fly pushing 02

合集下载

高考英语考前冲刺10 动词时态专项练习语法填空专项练习

高考英语考前冲刺10 动词时态专项练习语法填空专项练习

(考前冲刺10)高考英语-动词时态专项练习一+语法填空专项练习课本重点句型+单词+短语-复习巩固语法填空-动词时态(walk )through 34countries in six continents .2.The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas thatunprotected .3....The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Societyceremony .4.In the last five years ,Caohe reached the top of Kilimanjaro ,Africa ’s highest mountain .5.Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic ,I ’d send an email .One of the biggest companies(be )Alaska Airlines Paris .6.On a website called No Fly Climate Sci ,for example ,roughly 200academics —many of the(promise )to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years1.In the last five years ,Cao(be )previously.(address )the opening(walk )through 34countries in six continents ,and in 2016,I wrote to climate scientistsago .7•But Cobb and others(be )now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide(change )their personal behavior to do theirmore chances to participate remotely ,andpart in dealing with the climate change crisis .8.Oliver is a host of a TV programme on food .He says food(play )a big role in hislife .(live )alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of9.The Neanderthals .years ,before dying out about 40,000years ago .10.Does the name of the college you attend really matter ?Research on the question(suggest )that ,for most students ,it doesn ’t .11.On the first day of my first grade ,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach .I(voice )my biggest concern to my mother .12.Since 2011,the country 13.They read this letter to him on the air :“Hello ,my name is Brenda Schmitz ,when you receive(lose )my battle to cancer .’,..(grow )more com than rice .this letter ,I14.This is the first time that China .(host )the Winter Olympic Games .(be )all round you andnone of the cars are moving .—(win )the championship .15.Oh ,no !Cars in every direction 16.It was the ninth time that the team .(shift )their attention from popculture imported from Japan ,Korea and the West and started to develop interest in traditionalChinese art and literature ,practicing Chinese calligraphy and musical instrument ,such asGuzheng .17.Under such influence ,young people gradually18.61percent of the population of this city 19.In 2017,Hassan met a Hangzhou native ,whom he20.Dramatic changes21.Early to bed and early to rise22.Listening to loud music at rock concerts 23.Between the two rows of trees (be )from ethnic minority groups .(marry )two years later ,(take )place during the past few years in China .(make )a man healthy ,happy and wise .(cause )hearing loss in some teenagers .(stand )the newly built teaching building .24.Not only I but also David and Iris (be )fond of playing basketball .25.The following26.What we used to think (be )some other examples for you to refer to .(be )impossible now does seem possible ._(be )your teacher ,will try my best to help you out .(taste )nice .27.It is I ,who28.The fish29.If it were not for the fact that you30.When every pupil in the school wears the uniform ,nobodyfashion .31.Gabriela worked for a multinational company as a successful project manager in Brazil and(choose )to manage a team in Sweden .32.Happiness does not appear to be associated with age ,gender ,race ,or geographical location ,(relate )to the feeling you have when you are self -satisfied .33.The first time people used artificial snow to host a competition 34.The China -Laos Railway ,a landmark project connecting Kunming in southwest China ’s(start )operation on Dec 3.2021.(be )Alaska Airlines Paris .(be )ill ,I would ask you to do this right now .(have )to worry aboutInstead ,it(be )back in 1980.Yunnan Province with the Laotian capital ,Vientiane ,35.One of the biggest companies I wrote to36.For example ,roughly 200academics —many of them climate scientistsfly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago .37.But I ’ve come to think that whether you buy something new or used _you commit to keeping clothes in use for decades .38.My friend Tony ,who .suggested that I visit an acupuncturist .39.The popularity of plastic ,which_control —18.2trillion pounds of plastic has been produced .And there is no sign of slowing down .(be )the society on making people ’s life more convenient in the shortterm ,but in the long run ,those everyday conveniences are at the expense of our health .(promise )to(matter )less if(study )acupuncture at a college near London at the time ,(begin )rising in the 1950s ,is growing out of40.So focused参考答案:1•has walked【解析】考査动词时态。

15“飞去来器”的动力学机制研究及其制作

15“飞去来器”的动力学机制研究及其制作

“飞去来器”的动力学机制研究及其制作李炳蔚指导老师:张秋华摘要:本文从升力产生和陀螺进动两个方面讨论了飞去来器飞行的动力学原理,在几个基本假设基础上进行升力的定量计算。

根据飞去来器飞行实验列出飞去来器的飞行性能比较,总结飞行规律和飞行注意的事项。

关键词:飞去来器( boomerang);机翼升力;进动1. 概述1.1简介飞去来器(boomerang)是一种扁平的窄长曲杆,截面类似机翼,当人们以一定的速度扔出去后,它可以在空中作螺旋运动,最终可以返回。

澳大利亚土著居民曾经用它狩猎,如果不能击中猎物,它将会回到抛出者的手里。

飞去来器翻译过来有很多名字,音译过来就是“布梅兰格”,也叫“飞去来兮”,“回旋标”、“回力标”或者“回飞棒”,“不白扔”。

现在的飞去来器已经成为澳洲人的宠儿,人们把它当作玩具和运动机械来进行投掷比赛,而且这项运动目前已风行欧美,在德国北部的城镇基尔每年都举行世界性的飞去来器锦标赛。

国内飞去来器也一度受到人们的喜爱。

但是市场上大多是塑料成型的飞去来器,且样式单一,专业的比赛用的飞去来器很少。

国内对飞去来器原理的研究极少。

1.2 课题研究的目的和意义本课题研究的主要目的是研究飞去来器的飞行动力机制,结合适当的定量计算、制作新型的飞去来器,并进行实物的飞行实验,科学的解释飞去来器为什么会飞回。

研究的意义是能够用自己所学的力学知识解释生活中的现象,加深本人对力学知识的认识和掌握,另外由于飞去来器奇妙的飞行性能,深受各个年龄阶层的人的欢迎,我的研究又具有很好的科普教育意义。

2102.飞去来器的飞行原理2.1飞去来器的构造特征飞去来器的横截面很像机翼,下面比较平,上面则凸出。

这样的构造将有利于其升力的产生。

再仔细观察会发现两个翼是不对称的,而且每个翼的横截面都有一侧是较厚前缘,另一侧相对较薄。

我们把较厚的一侧叫前缘,较薄的一侧叫后缘,因为运动中较厚的一侧总是迎风面。

图1给出了“V”字形飞去来器结构的示意图,其中V为飞去来器的飞行速度,ω为旋转角速度。

运动英语知识点总结大全

运动英语知识点总结大全

运动英语知识点总结大全Sports play a significant role in our society, not only in promoting physical fitness and well-being but also in fostering teamwork, discipline, and competitive spirit. There are numerous sports and sporting activities engaged in by people all around the world. From traditional team sports like basketball and football to individual sports like swimming and golf, each sport has its own unique terminology, rules, and techniques.In this comprehensive summary, we will delve into the world of sports and highlight key English vocabulary, expressions, and phrases related to various sporting activities. Whether you are a sports enthusiast, an athlete, a coach, or simply interested in learning more about sports, this collection of knowledge will provide you with a deeper understanding of the language and concepts associated with different sports.1. BasketballBasketball is a fast-paced, high-intensity sport that involves dribbling, shooting, and passing a ball to score points.- Common basketball terms:- Layup: A close-range shot taken while driving towards the basket.- Rebound: Retrieving the ball after a missed shot.- Dunk: A forceful shot where a player jumps and thrusts the ball downward through the hoop.- Fast break: Quick offensive play to score before the opponent's defense is set up.- Three-pointer: A shot made from beyond the three-point arc, resulting in three points. 2. Football (Soccer)Football, known as soccer in the United States, is the most popular sport globally, featuring teams of eleven players aiming to score goals with a spherical ball.- Common football expressions:- Penalty kick: A direct free kick taken from the penalty spot, awarded after a foul in the penalty area.- Offside: A player is in an offside position if he is nearer to the opponent's goal line than the ball unless he is in his own half or level with the second-to-last opponent.- Hat-trick: When a player scores three goals in a single game.- Clean sheet: When a team doesn't concede any goals during a match.- Stoppage time: Additional time added to compensate for time lost due to substitutions, injuries, and other game delays.3. TennisTennis is an individual or doubles sport played on a rectangular court, with players using rackets to hit a ball over a net.- Common tennis terms:- Ace: A serve that the receiver fails to touch, resulting in a point for the server.- Love: Zero points in a game.- Deuce: A tie at 40-40, requiring one player to win two consecutive points to secure the game.- Doubles: A match with two players on each side of the court.- Slice: A shot hit with backspin, causing the ball to curve low over the net.4. GolfGolf is a precision club-and-ball sport, in which players aim to hit the ball into a series of holes on a course in the fewest strokes possible.- Common golf vocabulary:- Birdie: Scoring one stroke under par on a hole.- Eagle: Scoring two strokes under par on a hole.- Bogey: Scoring one stroke over par on a hole.- Tee off: To hit the ball from the teeing ground at the start of each hole.- Fairway: The mown part of the golf course between the tee and the green.5. Athletics (Track and Field)Athletics encompasses various track and field events, including running, jumping, throwing, and walking.- Key track and field terms:- Sprint: A short-distance race run at top speed.- Long jump: An event in which athletes sprint down a runway and jump as far as possible.- Shot put: A throwing event where participants hurl a heavy spherical object as far as possible.- Hurdles: A race in which athletes must leap over a series of barriers known as hurdles. - Relay: A track race in which team members take turns to run a specified distance.6. SwimmingSwimming is an individual or team sport involving propelling oneself through water using the arms and legs.- Common swimming terminology:- Freestyle: A swimming style where the swimmer can choose any stroke.- Breaststroke: A swimming stroke where the arms move synchronously while the legs perform a frog kick.- Backstroke: Swimming on the back, using a backward arm movement and flutter kick. - Butterfly: A demanding stroke where both arms move simultaneously and the legs perform a dolphin kick.- Flip turn: The technique of touching the wall and somersaulting before pushing off during a swimming race.7. VolleyballVolleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players each are separated by a net, aiming to score points by grounding the ball on the opponent's court.- Essential volleyball jargon:- Spike: A powerful, forceful hit made by a front-row player to send the ball over the net and into the opponent's court.- Dig: A defensive move to retrieve a spiked or hard-driven ball.- Setter: A player who sets the ball for a teammate to hit.- Block: A defensive move at the net to intercept a spiked ball.- Rotation: The clockwise movement of players when they win the serve to align in a new formation.8. RugbyRugby is a full-contact team sport, similar to American football but with different rules and gameplay.- Key rugby phrases and expressions:- Scrum: A method of restarting play by forming a tightly packed group and attempting to win possession of the ball.- Try: A score made by touching the ball down in the opponent's in-goal area.- Conversion: A free kick awarded after a try, in which the ball must be kicked through the goalposts to earn extra points.- Lineout: A method of restarting play after the ball has gone out of bounds.- Ruck: When players from both teams who are on their feet close around the ball, and no one is allowed to use their hands to gain possession of the ball.9. Ice HockeyIce hockey is a fast-paced team sport played on ice, with players using sticks to shoot a rubber puck into the opponent's goal.- Hockey vocabulary and terms:- Power play: When a team has a numerical advantage due to an opponent serving a penalty, typically for two minutes.- Hat trick: When a player scores three goals in a game.- Zamboni: The machine used to resurface the ice between periods and after games.- Goalie: The player tasked with defending the team's goal from the opposing team's shots.10. CyclingCycling involves using a bicycle for various activities, including racing, touring, and commuting.- Essential cycling language:- Peloton: The main group of riders in a road cycling race.- Sprint finish: A final surge of speed by cyclists aiming to reach the finish line first.- Time trial: A race against the clock, with individual cyclists starting at intervals.- Drafting: Riding closely behind another cyclist to reduce wind resistance.- Rollers: A training device consisting of three cylindrical drums on which a cyclist balances and rides.ConclusionSports are an integral part of global culture, with each sport presenting its unique set of rules, techniques, and terminology. This comprehensive overview has provided essential English vocabulary and expressions related to popular sports and athletic activities. Whether you are engaging in a friendly game of basketball, cheering on your favorite football team, or participating in a local cycling race, understanding the language of sports enhances the overall experience and fosters a deeper appreciation for each specific discipline. By familiarizing oneself with the terminology and nuances of various sports, individuals can enrich their sporting experiences and communications within the international sports community.。

