns.These statistical techniques aggregate variables into factors that represent the broad eating patterns of the population being studied.With theuse of this approach,associations were observed between dietary patterns and the risk of renal,gastric,and colorectal cancers and coronary heart disease(17–21).The WCRF2007report con-cluded that noﬁrm judgments could be made on any possible relation between dietary patterns and the risk of cancer(16).Asnew studies have been published in this area,the aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the literature pub-lished to date and to conduct meta-analyses to pool the results of studies to clarify the association between dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.METHODSStudy selectionAn electronic literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE(US National Library of Medicine,Bethesda,MD)and EMBASE(Reed Elsevier PLC,Amsterdam,Netherlands)to identify human studies written in the English language and published up to November2009that included the following1From the Nutrition and Metabolism Group(SFB and JVW)and the Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group(MMC and CRC), Centre for Public Health,Queen’s University Belfast,Royal Victoria Hos-pital,Belfast,United Kingdom,and the Department of Surgery,Breast Can-cer Research Group,University College London,London,United Kingdom (LSV).2Funded by a PhD studentship(to SFB)from the Department of Employ-ment and Learning,Northern Ireland.3Address correspondence to SF Brennan,Postgraduate Ofﬁce02031,In-stitute of Pathology,Royal Victoria Hospital Site,Grosvenor Road,BelfastBT126BJ,United Kingdom.E-mail:sbrennan19@.Received October9,2009.Accepted for publication January31,2010.First published online March10,2010;doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28796.by guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded fromkeywords or phrases:breast,breast neoplasms,cancer,carci-noma,diet,dietary,human,mammary,neoplasms,patterns,risk,and tumo(u)r.Three independent reviewers read the abstracts of the articles retrieved in the initial search to identify studies that examined diet and breast cancer risk.All reviewers agreed on the relevant articles,and the full-text versions of the articles were reviewed to identify studies that examined food and/or dietary patterns by factor analysis and/or principal component analysis (as opposed to nutrients).Only studies that reported risk estimates [hazards ratios,odds ratios (ORs),and relative risks]of breast cancer and measures of variability (SEs or 95%CIs from which these could be derived)were included.To minimize error,only the most common patterns of dietary consumption were identiﬁed from the remaining articles,and the authors ensured that the selected dietary patterns were similar with regard to factor loadings of foods most commonly consumed within those dietary patterns.For example,studies that identiﬁed a Western/unhealthy dietary pattern tended to have high loadings of foods such as red and/or processed meats,reﬁned grains,potatoes,sweets,and high-fat dairy.Prudent/healthy dietary pat-terns tended to have high loadings of foods such as fruit,vege-tables,poultry,ﬁsh,low-fat dairy,and whole grains,and drinker dietary patterns tended to have high loadings of wines,beers,and spirits.Studies that identiﬁed dietary patterns with similar loadings of the foods common to the Western/unhealthy,prudent/healthy,and drinker patterns but were named differently were also in-cluded.In total,18studies,3of which were from one article (22),met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analyses.Data extractionInformation extracted from each study included geographic region and design,sample size,duration of follow-up,dietary assessment method,method of identifying and naming dietary patterns,the number of cancer cases,risk estimates with CIs,and factors that were adjusted for in the analysis.Statistical analysesThe original studies reported the results of dietary patterns in terms of quintiles,quartiles,or tertiles of dietary factor scores and breast cancer risk.Therefore,to combine the results,a meta-analysis was conducted in which we evaluated the risk of breast cancer in women in highest compared with lowest categories of prudent/healthy,Western/unhealthy,and drinker dietary patterns.In addition,the linear increase in breast cancer risk per percentile increase in dietary pattern was estimated by conducting a re-gression of the adjusted ORs in the categories of dietary patterns against the average percentile in each category where possible by using the methods of Greenland and Longnecker and otherwise using variance-weighted least-squares linear regression (23).This linear increase was converted to an estimate for a 20th-percentile increase in dietary pattern score.Multivariable ad-justed hazards ratios,ORs,and relative risks with 95%CIs from individual studies were weighted and combined to produce an overall OR.Random-effects models were used for the analysis.Heterogeneity was tested with a chi-square test and measured by using the I 2statistic (24).Each study’s estimate and SE was used to produce a forest plot that gave a pooled estimate.Publication bias was assessed by a funnel plot and Begg’s and Egger’s tests Subgroup analyses were conducted for the following studies:case-control and cohort studies;North American,Canadian,and European studies;studies from other countries;studies that reported on prudent/healthy and Western/unhealthy patterns;studies in which patterns were named differently (eg,pork,processed meat,and potatoes;beef/pork-starch;and vegetable-ﬁsh/poultry-fruit);studies including menopausal status (where estimates were provided);studies that used diet histories;studies that used food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs);studies adjusted for energy intake;and studies unadjusted for energy intake.Statistical analyses were conducted with Intercooled STATA version 9.2(2005;StataCorp,College Station,TX).RESULTSInclusionThe initial search identiﬁed 73potential articles,of which 38articles were excluded because they did not examine diet and breast cancer.Of the 35articles that remained (for a list of all 35articles that were considered