懂你英语笔记L4U2
流利说_懂你英语_Level4_Unit2
Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 1The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months. Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 2Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life. There is no longer any doubt that this is happeningSpecies of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.(This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Body SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.This is your body's control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.(The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries.)(The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)(The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food and settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient manufacturing and construction.With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.(Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.) (With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.) (The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Smartphone AddictionI took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spent an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Rude Boss Hey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that. Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.) (The employee treats the manager respectfully.)Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 1This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple, and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he knows what he has.For him there is no uncertainty.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on your point of view.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 2People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relax ing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – DisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the Earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or ebola.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago, in the middle east.Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – ReligionsvFollowers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a Mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the Middle East.Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the mostimportant prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Dialogue - Missing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared.Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take. Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 1Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 2The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.(No prisoner ever escaped from Alcatraz.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Graphs & ChartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X-axis and the Y-axis.The X-axis often shows time while the Y-axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart, or org chart shows the structure of a company.It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.(Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.)(A flowchart shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country.Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing a crime goes on trial.In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of the person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(An action that is against the law is an illegal action.)(Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)(An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Dialogue - Currency ExchangeMay I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do h ave my driver’s license.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration s ir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here. You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that?No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time.You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year. Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor. His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.(When he went out,he loved to be the center of attention.)(The largest portion of its income was from the illegal sales of liquor.)In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Economic TermsIncome is money received for a work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payments.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services. Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police, and health care. An income tax, is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money. （People pay taxes to pay for government services.）Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Personality Types Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways. Many artists and musicians are very creative.(Independent people may want to do things their own way.)(Loyal people will act to support the decisions of the group.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 1 Congratulations Lisa!Congratulations for what?We just heard the news.What news? Don't keep me in suspense.QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Already？I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision.They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects.They need to be finished first.Can't you delay some of our other projects?I'm not sure, how important is this project?They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal. They really like it.It's a very creative way of presenting their company.It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.流利说_懂你英语_Level4_Unit2(She submitted her proposal a week ago.)(Everything depends on how important the project is.)(To delay something means to postpone it.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 2When can you get started on the project?Are they going to pay extra?In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right awayThey'll also need to make an advance payment.That was in the proposal, too.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited.OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before.(They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.)21。
流利说-懂你英语-Level4-Unit2Word版
Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 1The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic.Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species.However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out. The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out.When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 2Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happeningSpecies of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.(This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Body SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.This is your body's control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.(The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries.)(The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)(The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow foodand settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in moreefficient manufacturing and construction.With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.(Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.)(With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.)(The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Smartphone Addiction I took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spent an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Rude BossHey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that.Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.)(The employee treats the manager respectfully.)Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 1This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be an apple, and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s p oint of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.That’s because he knows what he has.For him there is no uncertainty.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.So the probability depends on your point of view.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 2People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – DisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the Earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or ebola.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago, in the middle east.Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – ReligionsvFollowers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a Mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the Middle East.Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Dialogue - Missing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared. What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared. Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take.Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t fin d the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 1Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 2The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the mostnotorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.(No prisoner ever escaped from Alcatraz.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Graphs & ChartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X-axis and the Y-axis.The X-axis often shows time while the Y-axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart, or org chart shows the structure of a company.It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.(Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.)(A flowchart shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country. Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing acrime goes on trial.In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of the person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(An action that is against the law is an illegal action.)(Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)(An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Dialogue - Currency Exchange May I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here.You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that?No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time.You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 1AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year.Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.(When he went out,he loved to be the center of attention.)(The largest portion of its income was from the illegal sales of liquor.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 2In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Economic Terms Income is money received for a work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payments.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police, and health care.An income tax, is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.（People pay taxes to pay for government services.）Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Personality Types Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things.They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways.Many artists and musicians are very creative.(Independent people may want to do things their own way.)(Loyal people will act to support the decisions of the group.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 1 Congratulations Lisa!Congratulations for what?We just heard the news.What news? Don't keep me in suspense.QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Already？I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects.They need to be finished first.Can't you delay some of our other projects?I'm not sure, how important is this project?They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal.They really like it.It's a very creative way of presenting their company.It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.(She submitted her proposal a week ago.)(Everything depends on how important the project is.)(To delay something means to postpone it.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 2 When can you get started on the project?Are they going to pay extra?In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right awayThey'll also need to make an advance payment.That was in the proposal, too.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited. OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before. (They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.)（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
懂你英语l4u
懂你英语L4-U n i t21Ex t i n c t i o n E ve n ts Level4 Unit2 1 ListeningExtinction EventsThe Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago. Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth. In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out. The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries. These events are not predictable and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions. Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago. That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events. A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months. Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed. This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life. In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution. For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete. When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully. Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state. Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years. They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities. Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer. As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing. In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals. Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening. Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action isnecessary to save our future. If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs. (This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 1 VocabularyBody SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins. (The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich bloodfrom the heart are called arteries.)The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body. It's supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair. After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body. (The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)The nervous system includes the brain,spinal cord and nerves. This is your body's control system. It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive system. (The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs. It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works. If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates. Fire provided light so that people could work andsocialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food andsettle into communities. By growing food, people could spend less time hunting, and more time for other things such as art. (With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.)The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work. By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing. The strength of animals such as horses andoxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient manufacturing and construction. With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs. (The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications. With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances. (Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 DialogueSmartphone AddictionI took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone. what happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Rude BossHey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that.Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.)(The employee treats the manager respectfully.)懂你英语L4-Unit2 2 Point of viewLevel4 Unit2 Part2 ListeningPoint of viewThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand. The pie ce of fruit is either an orange or an apple. We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box. The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple, and it may be an orange. It’s got to be one or the other. It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view. From his point of view, the probabilities are different. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he knows what he has. For him there is no uncertainty. If he has an orange, the probability is 100%. If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%. He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on your point of view.People see things from different points of view. This often leads to arguments between people. Here are some examples. From this man’s point o f view, he is relaxing. He needs to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently. She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working. From her point of view, he is doing nothing. However, sh e knows what needs to be done around the house. It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions. These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 VocabularyDisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth. When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy. Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside an engine. A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful. One major cause of accidents is driving too fast. Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or Ebola. Throughout history epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain. Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires. Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities.ReligionsFollowers of the Islam religion are called Muslims. These Muslims are praying inside a mosque. Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived more than 2000 years ago. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god. Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews. These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the middle east. Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old. Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs. Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 DialogueMissing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared.Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search?Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how l ong it will take?Yes, it’s a big area, so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.懂你英语L4-Unit2 3Level4 Unit2 Part3 ListeningAlcatrazAlcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge. Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction. Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979. One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison. It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape. It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible. The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934. There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers. They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas. During that trip, there was heavy security. The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed. Nobody wanted them to escape.The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners. However, the average population was only about 270. Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known. Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent. If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring. It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules. They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned. Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library. There were also activities such as painting and music. Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years. During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully. There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners. Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed. Two men tried to escape twice. Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumed drowned. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when six prisoners tried to escape. That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone. Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago. The prison was finally closed in 1963. It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Level4 Unit2 Part2 VocabularyGraphs & chartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data. The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent. The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle. It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie. Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance. These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X axis and the Y axis. The X axis often shows time, while the Y axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature, or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or a project flows from start to finish. A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart or org chart show the structure of a company. It shows how people and departments within a company are connected. It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow. A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country. (An action that is against the law is an illegal action.) (An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Criminals are people who break the law. People who commit a crime are called criminals. Some criminals are very dangerous and needed be put in jail. (Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years. Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing a crime goes on trial. In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of a person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police. To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 DialogueCurrent ExchangeMay I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest things for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here.You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that? No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.。
懂你英语L4U2精编版
懂你英语L4-Unit2 1 Extinction EventsLevel4 Unit2 1 ListeningExtinction EventsThe Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago. Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth. In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out. The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries. These events are not predictable and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions. Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago. That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events. A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months. Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed. This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life. In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution. For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete. When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully. Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state. Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years. They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities. Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer. As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing. In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals. Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening. Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action isnecessary to save our future. If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs. (This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 1 VocabularyBody SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins. (The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich bloodfrom the heart are called arteries.)The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body. It's supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair. After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body. (The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)The nervous system includes the brain,spinal cord and nerves. This is your body's control system. It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive system. (The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs. It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works. If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates. Fire provided light so that people could work andsocialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food andsettle into communities. By growing food, people could spend less time hunting, and more time for other things such as art. (With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.)The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work. By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing. The strength of animals such as horses andoxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient manufacturing and construction. With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs. (The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications. With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances. (Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 DialogueSmartphone AddictionI took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone. what happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Rude BossHey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that.Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.)(The employee treats the manager respectfully.)懂你英语L4-Unit2 2 Point of viewLevel4 Unit2 Part2 ListeningPoint of viewThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand. The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple. We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box. The probability th at it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple, and it may be an orange. It’s got to be one or the other. It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view. From his point of view, the prob abilities are different. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he knows what he has. For him there is no uncertainty. If he has an orange, the probability is 100%. If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%. He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on your point of view.People see things from different points of view. This often leads to arguments between people. Here are some examples. From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing. He needs to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently. She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working. From her point of view, he is doing nothing. However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions. These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 VocabularyDisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth. When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy. Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside an engine. A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful. One major cause of accidents is driving too fast. Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or Ebola. Throughout history epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain. Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires. Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities.ReligionsFollowers of the Islam religion are called Muslims. These Muslims are praying inside a mosque. Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ who lived more than 2000 years ago. Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god. Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews. These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the middle east. Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old. Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popula r religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs. Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 DialogueMissing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared.Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search?Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take?Yes, it’s a big area, so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the b lack boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.懂你英语L4-Unit2 3Level4 Unit2 Part3 ListeningAlcatrazAlcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge. Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction. Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979. One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison. It was designed for prison ers who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape. It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible. The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934. There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers. They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas. During that trip, there was heavy security. The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed. Nobody wanted them to escape.The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners. However, the average population was only about 270. Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known. Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent. If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring. It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules. They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned. Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library. There were also activities such as painting and music. Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years. During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully. There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners. Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed. Two men tried to escape twice. Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumed drowned. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when six prisoners tried to escape. That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone. Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago. The prison was finally closed in 1963. It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Level4 Unit2 Part2 VocabularyGraphs & chartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data. The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent. The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle. It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie. Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance. These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X axis and the Y axis. The X axis often shows time, while the Y axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature, or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or a project flows from start to finish. A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart or org chart show the structure of a company. It shows how people and departments within a company are connected. It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow. A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country. (An action that is against the law is an illegal action.) (An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Criminals are people who break the law. People who commit a crime are called criminals. Some criminals are very dangerous and needed be put in jail. (Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years. Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing a crime goes on trial. In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of a person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police. To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 DialogueCurrent ExchangeMay I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s lic ense.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest things for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here.You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerpr ints or anything like that? No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.。
懂你英语Level4Unit2Part4
懂你英语Level4Unit2Part4L4-U2-P4 英语流利说4-2-4 懂你英语Level4 Unit2 Part4L4-U2-P4-1 Listening : Al Capone 1AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history. He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.Where were his parents come from?-They came from Italy.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than $100 million a year.Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution. Gambling and prostitution are both illegal activities.How did his crime organization made its money? -They were involved in many illegal activities.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.Why wasn't he ever convicted of a serious crime?-He bribed police and public officials.Why were he and his bodyguard arrested and sentenced to prison?-They were caught carrying deadly weapons.He came from an immigrant family.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.L4-U2-P4-2 Listening : Al Capone 2In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.The government had finally found a way to catch him.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.What began to take over his brain? - a serious disease(1) At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.(2) As a result, he spent much of his time in the prisonhospital.(3) By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.(4) He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.He was sent to prison for tax evasion.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.When he went out, he wanted to the center of attention.L4-U2-P4-3 Vocabulary : Economic T ermsIncome is money received for work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payment.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police and health care.An income tax is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.What do people get for doing work?-Income.What do you get to show that you have paid for something?-A receipt.What is the request for payment?-An invoice.What do government collect to pay for their services?-T axes.What do people have to pay when they when they gat aloan?-Interest.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police and health care.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.An invoice is a request for payment.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Income is money received for a work or from investments.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.People pay taxes to pay for government services.L4-U2-P4-4 Vocabulary : Personality TypesEmotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers. Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things.They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways.Many artists and musicians are very creative.What kind of people have special imagination?-Creative people. What kind of people will always support and protect their leader and group?-Loyal people.What kind of people prefer working alone? -Independent people.What kind of people can't control their emotions?-Emotional people.What kind of people do people like to follow?-Leaders.Emotional people often show their feelings and have abad temper.Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.They will support and protect their leaders and friends. Independent people can do things on their own.Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others.L4-U2-P4-5 Dialogue : A Video Project(M: Manager L: Lisa)M: Congratulations, Lisa!L: Congratulations for what?M: We just heard the news.L: What news? Don't keep me in suspense.M: Quick Serve has accepted your video proposal.L: Already? I just submitted it a week ago.M: Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.Why is Lisa being congratulated?-Her proposal was accepted.L: That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects. They need to be finished first.M: Can't you delay some of our other projects?L: I'm not sure, how important is this project?M: They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal. They really like it. It's a very creative way of presenting their company. It had everybody laughing.L: Yes, that was the idea. It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.M: Well, great job.L: I think it's the best work your team has ever done.What may need to be delayed?-Some of their other projects What does the schedule depend on?-It depends on how important the project is.They are putting a lot of pressure on us now,especially since they read your proposal.Can't you delay some of our other projects?It's a very creative way of presenting their company.She submitted her proposal a week ago.They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.L4-U2-P4-6 Dialogue : A Video Project 2M: When can you get started on the project?L: Are they going to pay extra? In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.M: Was that in the proposal?L: Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?M: No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right away.The proposal said that the earlieststart date would be one month after signing the contract.L: They'll also need to make an advance payment. That was in the proposal, too. We can't stop everything else just because they are excited.M: OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.L: Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before.To get back to them means to contact them.Are they going to pay extra?I've been through this kind of thing before.They'll also need to make an advanced payment.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited.They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.。