Ashford e-Spinner Super Jumbo ESPSJ08082019V2 2 说明

Ashford e-Spinner Super Jumbo ESPSJ08082019V2 2 说明

INSTRUCTIONSe-Spinner Super JumboESPSJ08082019V22AssemblyYarn GuideOrifice Reducer Bushes 3. Squeeze and slide the stainless-steel yarn guides onto opposite sides of the flyer arms.NOTE: when spinning at higher RPM it may be necessary tosqueeze and rotate whichever yarn guide isn’t being used to achieve perfect balance.4. Apply a drop of oil to the flyer spindle and slide the bobbin on.1. Locate the two Orifice Reducer Bushes into the holes in top of the base.2. Locate the threading hook into the tapered hole in the front. This will only be required when using the Orifice Reducer Bushes.35. Locate the drive band onto the MIDDLE groove in the bobbinControls4Changing the bobbin- Turn the motor off using the ON/OFF switch or foot switch.- Remove the drive band from the motor pulley.- Slide the bobbin off the flyer spindle.- Apply a drop of oil to the spindle and fit anotherbobbin. Locate the drive band onto the MIDDLE groove in the bobbin whorl. Do not use the large groove as this will stretch the drive band.- Apply a drop of oil to the front of the flyer shaft. Position it under the leather brake band and into the front and rear flyer bearings.Orifice Reducer Bushes- Use the large Orifice Reducer Bush to reduce the orifice from 27mm (1⅛”) to 15mm (⅝”) for spinning medium yarns.- Use the small Orifice Reducer Bush to reduce the orifice to 9mm (⅜”) for spinning fine yarns.- Orifice Reducer Bushes help prevent the yarn vibrating. By drafting the yarn at about a 45-degree angle to the orifice the vibration will almost be eliminated.- When not in use store the bushes in the holes in top of the base.- Apply Vaseline to the o-ring to make them easier to Because the e-Spinner Super Jumbo is bobbin lead the yarn needs to be strong enough to turn the flyer. Thus, it requires very little tension on the leather brake band. At full speed the flyer rotates at approx. 500 RPM.1. Tie a piece of medium to thick wool yarn called a leader, approx. 1.5m (5 feet) long to the bobbin. Thread it through the flyer yarn guides with the black inserts on the left-hand side of the flyer and out through the orifice.SpinningAccessories - Available from your local Ashford Dealer.1. Thread the leader through the flyer yarn guide with the black inserts and out through the orifice. Locate 2 bobbins of spun yarn onto the pins of the optional Lazy Kate and tie the two strands of yarn to the leader.2. Check the SPIN/PLY switch is on PLY (up) and the SPEED control is on SLOW. Switch the ON/OFF switch to ON. Gradually turn the SPEED control clockwise until the flyer starts to turn slowly.PlyingMore InformationThe Wheel MagazineAshford’s annual fibrecraft magazine. Spinning, weaving, felting, dyeing and knitting projects, patterns and articles from around the world. To receive the premium version delivered to you, subscribe at:/subscribeHow-to videos on You TubeWatch our how-to videos on You Tube./user/AshfordHandicraftsFacebookJoin us on facebook./ashford.wheels.looms3. Allow the leader and your spun yarn to start feeding in. Use the least amount of leather brake band tension possible. Kate – do we need to say something about keep the yarn under tension in your hand when plying the two yarns together?For further plying information refer to “The Ashford book of Hand Spinning” by Jo Reeve, a 116-page book full of ideas and inspiration for spinners.12V cigarette cordso you can spin away from home in your car, caravan, RV, boat or using a battery pack.BobbinsAshford Country Spinner2 bobbins.Lazy KateHolds 2 Country Spinner2 bobbins.Padded Carry BagStore your e-Spinner Super Jumbo in the convenient padded carry bag. The power pack, foot switch and oil bottle will fit in the handy pockets.。

云南大学附属中学2023-2024学年八年级上学期期中英语试卷(含解析)

云南大学附属中学2023-2024学年八年级上学期期中英语试卷(含解析)

2023-2024学年云南大学附中八年级(上)期中英语试卷第一部分英语知识运用。

第一节单项填空。

从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.(1分)﹣﹣______ can you watch TV every week?﹣﹣Less than two hours.I often have many things to do as a middle school student.( )A.How many B.How much C.How long D.How often 2.(1分)______ it is raining heavily,______ the traffic police are still working on the street.( )A.Although;/B.Because;/C.Although;but D.But;/3.(1分)The ______ the heart rate(心率)gets,the ______ the blood flows(流).( )A.fast;quicklyB.fast;more quicklyC.faster;quickerD.faster;more quickly4.(1分)﹣﹣Do you feel like ______ shopping this weekend?﹣﹣I'd love to,but I have ______ homework to do.( )A.going;many too B.going;too muchC.to go;too much D.to go;too many5.(1分)Parents usually ______ an important role in______ their kids.( )A.plays,help B.play,helpingC.makes,to play D.make,helping6.(1分)On August24th,Japan started pouring(倾倒)nuclear wastewater(核废水)into the sea.It plans ______ pouring it slowly for at least 30 years,which caused people's worries around the world.( )A.to keep B.keeping C.kept D.keep7.(1分)Two years after Yuan Longping ______,Chinese people still put flowers in front of his grave(坟墓)to show their love and respect to this great man.( )A.dies B.is dyingC.has been dead D.died8.(1分)﹣﹣Was there ______ about the 19 h Asian Games in Hangzhou?﹣﹣Yes.I think the most special thing must be the creative and meaningful backgroundmusic!It made it possible that people around the world can feel the culture in music of China.( )A.anything special B.special anythingC.something special D.special something9.(1分)﹣﹣I think English is ______ math.﹣﹣I don't agree with you.English helps us understand different cultures in the world.Both ofthem are helpful!( )A.more useful than B.as useful asC.the most useful as D.not so useful as10.(1分)The movie Oppenheimer(《奥本海默》)tells a story of a physicist,who helped develop the two atomic bombs(原子弹)that were dropped during World War Ⅱ.He______ "the father of the atomic bomb".( )A.is famous for B.is famous asC.is famous to D.is famous with第二节完形填空。