in detail,see supplemental material under “Supplemental data”in the online issue),the following articles were excluded:2articles (26,27)that were identiﬁed twice,2reviews (28,29),an invited commentary (30),2studies (31,32)that looked at breast cancer survival as opposed to risk,and 2studies (33,34)that looked at breast density as opposed to cancer risk.An additional 9articles were excluded because they did not use dietary patterns that were derived by factor analysis and/or principal components analysis (35–43),and one article was excluded because it used a combination of factor analysis and cluster analysis and could not be used in our analyses (44).Sixteen articles (22,45–59)[one article (22)that reported on 3studies]identiﬁed prudent/healthy,Western/unhealthy,and/or drinker or similar dietary patterns and thus were included in the analyses (Table 1).Western/unhealthy dietary patternThe association between highest compared with lowest cat-egories of intake of Western/unhealthy dietary patterns and breast cancer risk for all studies is shown in Figure 1.When all studies were combined,there was no evidence of a difference in the risk of breast cancer for women in the highest category compared with lowest category (OR =1.09;95%CI:0.98,1.22;P =0.11).The heterogeneity was most apparent in the case-control studies (P 0.000,I 2=63%),where an increase in the risk of breast cancer was shown (OR =1.31;95%CI:1.05;1.63;P =0.02).In the cohort studies,there was less evidence of heterogeneity (P =0.13,I 2=35%),but there was no evidence of a difference in the risk of breast cancer (OR =0.99;95%CI:0.90,1.08;P =0.82).Similar results were observed for all studies per 20th-percentile increase in intake of the Western/unhealthy dietary pattern (OR =1.02;95%CI:0.99,1.04;P =0.08)with evidence of heterogeneity (P 0.000),where an increase in the risk of breast cancer was shown among case-control studies (OR =1.06,95%CI:1.01,1.11,P =0.02)with no difference detected between cohort studies.Prudent/healthy dietary patternThere was evidence of a decrease in risk of breast cancer in the DIETARY PATTERNS AND BREAST CANCER RISK 1295by guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded fromTABLE 1Descriptions of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and breast cancer risk 1Study Location DesignSample sizeDiet-assessmentmethod Dietary patterns identiﬁed Factors adjusted for in analyses (multivariable)nTerry et al,2001(45)SwedenCohort (9.6)261,463(1328cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (67;past 6mo)3Western;healthy;drinkerAge,energy intake,BMI,education,family history,parity,age at ﬁrst birthSieri et al 2004,(46)ItalyCohort (9.5)28984(207cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (107;past year)3Salad vegetable;Western;canteen;prudentAge,energy intake,education,parity,height,age at menarche,smoking,menopausal statusAdebamowo et al,2005(47)United StatesCohort (8)290,638(710cases)Food-frequency questionnaire [133(1991);142(1995);past year]3Prudent;Western Age at menarche,parity,age atﬁrst birth,family history of breast cancer,history of benign breast disease,oral contraceptive use,alcohol intake,energy intake,current BMI,height,smoking habit,physical activity and multivitamin useFung et al,2005(48)United StatesCohort (16)271,058(3026cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (116;past year)3Prudent;Western Age,smoking status,BMI,multivitamin use,energy intake,physical activity,family history of breast cancer,history of benign breast disease,duration of and age at menopause,use of hormone replacement therapy,age at menarche,parity,age at ﬁrst birth,BMI at 18y of age,weight change since 18y of age,height,alcohol intakeMa ¨nnisto ¨et al,2005(22)Netherlands (NLCS)Cohort (7)21,598(1127cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (150;past year)3Vegetable;pork,processed meat,and potatoesAge,BMI,height,education,smoking,family history of breast cancer,age at menarche,age atmenopause,age at ﬁrst birth,ever use of oral contraceptive,ever use of hormone replacement therapy,alcohol intake,energyItaly (ORDET)Cohort (9)210,788(212cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (107;past year)3Age,BMI,height,education,smoking,family history of breast cancer,ever use of oral contraceptive,ever use of hormone replacement therapy,alcohol intake and energySweden (SMC)Cohort (13)266,651(1932cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (67;past 6mo)3Age,BMI,education,family history of breast cancer,age at ﬁrst birth,parity,alcohol intake and energy Nkondjock and Ghadirian,2005(49)Canada Case-control414breastcancer cases/429controlsFood-frequency questionnaire (985;2y before diagnosis,corresponding time for controls)3Chocolate-cereal;pork and processedmeat;drinkerTotal energy intake,family history of cancer,marital status,physical activity,smoking,BMI,age (at ﬁrst full-term pregnancy for breast cancer),history of benign breast disease,full-term pregnanciesVelie et al,2005(50)United StatesCohort (8)240,559(1868cases)Food-frequency questionnaire (61;past year)3Vegetable-ﬁsh/poultry-fruit;beef-pork starch;traditional SouthernAge,total energy intake,education,family history of breast cancer,BMI,height,parity,age at ﬁrst live birth,age at menarche,menopausal hormone use,average weekday vigorous physical activity,smoking status,alcohol intake1296BRENNAN ET ALby guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded fromTABLE1(Continued)Study Location Design SamplesizeDiet-assessmentmethodDietary patternsidentiﬁedFactors adjusted forin analyses(multivariable) nRonco et al, 2006(51)Uruguay Case-control442cases/442controlsFood-frequencyquestionnaire(64;usual intake)3Traditional;healthy;Western;stew;high-fat;drinkerAge,residence,urban/ruralstatus,education,familyhistory of breast canceramongﬁrst-degreerelatives,menopausalstatus,age at menarche,parity,total energy intakeCui et al, 2007(52)Shanghai Case-control1446cases/1549controlsFood-frequencyquestionnaire(76;past5y)3Vegetable-soy;meat-sweetAge,total energy,familyhistory of breast cancer,history ofﬁbroadenoma,age at menarche,livebirths,age atﬁrst live birth,menopausal status,age atmenopause,physicalactivity during the past10y,waist-hip ratio,educationHirose et al, 2007(53)Japan