(完整版)懂你英语笔记L4U2
L4——U2——1/4listeningEarth forms and extinctionA1.The earth was formed about four point six billion (46亿) yearsago.2.The first life appeared about a billion(10亿) years later.3.The first plant-like didn’t appear until around two billion(20亿) years ago.4.Until about five hundred eighty million(五亿八千万) years agolife forms were small and microscopic(极小的，微小的).5.Since that time, life has evolved(进化) into many different typesor species.6.However scientists estimate(估计) that more than ninety ninepercent（99%） of them are now extinct(灭绝的).B1.There have been several extinction(绝种) events in the history ofthe earth.2.In an extinction events many life forms or species of life dieout.3.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries(未解之谜).4.These events are not predictable(预告) and can happen at anytime.5.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装机) or volcanic eruptions(火山爆发).6.Events like this, can change the global conditions that lifedepends on.C1.One major extinction event happened about sixty-six million(6600万) years ago.2.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit theearth.3.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species(物种，种类，类型) on the planet die out.4.When the asteroids hit the earth, it started a chain of events.5. A chain of events is a series of events linked together like achain.D1.This particular chain of events happened over a period of monthsand years.2.When the asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge cloud of dustto enter the atmosphere.3.This cloud of dust blocked the Sun and darkened the Earth formany months.4.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quicklydied.5.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chaincollapsed.6.This led to the deaths of many more species.E1.Mass extinction events have played an important part in theevolution (演变，发生，进化论) of life.2.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate(加快，加速) evolution.3.For example, some mammals(哺乳动物) lived through the age of thedinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete(竞争).4.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to competemore successfully.5.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.6.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn’t be here today. Existence(存在)F1.Scientists estimate(估计，预测) that there have been at leastfive mass extinctions(五次大灭绝) in the last five hundred forty million years.2.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction events.3.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.4.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions the current(最近的)events is the result of human activities.5.Human activities for example have led to global warming.G1.global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases(含碳气体) in our atmosphere.2.These gases trap heat(阻碍热量排放) from the sun, so the Earth isgetting warmer.3.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns(气候模式)are changing.4.In addition(另外), we humans are destroying the habitats(动物的栖息地) of many plants and animals.5.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroy the habitats ofmany forms of life.H1.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.2.Species(物种，类型) of life are disappearing at an increasingrate.3.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.4.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to saveour future.5.If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.练：1.(读)this new extinction event is caused by humans.2.It’s when an asteroid collides w ith something.3.An asteroid hit the Earth and started a chain of events.4.With the rise in temperature. The polar icecaps are melting.L4——U2——1/4vocabularyBody organ 2 and human being evolution(进化)A1.The body’s circulatory(循环的) system includes the heart andblood vessels(血管).2.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through anetwork(网络，网状物) of arteries(动脉) and veins(静脉).3.The digest system(消化系统) breaks down(分解) and absorbed(吸收)food into the body.4.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.5.After digestion, excess(超重，超量) food is turned into waste andeliminated(排除，消除) from the body.6.The nervous systems include the brain, spinal(脊柱的) cord(脊髓)and nerves.7.This is your bodies control system.8.It controls your muscles(肌肉) and organs(器官) including yourcirculatory(循环) and digest(消化) system.9.The respiratory(呼吸的) system includes the nose and lungs.10.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbondioxide(二氧化碳).11.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream(血流，体内循环的血液) and (二氧化碳)carbon dioxide(二氧化物) is removed.12.The immune(免疫的) system protects the body against infections(传染，感染，传染病) and diseases.13.Sneezing(打喷嚏) and fever are example of how the immune systemworks.14.If an infection invades(侵入) the body the immune systemattacks(攻击) it.练：1. The blood vessels(血管) that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries(动脉).2. The nervous system regulates(控制，管理，调节) your heartbeat and digestion.3. For some diseases, the immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies (抗体) to attack it.4. The digest system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.B1.The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food andsurvive in colder climates.2.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize forlonger hours.3.With the invention of agriculture(农耕，农业) people could growfood in settle into communities.4.By growing food, people can spend less time hunting(打猎) andmore time for other things, such as art.5.The domestic(家庭的，家的，国内的，驯养的) action of animalsallowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.6.By raising herds(放牧) of animals such as sheep, humans had aregular supply of meat and clothing.7.The strength of animals such as horses or oxen was used for workand transportation.8.The development of tools and machines has resulted in moreefficient(有效率的) manufacturing(制造业) and construction(建筑物，建造业).9.With better tool and machines, work can be done with fewer peopleand at much lower cost.10.The development of sciences and engineering has approved(经核准的，被认可的) many things, including communications.11.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allowpeople to communicate over long distances.练：1.(听) the use of machines has reduced the number of people neededto make things.2.(听)Science and engineering have changed the way we communicatewith each other.3.(听) science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changingthe way we live our lives.4.(听) with the development of agriculture(农耕，农业), people hadmore time for other activities.5.(填) The ability to raise herds of animals such as sheep humanshad a regular supply of meat and clothing.6.The ability to raise herds of animals gave humans a regularsupply of meat and clothing.L4——U2——1/4dialogueAbout smartphoneA1.I took a vacation last night.2.What are you talking about?3.Where did you take your vacation?4.I didn’t go anywhere.5.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.6.How was it?7.It was great! I got a real magazine and read it with nointerruption.8.It was very peaceful.9.Yes, I haven’t done that in a long time.B1.You know what?2.I’m beginning to hate smartphones.3.Really, but you can’t live without one, right?4.Yes, that’s the problem.5.These things are changing the way people live.C1.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.2. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending toomuch t ime on her smart phone.3.What happened? Did they get a divorce(离婚)?4.You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.D1.It’s big I running, don’t you think?2.Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they arepulling people apart.3.Yes, you are right.4.Hi, just a minute, I have got a message on my smartphone and itcan’t wait.E1.Hey, wake up and get back to work.2.What’s wrong with you?3.I’m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headache.4.Well, we’re not paying you to sleep.5.If you going to sleep, sleep some place s else.6.Yea, sir. Sorry, it won’t happen again.7.It had better not.F1.Just a minute.2.Don’t talk to me like that.3.What did you s ay?4.You hurt me, you don’t have a treat people like that.5.Well, if you don’t like it. I suggest you leave.6.Ok, I will. I’ve ha d enough of you.7.I’ll get a job somewhere else.练：1.If someone is interrupted, they have to stop what they are doing.2. Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.L4——U2——2/4listeningSee things from different point of viewA1.This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.2.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.3.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.4.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probabilitythat it is an apple.5.It may be an apple and it maybe an orange6.It’s got to be one or the other.7.It can’t be anything else.B1.Now, let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.2.From his point of view the probabilities is different.3.From his point of view, the probability that is an orange is onehundred percent or zero percent.4.That’s because he knows what he has.5.For him, there is no uncertainty(不确定性).6.If he has an orange, the probability is one hundred percent.7.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is zero percent.8.He either has it or he doesn’t.C1.From our point of view the probability that he has an orange isfifty percent.2.From his point of view, the probability that there’s an orangeis one hundred percent or zero percent.3.So the probability depends on your point of view.D1.People see things from different points of view.2.This often leads to arguments between people.3.Here are some examples.4.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.5.He needs to relax, because he has been working too hard.6.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.E1.His wife sees things differently.2.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.3.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.4.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.5.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.F1.When people see things from different points of view, they oftencome to different conclusions.2.These differences can cause real communication problems.练：1.She’ll be angry because it isn’t fair that she does all thework.2.I t may be an apple but it can’t be a banana.3.If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and dosomething, he may shout back and refuse to help her.4.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.5.If his wife asks him to get up and help her he probably won’t behappy.6.If he refuses to get up and help her, she will be angry at him.7.If he gets up and helps her she may not appreciate his help.8.The probability depends on your point of view, or how much youknow.9.I f his wife doesn’t ask him to get up and help her, he willappreciate her understanding.L4——U2——2/4vacabularySerious event and religion(宗教)A1.Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.2.When the earth shake, buildings can collapse and people can beburied inside.3.An explosion is a rapid violent release(释放) of energy.爆炸是一种快速的猛烈的能量释放4.Explosion can be caused by chemical reactions such as inside anengine.5. A spark can ignite(着火，燃烧，点燃) a mixture of gases andreleases energy for good or destructive(有害的，破坏性的)purposes(目的).一个火花可以点燃一种气体的混合物，并释放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的6.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or bynot being careful.7.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.8.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in verypainful injuries.9.Epidemics(流行病) are the rapid spread(传播) of a disease such asthe flu or Ebola(埃博拉病毒).10.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.11.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere, resulting(导致，应..而发生) in high winds and heavy rain.12.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmospherethat produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.13.Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities. 练习：1.To reduce the danger of an explosion, it’s important to preventgas leaks(漏出，渗透) inside the home.2.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and naturaldisasters.3.Many forest fires are caused by lightning.B1.Followers of Islam(伊斯兰) religion are called Muslims（穆斯林，回族）.2.This Muslims are praying inside a mosque(清真寺).3.Muslims are called to prayer five times a day, beginning justbefore sunrise.4.Christianity(基督教义) is based on the teaching of Jesus(耶稣)Christ(基督) who live more than two thousand years ago.5.Christians(基督教徒) believe that Jesus is the son of God.6.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals(总教堂，大教堂)to worship.7.Followers of Judaism(犹太教) are called Jews(犹太教徒).8.This Jews are meeting inside synagogue(犹太人教堂，犹太集会)which is a place of worship(敬奉，信奉) in study.9.Judaism was founded over thirty-five hundred years ago in themiddle east.犹太人的象征：白色、蓝色、大卫王之星，是广泛分布于世界各国的一个族群。
流利说_懂你英语_Level4_Unit2
Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 1The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months. Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 2Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life. There is no longer any doubt that this is happeningSpecies of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.(This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Body SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.This is your body's control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.(The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries.)(The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)(The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food and settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient manufacturing and construction.With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.(Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.) (With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.) (The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Smartphone AddictionI took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spent an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Rude Boss Hey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that. Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.) (The employee treats the manager respectfully.)Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 1This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple, and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he knows what he has.For him there is no uncertainty.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on your point of view.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 2People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been gettin g enough sleep.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does no thing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – DisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the Earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or ebola.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago, in the middle east.Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – ReligionsvFollowers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a Mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the Middle East.Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the mostimportant prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Dialogue - Missing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared.Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how lon g it will take. Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t find th e black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 1Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 2The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.(No prisoner ever escaped from Alcatraz.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Graphs & ChartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X-axis and the Y-axis.The X-axis often shows time while the Y-axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart, or org chart shows the structure of a company.It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.(Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.)(A flowchart shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country.Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing a crime goes on trial.In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of the person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(An action that is against the law is an illegal action.)(Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)(An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Dialogue - Currency ExchangeMay I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here. You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that?No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time.You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 1AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year. Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor. His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.(When he went out,he loved to be the center of attention.)(The largest portion of its income was from the illegal sales of liquor.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 2In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Economic TermsIncome is money received for a work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payments.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products ors.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for governments.Taxes pay for manys, such as education, police, and health care.An income tax, is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.（People pay taxes to pay for governments.）Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Personality Types Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways. Many artists and musicians are very creative.(Independent people may want to do things their own way.)(Loyal people will act to support the decisions of the group.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 1 Congratulations Lisa!Congratulations for what?We just heard the news.What news? Don't keep me in suspense.QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Already？I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision.They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects.They need to be finished first.Can't you delay some of our other projects?I'm not sure, how important is this project?They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal. They really like it.It's a very creative way of presenting their company.It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.(She submitted her proposal a week ago.)(Everything depends on how important the project is.)(To delay something means to postpone it.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 2When can you get started on the project?Are they going to pay extra?In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right awayThey'll also need to make an advance payment.That was in the proposal, too.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited.OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before.(They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.)。
懂你英语LV4 Unit 2 中文版
Lv4 Unit 2 Part1听地球是大约46亿年前形成的。
第一次生命出现在大约十亿年后。
第一批原告直到20亿年前才出现。
直到大约5.8亿年前，生命形式都是微小的和微观的。
从那时起，生命进化成许多不同的类型或种类。
然而，科学家估计超过99%的物种已经灭绝。
第一株植物是什么时候出现在地球上的？–大约20亿年前。
地球历史上曾发生过几次灭绝事件。
在一次灭绝事件中，许多生命形式或生命物种都会消亡。
大规模灭绝事件的原因尚未解开。
这些事件是不可预测的，随时都可能发生。
科学家认为其中一些是由小行星撞击或火山爆发引起的。
这样的事件可以改变生活所依赖的全球环境。
-灭绝事件会发生什么？许多种类的生物都灭绝了。
大约6600万年前发生了一次大灭绝事件。
这一事件可能是由一颗撞击地球的大型小行星引发的。
结果，恐龙和地球上大约一半的物种灭绝了。
当小行星撞击地球时，它引发了一连串的事件。
事件链是一系列事件连接在一起，就像一个链。
-是什么导致了恐龙的灭绝？一颗小行星撞击地球，引发一连串事件。
这种特殊的事件链发生在几个月和几年的时间里。
当小行星撞击地球时，它引起了一团巨大的尘埃进入大气层。
这团灰尘挡住了太阳，使地球黑暗了好几个月。
没有足够的阳光，植物和以植物为食的动物很快死亡。
随着如此多的动植物的死亡，食物链的崩溃导致了更多物种的死亡。
-是什么导致了食物链的崩溃？许多植物和以植物为食的动物的死亡。
大灭绝事件在生命进化中起着重要作用。
事实上，一些灭绝事件有助于加速进化。
例如，一些哺乳动物生活在恐龙时代，但它们无法竞争。
当恐龙被移除后，哺乳动物能够更成功地进行竞争。
一旦它们能够竞争，哺乳动物就进化到更高的状态。
如果没有灭绝事件，也许我们今天不会在这里。
-什么可以加速哺乳动物的进化？——恐龙的灭绝。
哺乳动物无法与恐龙竞争，因此它们的进化受到了阻碍。
科学家估计，在过去的5.4亿年中，至少有5次大规模灭绝。
他们还认为我们已经进入了一个新的灭绝事件。
懂你英语level4 unit (2)
Level 4 unit 1 part1ListeningChristina is on a two week vocation.This is the first vocation she has had for a long time.The last vocation she took was more than two years ago.Now she is visiting a friend in San Francisco.Her friend and her husband are living near the center of the city.He works for a start-up company in Silicon Valley.While he is working, she works part-time at a department store.-How long has it been since her last vocation?–It’s been more than 2 years.-What kind of company doe s her friend’s husband work for?–A start-up company.Christina hasn’t seen her friend for a longtime.The last time they saw each other was three years ago.At that time, they were both working at a department store.Then Christina quitted her job and started her own business.She designs women’s clothing.She has two employees now and her company is slowly growing.-How long has it been since Christina last saw her friend? –It has been 3 years.-Where were Christina and her friend working before she started her own business?–They were working at a department store.-How long has it been since Christina started her own business?–It’s been 3 years.Christina has come to San Francisco by herself.Her husband didn’t come, because he has to work.He tried to start a company two years ago, but it didn’t work out.His company failed after only a few months.So now he is working at another company and saving money.Once he saves enough money, he plans to start another company.He doesn’t want to give up.-Wh y hasn’t Christina’s husband come with her?–He has to work.-Why is Christina’s husband saving money?–He wants to start a new company.This is the second time Christina has been to San Francisco.The first time was when she was a high school student.That was more than ten years ago.During that trip, she was only in San Francisco for a few days.After that, she went to Los Angeles and New York.This time she and her friend plan to relax and have fun.-How many times has Christina been to San Francisco?–She has been to San Francisco twice.-How long did she stay in San Francisco on her first trip?–A few days.Christina arrived two days ago, the day before yesterday.Her friend met her at the airport, and drove her to her apartment.Her apartment is just north of the airport, about 20 minutes from San Francisco.It’s a small apartment, but it’s on a hill, and it has a great view. Yesterday they went downtown, and rode the cable cars.Christina was surprised by how steep the hills are.Then they walked along the ocean, and ate lunch at a sea food restaurant. Fromthe restaurant, they could see the Golden Gate Bridge.-How long has she been here?–For two days.Tomorrow they are planning to drive to Yosemite National Park.By car, it’s about four hours away.Christina has never been there before, so she is excited.She has heard that the park is very beautiful.Her friend has been to Yosemite several times.She says that it’s one of the most beautiful places in the world. Christina just hopes that her friend is a good driver.-How many times has she been to the Yosemite?–Never.VocabularyHeadaches can be very painful, and can last for a long time.If you have a headache, your head hurts.A sprained ankle can be so painful that you can’t walk.Someone with a sprained ankle may need to use crutches to walk.If you have a sore throat, it may be painful to swallow.A sore throat can be caused by viruses or bacteria.A burn is an injury to the skin caused by fire or heat.If you get to close to a fire, you will be burned.An earache is a sharp, dull or burning pain in the ear.Common causes of an earache include an infection, a changing air pressure, or water in the ear.Mountains are land forms higher than 2000 feet or about 600 meters above sea level.Hills are like mountains but not as tall.Mountains are formed by forces deep within the Earth, and are made of different types of rocks.Rivers are streams of water that usually begin in mountains and flow into the sea.Many early cities were built alongside rivers.Most of the world’s water is in the oceans, which are large bodies of saltwater.The oceans are also an important source of oxygen.Deserts are areas of land that receive little or no rainfall.The amount of rainfall in some deserts is so low that only a few plants can survive.A valley is a low relatively flat area between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it. Somevalleys are formed by flowing water, and others are formed by glaciers. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean, covering more area than all the continents put together.Desert temperatures can range from cold at night to very hot during the daytime, often above 120 degrees FDialogueM: Have you eaten yet?W: No, I haven’t, and I’m hungry.M: Me too. L et’s go out for dinner.W: Where to?M: What about Joe’s Italian?W: How many times have you eaten there?M: I eat there a lot. It’s one of my favorite places.-Why is she hungry?–She hasn’t eaten yet.W: I went there two weeks ago, and the service was terrible.M:Really? Then let’s go someplace else.-Why doesn’t she want to go to Joe’s Italian?–She went there two weeks ago and the service was terrible.M: What do you suggest?W: How about the Royal Indian? It’s not far from here.M: I’ve never hear d of it. Is it good?W: Yes, I’ve been there several times, and I’ve never been disappointed. -What’s one reason she suggests Royal Indian?–It’s not far away.-Has she been to the Royal Indian before?–Yes, she has.M: OK, let’s try it. I haven’t eaten Indian food for a long time.W: You won’t be disappointed, and the prices are reasonable.M: Ah, so you mean I’m going to pay.W: Well, that would certainly be nice.-How expensive is the restaurant?–It’s reasonably priced.M: What about reservations?W: If we get there early enough, we won’t need them.M: I hope you are right.W: Don’t worry, if we have to wait, I’ll pay the bill.-What would happen if they don’t get there early enough?–They may have to wait.When she went there two weeks ago, the service was awful.She has been there several times.Level 4 unit 1 part2ListeningToday Christina and her friend are enjoying themselves.This morning they got up very early and drove out of San Francisco. They crossed the Bay Bridge before the early morning commute and drove south.Because it was so early, there were almost no cars.-How heavy was the traffic?–There were almost no cars.After driving for an hour and a half, they stopped and had breakfast. They ordered pancakes and coffee.They also had some fresh fruit.When they finished eating, it was seven o’clock.Then they got back into the car, and drove south.Christina wanted to listen to music, so they turned on the radio.An hour later, they stopped for gas.They noticed that there was also a charging station for electric cars.-How did they order for breakfast?–They ordered pancakes and coffee.-What did they do after they finished eating?–They got back into the car and drove south.It’s now 1:15 (one fifteen), and they are in Yo semite Park.They have been there for two hours, since 11:15(eleven fifteen).They are looking at Yosemite falls, which is the highest waterfall in the park. The water drops a total of 740 meters from the top of the upper fall to the base of the lower fall.-When did they arrive at the park?–They got there at 11:15.In another fifteen minutes, they planned to eat lunch at a magnificent oldhotel in the park.It was built in 1927 and has a great view.They wanted to stay there but they couldn’t get reserv ations.To get a room at that hotel, you usually need to make reservations several months in advance.-When do you need to make reservations?–You need to make reservations several months in advance.-Why couldn’t they get reservations?–They didn’t rese rve early enough.They planned to stay in the park until around four o’clock.By then, they will have been in the park for nearly five hours.Then they will get back into the car and drive back to San Francisco. They plan to eat dinner somewhere along the way.If the traffic isn’t too bad, they should be back in San Francisco by ten o’clock.-When do they expect to be back in San Francisco?–They expect to be back by 10 o’clock.-How long would they have been in the park if they leave as scheduled?–For nearly 5 hours.Early tomorrow morning, they are going to cross the Golden Gate Bridge and go north along the coast.From some places you can look out on the ocean and see whales and other sea life.Christina has never seen a whale before, so she is looking forward to it. And tomorrow night they have something special planned.They are going to watch a baseball game.Christina has never seen a baseball game, but she has heard that it is very popular in the US. Andthe San Francisco baseball team is one of the best.-What does she hope to see from the coast?–She hopes to see whales.-What are they going to do tomorrow morning?–They are going to cross the Golden Gate Bridge.VocabularyA force is a push or a pull on an object.A force changes the motion of a moving object.A force can be strong or weak and it always has a direction.The Earth is a planet that goes around the sun in a circular orbit.The speed of its motion doesn’t change, but the direction of its motion does.The Earth has a layer of gas above its surface which helps to support life. Atoms are the building blocks of matter.At the center of an atom is its nucleus which has a positive electric charge. Outside the nucleus are electrons which have a negative charge. Asteroids and comets are objects that obey our sun, but are smaller than planets.Asteroids that pass close to the Earth are called near-earth objects.The layer of gases just above the Earth’s surface is our atmosphere.The atmosphere is made of gases such as oxygen and nitrogen. Withoutan atmosphere there would be no life on Earth.If they collide with Earth they could cause an extinction event.A force can increase or decrease the speed of an object, and it can change the direction of motion. Theelectric force between the nucleus and the electrons holds the atom together.The two lines on the left intersect each other at a right angle which is 90 degrees.The two lines on the right are parallel which means they never cross.The adjacent sides of a rectangle are perpendicular which means they meet a90-degree angle.The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal and parallel which means they never cross.The area of a rectangle is the length times the width.A circle is a two dimensional figure with a radius and a circumference which is the distance around the circle. Thearea of a circle is Pi R squared, where R is the radius and Pi is the ratio of the circle circumference to its diameter.A sphere is a three dimensional figure with a radius and a volume which is four thirds Pi R cubed.All points on the surface of a sphere are equidistant from its center.A right triangle is a two dimensional figure with three side, two of which are perpendicular.To find its area, multiply the length of the two perpendicular sides a and b and divide by 2, A equals 1 half ab.A rectangle is a 2 dimensional figure with 4 sides.DialogueM: Have you finished eating yet?W: No, I haven’t. Why are you in such a hurry?M: I’m sorry, but you are such a slow eater.W: A slow eater? Well, I try to enjoy my food. You just eat and swallow.I don’t see how you can even taste it.M: OK, I’m sorry. Do you mind if I get another glass of wine?W: No, go ahead. I don’t want you to sit there putting pressure on me.I thought we were going to have a relaxing evening.-What does she allow him to do?–She allows him to get another glass of wine.A relaxing evening is the opposite of a high-pressure evening.M: Yes, you are right. I’d like to relax, but I have a lot on my mind.W: Work related?M: Yes, it is. I’ve been g etting some strange emails from my boss. He wants me to cut down on my expenses.Maybe he wants to fire me.His boss wants him to spend less.-What is he afraid of?–He may lose his job.W: Is business bad?M: Yes, it is. But I don’t want to talk about it.W: OK, but I’m a good listener. You can tell me if you’d like to.-What doesn’t he want to talk about?–He doesn’t want to talk about his business.M: Thanks. Maybe some other time.I’ll try to stop thinking about it until when it’s tomorrow.W: Good idea. You need to take a break from work.Your healthy is important, and so am I.M:Yes, you are. I don’t know what I would do without you.To deal with something means to do something about it. Level 4 unit 1 part3ListeningHarry is an American businessman.His job requires him to do a lot of travelling.He takes nine or ten trips a year.In the past six months, he has made five trips.Three were to Asia, and two were to Europe.The purpose of his trips is to attend meetings and make presentations. -What does his job require him to do?–Travel a lot.-What is the purpose of his trips?–Attend meetings and make presentations.His job requires him to attend meetings in many countries.Harry loves to travel and he’s travelled to many countrie s.Most of his trips are for one or two weeks.His first international trip was 15 years ago when he was 20 years old. He really wanted to see Asia, so he and his friend flew to Tokyo, Japan. -How long are most of his trips?–for one or two weeks.From Tokyo, they travelled around Japan for 2 weeks.The people they met were very nice, but most of them didn’t speak English.Harry tried to speak a little Japanese, but it was difficult.He didn’t do very well.When he spoke to people, most of them just looked at him.They didn’t understand what he was trying to say.-What language did he try to use when he was in Japan?–He tried to speak Japanese.He has made 5 trips in the last 6 months.From Japan, they went to Korea for a week, and then they went to China.In China, they visited the Great Wall near Beijing.They stayed in Beijing for a few days, and then boarded a train for Shanghai. It was an overnight train, with sleeping cars.-What kind of train did they take to Shanghai?–It was an overnight train.-How long did they stay in Beijing?–for a few days.During the journey, they enjoyed looking out the window at the countryside. The view from the train was wonderful.Harry will never forget watching the sun go down in the evening.It was a beautiful sunset.-What did they enjoy doing during the journey?