小鸟给乌龟的回信 英语作文100字

小鸟给乌龟的回信 英语作文100字

小鸟给乌龟的回信英语作文100字全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Dear Turtle,Thank you for your letter last week. I was so excited to receive mail from you! I showed it to all my friends in the nest and we had a fun time trying to read your handwriting. I'm glad we birds can fly so fast to deliver messages back and forth.Things have been very busy around here getting ready for spring. My siblings and I have been working hard to get our feathers in top shape after a long winter. Preening takes so much time but it's important to get all the loose feathers and dirt out before we can really start flying again. Mother says we look quite dashing now that we're all clean and fluffed up.The other day, we had a big storm blow through the forest. The wind was whipping the trees around and rain was pelting down. It got so loud with the thunder cracking that we all huddled together deep in the nest. I was scared at first but Mother reminded us that storms don't last forever and we'd be safe as long as we stayed put. Sure enough, after a few hours thesky cleared and we could come out again. The best part was all the worms and insects the rain brought up from the ground! We had a feast picking them up from the wet grass and mud.Speaking of food, there are so many tasty things to eat now that spring is here. The trees are budding with fresh new leaves that are so tender and delicious. And wildflowers are starting to bloom everywhere, attracting all kinds of bugs. My favorite has to be the big fuzzy bumblebees. They're kind of scary looking but their pollen is like candy! We have to be careful though because sometimes they don't want to share with us birds. An owl friend of ours got stung on his beak last week trying to steal some bee pollen. His beak was so puffed up and swollen, it was pretty funny looking! I try not to laugh because that wasn't very nice of me.When we're not eating or preening, us young birds have to practice flying. Mother is very strict about our flying lessons. She makes us spend hours flapping around the nest and doing aerial maneuvers like dives and loop-de-loops. It's exhausting work but I know she's just trying to prepare us for migration season when we'll have to fly Very Long Distances to our summer home up north. My little wings get so sore and tired but I keep pushingmyself. I can't wait until I'm a strong enough flyer to soar high up in the sky and look down at the whole forest below!There's so much more happening that I want to tell you about but I should probably wrap this up before I use up too much of the nice paper you sent me. Thank you again for reaching out to your feathered friend. I hope you'll write back soon and tell me how things are going in your neck of the woods (or swamp I guess for a turtle!). Stay safe and watch out for any kickball games the human kids are playing. I've heard those can be dangerous for slow-moving reptiles like yourself!Your friend,Robin篇2Dear Turtle,I hope this letter finds you well. I am the little bird you met at the pond yesterday. I wanted to write and thank you for the lovely conversation we had.You were so patient and kind when I shared my stories with you. Your wise and steady nature made me feel safe. I admirehow you move slowly and enjoy every moment. It reminded me to appreciate the simple joys in life.I also want to apologize for not being able to stay longer. Asa bird, I have many places to explore and friends to visit. But please know that I cherish our time together.I hope we can meet again soon. Until then, take care of yourself and keep enjoying life's little wonders.With warmest regards,Little Bird篇3Dear Turtle,Hello! It's me, Little Bird. I hope this letter finds you in good health. I wanted to write to you to say thank you for being such a great friend. You always listen to me when I have something to say.I love watching you slowly walk around the pond. It's like you have all the time in the world. I wish I could be as patient as you. Sometimes, I get so busy flapping my wings that I forget to appreciate the beauty around me.Your shell is so unique and cool! I wish I had one too. It must be nice to carry your home with you wherever you go. I have to find a tree or a branch to rest on.I wanted to invite you to fly with me sometime. I know you can't fly, but I can teach you. We could explore the skies together and see the world from up high. It would be so much fun!Thank you again for being my friend, Turtle. I cherish our friendship and I hope it lasts forever. Take care of yourself and remember, no matter how slow you are, you will always be special to me.Yours sincerely,Little Bird篇4Dear Mr. Turtle,Thank you so much for your nice letter! I was so excited when I saw it in my mailbox. It's not every day that a little bird like me gets mail from such an interesting friend.I'm glad you asked about my life up here in the trees. It's pretty awesome being a bird! Every morning I wake up and the first thing I do is stick my head out of the nest to see what theday is like. If it's sunny, I sing a little song to greet the morning. My mom says I have a beautiful singing voice for such a little bird.I love singing and chirping along with all my friends in the trees.After singing, it's time for breakfast! I'll fly around looking for some yummy seeds, berries, or insects to eat. I'm not too picky but my favorites are juicy red berries and crunchy beetles. Yum! While I'm out eating, I like to stop and sit on a branch to watch what's happening down on the ground. That's how I first noticed you, Mr. Turtle, slowly plodding along.Sometimes I see kids playing down there and it looks like so much fun. I wish I could join them but I'm not sure how good I'd be at games like tag or hide-and-seek when I can just fly away. Do you ever get to play with the kids, Mr. Turtle? Or do you prefer the quiet life, strolling through the grass?In the afternoon, my friends and I get together at the birdbath for a bath and some splashing around. Getting all clean feels so refreshing, especially on a hot day. After our baths, we have swimming competitions to see who's the fastest! I always come in last because I can't swim as well as the other birds. But at least I try my best.Once we're done bathing, we head back to the trees to work on building our nests. We gather little twigs and leaves and usethem to make our nests soft and cozy for sleeping. I'm still learning how to build a good nest but my mom is an expert! She tells me her nest is the most comfortable one in the whole tree.As the sun starts to go down in the evening, we birds settle into our nests for the night. I tuck my head under my wing and listen to the crickets chirping in the grass. Sometimes I hear other animal sounds too and it makes me wonder what they're up to. Maybe you could tell me what goes on down there at night when it's dark!I have to admit, Mr. Turtle, there are times when I'm a little bit envious of your life down on the ground. It must be nice being able to go wherever you want, not worrying about flying into things or getting caught by a cat. We birds have to be so careful all the time! And you can walk on those cute little legs of yours while I just have these skinny bird feet. I betRead I could wear tiny shoes like the kids do!But even with the hard parts, I still feel pretty lucky to be a bird. We're so free and get to spend our days flying, singing, and enjoying the beauty of nature all around us. I love soaring through the sky, feeling the wind underneath my wings, and getting a bird's eye view of the world below. It's such an amazing feeling!I could go on and on about my birdie life but I think you get the idea. Thank you again for your letter - it was so nice hearing from you! I had a lot of fun imagining what it would be like to trade places for a day. Maybe we can do that sometime and you can show me around your turtle world.Well, I better fly off for now. But please write back soon, okay? I'll keep an eye on the ground for your next letter.Your friend,(Your Bird Name Here)篇5当然可以!不过2000个字可能有点长了,小学生的作文一般不需要写那么多字。

一飞冲天 英文俚语

一飞冲天 英文俚语

一飞冲天英文俚语Idioms and Expressions":Soaring to New Heights: Idioms and ExpressionsThe English language is a rich tapestry woven with a multitude of idioms and expressions that add depth, color, and nuance to our communication. These linguistic gems, often rooted in everyday experiences or historical anecdotes, have the power to convey complex ideas with a single phrase. One such expression, "to fly high," encapsulates the notion of soaring to new heights, both literally and figuratively.In the realm of aviation, the phrase "to fly high" takes on a literal meaning, describing the act of ascending to lofty altitudes. For pilots and aviators, this is not merely a figure of speech, but a tangible reality that requires skill, precision, and a deep understanding of the principles of flight. As an aircraft climbs higher into the sky, it encounters thinner air, decreased atmospheric pressure, and the need for greater engine power to overcome the challenges of high-altitude flight. The successful navigation of these obstacles is a testament to the pilot's expertise and the aircraft's engineeringprowess.However, the expression "to fly high" extends far beyond the realm of aviation, taking on a more metaphorical significance in our daily lives. In this context, it symbolizes the pursuit of ambitious goals, the achievement of remarkable feats, and the realization of extraordinary dreams. When someone is said to be "flying high," it suggests that they have reached a level of success, prosperity, or influence that sets them apart from the ordinary.This metaphorical interpretation of "flying high" can be seen in various aspects of our lives. In the world of business, entrepreneurs who have built thriving enterprises or innovators who have revolutionized their industries are often described as "flying high." Their ability to navigate the complexities of the corporate landscape, overcome challenges, and reach new heights of success is a testament to their vision, determination, and unwavering commitment.Similarly, in the realm of sports, athletes who have achieved remarkable accomplishments, broken records, or won prestigious championships are often lauded as "flying high." Their exceptional performances, physical prowess, and mental fortitude have propelled them to the pinnacle of their respective fields, earning them the admiration and respect of fans and peers alike.The expression "to fly high" can also be applied to the realm of personal achievement and self-actualization. Individuals who have overcome significant obstacles, pursued their passions with unwavering dedication, or made substantial contributions to their communities are often described as "flying high." Their ability to soar above their circumstances, to reach new levels of personal growth and fulfillment, is a testament to their resilience, courage, and the power of the human spirit.Interestingly, the metaphor of "flying high" is not limited to the English language. Many other languages and cultures have their own idiomatic expressions that capture the essence of soaring to new heights. In Spanish, for example, the phrase "ir por las nubes" (to go for the clouds) conveys a similar sentiment of aspiring to greatness and achieving lofty goals. In Japanese, the expression "taka o tsuranuku" (to pierce through the hawk) suggests the idea of surpassing even the most formidable of obstacles.These cross-cultural parallels highlight the universality of the human experience and the shared desire to transcend our limitations and reach for the extraordinary. Idioms and expressions that evoke the imagery of flight and ascension serve as a powerful reminder that our potential is not bound by the constraints of the physical world, but rather by the limitless expanses of our imagination and thestrength of our determination.As we navigate the complexities of our lives, the metaphor of "flying high" can serve as a source of inspiration and motivation. It encourages us to dream big, to challenge ourselves, and to strive for greatness, knowing that the sky is not the limit, but rather the starting point for our most ambitious endeavors. By embracing the rich tapestry of idioms and expressions that celebrate the human spirit's capacity for soaring, we can unlock new perspectives, find the courage to take on daunting challenges, and ultimately, reach new heights of personal and collective achievement.。

果蝇遗传经典fly pushing(中文版)1

果蝇遗传经典fly pushing(中文版)1

§1.1果蝇染色体§1.2识别标记§1.3命名§1.4什么使果蝇如此伟大?平衡染色体§1.5解密交配方案§1.6基本果蝇管理§1.7精心于难养品系§1.8为杂交收集果蝇第一章遗传杂交的基础知识在过去的85年里,果蝇遗传学已经发展成为一门艺术。

这部分是由于时间和信息积累的结果,更多是一些新的遗传学工具和一些果蝇生物学本身特征的结果。

净效果是使杂交方案更可靠,减少了减数分裂重组中的随机性,同时基因在染色体上的物理位置也更容易确定。

以下几节介绍一些果蝇遗传学的基本知识和如何饲养果蝇以及果蝇的命名。

§1.1果蝇染色体果蝇有四条染色体,通常用直线和圆圈来分别代表染色体臂和着丝粒:“L”代表左臂,“R”代表右臂。

X和第四条染色体有较长的左臂和很短的右臂(一般不画出来)。

X、2L、2R、3L、3R大小基本相当,而第四染色体则只有它们的1/5长。

果蝇的性别决定是基于X染色体和一套常染色体的比率。

雄蝇中一条X 和两套常染色体的比例是0.5,而雌蝇的比例为1。

Y染色体上只有几个基因,除了影响精子正常活动能力外,对雄蝇发育的很多方面是没有必要的。

果蝇遗传学的一个重要特征是雄蝇中完全没有重组现象。

尽管重组在别的物种的异配性别中常常会低些,但果蝇却为0。

可是染色体重组在雌性果蝇中却是正常存在的,不过它可以利用果蝇实验者最独特的工具---染色体平衡子来控制。

由射线引起大量断裂和重接使平衡染色体中整个正常染色体的顺序被搞乱了,在减数分裂前期不能和正常同源染色体配对和重组了。

果蝇中的平衡子可以通过显性和隐性突变来识别。

因此它们从亲代到子代的传递方向可以很清楚地分辨出来,由于它们完全不与其同源染色体重组,故其同源染色体的去向亦可相应地推断出来。

由于同源染色体可靠分离,即使其同源染色体没有显性标识也照样可以判断出来。

若子代未获得平衡染色体,则必获得其同源染色体。

飞机维修常用英语

飞机维修常用英语

飞机维修专业英语一,询问航班到达时间1,请告诉我A981航班预计达到时间?Could you please tell me the ETA of flight CA918?当地时间19:30Nineteen thirty local time.2, 航班因天气/ 机械故障原因延误了。

The flight is delayed due to the weather /mechanical fault .二,飞机到达停机位。

1,请确认飞机停留区域清洁,无障碍物。

Make sure the aircraft parking area is clear of completion of obstruction.2, 请与驾驶舱进行通话联系。

Contact the cockpit with interphone.3, 请将停留刹车杀住/ 松开。

Set /release parking brake.停留刹车已刹上/ 松开。

Parking /brake is set/released4,请档上/ 挪开轮档。

Position/remove wheel chocks please.5,请插上/ 取下起落架安全销。

Insert/remove landing gear safety pin.起落架安全销已插上/ 取下。

Landing gear safety pins are insert/released.6 请关车。

Shut down engines.三, 对飞机情况进行了解1,飞机有故障吗?Is there any trouble with the aircraft?2,一切正常Everything is ok !3,有,请看飞行记录本/ 客舱记录本Yes, please look at light log book/cabin log book.4,请往飞行记录本上签字Shut down engines.四,维护工作。