Case-control1885cases/22,333controlsFood-frequencyquestionnaire[13dietfactors,17fooditems;1y beforediagnosis/interview(controls)]3Prudent;fatty;Japanese;saltyAge,visit year,motivation,BMI,menopausal status,parity,age atﬁrst full-termpregnancy,age atmenarche,smoking,drinking,family history ofbreast cancer,exerciseEdefonti et al, 2008(54)Italy Case-control2569BC and1031OC/3413controlsFood-frequencyquestionnaire[78;2y before diagnosis/hospital admission(controls)]3Animal products;vitamins andﬁber;unsaturated fats;starch-richAge,education,parity,menopausal status,geographic area,BMI,history of female cancers,history of digestivecancers,energy intakeMurtaugh et al, 2008(55)United States Case-control757cases/867controls(Hispanic);1524cases/1598controls(non-Hispanic)Diet-historyQuestionnaire(computerized-intervieweradministered)Western;prudent;native Mexican;Mediterranean;dieterAge,center,education,familyhistory of breast cancer,smoking,total activity,calories,dietaryﬁber,dietary calcium,height,parity,recent hormoneexposure,BMI,interactionof recent hormoneexposure and BMIWu et al, 2009(56)United States Case-control1248cases/1148controlsFood-frequencyquestionnaire(174;usual intake)3Western-meat/starch;ethnic-meat/starch;vegetable-soyAge,Asian ethnicity,education,birthplace,yearsof residence in the UnitedStates,years of physicalactivity,marital status,parity,age at menarche,type of menopause,age atmenopause,recent BMICottet et al, 2009(57)France Cohort63,374(2381cases)Diet-historyquestionnaireAlcohol/Western;healthy/MediterraneanAge,education,region atbaseline,BMI,height,family history of breastcancer,age at menarche,age atﬁrst full-termpregnancy,number of livebirths,menopausalhormone therapy,history ofbenign breast disease,lobular carcinoma in situ,oral contraceptive use,breastfeeding history,frequency of Papanicolaoutesting,physical activity,smoking status,energyintake excluding alcoholintake,use ofphytoestrogen supplement,use of vitamin/mineralsupplementsDIETARY PATTERNS AND BREAST CANCER RISK1297by guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded fromhealthy pattern (Figure 2)when all studies were combined (OR =0.89;95%CI:0.82,0.99;P =0.02).Among case-control studies only,there was more evidence of heterogeneity (P =0.000,I 2=85%)and no evidence of an association with disease risk (OR =0.84;95%CI:0.67,1.05;P =0.12).In cohort studies,there was less evidence of heterogeneity,(P =0.51,I 2=0%),and a small decrease in risk of breast cancer was shown (OR =0.93;95%CI:0.88,0.98;P =0.01).In sensitivity analyses,per 20th-percentile increase in intake of the prudent/healthy dietary pattern,no evidence of a difference in risk was shown when all studies were combined (OR =0.98;95%CI:0.96,1.00;P =0.07)or for case-control studies (OR =0.96;95%CI:0.92,1.02;P =0.23)or cohort studies (OR =0.99;95%CI:0.97,1.00;P =0.08).Drinker dietary patternFour studies (45,49,51,59)identiﬁed a drinker dietary pattern (Figure 3),and when intakes in the highest compared with the lowest categories were combined,an increase in the risk of breast cancer was shown (OR =1.21;95%CI:1.04,1.41;P =0.01).The studies showed no evidence of heterogeneity (P =0.32,I 2=15%).Publication biasFunnel plots revealed little evidence of asymmetry (not shown)and therefore little evidence of publication bias (highest com-pared with lowest categories:Western/unhealthy Begg’s test P =0.509;prudent/healthy Begg’s test P =0.649;and drinker Begg’s test P =0.423).Sensitivity analysesWhen results were analyzed by removing non-American,non-Canadian,and non–European Union studies (51–53,59),studies (22,49,50,52–54,56)that named patterns differently to prudent/unadjusted for energy intake,no difference in the risk of breast cancer for those in highest compared with lowest categories of prudent/healthy and Western/unhealthy patterns was detected.Similarly,when studies were analyzed by menopausal status,no difference in risk of breast cancer was shown for any of the dietary patterns.When the 2studies (55,57)that used diet histories as opposed to FFQs were removed,the decrease in risk of breast cancer that was shown for high compared with low categories of the intake of a prudent/healthy dietary pattern remained (OR =0.87;95%CI:0.78,0.95;P =0.003),whereas no evidence of a difference in risk of breast cancer was shown for the intake of the Western/unhealthy dietary pattern.DISCUSSIONTo the best of our knowledge,this is the ﬁrst systematic review and meta-analysis of breast cancer and dietary patterns.The results indicate that a prudent dietary pattern may decrease breast cancer risk,and a drinker dietary pattern may increase breast cancer risk.When the WCRF report was published in 2007,it was judged that there was insufﬁcient evidence to reach a conclusion about the effect that dietary patterns have on breast cancer risk (16).However,11of the 18studies included in our analyses (22,45,49,52–59)were published subsequent to the WCRF 2007report.In our analyses,a prudent/healthy dietary pattern was asso-ciated with a small decrease in the risk of breast cancer when the results of all studies were pooled,and this inverse association remained when the results of cohort studies alone were pooled.The prudent/healthy dietary patterns included in our analyses had high-factor loadings for plant foods and low-factor loadings for red and processed meat,which is a diet advocated by the WCRF to reduce cancer risk (16).However there are limitations to this type of analysis because the factor loadings for individual foods TABLE 1(Continued )StudyLocation Design Sample sizeDiet-assessmentmethod Dietary patterns identiﬁed Factors adjusted for in analyses (multivariable)nAgurs-Collins et al,2009(58)United StatesCohort50,778(1094cases)Food-frequency questionnaireWestern;prudentAge,BMI,alcohol intake,education,age atmenarche,parity,age at ﬁrst birth,family history of breast cancer,strenuous physical activity,energy intake,menopausal status,smoking status,female hormone useDe Stefani et al,2009(59)Uruguay Case-control461cases/2532controls Food-frequency questionnairePrudent;drinker;traditional;WesternAge,residence,urban/rural status,education,BMI,smoking status,years since stopping smoking,number of cigarettes/d among current