–looking out the window at the countryside.-What won’t Harry ever forget?–Watching the beautiful sunset.The journey to Shanghai took many hours, but it was an unforgettable experience.On the train, they met a Chinese professor who spoke English.He was a middle-aged man, whose hair was turning grey.He told them about how things were changing in China.It was wonderful to watch him as he was speaking.His eyes were full of energy and excitement.-Who did they meet on the train?–a Chinese professor.-What did the professor talk about?–He talked about the many changes China was experiencing.They only stayed in Shanghai a couple of days.Then they returned to the US and went back to school.They had one more year to finish their studies.-Why did they return to the US?–They went back to finish their studies.Harry’s next few trips were to different part of the world.He went to Europe twice, each time to different countries.On one trip, he travelled through the UK and France.On the next trip, he went to Italy and Greece.-How many times did he go to Europe?–He went to Europe twice.After Europe, he travelled to Mexico and South America.In South America he went to Argentina and Brazil.He enjoyed watching some great soccer matches.-What countries did he visit in South America?–Both Argentina and Brazil.Then he decided to go back to Asia.But this time he went to Southeast Asia.He visited Vietnam, Thailand and Singapore.Each country had a charm of its own.-Where did he go after he went to South America?–He went to Southeast Asia.-How many countries did he visit in Southeast Asia?–He visited 3 different countries.After all these travel Harry decided to make travel part of his career. He didn’t want to work only in the US.He didn’t want to work only with Americans.He wanted to experience other countries and other cultures. His dream was to work for an international company.-Why did he decide to work for an international company?–he wanted to experience other countries and other cultures.-What was his dream?–working for an international company.5 years ago, his dream came true.Now he is working for a German high-tech company.As part of his job, he has to travel a lot.As a result, he has been to many cities and countries.And he has met many interesting people.-What has happened as a result to his job?–He has been to many countries and met many interesting people.-What kind of company is he working for?–A German hi-tech companyVocabularyA dental cavity is a hole in a tooth.A cavity is caused by bacteria in the mouth.Brushing your teeth frequently and regularly can help prevent cavities.A crack tooth can be caused by biting down on something hard. Dentists treat a crack tooth by covering it with a crown.A dental X-Ray is a picture of your teeth and gums.An X-Ray shows what can’t be seen on the surface of the teeth and gums. Braces are used by dentists to strengthen teeth over a period of years. Through braces are usually for children, they can also be used for adults with crooked teeth.To exact a tooth means to remove it from the mouth.Dentists have to pull hard to exact a tooth.Braces are used on people with crooked teeth or after an injury.Biting down on something hard can be very painful.Dentist often inject something into the gum to block the pain during the extraction process.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a system of arteries and veins.It’s located in the chest, between the lungs, and beats about once per second.The kidneys remove waste and toxins from the blood.They are bean-shaped organs, and are about 10 centimeters long and 6 centimeters wide.The lungs exchange oxygen from the air, with carbon dioxide from the blood.They expand when inhaling air, and contract when exhaling air.The stomach is blow the heart, and is part of the digestive system.It uses acids to digest food before passing it to the small intestine.The bladder is a balloon-shaped organ that collects urine from the kidneys. In an adult, the bladder can hold about half liter of urine.DialogueOfficer: Good evening, sir. You were driving too fast.Driver: really? Was I?Officer: Yes, you were going well above the speed limit.Driver: I’m sorry officer.O fficer: OK, I need to see your driver’s license.Driver: Here’s my driver’s license.-Why has he been stopped?–He was driving too fast.He has given his driver’s license to the police officer.Officer: Your license has expired. Are you aware of that?D river: No sir, that’s a surprise. I didn’t know.Officer: It has expired more than a year ago.-He probably knows that his license has expired, so…-he’s lying.-What has expired?–His driver’s license.Officer: Is this your car?Driver: No sir. It’s a friend’s. I’m borrowing it for a night.-Click the correct choice. –He probably isn’t telling the truth. Officer: Get out of the car, and put your hands behind your back. Driver: Why officer? What have I done?Officer: Just do as I say.Driver: OK, office r, I’m cooperating. Please don’t push me.-To cooperate means..–to do as asked.Officer: Get your hands behind your back.Driver: OK, OK.Officer: I’m not asking you, I’m ordering you.Driver: Please officer, I haven’t done anything wrong.-What is he supposed to do?–to put his hands behind his back.-To order someone to do something means…-to command them to do it.Officer: Stay still, and don’t say anything. This is a stolen car. Are you aware of that?Driver: Are you going to arrest me?Officer: What do you think? That’s what we do with car thieves.-Stay still means the same thing as…-Don’t move.-To be aware of means…-to know.Driver: If you let me go, I’ll give you a couple of thousand dollars. I haven’t hurt anybody.Officer: So now you are trying to bribe me. How stupid can you be? Driver:I just don’t want to go back to jail. Give me a break.-What is the driver trying to do?–bribe the officer.Officer: Sure, you’re a nice guy. I’d like to give you a break. But there’s nothing I can do.Driver: Please officer.Officer: OK, where’s the money? Let me see it, and I’ll think about it. -If he takes the money, what would he be taking?–a bribe.-An honest police officer will never…-accept a bribeLevel 4 unit 1 part4ListeningQuick Serve is a successful home repair company.It provides quick, reliable repair services to homes.It was established five years ago, and has been expanding rapidly.In the last two years, it has opened offices in three new cities.-How many offices has it opened in the past two years?–It has opened offices in 3 new cities.-What services does it provide?–It provides home repair services.-To be reliable means…-to be dependable.Because of its rapid growth, it has to hire many new employees.In the last six months, it has hired 50 new employees.The total number of employees in the company is now over 500. Andthe number of customers has increased to more than 5000.-How many people has the company hired in the last 6 months?–It has hired 50 new employees.-Why does it have to hire new employees?–It has been expanding rapidly.The company has also improved its business model.Instead of offering only repair services, it can now help customers to upgrade their appliances.Quick Serve does this by giving a choice.Customers can choose to repair an appliance, or upgrade it by buying a new one.If they choose to buy a new one, they will get a discounted price.So a customer can either repair a broken refrigerator for a small fee, or buy a new one.-T o upgrade something means…-to add features or quality.If they buy a new one, they will get a discounted price, along with free installation.This is possible because several appliance manufacturers have agreed to give Quick Serve big discounts.Quick Serve then installs the new appliance, and removes the old one. Feedback from customers has been positive.-How have customers reacted to this service?–Their feedback has been positive.-Who have agreed to give Quick Service big discounts?–Several appliance manufacturers.A high percentage of customers have taken advantage of this new service. As a result, Quick Serve has developed a great reputation.Its dedication to high quality service has proven to be successful.Its word of mouth approach to advising has been cost effective.The appliance manufacturers have also been happy with the results.Their growing relationship with Quick Serve has helped to increase their sales.-What has proven to be successful?–Its dedication to high quality service. QuickServe’s approach to business is proving to be successful.The world’s population is growing.There are now over 7 billion people in the world.During the 20th century, the population grows from 1.65 billion to 6 billion. It’s now growing at a rate of a round 1.1% per year. Thatmean it increases about 18 million per year.By 2024, the population has expected to be around 8 billion people.-How fast is the world’s population growing?–The growth rate is about 1.1% per year.-What was the population at the end of the 20th century?–around 6 billion people.The growth rate used to be higher.In the late 1960s, the rate of growth was about 2%.Since then, the growth rate has declined.It is estimated that the growth rate will be less than 1% by 2020. Bythe year 2050, the growth rate should be even less.-What has happened to the growth rate?–It has declined since the 1960s.It is estimated that the growth rate should be even less.Even with the declining growth rate, the population will continue to grow. But it will grow at a slower rate.In the past 15 years the world’s population has more than doubled.It has doubled from around 3 billion in 1960 to more than 7 billion in 2011. -What has more than doubled in the past 15 years?–the world’s population.The rate of growth varies by country.The growth rate in India is more than twice that of China.And the growth rate in Nigeria, which is in Africa, is more than twice India’s growth rate.Russia, on the other hand, has had a negative growth rate in some years. When a country has a negative growth rate, its population is decreasing.-How do the growth rates of India and China compare?–India’s growth rate is h igherVocabularyCo-founder of Apple, this entrepreneur was a major figure in the computer industry.He was self-centered and difficult to work for, but he led the development of many great products.He died of cancer when he was just 56 years old.Jack ma is one of the richest and most famous men in China.He comes from a poor family and failed his college entrance exams twice. Despite of his many failures, he has built one of the world’s largest internet companies.David Beckham is one of the world’s richest and most famous athletes. He started playing professional football when he was just 17.Much of his success as an athletes is because he practiced harder than many other players.As a young girl in Pakistan, Malala became famous for her writings on women’s education.In 2012, she was shot in the head and nearly killed.She survived the injury a nd became the world’s most famous teenager. Born in 1942, Stephen Hawking is one of the world’s most famous scientists.When he was 23, he was diagnosed with ALS, a real disease of the nerves. Becauseof his disease, he is unable to walk and talk.Though he was difficult to work for, his creative genius inspired others to do great work.Despite his condition, he has made important discoveries about the creation of the universe.Shy people are usually quiet and uncomfortable around other people. They generally dislike going to social events such as parties.It’s often difficult to make friends with a shy person because they won’t open up.Outgoing people enjoy being with others, and are comfortable in social situations.They’re friendly and pleasant to be with, though sometimes they can’t be trusted.Self-centered people like to be the center of attention.。
最新懂你英语L4-Unit-2
L4 Unit 2-1 Listening 物种、环境The earth was born about 4.6 million years ago. The first life appeared about a billion years later. The first plant didn’t appear until around 2 billion years ago. Until around 580 million years ago, life formed were small and microscopic(微笑的). Since that time, lives has evolved to many different types and species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.They have been several extinction events in the history of the earth. In the extinction event, many life forms or species of life die out. The causes of the massive extinction events are unsought mystery. These events are not predictable and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of that started by asteroid pass or volcano corruption. Events like this, can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event, happened about 66 million years ago. That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of the all species on the planet, died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events. A chain of event is a series of events linked together, like a chain.These particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the earth, it caused huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darken the earth for a period of months. Without enoughsunlight, plants and plant-eating animals, quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed. This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events had played important part in the evolution of life. In fact, some extinction events had helped to accelerate evolution. For example, some mammals lived to the age of dinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete. When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully. Once they could compete, mammal evolved to a higher state. Without the extinction event, perhaps we w ouldn’t be here today.Scientist estimate that there have been at least 5 massive extinctions in the pass 540 million years. They also believed that we had entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of the asteroid and volcano corruptions, the current event is the result of human activities. Human activities, for example, had led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, so the earth is getting warmer. As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing. In addition, we humans are destroying habitats of many plants and animals. Cutting down forest and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening. Specials of lives are disappearing at an increasing rate. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future. If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.L4 Unit 2-1 vocabulary 身体系统、产业、技术The body circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps the bloods to all parts of body through a network of arteries and vein.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body. It supplies the energy that the body need s for growth and repair. After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves. This is your control system. It controls your muscles and organs included your circulatory system and digestive system.The respiratory system includes your nose and lungs. It brings air and oxygen into your body and remove the carbon dioxide from the body. The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.Immune system protects body against the infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune systems works. If the infection invades the body and the immune system attacks it.The control use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates. Fire provided the light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people can grow food and settle into communities. By growing food, people can spend less time hunting and more time on other things, such as art.The domestication of animals allows people to raise and use animals for food and work. By raise herds of animals, such as sheep, people have regular supply of meat and clothing. The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in a more fashion manufacturing and construction. With better tools and machines, works can be done with fewer people and much lower cost.The development of science and engineering has improved many thing including communications. With understanding of electricity, telephone and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.L4 Unit 2-1 dialogue 谈论手机和老板I took a vacation last night.What are you talking about. Where did you take the vacation.I didn’t go anywhere. i just left with my smartphone.How was it.It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interpretation. It was very peaceful. Yes, I haven’t done that for a lon g time.You know what, I begin to hate smartphone.Really, but you can’t live without one, right.Yes, that’s the problem.This change the way people live.Yes, I just so on documentary about that. A husband was complaining his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened, did they get divorced.You guess it. In the end, they got divorced.It is a bit ironic, don’t you think. Smartphones were supposed to bring people together but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute, I’ve a message on smartphone and it can’t wait.Hey, wake up and get back to work.What’s wrong with you.I’m on my break sir and I had a bad headache.Well, you’re not paying you to sleep.If you’re going to sleep, sleep some places else.Yes, sir, it won’t happen again.You had better not.Just a minute. Don’t tell me like that.What did you say.You hurt me, you don’t have to treat people like that.Well, if you don’t like it, I suggest you leave.Ok, I will. I pet enough of you. I will get a job somewhere else.L4 Unit 2-2 Listening 概率、角度This man is holding a piece of food in this hand. The piece of food is either an orange or an apple. What can’t see which it’s because we can see inside the box. The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple or it may be an orange. It’s going to be one or the other. It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view. From his point of view, the prob ability is different. From his point of view, the possibility that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. That’s because he knows what he has. For him, that is not uncertainty. If he has an orange, the probability is 100%. If he doesn’t have an orange, the probab ility is 0%. He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on the point of view.People see things from different points of view. This often leads to arguments between the people. Here are some examples. From his man’s point of view, he is relaxing. He needs to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasn’t been getting sleep. H is wife see things differently. She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working. From her point of view, he is doing nothing. However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing. When people s ee things fromdifferent points of view, they often come to different conclusion. This differences can cause real communication problems.L4 Unit 2-2 vocabulary 自然灾害、宗教Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth. When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy. Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside the engine. A spark can ignite a mixture of gases and release energy for good and destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful. One major cause of accident is driving too fast. Accidents with fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu and Ebola. Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people. Storms are caused by changes in atmosphere, and result in high winds and heavy rains. Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere, that produce lightening, which can cause forest fire. Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of the lslam religions are called Muslims. These Muslims are prayer inside the Moses. Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus crisis, who lived more than 2000 years ago. Christian believe that Jesus is the son of god. Christians are often gathering in churchesor cathedrals to worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews. These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue, which is a place of worship and study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundreds years ago, in the middle east. Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, whom they believe it’s the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old. Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their mind of any thoughts.Hinduism is the worl d’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many briefs. Some Hindus believe in a circle of birth, life, death and rebirth.L4 Unit 2-2 dialogue 谈论失踪客机Do you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?Not, we don’t. the only information we had was it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft.The last communication was about 15 minutes before it just disappeared.Was there anything usual in the communication.Not, there was anything usual. Nothing pointed it any kind of problem.Anyway we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so that it shouldn’t be difficult to find it.How much countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search team from 3 countries starting to search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give an estimate about how long it will take.Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time. But we won’t give up. We will search it till we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet.What are you talking about.You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to. Yes, they’ve found some piece of it.What about the black boxes.No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It hard to believe that they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they still don’t find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is not good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.L4 Unit 2-3 Listening 监狱Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the Golden Gate Bridge. A is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction. Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city. Alcatraz has often appeared in movies including escape from Alcatraz, which was made in 1979. One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison. It was designed for prisoner who was causing trouble for another prisoner, such as trying to escape. It was a maximum security, so escape was almost impossible. The water around it was cold and only very strong prisoners can escape from island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934. There were 173 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers. They came by train from the other prison in the state of Kansas. During that trip, there was heavy security. The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed. Nobody wanted them to escape. The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners. However, the average population was only about 270. Although there was notorious inmate such as Al Copen, most of the inmates are no one known.Many were trying to escape from island or were considered to violence. If a man didn’t behave at other prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz, there was just one prison in each prison cell.Prison life in Alcatraz was highly structured and boring. It was designed for prisoners to follow rules. They had 4 rights, food, clothing, shelter and medical care. Everything else was privilege that had to be earned. Privileges included working, visits from familymembers and access to prison library. There were also activities such as painting and music. Once they showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years. During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully. There were 14 escape attempts, involving in 36 prisoners. 23 were caught alive and 3 were shot and killed. 2 men tries to escape twice. 2 were drought and 2 released as missing and resume drought. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape. That events are called the battle of Alcatraz.While in use, Alcatraz has some of the most notorious criminals the history, such as Al Capone. Al Capone was a crime boss, who built his career in Chicago. The prison was finished close in 1963. It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Inmate n.居民;同居者;（监狱里的）犯人L4 Unit 2-3 vocabulary 统计图表、法律A bar graph uses rectangle bars in different length to show and compare data. The lengths of a bar are proportional to values they represents. The bar can be vertical, up and down or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, it shapes like a circle. It is divided into segments that looks like piece of a pie. Percentages are often used to compare segments which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graph are used to show the relationship between two valuables, such as time and distance. These valuables are plotted to 2 axis, the X axis and the Y axis. The X axis often shows time, while the Y axis shows how quantities such as distance, temperature, pro change with times.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how process and project flows from the start to finish. A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision point.An organizational chart or org chart show the structure of a company. It shows how people and departments within the company are connected. It defines the roles and responsibility of a people or departments within a company.Laws are rules that people are supposed to follow. A system of laws governs the peoplewithin the countries. Criminals are people who break the law. People who commit a crime are called criminals. Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail. A jail or prison are place where criminals were locked behind bars, sometimes for many years. Prison is designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charge with committing a crime goes on a trial. In court, evidence is present to show guilty or innocent of a person on trial.When someone break the laws, they may be arrested by the police. To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.L4 Unit 2-3 dialogue 谈论汇兑May I help you sir.I’d like to change some US dollars to Japanese yen please.Yes, certainly sir, how about would you like to change.I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please.I don’t have it with me but I do have my driver’s license, would that be ok.No, sorry sir. I need to see your passport. It’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan. I just want to convert into yen. Why do I need my passport.I und erstand your frustration sir, but that’s the law. I cannot do something that is illegal. Ok, do you have any suggestions.Sure, the easiest things for you to do it is to use the machine in one of the hotels near here. You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check the fingerprint s or something like that.No, sir. But that’s a limit as to how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a high fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome sir.L4 Unit 2-3 Listening 人物Al Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history. He came from an immigrant family. His parents came from Italy and his father was a barber. As a boy, he belonged to a street game. He quit school after finishing the 6th grade. As he built his career as a crime boss in Chicago. He became boss at 26 when previous boss was nearly killed. He crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year. Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially from the sale of illegal liquor. This organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoys being famous. He protected himself by bribing police and public officials. Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never converted of a serious crime. When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crime. In 1929, he and his body guard were arrested by carrying deadly weapons. For that, he was sent to a year in prison. Capone was released in 9 months for good behaviors.In 1930, Capone was public enemy number 1 in Chicago. A year later he was arrested for failures to pay taxes. The government had finally found a way to catch him. After a trial, he was found guilty and sentence d to 11 years’ prison. He spent the first two years of the sentence at the prison in Atlanta J. then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country’s most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with the disease that began to take over his brain. As aresult, he spent much of his time at prison hospital. By the time he was released from prison at 1939, he was no longer able to lead his personal organization. He died of stroke and pneumonia in 1947.L4 Unit 2-4 vocabulary 财务和性格Income is money received from works or from investments. For company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses. People who earn good salaries can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you had paid for something. A receipt is a proof that you have paid for something. A receipt shows that something has been paid for. After pay for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payment. Invoice lists the princes and products being bought. To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products and services. Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what you paid to the government, for government’s services. Taxes pay for many services, such education, police and health care. An income tax is a tax on our income. In some countries, income taxes can be very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when you borrow money. If someone lends you money, you pay interest for use of that money.Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They made decision based on their feelings more than facts. Sometimes, these people make bad decisionbecause of their emotions.Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done. In many situation, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader. They will support and protect their leaders and friends. A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own. They often prefer working by themselves. Sometimes they had difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways. Many artists and musicians are very creative.L4 Unit 2-3 dialogue 谈论合同和设计方案Congratulation, Lisa.Congratulation’s for what.We just heard the news.What news? Don’t keep me in suspense.Quick service have accepted your video proposals.Oh, really, I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so. But they like it so much that they made quick decision.You want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That’s great news. But I’m still working on other projects. They need to be finished first. Can’t you delay some of other projects.I’m not sure. How important is this project.They are putting a lot of pressure on this now, especially they * proposal. They really like it. It’s a very creative a representing that company. It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job. I think it’s the best work your team have ever done.When can you get started on the project.Are they going to pay extra?In may proposal, I set the early start date would be one month after signing the contract. Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?Not, they haven’t. but I’m sure they will right away.They also need to make advance payment. That was in the proposal too.We can’t stop everything else just because they are exited.Ok, I will get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do. I have been through these kind of things before.。
懂你英语Level 4 unit 2
Level 4 unit 2 part1ListeningThe earth was formed by about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plaints didn’t appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic. Since that time, life has evolved into many different types or species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.-When did the first plant appear on earth?–about 2 billion years ago.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event, many life forms, or species of life, die out.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable, and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like this can change the global conditions that life depends on.-What happens in an extinction event?–Many species of life become extinct.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet, died out.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.-What may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?–An asteroid hit the earth and started a chain of events.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed This led to the deaths of many more species.-What caused the food chain to collapse?–The deaths of many plants and plant-eating animals.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helps to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn’t compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn’t be here today.-What may accelerate the evolution of mammals?–the extinction of dinosaurs.Mammals couldn’t compete successf ully with the dinosaurs, so their evolution was blocked.Scientists estimated that there had been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believed that we have entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of the asteroid or volcanic eruptions, the current event is a resultof human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.-What is causing the current mass extinction event?–human activities-What do scientists believe has already started?–a new extinction event.Global warming is a result of an increasing in carbon gases in out atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising, and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests, and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.-Why are sea levels rising?–With the rise in temperature, the polar icecaps are melting.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing. Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future. If we don’t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.This new extinction event is caused by humans.VocabularyThe body’s circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.This is your body’s control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.For some diseases, the immune system uses white blood cells and antibodies to attack it.The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture people could grow food and settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animal such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horse and ox was used for workingtransportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted into more efficient manufacture and construction.With better tools and machines work can be done with fewer people at much lower cost.The development of science and engineering has improved many things including communications.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.Science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changing the way we live our lives.Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.The ability to raise herds of animals gave human a regular supply of meat and clothingDialogueM: I took a vocation last night.W: What are you talking about? Where did you take your vocation?M: I didn’t go anywhere. I just spent an evening without my smartphone. W: How was it?M: It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.W:Yes, I haven’t done that in a long time.-If someone is interrupted, they have to…-stop what they are doing.-What hasn’t she done in a long time?–She hasn’t spent time without her smartphone.-What made the evening different?–He didn’t use his smartphone.M: You know what? I’m beginning to hate smartphones.W: Really? But you can’t live without one, right?M: Yes, that’s the problem. These things are changing the way people live.-What can’t people live without?–People can’t live without smartphones.-How does he feel about smartphones?–He’s beginning to hate them.W: Yes, I just saw a documentary about that. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending toomuch time on her smartphone.-What happened to the couple?–They got a divorce.-What was the wife spending too much time doing?–playing on her smartphone.M: It’s a bit ironic. Don’t you think? Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pullingpeople apart.W: Yes, you’re right.M: Hey, just a minute. I’ve got a message on my smartphone and it can’t wait.-What do they think is ironic about smartphones?–Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.Boss: Hey, wake up and get back to work. What’s wrong with you? Employee: I’m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headach e.Boss: Well, we’re not paying you to sleep. If you’re going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Employee:Yes, sir. Sorry. It won’t happen again.Boss: You had better not.-How did the employee treat the manager?–respectfully.Employee: Just a minute. Don’t talk to me like that.Boss: What did you say?Employee: You hurt me. You don’t have to treat people like that. Boss: Well, if you don’t like it, I suggest you leave.Employee: OK, I will. I‘ve had enough of you. I’ll get a job somewhere else.-How does the employee feel?–angry.Level 4 unit 2 part2ListeningThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be an apple and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.-What’s the probability that it’s a banana?–The probability is 0%.It may be an apple but it c an’t be a banana.Now let’s look at it from the man’s point of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.That’s because he knows what he has.For him, there is no uncertainly.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it, or he doesn’t.-From our point of view, what’s the probability that it’s an orange?-50%.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. Sothe probability depends on your point of view.-What’s the probability that it’s a banana?–a 0% probability.The probability depends on your point of view, or how much you know. People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.-If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and do something…-he may shout back and refuse to help her.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. Itisn’t fair that she had to work while he does nothing.-If he gets up and helps her…-She may not appreciate his help.-From the husband’s point of view, what’s he doing?–He is relaxing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.People often argue with each other because they see things from a different point of view.VocabularyEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse, and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent, release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things, or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of diseased such as the flue or Ebola. Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere, results in high winds and heavy rains.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lighting, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities. To reduce the da nger of an explosion, it’s important to prevent gas leaks inside the home.Many forest fires are caused by lightning.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and natural disasters. Followers of the Islam religion are called Moslems (Muslims).These Moslems are praying inside mosque.Moslems are called to prayer five times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, Who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship.Follower of the Judaism are somewhere called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 3500 years ago, in the Middle East. Judaism was based on the teachings of Moses, who they believed is the most important prophet. Buddhismbegan in India, and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 2500 years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of the meditation in which they empty their mind of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder, and is the mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Jews believe that Moses is the most important prophet.DialogueW: Do you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?M: No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared. W: What about the last communication with the aircraft?M: The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared. W: Was there anything unusual in the communication?M: No, there wasn’t anything unusual. Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.W: Anyway, we are confident that we’ll find it. It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.M: How many countries are helping with the search?W: Right now we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search. M: It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take?W: Yes, it’s a big area, so it might take a long time. But we won’t give up. We’ll search until we find it.-How long do they plan to search for it?–They plan to search for it until they find it.M1: Have they found the wreckage yet?M2: What are you talking about?M1: You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.M2: Oh yes. Now I know what’s you’re referring to. Yes, they found some pieces of it.-How much of the airplane have they found?–some pieces.M1: What about the black boxes?M2: No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.M1: It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.M2: Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t find the black boxes.M1: Whatever happen to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.M2:I agree with you.Level 4 unit 2 part3ListeningAlcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous, and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.-What can people see from Alcatraz?–The Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including Escape from Alcatraz, which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.-What kind of prisoners was it designed for?–prisoners who were troublemakers.-Why is it famous?–It used to be a very special prisonThe first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners including bank rubbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip, there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.-Where do the first group of prisoners come from?–They came from Kansas.The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However, the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmate such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or working setter to violent. If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz, there was just one inmate in each prison cell.-Why were prisoners usually sent to Alcatraz?–They caused trouble at other prisons.-A notorious inmate is one who…-is very well known.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoners escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.23 were caught alive and 6 were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd 1946,when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the battle of the Alcatraz.-How many prisoners escaped?–none.While it was in use, Alcatraz had some of the most notorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss, who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.-Why was the prison finally closed?–It was too expensive to operate.No prisoners ever escaped from Alcatraz.VocabularyA bar graph uses rectangle bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent. The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentage are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between 2 variables such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axis, the x axis and the y axis.The x axis often shows time, while the y axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature, or profits,change with time.A flow chart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points. An organizational chart or org chart shows the structure of company.It shows how people and department within the company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within the company.Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.An org chart shows how people and departments within a company are connected.A line graph uses connected points to show how things are related to each other.Laws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within the country. Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals were lock behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A court house is where someone charge with committing a crime goes on trial.In court evidence is present to show the guilty or innocent person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial. When a person is charged with breaking a law, they are tried in a court of law.An action that is against the law is an illegal action.An action that is follow the law is a legal action.Someone who is found guilty of committing a crime is sent to prison.DialogueW: May I help you sir?M: I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen please.W: Yes, certainly, sir. How much would you like to change?M: I’d like to change 500 dollars.W: May I see your passport, please?M: I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be ok?W: No, I’m sorry, sir. I need to see your passport. It’s the law.M: Look, I’m not asking for a loan. I just want to convert my dollars into yen. Why do I need my passport?W:I understand your frustration, sir. But that’s the law. I cannot do something that is illegal.-Why does the customer need his passport?–It’s required by law.M: Ok, do you have any suggestions?W: Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of thehotels near here. You can borrow someone’s passpor t and then do the conversion.M: So the machine doesn’t check my figureprints or anything like that? W: No, sir. But there’s a limit as how much you can change at one time. You also have to pay a higherfee. M: Thanks for your help. W: You’re welcome, sirLevel 4 unit 2 part1ListeningAl Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history. He came from an immigrate family.His parents came from Italy and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gangs.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.-Where were his parents from?–They were from Italy.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year.Most the money came from illegal activities, especially the sales of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.-What kind of illegal activities was his organization involved with?–Gambling and prostitution.-Liquor includes…-alcoholic drinks such as whiskey and vodka.Capone was flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his body guard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that, they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released nine month for good behavior.-Why were he and his body guard arrested and sent to prison?–They were caught carrying deadly weapons.-What kind of person was he?–violent and self-centered.In 1930, Capone was public enemy NO.1 in Chicago.A year later, he was arrested for failed to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trail, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison. He spent the first 2 years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta joja.. Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country’s most famous prison.-Why was he sentenced to prison for 11 years?–He was found guilty of tax evasion.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from the prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.-Why did he spend much of his time in the prison hospital?–He had a serious disease.VocabularyIncome is money received from work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses. People who earned a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payment.An invoice lists the prices and the products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for the products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for the government services. Taxespay for many services, such as education, police and health care.An income tax is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money. Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on their feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things down.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things. They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways. Manyartists and musicians are very creative.Independent people may want to do things their own way.People don’t like to work for people who are too emotional. Someone with a bad temper gets angry easily and shouts at others.DialogueW: Congratulations, Lisa.Lisa: Congratulations for what?W: We just heard the news.Lisa: What news? Don’t keep me in suspense.W: QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Lisa: Already? I just submitted it a week ago.W: Maybe so, but they liked it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.-What did Lisa do a week ago?–She summited her proposal.Lisa: That’s great news. But I’m still working on some other projects. They need to be finished first.W: Can’t you del ay some of our other projects?Lisa: I’m not sure. How important is this project?W: They are putting a lot of pressure on us now especially since they read your proposal. They really like it.It’s a very creative way of presenting their company. It had everybody laughing.Lisa: Yes, that was the idea. It was fun to do and our whole team thought it was funny.W:Well, great job. I think it’s the best work your team has ever down..实用文档.-What may need to be delayed?–Some of their other projects.-To delay somet hing means to…-postpone it.W: When can you get started on the project?Lisa: Are they going to pay extra? In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.W: Was that in the proposal?Lisa: Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?W: No, they haven’t. But I’m sure they will right away.-When do the contract say the project will begin?-one month after signing the contract.-Why does she think they should pay extra?–They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.The proposal said that the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Lisa: They’ll also need to make an advance payment. That was in the proposal too.We can’t stop everything else just because they are excited.W: OK, I’ll get back to them and let them know.Lisa: Yes, please do. I’ve been though these kinds of thing before.-What are they going to ask for from QuickServe?–an advance payment and an extra fee to start the project early.-To get back to them means…-to contact them.。
懂你商务英语L4-U2
L4-U2-1/11Vocabulary 1Before DevelopmentA1. developing a product can be challenging.2. It requires a practical idea, thorough(彻底的) analysis, and plenty of time and resources.3. Careful preparation(准备) is the first step to developing a product successfully.4. Generate ideas.5. Product development starts by generating ideas.6. This involves brainstorming possible new products and features.7. Good ideas come from knowledge of the consumer, the market, and current technology.B1. Conduct concept(概念) screening research.2. Next, select the best idea through concept screening research.3. Find out if the product would meet customers’ needs and identify the gaps in the market.4. You also need to determine how to position your product to give it an advantage.C1. Carry out(开展) competitive research.2. Then, carry out in-depth(深入的) competitive research.3. Identify and assess the strengths and weaknesses of competitors within your market.4. This allows you to develop different strategies to give your product a competitive advantage.D1. Carry out a risk assessment.2. As you conduct your research, you should do a risk assessment.3. Identify the potential risks and how they would impact your product.4. These include technical problems, financial risks and operational difficulties.E1. Plan actions.2. Finally, plan a path forward by determining your next course of action.3. Set parameters(参数) including budget, objectives and time frame.4. Once you are prepared, you can implement your plan.练1. Generating ideas for a product involves brainstorming possible new product and features.2. Concept screening requires you to find out if the product would meet customers’ needs and identify the gaps in the market.3. Conducting concept screening research helps to select the best idea.4. Concept screening requires you to identify the gaps in the market.5. You need to determine how you would position your product to give it an advantage.6. Identifying the strengths and weakness of competitors allows you to give your product a competitive advantage.7. Identifying the strengths and weaknesses of competitors allows you to develop strategies and give your product a competitive advantage.8. Examples of potential risks include technical problems, financial risks and operational difficulties.L4-U2-1/11Vocabulary 2Developing a ProductA1. Transforming ideas(转变观念) into sellable(适合出售) products is a challenge.2. Build the prototype(原型).3. Start by building a prototype of your product.4. A prototype is the first version o a product, and is used to develop its future forms.5. Building a prototype helps you estimate the development costs, time frame, and resources needed.B1. Test the prototype.2. Once a prototype has been built, it should be tested to evaluate the quality of its design.3. Feedback on its appearance, function and user friendliness can be collected from potential customers.C1. Improve the prototype.2. A prototype should be improved based on its feedback.3. Once its original issues have been fixed, another round of testing will be conducted.4. The testing will continue until the product is ready for the market.D1. Develop marketing strategies.2. When the product is ready, it will be made available for sale.3. A company will develop a strategy to build demand for its product.4. This may include a launch event, advertisements, and social media marketing.E1. Monitor the product.2. After the product is launched, a company monitors how the product performs in the market.3. Sales figures, profitability and customers’ feedback should be monitored.4. Furthermore, expect changes in the market and always be prepared to improve your product.