超实用高考英语专题复习:专题02 动词的时态和语态——高考一轮复习语法填空重难点突破讲练测(讲)

超实用高考英语专题复习:专题02 动词的时态和语态——高考一轮复习语法填空重难点突破讲练测(讲)

高考一轮复习语法填空重难点突破讲练测(讲)专题02 动词的时态和语态距离高考还有一段时间,不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生,愈是临近高考,能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节,态度是否主动积极,安排是否科学合理,能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战,其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料,希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率,希望对你有所帮助,有志者事竟成!养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。

总之,在最后的复习阶段,学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候,学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式,最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心,考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”,遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后,考生越要回归基础,单词最好再梳理一遍,这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附靠前30天复习方法。

考点一一般现在时与一般过去时一般现在时和一般过去时是近几年语法填空必考的语法项目,而且考查的均是最基本的用法。

(一)一般现在时一般现在时常用来表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态。

1.谓语动词的构成:do/does(下面所有的谓语动词的构成皆以do为例)2.基本用法(1)表示经常性的动作。

常与usually,always,often,sometimes,never,every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。

On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.星期一早晨,我通常花费一小时开车去上班。

(2)表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。

表示客观真理时,即使主句是一般过去时,宾语从句还要用一般现在时。

果蝇遗传经典fly pushing(中文版)1

果蝇遗传经典fly pushing(中文版)1

§1.1果蝇染色体§1.2识别标记§1.3命名§1.4什么使果蝇如此伟大?平衡染色体§1.5解密交配方案§1.6基本果蝇管理§1.7精心于难养品系§1.8为杂交收集果蝇第一章遗传杂交的基础知识在过去的85年里,果蝇遗传学已经发展成为一门艺术。

这部分是由于时间和信息积累的结果,更多是一些新的遗传学工具和一些果蝇生物学本身特征的结果。

净效果是使杂交方案更可靠,减少了减数分裂重组中的随机性,同时基因在染色体上的物理位置也更容易确定。

以下几节介绍一些果蝇遗传学的基本知识和如何饲养果蝇以及果蝇的命名。

§1.1果蝇染色体果蝇有四条染色体,通常用直线和圆圈来分别代表染色体臂和着丝粒:“L”代表左臂,“R”代表右臂。

X和第四条染色体有较长的左臂和很短的右臂(一般不画出来)。

X、2L、2R、3L、3R大小基本相当,而第四染色体则只有它们的1/5长。

果蝇的性别决定是基于X染色体和一套常染色体的比率。

雄蝇中一条X 和两套常染色体的比例是0.5,而雌蝇的比例为1。

Y染色体上只有几个基因,除了影响精子正常活动能力外,对雄蝇发育的很多方面是没有必要的。

果蝇遗传学的一个重要特征是雄蝇中完全没有重组现象。

尽管重组在别的物种的异配性别中常常会低些,但果蝇却为0。

可是染色体重组在雌性果蝇中却是正常存在的,不过它可以利用果蝇实验者最独特的工具---染色体平衡子来控制。

由射线引起大量断裂和重接使平衡染色体中整个正常染色体的顺序被搞乱了,在减数分裂前期不能和正常同源染色体配对和重组了。

果蝇中的平衡子可以通过显性和隐性突变来识别。

因此它们从亲代到子代的传递方向可以很清楚地分辨出来,由于它们完全不与其同源染色体重组,故其同源染色体的去向亦可相应地推断出来。

由于同源染色体可靠分离,即使其同源染色体没有显性标识也照样可以判断出来。

若子代未获得平衡染色体,则必获得其同源染色体。

果蝇遗传经典fly pushing(中文版)4

果蝇遗传经典fly pushing(中文版)4

第四章合成特定的基因型只有能熟悉合成特定品系和制造新重排染色体的艺术,那么一个果蝇遗传学的高手才能算是达到了他的顶峰。

Ed Novitski就曾经定了一个标准,要合成一个将所有二倍体基因组中的染色体连到一个着丝粒上,尽管尚未实现。

很显然,这种果蝇进行的减数分裂是个痛苦的过程,果蝇将很难存活,但是其基本原理却被证实了。

大多数情况下,复合品系的构建只不过是将几个染色体组合到同一个个体果蝇中。

这乍听起来是容易的,操作起来就麻烦得多,需要事先计划好。

常有这种情况,我想我三下五除二做几回杂交就能得到新的品系,结果只做了两代就分不清果蝇的基因型,最后不得不按正确的方法重新来过。

准确的区分各种基因型是果蝇染色体操作的核心问题。

正是根据一些特点才能将某种特定遗传特征的果蝇同别的果蝇分开,而这对于发现果蝇的全部秘密是重要的。

原理设计果蝇交配方案有点象做有机化学题目。

你必须搞明白如何用最经济和最可靠的步骤将几种初始材料组合成最终的产品,同时在每一步中你必须在下一步处理之前纯化你的阶段性产物(如果这种关于有机化学的比方让你觉得难受,没关系,果蝇杂交要有趣的多,而做起来也会让你更满意的,而且你还可以在参加那些令人厌烦的学术活动或实验室组会时来做)。

单染色体的简单操作这是最简单的果蝇操作了,基本上跟第二章所讲的分离突变体和补偿测试一样。

下述的互补检测即大致描述了其原理:通过显性标记的有无来鉴别子代的基因型此杂交的关键在于每一基因型可以由特定的标记组分来区分——这当然也是一般都有要求的。

连锁突变另一种常见操作是将两个突变组合到同一染色体上,这在双突变体测试和将标记基因连接到某一突变进行嵌和体分析时是必要的。

在最简单的例子中,这种处理只须获得两个突变基因的双杂合雌蝇。

然后在其后代中找出些可能有重组染色体的个体并检验其中有无双突变连锁的个体。

下例中两个突变odd-skipped和even-skipped在第三染色体被连在一起。

如何使飞机飞起来英语作文

如何使飞机飞起来英语作文

The art of making an airplane take flight is a fascinating blend of science,engineering,and sheer human ingenuity.Its a process that has evolved significantly since the Wright brothers first took to the skies in 1903,and it continues to advance with each passing year.Here,well delve into the principles that make an airplane fly and the factors that contribute to its successful ascent.At the heart of flight is the principle of lift,which is generated by the shape and movement of an airplanes wings.The wings are designed with an airfoil shape,which is a crosssection that is curved on the top and flatter on the bottom.As air flows over the wing,it moves faster over the top surface than the bottom.This difference in speed creates a pressure differential,with lower pressure above the wing and higher pressure below. This pressure difference is what provides the lift that counteracts the weight of the airplane,allowing it to rise.The angle at which the wing meets the oncoming air is known as the angle of attack.Adjusting this angle can increase or decrease the lift generated. Pilots control the angle of attack by manipulating the airplanes control surfaces,such as flaps and slats,which can extend to increase the wings surface area and adjust the airflow.Thrust is another critical component of flight.It is the force that propels the airplane forward.Jet engines,the most common type of engine in commercial aviation,generate thrust by burning fuel in a combustion chamber,which produces a highspeed exhaust that propels the airplane forward.Propellerdriven aircraft,on the other hand,use engines to turnpropellers,which push air backward,creating a forward thrust.To maintain stable flight,pilots must also manage drag,which is the resistance an airplane encounters as it moves through the air.Streamlined shapes and smooth surfaces help reduce drag,allowing the airplane to move more efficiently.Control is the final piece of the puzzle.Airplanes have three main axes around which they can rotate:pitch nose up or down,roll tilting from side to side,and yaw turning left or right.Control surfaces,including ailerons, elevators,and rudder,allow pilots to make these adjustments and maintain the desired flight path.The process of taking off is a carefully choreographed dance of these elements.As the airplane accelerates down the runway,the pilot increases the throttle to generate more thrust.Simultaneously,they adjust the angle of attack to generate more lift.Once the lift equals the airplanes weight, the airplane leaves the ground and begins its ascent.Climbing to cruising altitude involves a gradual increase in altitude,during which the pilot adjusts the throttle and control surfaces to maintain a stable,fuelefficient flight.This phase is typically marked by a reduction in engine power and a slight increase in the angle of attack to maintain lift as air density decreases with altitude.Throughout the entire process,pilots rely on a host of instruments to monitor the airplanes performance and make adjustments as needed.Thealtimeter provides information about altitude,the airspeed indicator shows the airplanes speed relative to the surrounding air,and the vertical speed indicator shows the rate of climb or descent.The science of flight is a testament to human innovation and our relentless pursuit of conquering the skies.From the early days of aviation to the modern marvels of todays commercial and military aircraft,the principles of lift,thrust,drag,and control remain the bedrock upon which successful flight is built.As technology continues to advance,we can expect the art of flight to evolve,opening up new possibilities for exploration and transportation.。