smokers,total energy intake,main food groups for the individual dietary patterns1NLCS,Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer;ORDET,Ormoni e Dieta nella Eziologia dei Tumori;SMC,Swedish Mammography Cohort;BC,breast cancer cases;OC,ovarian cancer cases.2Follow-up years in parentheses.3Number of food items and reference period in parentheses.1298BRENNAN ET ALby guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded fromstudies,resulting in misclassiﬁcation error.Even modest amounts of measurement error can have a dramatic effect on measures of disease risk,and it is possible that the small inverse association shown is due to a combination of dietary measurement error and misclassiﬁcation of women into categories of dietary pattern.FFQs were used to assess dietary intake in the majority of studies (22,45–54,58,59),and diet histories were used in 2studies (55,57).In a sensitivity analysis of studies that used a FFQ to collect dietary data,the inverse association between a prudent/healthy dietary pattern and breast cancer risk remained.The results of the 2studies that used a diet history to assess dietary intake did not show an association with breast cancer risk.As discussed by Bingham et al (60)and Freedman et al (61),studies that used FFQs to assess intake did not detect relations between fat intake and breast cancer risk,whereas studies that used food diaries and diet histories,both which are superior methods of dietary assessment,did detect a relations between fat intake and breast cancer risk.Indeed,calibration studies (62,63)comparing FFQ data to criteria measures of total energy ex-penditure or protein intake identiﬁed substantial amounts of random and systematic variability.Therefore,it is possible that any association shown in this analysis was attenuated toward the null as a result of nondifferential misclassiﬁcation.A drinker dietary pattern was associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer,which is in agreement with the WCRF established dietary risk factor for breast cancer.It was hypoth-esized that an increased alcohol consumption can lead to higher estrogen concentrations because of decreased metabolic clear-ance and/or increased secretion and can improve the permeability of membranes to carcinogens and inhibit their detoxiﬁcation (64,65).No overall association was shown for a Western/unhealthy dietary pattern and breast cancer risk in our analyses.However,in a sensitivity analysis that included the results of case-control studies only,a Western/unhealthy dietary pattern was positively associated with a breast cancer risk for women in highest compared with lowest categories of dietary pattern and per the 20th-percentile increase in intake.However,a recall bias of dietary intake is always a possibility with case-control studies,and the results should be viewed with caution.The WCRF (16)supports a low consumption of red and processed meats,which have high loadings in a Western/un-healthy dietary pattern,and therefore,the lack of an association between this dietary pattern and breast cancer risk was surprising,although there was a large degree of heterogeneity between studies,which was most evident among case-control studies.Although we matched factor loadings as closely as possible between studies,the actual factor loading for the same food within the same dietary pattern was never identical between studies.It is also likely that other variables that could not beFIGURE 1.A,B:Forest plot of the highest compared with the lowest categories of intake of the Western/unhealthy dietary pattern and breast cancer risk.NLC,Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer;ORD,Ormoni e Dieta nella Eziologia dei Tumori;SMC,Swedish Mammography Cohort.DIETARY PATTERNS AND BREAST CANCER RISK 1299by guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded frommay be culturally related and may differ by ethnicity.We were unable to perform a sensitivity analysis by ethnic group because the point estimates were not provided in the original articles.There are potential limitations to our meta-analysis;the pooled ﬁndings are directly driven by the included studies,which have their own strengths and weaknesses in terms of study design.In addition,there was a different response rate and inconsistent adjustment for potential confounders among the included studies.Only some of the studies (22,45–48,52,56)included in our analyses provided crude estimates of risk,and differences did exist between these and multivariable adjusted estimates.In addition,in the included studies,only single time-point measurements of dietary patterns were examined,and these do not account for changes in diet over time.These changes may be especially relevant to cancer development because dietary pat-terns in childhood and adolescence were associated with an early onset of menarche,which is an early risk factor for breast In the studies reviewed,it is also possible that there may have been a misclassiﬁcation within the 3dietary patterns identiﬁed.Factor analysis and/or principal component analysis are sub-jective techniques with opportunities for variation at almost every step (eg,a variation in the number and type of dietary patterns derived within each study and categories of dietary patterns score)(67–72).To minimize the risk of bias,the authors selected only the most commonly identiﬁed dietary patterns across studies and ensured,as far as possible,that the dietary patterns were similar with regard to factor loadings of foods most commonly consumed,a method that was used by another systematic review (73)that yielded signiﬁcant associations between prudent and Western dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease.Despite the opportunity for variation in the factor analysis and or principal component analysis,reasonable reproducibility was reported when dietary patterns derived from FFQs and thoseFIGURE 2.A,B:Forest plot of the highest compared with the lowest categories of intake of the prudent/healthy dietary pattern and breast cancer risk.NLC,Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer;ORD,Ormoni e Dieta nella Eziologia dei Tumori;SMC,Swedish Mammography Cohort.1300BRENNAN ET ALby guest on June 20, 2014Downloaded from。