四年级下册会飞的鞋子英语作文一千字

四年级下册会飞的鞋子英语作文一千字

四年级下册会飞的鞋子英语作文一千字全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Flying ShoesWow, can you believe we're almost done with 4th grade? This year has flown by faster than a speeding superhero! Speaking of superheroes, I have to tell you about the most amazing thing that happened to me over spring break. You'll never believe it, but I actually got to try on a pair of flying shoes! Yes, you read that right - real live flying shoes that let you soar through the air like a bird. It was the coolest experience ever!It all started when my uncle surprised me by taking me to the Innovative Footwear Expo in Central City. He works for a company that makes really high-tech sneakers and hiking boots, so he gets free tickets every year. I've gone with him before, but this year there was something totally new and mind-blowing on display.As soon as we walked into the convention center, I noticed a huge crowd gathered around this one booth. People were gawking and pointing, with looks of amazement on their faces.Being the curious kid that I am, I had to get closer to see what all the fuss was about.That's when I saw them - the flying shoes! They looked just like regular red and white high-top sneakers, but there were little jets on the backs. A lady in a lab coat was explaining that the shoes used cutting-edge anti-gravity technology to propel the wearer up into the air. And get this - they could fly up to 500 feet high for 20 minutes on a single charge! My mind was blown.The lady asked if any kids wanted to come up and be the first to test out the prototype flying shoes. You better believe I shot my hand up quicker than a rocket taking off! A few other brave kids volunteered too. The lady smiled and told us to remove our regular shoes so we could slip on the flying high-tops.I can still hardly describe the feeling of pulling those shoes onto my feet. They felt slightly heavier than normal sneakers, but not too much. The lady had us stand in a line as she went down the row, pressing a button on the heel of each shoe to activate the flying mode. I watched in giddy anticipation as the kid in front of me's shoes whirred to life and little jets of air shot out from the backs, very slowly lifting his feet off the ground!Finally, it was my turn. The second she hit the button on my shoes, I could feel them forcefully pushing air downwards tocounteract gravity. Suddenly, my feet started rising from the floor until I was hovering about three feet up in the air! It felt like I was walking on invisible stairs as I propelled myself higher simply by taking slow steps forward. The other kids cheered me on as I rose up above their heads with the biggest smile spread across my face.Once I was up nice and high, the lady showed me how to make tight turns by pointing my toes. She had me practice flying little patterns and doing spins in the air. I felt like a superhero out of a movie as I zoomed around the booth! Every once in a while, I would descend back towards the ground by leaning back on my heels. Then I would immediately start re-ascending just by walking forwards again. It was pure magic.After about 10 minutes of incredible aerial maneuvers and stunts, I had to hand the shoes back over to the next kid for a turn. I didn't even mind though, because those 10 minutes of being able to defy gravity and fly around were some of the most amazing of my entire life so far. I floated back down to earth dazed but beaming, hardly able to believe what I had just experienced.As we left the expo, my uncle could hardly get me to stop talking about how incredibly cool the flying shoes were. I keptasking him question after question about the physics and engineering that went into making them work. I've already decided that when I grow up, I want to be an inventor who makes devices just as awesome and imaginative as those shoes.Who knows, maybe one day in the not-so-distant future we'll all have our own flying shoes and be able to soar around town running errands or commuting to school and work. Just imagine how much easier life would be if you could fly over traffic jams and travel as the crow flies wherever you needed to go! Maybe I'll be the one to perfect that dream and make readily available flying shoes a reality. A kid can dream, can't he?For now though, I'll just keep replaying the memories of my 10 minutes of gravity-defying bliss over and over again in my head. I'm keenly awaiting the day when that incredible technology hits stores so I can be one of the first to own a pair of real, certified flying shoes! Just call me the Superhero of the Skies from now on. After experiencing the power of human-powered flight, no goal seems too lofty for me to accomplish. The sky is no longer the limit - it's just the beginning! I can't wait to see what other sort of篇2The Flying ShoesWow, can you believe it? The new English textbook for the second semester of 4th grade has the most amazing story called "The Flying Shoes"! It's so cool and exciting, I just have to tell you all about it.The story begins with a young boy named Raju who lives in a small village in India. Raju's family is very poor and he has to work hard every day to help earn a little money. His biggest dream is to be able to go to school and get an education, but his parents cannot afford the fees.One day, Raju sees a strange old man entering the village wearing tattered clothes and carrying a large sack on his back. The other children start making fun of the old man and throwing rocks at him. But Raju takes pity on him and offers him a spot to rest in the shade of a tree. The old man is very grateful and gives Raju a special gift - a pair of old, worn-out shoes."But these are just regular shoes," says Raju, feeling a bit disappointed.The old man smiles and replies, "Ah, but these are no ordinary shoes, my child. Whoever wears these shoes and concentrates hard enough can make them fly!"Raju thinks the old man is probably joking or a bit crazy. But he takes the shoes anyway, since they are better than the bare feet he usually has. When he gets home, he tries on the shoes and focuses all his might on making them fly. At first, nothing happens. But then, the most miraculous thing occurs - the shoes begin to lift off the ground! Raju is flying, soaring high above his village.From that day on, Raju uses the flying shoes to travel far and wide, experiencing wonderful adventures. He flies over snowcapped mountains, vast deserts, and even soars beside flocks of migratory birds. The world looks so different and amazing from high up in the sky.But Raju never forgets his original dream of getting an education. One day, he flies all the way to the big city and sneaks into a school classroom through an open window. He sits at an empty desk and eagerly listens, learning more that day than he had in his entire life. From then on, Raju uses the flying shoes to travel between his village and the city school, quenching his unquenchable thirst for knowledge.However, the flying shoes don't last forever. After years of heavy use, they gradually start becoming too worn and tattered to fly reliably anymore. Raju knows their magic is fading, but hedoesn't give up on his education. By this time, he has learned so much that he is able to get a good job and finally afford to pay tuition to attend school full-time like a regular student.In the end, Raju graduates at the top of his class and goes on to become a teacher, sharing his love of learning with a new generation of students. He never forgot how those magical flying shoes changed his life and opened his eyes to the vast wonders of the world. And who knows, maybe one of his own students will find a pair of equally magical shoes one day.I absolutely loved this story of "The Flying Shoes"! It has everything - magic, adventure, perseverance, and an inspirational message about the importance of education. Whenever I start to feel lazy about schoolwork, I'm going to remember Raju and his fierce determination to keep learning no matter what obstacles were in his way. He showed that with hard work, passion and maybe just a little bit of magic, anything is possible.I really hope we get to read more fun, imaginative stories like this in English class. Learning another language through amazing tales like "The Flying Shoes" makes it so much more interesting and motivating. I can't wait to see what other literary adventures await us this semester!篇3The Magical Flying ShoesIt was just another ordinary day, or so I thought. I woke up, got dressed for school, ate my breakfast, and was getting ready to head out the door when something caught my eye. There on the floor next to my bed were a pair of shoes I had never seen before. At first I thought maybe my mom had bought me new shoes, but these didn't look like any normal shoes.They were bright red high tops that seemed to almost glow. The laces were neon green and bright yellow lightning bolts were all over them. I walked over and picked them up. They were incredibly light, like lighter than a feather! That's when I noticed a tag hanging off the side that said "Magic Flying Shoes" in fancy cursive writing.I couldn't believe my eyes. Magic flying shoes? That had to be a joke, right? There's no such thing as flying shoes. Still, my curiosity got the best of me. I looked around to make sure no one was watching, then slipped them on my feet. At first nothing happened. I stood there feeling kind of silly in these crazy looking shoes. But then, I felt my feet start to tingle. The tinglingspread up my legs and throughout my body. Suddenly, I started to float up off the ground!I let out a yelp of surprise as I drifted higher and higher towards the ceiling. I flailed my arms trying to grab onto something, but it was no use. I was really flying! After the initial shock wore off, I was able to steer myself around the room by leaning different ways. This was so cool!I practiced flying around for a while until I got the hang of it.I could zoom across the room, do loop-de-loops, and even hover in one spot if I wanted. That's when I had a hilarious idea. I flew down the hallway and into the kitchen where my little brother was eating cereal."Hey Tyler, watch this!" I shouted as I came soaring in. The look on his face was priceless as his jaw dropped almost hitting the floor. His eyes grew wide as I glided over his head, showing off my new flying ability."No way! How are you doing that?" he yelled in disbelief after finally finding his voice again."Magic shoes!" I responded with a big cheesy grin as I twirled around before landing softly next to him.Tyler snatched the shoes off my feet to examine them. "These are so cool! I gotta try them." He quickly jammed his feet into the magical high tops. At first nothing happened and he started looking disappointed. But then, just like me, he began to float upwards."Wooooahhhh!" he cried out as he kicked his legs and arms like a baby first learning to crawl. It was hilarious watching him trying to get the hang of flying. I showed him how to steer himself and he was soon zipping all over with a huge smile on his face.We spent the next hour chasing each other around the house in the air. We played flying tag, flew loopy circles around our parents (who didn't seem to notice or care we were flying for some reason), and landed on top of the fridge and cabinets. It was the most fun I'd had in a long time!Eventually though, the magic started wearing off and we could feel ourselves slowly descending back towards the floor. We landed softly on the couch, out of breath from our flying marathon and all the giggling. That's when we heard my mom's voice."Boys! You're going to be late for school if you don't leave now!"School! I had totally forgotten about that in my euphoria over the flying shoes. How was I supposed to explain being late because I was too busy flying around the house? I looked over at Tyler and he seemed to be having the same thought. An idea came to me."Trust me," I whispered with a wink. I scooped up the magical shoes and put them back on my feet. Once again, I could feel the tingle as they reactivated. Tyler's eyes grew wide, realizing my plan. I grabbed his hand tightly and slowly floated up off the couch, pulling him up with me."Hang on!" I shouted as I leaned forward and we took off like a rocket, zooming out of the house. We flew high above the neighborhood, the morning sun shining brightly. Down below we could see kids walking to school, parents driving to work, dogs being walked. But none of them had a clue about the two flying kids soaring overhead.Thanks to the flying shoes, we made it to school in record time. We touched down in the playground behind the big oak tree, out of sight from any teachers or staff. The magic seemed to be wearing off quickly again as we landed with a soft thud. I stashed the shoes in my backpack, hoping their powers would recharge for the trip home.Tyler and I walked onto the campus trying our best to act natural, despite still being out of breath and having flushed faces from our airborne journey. A couple of friends noticed our suspicious looks as we found our line for the morning assembly."Dude, why do you look so sweaty? Did you run all the way here?" my friend Michael asked with a puzzled expression.Tyler and I just looked at each other and started cracking up. No way we could。

你当像鸟飞往你的山推荐英语作文120词

你当像鸟飞往你的山推荐英语作文120词

你当像鸟飞往你的山推荐英语作文120词全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1You Should Fly Like a Bird Toward Your MountainHi friends! Today I want to talk to you about something really important. It's about following your dreams and never giving up, no matter what. You see, we're all like little birds in a nest, looking out at the great big world. And out there in the distance, we can see these huge, tall mountains stretching up into the clouds. Those mountains are our dreams and our goals in life.Maybe your mountain is wanting to be a doctor or a teacher when you grow up. Maybe it's being an amazing artist or musician. Perhaps your dream is to become a professional athlete or an astronaut who gets to fly in spaceships! Whatever your mountain is, it's really, really far away right now. And the climb up looks super steep and hard.Some kids might look at that big mountain and think "There's just no way I can ever make it up there. It's too far and too difficult. I'll never be able to do it." But you know what?Those kids are flat out wrong! You can absolutely make it to the top of your mountain if you try hard enough and never, ever give up.It won't be easy, that's for sure. There will be times when you feel tired and frustrated. You'll hit obstacles along the way that seem impossible to get past. Maybe you'll fail a test or an audition or a big game. And you'll feel like quitting and giving up on your dream.But you can't do that! You have to keep pushing forward, no matter what. It's like being a little bird, flapping your wings as hard as you can. You might not be able to fly very far at first, but if you keep trying, your wings will get stronger. And then one day, you'll be able to soar up higher and higher into the sky!If you give up on your dream and stop flapping those little wings, you'll never take flight. You'll just stay stuck in the nest forever, watching the other birds fly off to amazing places while you get left behind. Is that what you want? Of course not! You want to spread your wings and soar like a brave bird, aiming right for the top of that huge mountain on the horizon.So don't listen to the kids who tell you it can't be done. Don't pay any attention to the doubters and dream-crushers. Just keep believing in yourself and pushing forward, no matter what. Studyas hard as you can in school. Practice your sport or instrument or art as much as possible. Listen to your parents, teachers and coaches when they try to help you get better.It won't happen overnight, but slowly but surely, you'll get closer and closer to your mountain peak. Yeah, there will be times when you feel like giving up. We all do at some point. But don't ever quit flapping! Just take a little break to catch your breath, and then start flapping those wings again.And then one amazing day, after lots of hard work and perseverance, you'll finally make it. You'll soar up over the peak of that gigantic mountain you've been staring at your whole life. And the view from up there will be incredible! You'll look out over the whole world with pride, knowing you achieved your biggest dream through dedication and never giving up.So to all my friends out there, I have just one piece of advice: Be like a little bird, and fly like crazy toward your biggest mountains and dreams. Sure, it won't be easy and it will take a long time. But if you keep flapping those wings and giving it your all, you'll get there. I know you can do it! Just keep believing in yourself and your wings will carry you as high as you want to go.Okay guys, that's all I've got for today. Thanks for listening to me ramble on and on! I'll leave you with this - never stop chasingyour mountains, no matter how big and tall they might seem. You've got this! Fly on, my friends!篇2Soar Like a Bird Towards Your MountainHave you ever watched a bird effortlessly gliding through the sky? They spread their wings and let the wind carry them wherever they want to go. No obstacles can stop them as they soar higher and higher into the endless blue. Wouldn't it be amazing if we could be like those birds - free to pursue our dreams without any limits or fears holding us back?That's exactly what I want us to do. Let's spread our wings and fly towards the tallest mountain of our ambitions! It won't be easy, but nothing worth achieving ever is. There will be storms that try to blow us off course. Bullies might laugh and say we'll never make it. Even our own doubts might tell us to just give up. But we can't listen to any of that.Real birds don't get discouraged when the wind changes direction. They adjust their feathers and use that new wind to soar even higher. That's the mindset we need to adopt. Every challenge is an opportunity to grow stronger. The doubters? Lettheir negative words blow past you like a gentle breeze.Self-doubt? Don't even let it take flight in your mind!Just picture that massive, towering mountain in the distance. That's your dream - your passion, your purpose. It may look impossibly far away right now, but don't be fooled. With each flap of your wings, with each gust of determination pushing you forward, you'll get closer and closer. Before you know it, that speck on the horizon will loom larger than you ever imagined.And when you finally reach the peak, can you imagine how incredible the view will be? All the struggles to get there will make the accomplishment that much sweeter. You'll look out over the entire world with pride, knowing your unwavering spirit allowed you to defy gravity itself.That's the magic of aiming high - nothing can weigh you down when you're soaring freely through the sky. The higher you climb, the more unlimited your possibilities become. Why settle for the ground when the vast endlessness of the atmosphere is yours for the taking?So no more walking, no more running - from now on, we fly! Flap those wings with all your might and let your dream fuel your ascent. The updrafts of passion will keep you aloft through anyturbulence. Spread your feathers, feel the rush of the wind, and never look back!I can't wait to join all my fellow birds in the heights of our brightest futures. Just remember - the sky is nowhere near the limit for those who refuse to accept limits. With determination as unstoppable as a jet stream, we'll soar all the way to our wildest dreams. So let's take flight...our mountains are calling!篇3Fly Like a Bird to Your MountainHi friends! Have you ever dreamed of being a bird and flying high up in the sky? I sure have! Whenever I see birds soaring overhead, I imagine how free and happy they must feel way up there. I wish I could sprout wings and join them on their adventures over the mountains, forests, and oceans.If I could fly like a bird, the first place I would go is up to the tallest mountain nearby. I love looking at mountains from down here, but I bet the view from way up top is even better. As a bird, I could glide up over the rocky slopes and snowy peaks without getting tired. I could perch on the very highest point and look out over the whole world below me.From my mountain-top view, I imagine I would see a patchwork quilt of greens and browns spreading out forever - forests, fields, rivers, and maybe even the glittering ocean off in the distance. The roads and houses and cities would look like tiny little lines and blocks scattered here and there. Up in the sky with me would be a sea of fluffy white clouds that I could swoop and soar through. What a dream that would be!As a bird, I could spend all day exploring every nook and cranny of that mountain. I would swoop down into deep canyons and gorges to peek inside. I could poke my beak into caves and crevices to look for animal families living there. At the end of the day, I could return to a cozy little nest tucked away on a cliff-side ledge to rest my wings and watch the sunset paint the whole world in shades of pink, orange, and purple.After getting to know my mountain home from tip to bottom, I would spread my wings and fly off to discover new landscapes. Maybe I would travel all the way across the ocean to explore jungles, deserts, and other lands on the other side of the world. Or maybe I would head up north to the frozen Arctic regions with their towering icebergs and pods of whales. As a bird, the whole world would be wide open for me to go wherever my wings could take me.No matter how far I roamed, though, I know that snug little nest on my beloved mountain would always be waiting to welcome me back home. After all my traveling adventures, I could return and settle back down to hatch and raise a new family of baby birds. Then I could teach them all the best flying routes and show them all the wonders of our mountain home and world beyond.Can you imagine anything better than being able to fly free as a bird wherever you want to go? To have that bird's eye view of the whole wide world from high up in the sky? For me, there's nothing that sounds more fun or magical. It's just too bad us humans are stuck here on the ground and have to walk or drive or fly in airplanes to get around. We'll never know what it's truly like to be a bird and feel that freedom of soaring through the open skies.Well, maybe not in real life. But we can always let our imaginations take wing and pretend to be birds, if just for a little while. We can picture ourselves gliding effortlessly above the trees, riding the wind currents, and traveling wherever our hearts desire. Who knows? If we imagine it enough, maybe we can even fool our minds into believing we really are birds after all. It's worth a try at least!So next time you look up and see a bird coasting by overhead, don't just watch it fly away. Join it in your mind and take to the skies yourself. Flap your arms and let the breeze catch under your imaginary wings. Leave the whole world behind and fly off in search of adventure and freedom. Discover the thrill of being an animal that was born to take to the air and soar. Let yourself be that bird, if only for a little while.And maybe, just maybe, you will catch a little glimpse of how it feels to truly fly like a bird toward your favorite mountain and beyond. Who knows where your wings may take you? The sky's the limit when you let yourself take flight!篇4Fly Like a Bird to Your MountainWhen I was little, I dreamed of being a bird. I loved watching them soar through the sky without a care in the world. Birds are so free and happy! They can fly wherever they want - over trees, over rivers, even over huge mountains.If I could be a bird, I would flap my wings and take off into the clouds. I would circle high above the earth, feeling the wind ruffle my feathers. Then I would point my beak towards thetallest, most beautiful mountain and fly straight towards it. Nothing could stop me!As I got closer, I would see every ridge, every rocky cliff, every patch of green on the mountainside. Finally, I would land gently on the peak and look out over the whole world below me. What an amazing view for a bird like me! I may be little, but my dream is as big as that mountain. Someday I will find a way to make it come true.篇5When You Fly Like a Bird Towards Your MountainI wish I could fly like a bird, soaring high above the clouds and mountains. If I had wings, I would spread them wide and let the wind carry me wherever it wanted to go. Up, up into the bright blue sky, gliding over the tall trees and rivers down below.What would it feel like to be a bird? I imagine it would be the most freeing feeling in the world. No cars or buildings or roads to follow. Just you and the open air, with the whole world stretched out beneath your wings. You could go anywhere you wanted, exploring new lands and seeing sights no human has ever seen before.As a bird, I wouldn't need a plane ticket or a map. I could just take off from my backyard and fly in whichever direction struck my fancy that day. Maybe I'd head west towards the rocky mountains, swooping low over the jagged peaks. Or east towards the ocean, catching glimpses of whales breaching the surface as I glided alongside the crashing waves.If I got hungry, I could pluck fresh berries right off the bushes below or scan the fields for a stray mouse or rabbit. And when I got thirsty, I'd simply dip my beak into a cool stream. No worries about finding a restaurant or packing enough snacks. A bird can live off the land.And at night, I could make my nest high up in the branches of a towering pine tree. I'd listen to the hootings of owls and the chirpings of crickets as I drifted off to sleep, gently rocked by the swaying tree. No need for a cozy bed or warm blankets up there - just the calming sounds of nature to lull me into dreamland.In the morning, I'd greet the sunrise with a cheerful song, joining my voice with the other birds in welcoming a new day. Then I'd shake out my feathers and take off again, catching uplifts of wind to soar even higher towards the heavens. Up, up, climbing until the whole world looked like a colorful patchwork quilt far below me.As a human, I'm stuck following roads and trails, limited by where my feet can take me. But as a bird, the sky would be my road, unbounded and open to exploration. Maybe I'd even migrate with the seasons, winging my way to warmer climates for the winter before returning north again in spring. What an amazing way to see different landscapes and escape the cold.But I think the freedom to soar wherever I wished would make up for the difficulties. As a bird, I could fly towards any mountain, valley or coastline that called to me. The whole world would be my playground and the sky my endless highway.So yes, if I could be anything, I would want to be a bird - at least for a little while. To glide on the wind currents, feel the rush of air under my outstretched wings, and view the earth from high above...what an amazing experience that would be. A bird gets to live life in three dimensions, not just stuck to the flat ground below.Flapping my wings, I would chase the sunrise across the continents or fly in loops and spirals just for the sheer joy of it. When you can fly, every day is a new adventure full of possibilities. So why just walk from place to place when you could let your wings carry you? I'd fly like a bird towards whatever mountain, towards whatever dream called to my spirit.The sky is my new home and the winds my chariot. Look out world, here I come!篇6You Should Fly Like a Bird to Your MountainHave you ever dreamed of flying high up in the sky, soaring over trees and mountains like a bird? I sure have! My name is Timmy and I'm going to tell you all about why you should let your spirit fly free like a bird towards your own special mountain.First off, what do I mean by "your mountain"? Well, every person has hopes, dreams and goals that are like a towering mountain waiting to be climbed. Maybe your mountain is becoming a famous artist and painting beautiful pictures. Maybe it's growing up to be a brave firefighter who rescues people. Or perhaps your mountain is learning all there is to know about dinosaurs so you can be a world-famous paleontologist! Whatever your biggest dreams are, those are your mountains.Just like a real mountain, reaching your dream mountain won't be easy. There will be rocky paths to climb, steep cliffs to scale, and prickly bushes to push through. You'll get tired, scraped up, and maybe even feel like giving up sometimes. But you know what? Birds don't let anything stop them from flyingwherever they want to go. They spread their wings and let the wind carry them on an amazing journey, no matter what obstacles are in their way.That's what you need to do with your mountain! Believe in yourself with all your heart, just like a bird bravely gliding through the sky believes it can fly. Use your hopes and dreams as wings to soar up higher and higher every day towards that misty peak in the distance. Don't let fear, doubts or setbacks keep you grounded. Face them head on, then shake out your feathers and take flight again!As you flap those powerful wings and rise into the air, make sure to stop sometime and look around at the incredible view. From way up high, you'll be able to see just how vast and wonderful the world is, filled with fantastic opportunities and adventures awaiting you. The higher you fly towards your mountain's peak, the more rewarding experiences and knowledge you'll encounter. You'll make amazing discoveries about yourself and the world around you.Think about how free and fantastic it will feel to finally make it all the way up to the peak of your mountain at last! You'll be able to look out over the whole world, feeling the cool breeze ruffle your feathers proudly. All your dedication and effort willhave paid off in the best way possible as you soar gracefully among the clouds at the very top. No obstacle will ever be able to ground you again!So don't just walk or crawl towards your hopes and dreams like a person stuck on the earth. Believe in yourself like a bird believes it can fly, and let your spirit soar! Use your ambitions as wings and make your ascent as high as you can towards that great mountain on the horizon. With bravery, hard work and perseverance, you can make it all the way there. Then you can glide effortlessly among the heights, enjoying the awesome view and freedom of achieving your biggest dreams.What is your mountain? What are you most passionate about and hoping to accomplish in your life? Get those wings working hard and never stop flying upwards towards that distant peak! It won't be easy, but it will be incredible. So straighten those feathers, flap those wings, and let your spirit soar like a bird towards your mountain. You've got what it takes to make it all the way there!。