启动CProgram时出现问题,找不到指定的模块----电脑故障解决办法之一

启动CProgram时出现问题，找不到指定的模块----电脑故障解决办法之一win7 家庭高级版64位sp1（共个回答）文件丢失，导致无法找到，也可能是病毒引起Win键+R运行msconfig （Win键就是CTRL旁边的小旗子）把出现问题的那个取消开机启动就好了运行CMD，输入for %i in(C:\Windows\System32\*.dll) do Regsvr32 /u %i 然后按回车删除PS时提示启动C:/program出现问题找不到指定的模块win7 64位系统删除PS时提示启动C:/program出现问题找不到指定的模块，我安装在D:/program Files 里面，而且我的电脑默认C:/program Files ，没有C:/program，重新安装了PS 里面的功能还是不全，但是没发删除，这种情况怎么处理，请大家帮忙解决，谢谢！从控制面板和360卫士里面卸载都出现这种情况·最佳答案可能是你卸载某软件的时候没卸载干净。

win+r 键，运行里面输入msconfig 然后确定。

选择启动。

然后选择你报错的那个路径，去掉前面钩钩。

确定就可以了。

系统找不到指定的模块，这是你误删了系统启动时要加载的驱动程序，这个问题不大，或者用以下几种方法解决：1、只要用系统盘修复一下即可。

2、如果是装的2000以上版本，可用系统的还原功能。

（打开开始－程序－附件－系统工具－还原，选择一个你所需要还原的日期，点击下一步、下一步就OK了。

）3、还可以重新安装一下你机器里的所有驱动，这样就差不多了。

电脑开机出现“启动C:\Program时出现问题找不到指定的模块”怎么办？如图所示，每次开机都是这样的，不知道什么原因，各位大神知道的帮忙看一下，谢谢！最新回答(4条回答)第一360杀毒软件查杀病毒木马第二清理桌面图标，桌面图标过多也会造成电脑启动的时候扫描时间过长。

第三下载360安全卫士，进行木马查杀和系统进行修复，优化下系统把不要的开机启动关掉！清理下恶性插件和系统垃圾！在重启一下！就会快很多清理系统垃圾等等！第四点击开始- 运行-输入msconfig-确定--启动---除了360杀毒软件其他的都取消，重新启动电脑全部答案（共1个回答）这种情况分两种1、正常程序在你使用不正常的删除后，在启动列表是仍然有启动，所以有问题，你可以在运行是输入“msconfig”看看有没有什么程序启动被你删除了的2、是一个病毒感染的文件被你正常或不正常的删除了，病毒启动时加载不上，就提示，你可以上法看看，或者杀毒后进行磁盘扫描。

UVM1.1应用指南及源代码分析_20111211版

I
而后半部分（第 10 到第 19 章）则介绍 UVM 背后的工作原理，用户群相对稀少。通常来说，一般的用户只要看懂前半部分就可以了。但是我想，世上总有像我一样有好奇心的人，不满足知其然再不知其所以然，会有人像我一样，会因为一个技术问题而彻夜难眠，如果你是这样的人，那么恭喜，这本书的后半部分就是为你准备的。
UVM1.1 应用指南及源代码分析
UVM1.1 Application Guide and Source Code Analysis
张强著
在这里，读懂 UVM
序
写这本书的难度超出了我的预料。从 8 月初开始写，一直到现在，4 个多月的时间，从刚开始的满含激情，到现在的精疲力尽。现在写出来的东西，距离我心目中的作品差距十万八千里，有太多的地方没有讲述清楚，有太多的地方需要仔细斟酌，有太多的语句需要换一种表述方式。
8. register model的使用 ..............................................................................................125
8.1. register model简介...................................................................................125
写这本书，只是想把自己会的一点东西完全的落于纸上。在努力学习 UVM 的过程中，自己花费了很多时间和精力。我只想把学习的心得记录下来，希望能够给后来的人以启发。如果这本书能够给一个人带来一点点的帮助，那么我的努力就不算是白费。
这本书的前半部分（第 1 到第 9 章）介绍了 UVM 的使用，其用户群较为广泛；

C++ program详细解释

#pragma详细解释(一）默认分类 2010-04-18 14:21:00 阅读151 评论0 字号：大中小订阅在#Pragma是预处理指令它的作用是设定编译器的状态或者是指示编译器完成一些特定的动作。

#pragma指令对每个编译器给出了一个方法,在保持与C和C ++语言完全兼容的情况下,给出主机或操作系统专有的特征。

依据定义,编译指示是机器或操作系统专有的,且对于每个编译器都是不同的。

其格式一般为: #Pragma Para其中Para 为参数，下面来看一些常用的参数。

(1)message 参数。

Message 参数是我最喜欢的一个参数，它能够在编译信息输出窗口中输出相应的信息，这对于源代码信息的控制是非常重要的。

其使用方法为：#Pragma message(“消息文本”)当编译器遇到这条指令时就在编译输出窗口中将消息文本打印出来。

当我们在程序中定义了许多宏来控制源代码版本的时候，我们自己有可能都会忘记有没有正确的设置这些宏，此时我们可以用这条指令在编译的时候就进行检查。

假设我们希望判断自己有没有在源代码的什么地方定义了_X86这个宏可以用下面的方法#ifdef _X86#Pragma message(“_X86 macro activated!”)#endif当我们定义了_X86这个宏以后，应用程序在编译时就会在编译输出窗口里显示“_X86 macro activated!”。