玉兔二号英语作文

玉兔二号英语作文

玉兔二号英语作文The Chang'e-4 lunar probe, also known as the Yutu-2 rover, is a groundbreaking achievement in the history of space exploration. This remarkable mission has not only expanded our understanding of the Moon but has also captivated the hearts and minds of people around the world.The Chang'e-4 mission began on December 8 2018 when the probe was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China. After a successful journey through space the probe landed on the far side of the Moon on January 3 2019 making it the first ever spacecraft to achieve this feat. The landing site was the Von Kármán crater located within the South Pole-Aitken basin the largest known impact crater in the solar system.One of the primary objectives of the Chang'e-4 mission was to study the geological and environmental conditions of the lunar far side which has never been explored before. The Yutu-2 rover which was deployed shortly after the landing has been instrumental in this endeavor. Using a variety of scientific instruments the rover has been able to gather valuable data on the composition of the lunar surface the topography of the landing site and the radiation levels presenton the far side of the Moon.The findings from the Chang'e-4 mission have already provided scientists with a wealth of new information about the Moon. For instance the rover's ground-penetrating radar has revealed that the lunar surface in the Von Kármán crater is much more complex than previously thought with multiple layers of material from different geological periods. This has given researchers a better understanding of the Moon's formation and evolution.In addition to its scientific objectives the Chang'e-4 mission has also served as a powerful symbol of China's growing prowess in space exploration. The successful landing and operation of the Yutu-2 rover on the lunar far side has demonstrated China's technological capabilities and its determination to become a major player in the global space industry.The Chang'e-4 mission has also captured the imagination of people around the world. The images and data transmitted by the Yutu-2 rover have been widely shared and discussed on social media platforms sparking a renewed interest in lunar exploration. Many have been captivated by the sheer scale and complexity of the mission as well as the sense of wonder and discovery that it has evoked.Looking ahead the Chang'e-4 mission is expected to continue for at least another year with the Yutu-2 rover continuing its exploration of the Von Kármán c rater. Scientists are hopeful that the data and samples collected by the rover will help to unlock even more secrets about the Moon's past and provide valuable insights into the formation and evolution of the solar system.Beyond the Chang'e-4 mission China has already announced plans for future lunar exploration including the Chang'e-5 mission which is scheduled to launch later this year and aims to collect and return samples from the lunar surface. These ambitious plans underscores China's growing confidence and capabilities in space exploration and its determination to play a leading role in the global space race.In conclusion the Chang'e-4 mission and the Yutu-2 rover have been a remarkable achievement that has not only expanded our scientific understanding of the Moon but has also captured the imagination of people around the world. As China continues to push the boundaries of space exploration it is clear that the Chang'e-4 mission will be remembered as a landmark event in the history of lunar exploration.。

火箭起飞的英语作文

火箭起飞的英语作文

火箭起飞的英语作文Title: The Spectacle of Rocket Launch: A Marvel of Human Ingenuity。

The spectacle of a rocket launch is an awe-inspiring event that captures the essence of human ingenuity and technological advancement. From the roaring engines to the billowing plumes of smoke, each launch represents a culmination of years of scientific research, engineering expertise, and collaborative effort. Witnessing a rocket soar into the sky evokes a sense of wonder and pride in our ability to conquer the vastness of space.As the countdown begins, anticipation builds, and spectators hold their breath in anticipation of liftoff. Every second feels like an eternity as the final preparations are made, and the moment of ignition draws near. Then, with a deafening roar, the engines ignite, and the rocket begins its ascent into the heavens.The sheer power unleashed during liftoff is staggering. Rockets are propelled into space by the force of controlled explosions, harnessing the energy generated by burning fuel. The intense heat and pressure generated by these engines push the rocket against the Earth's gravitational pull, overcoming the immense forces that seek to keep it grounded.Watching a rocket ascend into the sky is a testament to human achievement and the boundless possibilities of scientific exploration. It serves as a reminder of our insatiable curiosity and our relentless pursuit of knowledge. With each launch, we push the boundaries of what is possible, venturing further into the unknown reaches of space.But the journey doesn't end with liftoff. Once therocket breaks free from the Earth's atmosphere, it entersthe vast expanse of space, where it must navigate throughthe vacuum with pinpoint precision. Onboard computers guide the rocket along its predetermined trajectory, adjusting course as necessary to ensure a successful mission.As the rocket continues on its journey, it carries with it the hopes and dreams of countless individuals who have dedicated their lives to the pursuit of space exploration. Scientists, engineers, and astronauts work tirelessly to push the boundaries of human knowledge, pushing the limits of technology to explore new frontiers.But even as we celebrate each successful launch, we are reminded of the inherent risks involved in space exploration. Every mission carries with it the potentialfor failure, and the specter of tragedy looms large. Yet, despite the dangers, we press on, driven by our innate desire to explore and discover.In conclusion, the spectacle of a rocket launch is a testament to the ingenuity, perseverance, and collaborative spirit of humanity. It represents the pinnacle of technological achievement and serves as a symbol of our boundless curiosity and ambition. As we gaze up at the stars, we are reminded of the endless possibilities thatlie beyond our world, waiting to be explored.。

飞机即将起航英语作文

飞机即将起航英语作文

飞机即将起航英语作文Title: The Excitement of Departure: Boarding the Plane。

As the moment approaches, the anticipation builds, the excitement palpable. The journey about to unfold is notjust a physical one but a journey of the mind, spirit, and soul. Boarding the plane is not merely a matter of stepping onto a vessel; it's an immersion into a world of possibilities, discoveries, and experiences waiting to be embraced.The hustle and bustle of the airport fades into the background as the final boarding call echoes through the terminal. The queue inches forward, each step bringing us closer to the threshold of adventure. The flight attendants greet us with warm smiles, their reassuring presenceinstilling confidence and calm amidst the flurry ofactivity.Stepping onto the jet bridge, a rush of excitementcourses through me. The scent of jet fuel mingles with the promise of new horizons, stirring a sense of wanderlust deep within. As I enter the aircraft, the familiar hum of engines greets me like an old friend, signaling the imminent departure into the boundless expanse of the sky.Finding my seat, I settle in, the anticipation mounting with each passing moment. The safety demonstration plays out before me, a ritual of reassurance as we prepare to defy gravity and soar into the heavens. The cabin crew's professionalism and poise serve as a reminder of the meticulous care taken to ensure our journey is not just safe but also comfortable and enjoyable.As the engines roar to life and the plane begins totaxi towards the runway, a wave of exhilaration washes over me. The world outside blurs into a kaleidoscope of lights and motion, a prelude to the grand spectacle of takeoff. With each passing second, the anticipation builds, until finally, with a gentle lurch, we leave the ground behind and ascend into the unknown.The sensation of flight is both surreal and sublime, a testament to humanity's ingenuity and ambition. As the landscape unfolds beneath us, each passing mile brings us closer to our destination, yet simultaneously expands the realm of possibility. From the window seat, the world takes on a new perspective, a patchwork of cities, mountains, and oceans waiting to be explored.In the cocoon of the aircraft, time seems to stand still, suspended between departure and arrival. Freed from the constraints of the everyday, the mind wanders freely, unfettered by the concerns of the mundane world below. Whether traveling for business or pleasure, the journey itself becomes a destination, a tapestry of experiences woven together by the thread of exploration.As the flight progresses, bonds form among fellow travelers, united by a shared sense of adventure and discovery. Conversations flow freely, bridging gaps of culture, language, and distance. In the confined space of the cabin, strangers become friends, brought together by the common pursuit of exploration and enlightenment.And so, as the journey unfolds and the miles melt away, I am reminded of the transformative power of travel. In leaving behind the familiar, we open ourselves to new experiences, perspectives, and possibilities. Each journeyis not just a physical movement from one place to another but a voyage of the soul, an odyssey of self-discovery and growth.As the plane prepares for its descent, the excitement builds once again, anticipation giving way to reflection. The journey may be nearing its end, but the memories and experiences will endure, etched into the fabric of my being. For in boarding the plane, I have not just embarked on a voyage across the sky but embarked on a journey of the heart, forever changed by the places I've been and the people I've met along the way.。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