我们就不会因为不记得自己定义的一些特定的宏而抓耳挠腮了。

(2)另一个使用得比较多的pragma参数是code_seg。

格式如：#pragma code_seg( [\section-name\[,\section-class\] ] )它能够设置程序中函数代码存放的代码段，使用没有section-name字符串的#pragmacode_seg可在编译开始时将其复位，当我们开发驱动程序的时候就会使用到它。

(3)#pragma once (比较常用）只要在头文件的最开始加入这条指令就能够保证头文件被编译一次，这条指令实际上在VC6中就已经有了，但是考虑到兼容性并没有太多的使用它。

internship_sites_1_19_11

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YMCA, DownRiver YMCA, Livoniaydko
Organization
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三个入侵的必备小工具-lcx.exe、nc.exe、sc.exe 作用几使用方法

例:现在有一个ip为 201.1.1.1的1433弱.用端口扫描只发现开放了1433端口.用sqltools链接,dir 看一下 C:\>DIR C:\
2004/09/17 10:32 <DIR> autoAK
2005/02/21 17:08 12,541 avgun.log。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
Script backends
Scanning ports and inventorying services
Backup handlers
File transfers
Server testing and simulation
Firewall testing
Proxy gatewaying
Slow-send mode, one line every N seconds
Optional ability to let another program service inbound connections
Some of the potential uses of netcat:
日语,显示不正常.呵呵.
netstat -an 查看开放端口 TCP 0.0.0.0:3376 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP 0.0.0.0:3389 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
TCP 0.0.0.0:3791 0.0.0.0:0 LISTENING
显示如下[+] Listening port 51 ......
[+] Listen OK!
[+] Listening port 3389 ......

喷射成形快速凝固技术制备高性能钢铁材料的研_省略_展_一_喷射成形技术的原理_特

Email： cscui@ iwt． unibremen． de 作者简介：崔成松，男，工学博士，主要从事快速凝固技术、新材料开发及计算机模拟等方面的研究，
第2 期
崔成松等：喷射成形快速凝固技术制备高性能钢铁材料的研究进展（一）
43
气体雾化成细小液滴，并喷射沉积到以一定方式运动的基底表面。金属雾滴在雾化气流冷却作用下快速凝固，到达沉积表面时，小尺寸的雾滴凝固成为固体颗粒，较大尺寸的雾滴仍保持液态，而中间尺寸的雾滴则含有一定比例液相。这些凝固程高速撞度不同的大小雾滴被雾化气流加速运动，击沉积表面，随之在沉积表面附着、铺展、熔合，逐步沉积生长为一个金属实体。喷射成形把液态金属的雾化和金属雾滴的沉积自然地结合起来，能以最少的工序直接从液态金属制取具有快速凝固组织特征的高性能材料（或半成品坯料）。通过合理地设计沉积基底的形状和控制其运动方式，可以制备圆锭、管坯、环坯、板坯、圆盘等不同形状、甚至不具简单对称形状的沉积坯。如将金属雾滴喷入具有一定形状的模具空腔里，也可以获。得复杂形状的构件 1． 2 喷射成形的主要特点 1． 2． 1 喷射成形与热喷涂的区别但它与热喷涂有喷射成形的雏形是热喷涂，
3
为解决金属粉末氧化以及致密化周期长的问题，英国 Swansea 大学冶金系 Singer 教授在 1968 年首次提出了喷射成形的技术思想，称之为 Spray ［9 ］ rolling 。这种方法是将金属熔液喷射到旋转圆筒上制成板状半成品，随后直接轧制出金属薄带。 1974 年， Singer 教授的三个学生 Brooks、 Leatham 和 Coombs 创建了 Osprey 公司，研制出了可制造

program_options用法 -回复

program_options用法-回复Program_options是一个用于处理程序选项和配置文件的C++库。

它提供了一个方便的方式来读取和解析命令行参数以及配置文件中的选项。

本文将一步一步介绍program_options库的用法，包括选项的定义、读取、解析和使用。

首先，让我们来了解一下program_options库的基本概念和用途。

在开发一个命令行工具或应用程序时，通常会需要用户通过命令行参数来指定一些选项，比如输入文件名、输出文件名、日志级别等。

而program_options库就是用于管理和解析这些命令行选项的。

要使用program_options库，我们首先需要包含相关的头文件：cpp#include <boost/program_options.hpp>接下来，我们需要定义一个options_description对象，用于描述我们的程序的选项，可以包含多个选项。

cppnamespace po = boost::program_options;po::options_description desc("Allowed options");在这个options_description对象中，我们可以使用add_options()方法来定义选项。

每个选项需要指定一个唯一的名称、一个默认值、一个描述和一个类型。

比如，下面是一个定义了两个选项的例子：cppdesc.add_options()("input-file", po::value<std::string>(), "Input file name")("output-file", po::value<std::string>(), "Output file name");在这个例子中，我们定义了一个名为"input-file"的选项，类型为std::string，描述为"Input file name"。

copy_from_user原理

copy_from_user原理copy_from_user()是Linux内核中的一个函数，用于将用户空间中的数据拷贝到内核空间中。

它的原理是使用了内核提供的copy_to_user()函数和get_user()函数来完成数据拷贝的操作。

copy_from_user()函数的定义如下：```cunsigned long copy_from_user(void *to, const void __user*from, unsigned long n);```其中，to是目标内核空间的地址，from是源用户空间的地址，n是需要拷贝的字节数。

copy_from_user()的实现可以分为以下几个步骤：1. 首先，函数会检查目标空间的地址是否有效，以防止拷贝数据时引发内核崩溃或错误访问。

检查空间地址的有效性通常使用access_ok()宏来实现。

2. 然后，函数会检查源用户空间地址是否有效。

如果无效，函数将返回错误代码。

3. 接下来，函数进入循环，每次迭代拷贝一个字节的数据，直到拷贝的字节数达到指定的n。

4. 在每次迭代中，函数会调用get_user()函数来从用户空间中读取一个字节的数据。

get_user()函数的定义如下：```c#include <asm/uaccess.h>unsigned long get_user(void *dst, const void __user *src);```其中，dst是目标内核空间的地址，src是源用户空间的地址。

get_user()函数会通过无法访问用户空间的异常处理机制来读取用户空间的数据。

它首先通过access_ok()宏对用户空间地址进行检查，然后在内核访问用户空间之前，通过内核段选择符（kernel segment selector）切换到内核空间的数据段，以避免引发异常。