第二章分离新的变种我们利用果蝇作为研究对象并不是因为它们格外聪明,而是因为突变——我们可以获得突变并研究分析这些突变。

我们今天的果蝇的分子生物学大厦正是以此为基础的。

大多数的遗传学方法是不适合于定点突变的——突变某一预定好的基因,就如小鼠中的敲除技术一样。

实际上它们大多是随机的,然后采用遗传检测的手段来确定特定的突变。

而在微生物遗传学中的筛选方法基本上都不适用于果蝇。

许多的单个F1果蝇在其全部的性细胞中有一套突变的染色体。

由于化学突变剂常作用于DNA双螺旋的某一链上,F1代果蝇将会是嵌和体,因为染色体是采用半保留复制的。

也就是说,DNA的单股序列的改变只会传到下一代果蝇的一半的细胞中(在首次有丝分裂之后)。

故新的突变会在下一代果蝇的某些细胞出现,而在另一些细胞中却没有。

若这个突变只在组织细胞中表达而不在生殖细胞中表达,这可能会产生一个不可遗传的突变的表型。

但F1代的性细胞却很少是嵌和的,因此尚需做进一步的杂交实验来揭示某些子代果蝇的突变。

当然在另一些果蝇中突变性状会被恢复。

突变体突变剂的选择取决于你所需要的突变类型和你计划在此花费的时间的长短。

化学突变剂最适合于获得单点突变(或者小的基因内缺失),因此它们比较适合获得等位突变序列或者是条件突变(如温度敏感型),以及事先确定表型的突变(如学习突变体)。

放射法最适合制造重排,比如易位、重复、缺失和倒置。

而插入突变则最适合于突变基因的快速分子克隆。

其衍生出的一种技术增强子陷阱则可基于增强表达的模式来鉴定基因。

诱变剂的介绍EMSEMS是最为常用化学的诱变剂,它是一种烷化试剂能导致大量的点突变,尽管也能造成小的缺失和其它重排。

其使用剂量取决于所采用的遗传分析方法,比如在寻找新突变时需要采用低剂量,而在已有突变的基础上寻找新的突变则需要较高的剂量。

这是因为在前一种情形中染色体必须弄成纯和的,而后者中突变将用另一种染色体来检验。

这其中的道理便在于当你弄出纯和的突变染色体以寻找特定表型时,你不希望其它的纯和突变,尤其是隐性致死突变也同时存在,从而使原定的方案复杂化。

在低剂量条件下雄蝇进食2.5MM的EMS1%蔗糖溶液过夜,结果平均每一条染色体都会发生一个致死突变,或者说突变比率为每个基因位点平均每千条染色体会发生一次突变。

(也就是说你在检验某一果蝇的后代时,你就会发现每六个果蝇的染色体上有一个新的致死突变。

如果你分析某一位点新突变,那么你将从大约一千条染色体中分离出一条在此位点突变的染色体。

这和每条主要染色体臂上约有1000个致死基因是一致的。

)而当突变染色体必须在杂和条件下分析时,则剂量应该加倍。

(比如通过缺失分析新的突变时)*假设每条臂有1000个致死基因,而且只有一个发生致死突变。

*突变处理后的果蝇与雌蝇交配4-5天,然后雄蝇移走。

这么做是为了增加特定突变染色体的比例,因为诱变剂也能影响干细胞。

当此细胞受影响时,会产生同样突变的多个精子。

由于干细胞的敏感性较差,其染色体的突变率较低。

因此突变处理后的雄蝇必须在这些干细胞转化为成熟精子细胞前抛弃,由此保证各突变是独立被诱导的。

独立诱导突变的好处在于你不必浪费时间把同一突变分析多次。

而且在试图达到突变饱和时,唯一的检验饱和与否的方法是独立突变的重复频率。

*一个生殖干细胞分解成四个精子,如在干细胞水平发生突变则四个精子都带有突变,会大大增加筛选的难度,因此我们要保证各个突变是独立被诱导的。

*EMA作用于DNA双螺旋的一股。

这意味着F1后代将是嵌和型的,至少在某种程度上是。

但这只是在检查F1代表型时起作用,因为新的突变在生殖细胞和体细胞都必定存在,体细胞的突变表型是必定可以检测到的,即使不是所有的细胞都发生突变。

待处理的雄蝇最好是3-5天的,最容易交配。

但是必须注意的是许多果蝇会在处理中死亡,存活也并非全都可育,许多的F1后代也是不育的。

故而完全有必要预处理大量的雄蝇——大约是你需要的F1后代数的一半。

同理通过预实验来估计果蝇的突变剂敏感性也是个明智的办法。

预实验的一个好处是估计你的杂交方案能否获得你想要的后代果蝇。

当然,很多主意有时看起来很不错,但在实际操作中却常归于失败。

ENU我们假设象EMS这样的试剂在染色体上的作用位点是完全随机的,但事实并非如此,这在另一种诱变剂所诱导的突变中尤其如此。

在使用ENU时,尽管总的突变率与EMS相当,但是在基因的突变率和所获得的突变方面却不太一样,F1子代中重排的频率和出现嵌和体的几率都有所下降。

在其它方面,ENU和EMS的突变原理和操作方法都差不多,7.5MM的ENU可在40%的染色体上造成致死突变。

ENU比EMS对哺乳生物的毒性更大,可高频的诱发小鼠的脑肿瘤。

许多的果蝇工作者出于安全考虑都不用ENU。

放射法X-射线是最早的诱变方法,至今仍是许多科学家的重要手段,获得放射源的最简单途径是X-光机和钴或铯源。

它们都能导致染色体断裂,有时又随即修复,可以获得易位、缺失、转座和倒置等各种重排染色体。

若是染色体断点正好落在某基因的区域内或是将特空的区间合在一处,就有可能导致突变型的出现,此即所谓的“倒置现象”。

有时放射性也可导致点突变。

成熟的精子细胞对放射诱变最合适,但由于其中只有一套染色体,故其重排范围有限,比如同源染色体之间的重排事件就不会发生。

放射性处理的诱变频率比化学诱变剂低的多,4000r的放射量在每条染色体臂只能造成5%的致死突变。

而标准计量EMS则为60%,而这已经是造成过度不育前提下的最高剂量。

由于断裂是DNA两股同时进行,后代果蝇中不会有嵌和体现象。

否则,可依照化学诱变的方法进行处理。

插入突变法通过转座子的插入来打断基因的方法并不是最容易的方法,但是其标记基因或者是“增强子陷阱”的优点足以抵销其不便之处。

其基本原理是将可移动基因片段转移并插入染色体的新位点中,又称为杂交不育。

P-因子是最常用的转座子,最近又发现了Hobo因子。

P-因子突变可利用完整的转座子进行,如含有许多P-因子的果蝇品系,也可以利用缺陷转座子,它可以被转座但自己不能单独完成。

这些缺陷转座子必须在引入别的转座酶来源,通常是整合有转座酶的基因后,才能发生转座。

缺陷转座子的好处是转座事件可以只通过引入或移走转座酶来控制。

实际操作中则是通过引入或移走含转座酶的染色体。

当把转座子和转座酶置入同一只果蝇的细胞时,其发生转座插入的果蝇就可能产生突变后代。

打个比方,杂交中带有转座子的果蝇经转座酶的处理,发生突变,就象是染色体受到化学诱变剂的处理一样。

在这种方式中,分离突变体过程同样没有嵌和体出现,只须将转座酶移走即可。

转座发生的频率是切割频率和插入频率的组合。

前者和转座子的大小和碱基序列有关,后者则完全取决于插入位点的序列。

某些位点如Sn的插入频率高达1%,另一些如Adh则基本上没有插入,平均起来位点插入几率为1/2000。

改变这种插入不平衡现象的一个好办法就是寻找更多的类型的转座子。

常染色体上新的等位基因的检出通常深入研究某一基因的行为可以用分析等位基因序列来进行,基因所参与的过程越是复杂,这中分析方法就显得越重要。

其基本方略就是经典“互补检验”,新突变的染色体与该位点的已知等位基因进行杂合。

这种方法的关键在于发生新突变时能和原来的等位基因型的表型区分开来。

下面是一个简单的例子,是关于分离第三染色体上的新的隐性突变:突变野生型雄蝇,与带有杂合显性标记Sb 和Ubx 标记的TM6平衡染色体的处女蝇杂交。

但事实上,人们很少用野生型的雄蝇,而实际采用某些有纯和标志基因的雄蝇,如e/e。

F1后代中一个是Ubx而无Sb (即Sb+ ),另一种为Sb而无Ubx(即ubx+),挑出Sb、ubx+的雄蝇,它们单只与有nkd 和TM3,ser杂合的处女蝇杂交。

在F1后代的基因型为:在此草图中,各同源染色体均已列出。

他基本上反映突变染色体的扩增过程。

第一次杂交是群体进行的,因为在一个突变雄蝇中,其精子的基因型是特异的。

其F1代现在各有一单套突变染色体,故通过与处女蝇一对多式的交配可以检出所想要的突变。

(开始时雄蝇的数量取决于你想在F1代中挑出的用于杂交的雄蝇数量,大体上首次处理的雄蝇数目应是想在F1代获得雄蝇的两倍。

而在F1代所要的雄蝇数目则取决于你愿意投入的时间和精力)。

“野生”雄蝇一般带有些标记基因(如e),这有助于在后面纯和存活的检验杂交中认出突变染色体。

这一方案也显示了明确判定基因型的基本原理,每一种后代可以通过显性标记的有无很容易判断出来。

class1中没有任何显性标记,如果没有class1型子代出现,那么你可能诱导了一个新的突变,它不能弥补nkd的致死性。

但这种情况很少见,故一般情况下25%的此代果蝇是没有显性突变的。

这类果蝇中也可以分现nkd新的等位突变,如果能设法辨别出来的话。

它们跟原来的nkd等位基因在表型上可以相同也可不同。

如果在此过程中有那么一两瓶果蝇有新突变,这个方法可以说是鉴别突变染色体的好方法,而且最初的那只雄蝇不必存活。

新的突变也可以在class2中检出,它们有从基因亲处继承而来的TM3、ser,此方案中很重要的一点是在第二次杂交中用了两个不同的显性突变,它们基本上是染色体的商标。

也就是说,在F1代有sb 的果蝇就携带突变染色体e*,类似的是第二次杂交时的雄蝇,有ser 就表示带有nkd。

由于这些显性标记在下一代与其同源染色体分离,故F2后代中有ser的必有e*(无sb),有sb的必有nkd。

这是鉴定基因型最有用的方法之一,特别是你所要研究的突变是隐性时。

但如前所说这种方法的成功有赖于雄蝇中重组现象的绝迹和雌蝇中重组为平衡染色体所抑制。

关于这个方案要说的最后一点是你可以为新的致死突变建立平衡体系。

收集class2中的处女蝇和雄蝇,你可以得到一个品系,其存活后代的基因型与亲代一样,任何纯和体都不能存活。

§2.3.2 X染色体上新的等位基因的检出在常染色体上获取定点突变是很直接的,但若是雄蝇在X染色体发生致死突变则会麻烦的多。

这是因为雄蝇只有一条X染色体,隐性突变基因可以充分表达。

X染色体上若有致死突变,将在传代过程中会遇到很多麻烦。

检验新的突变一定要有“互补”。

必须使继承此突变的雄蝇能存活,最简单的解决办法莫过于采用正常区段的重复以实现变相杂合,这可以是在Y染色体上重复X染色体上的某一正常区间,也可以在常染色体上进行重复。

下面便是有代表性的一例,要分离的是armadillo,其初始野生型有y突变。

这一方案显示了一些X染色体所特有的特征。

我们注意看亲代的杂交,X^X/arm+Y 有y标记的连体X和Y染色体,后者有正常armadillo基因,(记住这条Y既不能改变性别也不能改变生育能力)。

这种情况下,Y将与X^X在减数分裂时分离,故其后代要么有X^X,要么有arm+Y。

相关文档
最新文档