5. 接着，函数会调用copy_to_user()函数将从用户空间读取到的数据写入到目标内核空间中。

基于纹波转移MMC子模块电容电压脉动抑制研究

文章编号：１００４－２８９Ｘ（２０２１）０２－００１６－０５基金项目：福建省自然科学基金项目（２０１８Ｊ０１７５６）；晋江市福大科教园区发展中心科研项目（Ｎｏ．２０１９ＪＪＦＤＫＹ４５）。

基于纹波转移ＭＭＣ子模块电容电压脉动抑制研究陈永福，董纪清，毛行奎（福州大学电气工程与自动化学院，福建　福州　３５０１０８）摘　要：模块化多电平变换器（ＭＭＣ）是一种具有广阔应用前景的多电平拓扑。

论文首先推导了ＭＭＣ桥臂功率的数学模型，然后提出了一种适用于ＭＭＣ子模块的有源功率解耦方案，并设计了适当的控制策略来抑制子模块的纹波功率。

最后设计了一台额定功率为４００Ｗ的实验样机，通过实验验证了该方案的可行性。

关键词：模块化多电平变换器（ＭＭＣ）；有源功率滤波技术（ＡＰＦ）；滞环电流控制；电压纹波抑制中图分类号：ＴＮ６２４文献标识码：ＢＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＡｃｔｉｖｅＰｏｗｅｒＤｅｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｆｏｒＭｏｄｕｌａｒＭｕｌｔｉｌｅｖｅｌＣｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｒＳｕｂｍｏｄｕｌｅＣａｐａｃｉｔｏｒＶｏｌｔａｇｅＲｉｐｐｌｅＳｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎＣＨＥＮＹｏｎｇｆｕ，ＤＯＮＧＪｉｑｉｎｇ，ＭＡＯＸｉｎｇｋｕｉ（ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｏｎ，ＦｕｚｈｏｕＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｆｕｚｈｏｕ３５０１０８，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｍｏｄｕｌａｒｍｕｌｔｉｌｅｖｅｌｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｒ（ＭＭＣ）ｉｓａｐｒｏｍｉｓｉｎｇｍｕｌｔｉｌｅｖｅｌｔｏｐｏｌｏｇｙ．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｆｉｒｓｔｌｙｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｈｅｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＭＭＣａｒｍｐｏｗｅｒｓｉｓｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎａｎａｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｗｅｒｄｅｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｓｃｈｅｍｅｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｆｏｒＭＭＣｓｕｂｍｏｄｕｌｅｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ，ａｎｄａｎａｐｐｒｏｐｒｉａｔｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｉｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｔｏｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｔｈｅｒｉｐｐｌｅｐｏｗｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｂｍｏｄｕｌｅ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｔｏｔｙｐｅｗｉｔｈｒａｔｅｄｐｏｗｅｒｏｆ４００ＷｉｓｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｗａｓｍａｄｅｔｏｖｅｒｉｆｙｔｈｅｆｅａｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｍｏｄｕｌａｒｍｕｌｔｉｌｅｖｅｌｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｒ（ＭＭＣ）；ａｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｗｅｒｄｅｃｕｐｌｉｎｇ（ＡＰＦ）；ｈｙｓｔｅｒｅｔｉｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ；ｖｏｌｔａｇｅｒｉｐｐｌｅｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ１　引言模块化多电平变换器（ＭＭＣ）是一种具有广阔应用前景的多电平拓扑。

MMC-HVDC系统换流阀在线监测系统研究

MMC ⁃HVDC 系统换流阀在线监测系统研究DOI :10.19557/ki.1001-9944.2021.06.013周竞宇1,赵宇2,胡雨龙1,任成林1,徐洪全2(1.中国南方电网有限责任公司超高压输电公司,广州510663;2.特变电工新疆新能源股份有限公司,西安710075)摘要:柔性直流输电系统的功率模块众多,功率模块的故障率较高且容易引起设备的损坏,换流阀的在线监测系统是保证系统安全运行的关键设备。

分析了MMC 拓扑结构与器件的热阻模型,给出了损耗、结温的预测方法,通过Lesit 寿命模型和线性损伤累积理论对模块寿命耗损进行研究。

通过对换流阀子模块的电容电压、开关频率、温度及寿命等运行参数的在线监测实时分析并预测换流阀的运行状态。

最后,设计了在线监测系统的样机并进行了实验测试,给出了仿真与实验结果。

关键词:柔性直流输电系统;功率模块;结温;热阻模型;在线监测中图分类号:TM46文献标识码:A文章编号:1001⁃9944(2021)06⁃0061⁃06Research on On ⁃line Monitoring Technology of Converter Valve in MMC ⁃HVDC SystemZHOU Jing ⁃yu 1,ZHAO Yu 2,HU Yu ⁃long 1,REN Cheng ⁃lin 1,XU Hong ⁃quan 2(1.CSG EHV Power Transmission Company ,Guangzhou 510663,China ;2.Tbea Xinjiang Sunoasis Co.,Ltd.,Xi ’an 710075,China )Abstract :There are many power modules in the flexible dc transmission system.The failure rate of the power mod ⁃ules is high and it is easy to cause equipment damage.The on ⁃line monitoring system of the converter valve is the key equipment to ensure the safe operation of the system.The thermal resistance model of MMC topology and de ⁃vices is analyzed ,the prediction methods of loss and junction temperature are given ,and the module life loss is stud ⁃ied by Lesit life model and linear damage accumulation theory.The operating state of the converter valve is analyzed and predicted by on ⁃line monitoring the operating parameters such as capacitance voltage ,switching frequency ,temper ⁃ature and life of the converter valve submodule.Finally ,a prototype of on ⁃line monitoring system is designed and tested ,and the simulation and experimental results are given.Key words :flexible DC transmission system ;power modules ;junction temperature ;thermal resistance models ;on ⁃linemonitoring system收稿日期:2021-02-25;修订日期:2021-05-10基金项目:南方电网公司科技计划项目(0100002019010706WD00026)作者简介:周竞宇(1983—),男,本科,工程师,研究方向为高压直流输电、柔性直流输电技术;赵宇(1985—),男,硕士,高级工程师,研究方向为大功率电力电子变换技术。

ida 查找调用函数 -回复

ida 查找调用函数-回复如何使用IDA Pro查找调用函数IDA Pro是一款反汇编和逆向工程工具，常用于静态分析和调试应用程序。

在逆向工程过程中，我们经常需要查找应用程序中的特定函数调用，以便理解程序的功能实现和流程。

本文将介绍如何使用IDA Pro来查找调用函数。

第一步：打开目标程序首先，我们需要打开目标程序，以便进行静态分析。

在IDA Pro中，我们可以通过选择“File”菜单中的“Open”选项来打开目标程序。

然后，我们需要选择目标程序的二进制文件（通常是一个可执行文件或库文件）。

第二步：导入目标程序一旦目标程序打开，IDA Pro将会自动进行导入和分析。

这个过程可能需要一些时间，具体取决于目标程序的大小和复杂性。

一旦分析完成，我们将能够看到目标程序的反汇编代码。

第三步：搜索函数现在我们可以开始搜索特定的函数调用。

首先，我们需要选择“Search”菜单中的“Text”选项。

在弹出的对话框中，我们可以输入我们要寻找的函数名或关键字，并选择搜索的范围。

通常，我们会选择“Whole program”来搜索整个程序。

第四步：查找调用一旦我们找到了我们想要的函数，我们可以通过双击函数调用来跳转到该函数的反汇编代码。

在函数的反汇编代码中，我们可以看到函数的调用指令。

例如，如果我们在主函数中查找了一个函数调用，我们可以看到类似于“call function_address”的指令，其中“function_address”是被调用函数的地址。

第五步：查看函数调用源代码IDA Pro不仅可以显示函数的反汇编代码，还可以显示函数的源代码（如果可用）。

我们可以通过右键单击函数的任何调用指令，并选择“Jump to xref to operand”选项来跳转到该函数的调用源代码。

这将会打开一个新的窗口，显示调用该函数的所有位置，并允许我们查看和分析调用该函数的上下文。

第六步：分析函数调用流程通过查找和分析函数调用，我们可以逐步理解程序的功能实现和流程。

mmap系统调用流程

mmap系统调用流程mmap（Memory Map）是一个系统调用，可以将一个文件或者其他类型的对象映射到进程的虚拟内存空间中。

这种映射允许进程直接访问文件的内容，而无需进行文件的读取或者写入操作。

1. 打开文件：首先，进程需要通过open系统调用打开一个文件。

这个文件可以是一个普通文件、设备文件或者其他类型的对象。

2. 准备映射区域：进程需要通过mmap系统调用为所需的文件内容分配一块内存区域。

这个区域将被映射到进程的虚拟内存空间中。

3. 设置映射参数：在调用mmap系统调用时，进程需要设置一些参数，包括映射区域的起始地址、映射区域的大小、映射区域的保护模式和映射区域的标志位等。

4. 映射文件：通过mmap系统调用，进程将文件内容映射到指定的内存区域中。

这个过程涉及的操作包括将文件内容读入内存、建立内存和文件之间的映射关系以及设置内存页的访问权限等。

5.使用映射区域：一旦文件内容被映射到内存中，进程就可以直接通过对内存的访问来读取或修改文件的内容。

这样，就可以避免频繁的文件读写操作，提高了对文件的访问效率。

6. 解除映射：当进程完成对文件内容的访问后，可以通过munmap系统调用解除对内存区域的映射关系。

这个过程涉及的操作包括取消内存页和文件之间的映射关系、释放分配给映射区域的内存空间等。

需要注意的是，mmap系统调用并不直接修改文件的内容，而是通过映射文件内容到内存中来实现对文件的访问。

因此，对内存的修改并不会立即同步到文件中，需要通过其他操作（如msync）或者进程结束时自动同步到文件。

mmap系统调用在许多场景中有着广泛的应用。

例如，在数据库系统中，可以使用mmap来加速对数据库文件的访问；在网络编程中，可以使用mmap来进行零拷贝操作；在多进程间共享内存数据时，也可以使用mmap来实现进程间的通信等。

总结起来，mmap系统调用的流程包括打开文件、准备映射区域、设置映射参数、映射文件、使用映射区域和解除映射等步骤。