练1. It helps you estimate the time and resources needed to create a product.2. Once a prototype has been built, it should be tested to evaluate the quality of its design.3. Develop a strategy that may include a launch event.4. After the product is launched, a company monitors the product’s performance.5. Expect changes in the market and always be prepared to improve your product.6. Sales figures, profitability and customers’ feedback should be monitored.L4-U2-1/11Vocabulary 3Product LifecycleA1. Product lifecycle.2. A product lifecycle is the four stages of a product’s life.3. Each stage has its own unique characteristics and challenges.4. The market introduction stage.5. The first stage is the market introduction stage.6. At this point, a new product has just been launched and its market share may be small.7. Businesses can invest in marketing and promotion to build demand(强制性要求).B1. The growth stage.2. Products that make it through the introduction stage reach the growth stage.3. In the growth stage, product sales grow as consumer demand increases.4. As a result, competition may increase as more businesses look to share the market.5. Companies often need to update their products to stay competitive.C1. The maturity stage.2. In the maturity stage, the market becomes crowded due to fewer new customers and stronger competition.3. As a result, sales growth peaks(山峰) and begins to slow down.4. At this point, a business may lower its prices or explore new markets to increase sales.D1. The decline stage.2. In the decline stage, product sales decrease as competition become stronger.3. Since the popularity of a product falls, making a profit becomes more difficult.4. As a result, a business may cut production costs or discontinue the product.练1. More competitors begin to market similar products.2. In the maturity stage, the market becomes crowded due to fewer new customers and stronger competition.3. Product sales peak and begin to slow down.4. There are fewer new clients and stronger competition.5. The product is less popular.6. In the decline stage, product sales decrease as competition becomes stronger.L4-U2-1/11Vocabulary 4Improving a ProductA1. Improving products allows businesses to stay competitive and increase their market share.2. Here is some advice for improving products successfully.3. Collect customer feedback.4. Customer feedback can be used to find out how to improve a product.5. It can be collected through customer questionnaires or interviews.6. Feedback can help measure customer satisfaction and discover problems.B1. Conduct a lost customer analysis.2. A lost customer analysis examines why customers have stopped buying a product.3. The results can be used to eliminate sources of customer dissatisfaction.4. For example, people may stop eating a certain brand of food because of negative publicity.C1. Carry out(实现) a cost-benefit(成本效益) analysis.2. A cost-benefit analysis compares the costs of a project against its potential benefits.3. Benefits may include increased revenue or faster production.4. If a project’s costs are higher than its benefits, it may not be worthwhile.D1. Run tests.2. Testing is a major step both in product design and improvement.3. Frequent tests determine whether a product is performing well.4. After a product has been developed, it will be tested to ensure its quality.练1. You can interview customers to collect their feedback.2. A product will be tested to ensure its quality.L4-U2-1/11DialogueA1. Hey, Heather, you wanted to see me?2. Hey, Jim, yeah, I did.3. I just got the user data from the latest testing version of Fitbot.4. I thought you would want to see it.5. Oh, definitely. Have you found anything interesting?6. Well, it seems the user engagement rate is not as high as we’d like it to be.7. Look over here.8. It’s been found that many users stop using our app after a couple of tries.B1. Hmm, so they don’t feel motivated to keep using it.2. Why do you think that might be?3. Well, according to the feedback our users like how our app tracks how far they have run.4. But they don’t think it’s a strong enough reason to keep on using it.5. I feel that the app doesn’t have enough functions to keep users engaged.C1. Do you have any ideas on how to go forward?2. We could improve how users track their progress.3. Rather than just listing the amount of time they run, we could let them set challenges.4. For example, users can set weekly or monthly fitness challenges.5. And we could try to quantify their progress by using progress bars.6. That way, they can use our app to realize their fitness goals, rather than only logging their results.D1. I like that idea.2. And we could allow users to share their progress on social media like Mechand.3. By share it online, they can get encouragement from their friends.4. Yeah, adding a social component is a great idea.5. Could you have a proposal made for me by Friday?6. I have a meeting with the CEO, and would like to share these ideas with him.7. Yes, I’ll get started on it today.8. Great, make sure to include a cost benefit analysis in your proposal.9. I’m going to get this approved. I’ll need to show that the return will be worth the investment.10. Sure think, we’ll do.练1. The user engagement rate of something shows how much users interact with it.2. It doesn’t have enough functions.3. Users like how the app tracks how far they run.4. It seems the user engagement rate is not as high as we’d like it to be.5. The data suggests that people are only using the app a few times before stopping.6. The app can be improved by allowing users to set fitness challenges.7. They would motivate users to realize their goals.8. Adding social-media sharing functions.9. To get the proposal approved, he needs to show the costs will be worth it.10. Realizing a goal is more motivating than logging results.11. The app could let users set fitness challenges to realize their fitness goals.L4-U2-3/11Vocabulary 1During an InterviewA1. Interviews are mean to find someone who is a good fit for a job.2. Here are some basic steps to follow when conducting an interview.3. Build rapport(融洽，亲善，和谐).4. Begin the interview by building rapport with the candidate.5. When a candidate is relaxed, they usually express themselves more honestly.6. A warm greeting and some small talk can make the candidate feel comfortable.7. For example, you can say “It’s a pleasure to meet you. How was your weekend?”B1. Observe non-verbal(非语言的) cues(提示).2. Observe the candidate’s body language and facial(面部的) expressions.3. Non-verbal cues may reveal how the candidate feels.4. For example, if a candidate blinks(眨眼睛) often, it may suggest they’re very nervous.C1. Leave time for questions.2. Near the end of the interview, leave time for the candidate to ask questions.3. For example, you can ask, “Do you have any questions for me?” or “Have you got any questions for us?”4. What the candidate asks can reveal how interested they are in the position.5. If they don’t have any questions, they may not be interested in the job.D1. Explain what to do next.2. At the end of the interview, explain the next steps in the hiring process.3. Let the candidate know when you will contact them again.4. For example, you can say, “Thank you for coming in. We will get back to you within two weeks.”5. Finally, thank them for their time and walk them to the door.练1. Building rapport with a candidate will help them feel less nervous.2. It makes them feel less nervous.3. Observe their body language and facial(面部的) expressions.4. Leave time for the candidate to ask questions.5. If a candidate doesn’t have any questions during the interview, they may not be interested in the company.6. We will get back to you within two weeks.”7. Thank them for their time and walk them to the door.L4-U2-3/11Vocabulary 2After an InterviewA1. Here are some tips for what to do after an interview.2. Assess(评定) the candidate.3. Assess whether the candidate meets the hiring criteria(标准criterion).4. You should consider their skills, experience, and attitude.5. If a candidate does not meet any of the criteria, they won’t make a good hire.6. Perform a background check.7. When considering a candidate, perform a background check on them.8. A background check examines a person’s professional and educational history.9. It confirms that they have provided accurate(准确性，精确性) information on their resume.B1. Make an offer.2. If a candidate meets the job’s requirements, you can make them an offer.3. A job offer is an invitation for a candidate to become an employee in a company.4. A formal job offer includes information about salary, benefits, and the starting date.5. Follow up on time.6. Follow up with candidates on time.7. If you take too long to contact a strong candidate, they may find another job.8. If you wait too long to reject a candidate, they may think you’re unprofessional.练1. A person’s professional and educational history.2. After an interview, you should assess whether the candidate meets the hiring criteria.3. You should follow up with candidates on time.L4-U2-3/11Vocabulary 3Soft SkillsA1. When evaluating a candidate, it’s important to consider their soft skills.2. These reflect how they approach their challenges, as well as how they interact with others.3. Here are some soft skills to look for.4. Problem-solving skills.5. Problem-solving skills involve identifying problems and developing solutions.6. To assess these skills, you can ask candidate about a challenge they overcame at a previous job.7. For example.8. What was the best idea you proposed at your last job?9. What has been your biggest achievement to date?B1. Communication skills2. Communication skills reflect how well you express yourself and interact with others.3. To assess these skills, you can watch how a candidate engages with you during an interview.4. Observe how they speak and how well they listen.C1. Teamwork skills.2. Employees with teamwork skills have a strong sense of group responsibility and collaborate well with others.3. To assess a candidate’s teamwork skills, you can ask questions like “What role have you played in your last team?”4. Or you can ask “Please describe a time you worked well as a team member.”D1. Creative thinking skills.2. Creativity is the ability to come up with new and original ideas.3. Employees with creative thinking skills can think outside the box and find unique solutions to problems.4. To know more about a candidate’s creative thinking skills, you can ask “What is the most creative idea you came up with at your last job?”5. Or you can ask, “Tell me about a problem you solved in an innovative way.”练1. Soft skills reflect how they approach their challenges, as well as how they interact with others.2. Watch how they engage with you.3. Communication skills reflect how well you express yourself.4. What role have you played in your last team?5. Employees who can work well in teams have a strong sense of groupresponsibility.L4-U2-3/11Vocabulary 4Interview TipsA1. Here are some tips for how to conduct a productive interview.2. Prepare.3. Prepare thoroughly(彻底的，完全地) before an interview.4. Review the candidate’s resume and cover letter to learn about their work history and experience.5. Prepare questions that relate to their resume and the position they are applying for.B1. Use similar questions to evaluate candidates.2. When interviewing different candidates, ask similar questions.3. This creates a standard to compare candidates against.4. If you ask each candidate different questions, it may be hard to assess their responses.C1. Take notes.2. Taking notes helps you remember the details of an interview.3. But taking notes can feel impersonal or even unfriendly.4. So when the interview begins, you should tell the candidate why you’re taking notes.5. Otherwise, they may feel nervous.6. Let the candidate speak.7. Do not dominate the interview.8. Candidates need an opportunity to present their qualifications and skills.9. Some experts say that the interviewer should speak 20% of the time or less.练1. Prepare questions for the candidate that relate both their resume and the position they are applying for.2. Prepare questions that relate to their resume3. You can compare their answers.4. By asking each candidate similar questions, it is easier to evaluate and compare their qualifications.5. Candidates won’t have the chance to speak.6. It will help them remember what was said.L4-U2-3/11DialogueInterviewing a candidateA1. Hi, Sarah, I’m Atom.2. I’m the marketing manager at greenly organic to rule.3. Hi, Aden, nice to meet you.4. Please, have a seat.5. So tell me a little bit about yourself.6. Yes, I graduated from college in May, where I majored in environmental science.7. I’m currently doing a summer internship at an organization called Heart Healthy Schools.8. They work with local farms to help arrange organic lunches for city schools.9. But my internship(实习) will end in two months, so I’m starting to look for full time jobs down.B1. So why are you interested in Greenly organic delivery?2. Well, I love Greenly is mission to work only with local organic farms, like AJ chess.3. Greenly is also a tech company with more opportunities in social media, which is what I want to do.4. I think Greenly offers more potential to grow.5. Thank you.6. But how do your experiences transform over to the position of social media market.7. It says here you update officially countsC1. Do you have any experience analyzing social media activity?2. Yes, I do.3. When I started college, I found it a Website blog called the student farmer.4. I’ve now grown my sight to around eight hundred daily visitors through social media.5. So I’ve familiar with both writing for an audience, and analyzing data to grow in audience.6. Very impressive.7. I can see that you are very proactive and driven person.8. But tell me, where do you think you need to improve?9. I think there’s a lot more I need to learn.10. Working the HHs has been a positive step forward.11. But most of my experience so far has come from personal projects.D1. Right, social media marketing and Greenly has more considerations than your say.2. Yes, that’s true, but at the same time, I am not afraid to learn.3. I’m open to challenges and I learn fast.4. Well, that’s very nice to hear.5. Before I bring on our HR manager, do you have any questions?6. What qualities are you looking for in candidates for this position?7. An understanding of analytics is a must, as are good writing skills.8. But we also need people who are driven in passionate, like you.9. Do you have any more questions?10. No, that’s all, thank you.11.Ok, it was great speaking with you Sarah.12. It was nice speaking with you too, Atom.13. Thank you.练1. It helps provide organic lunches for city schools.2. It works with local organic farms.3. It gives her more experience in a field she likes.4. How to build an audience through social media?5. She has now grown her site to around 800 daily visitors through social media.6. An understanding of analytics and a good attitude.7. Social media marketing at their company has more considerations than her site.8. She will have more considerations working on a large team.L4-U2-5/11Vocabulary 1Preparing for an EventA1. Attending networking events is a great way to help your career.2. It can help you find a job, meet business partners, or learn about industry trends.3. But if you want to get the most out of these events, you should prepare beforehand.4. Set a goal.5. Set a goal for what you aim to achieve at the event.6. It should be specific and reasonable.7. For example, your goal could be exchanging cards with five people.8. Having a clear goal will prevent you from wandering aimlessly(漫无目的地;无目9. Wear appropriate clothing.10. Wear appropriate clothing to the event.11. Most networking events require you to wear business casual clothing.12.The right clothes will give people a positive impression and make you feel more comfortable.B1. Bring business cards.2. Business cards are a branding tool and help people remember you.3. So bring professional and up-to-date business cards.4. Prepare conversation points.5. Prepare some key points about your business, as well as questions you want to ask people.6. You can also prepare a few icebreakers to start conversations.7. For example, you can ask general questions, such as how someone feels about the event.8. Hi, I’m not sure if we’ve met. I am Jeff from CC Furniture. How do you like the event?9. It has been great! I’m Linda, Head Designer of Nick Spade. Nice to meet you.练1. By setting a goal before a networking event, you can identify what outcome you want to achieve.2. Your goal could be exchanging cards with five people.3. By giving people your business card at a networking event, it can help them remember you.4. How should you prepare conversation points? Prepare some key points about your business.5. Business cars serve as a powerful branding tool and help people to rememberyou.6. Prepare some conversation starters before the event.7. You can ask general questions, such as how someone feels about the event.8. Giving people your business card can help them remember who you are.L4-U2-5/11Vocabulary 2How to behaveA1. Here are some tips on how to behave at a networking event.2. Give a concise self-introduction.3. When meeting new people, give a concise self-introduction.4. You should mention where you work and what you do.5. But don’t talk about yourself too much.6. What do you do, Jeff?7. I’m in charge of sales at CC Furniture.8. We provide one-stop service for customers who want home renovation(革新；恢复活力；翻新；修理).9. Show interest in other people.10. When talking to someone, show that you’re interested in what they’re saying.11. You can do this by maintaining eye contact and facing them directly.12. And you can ask questions that encourage them to talk about themselves.13. That sounds interesting. Could you tell me more about the project you just mentioned?14. Sure, we are seeking local partners right now, if you are interested.B1. Find things in common.2. When talking to people, look for shared interests, experiences or connections.3. Finding common interests sets a strong foundation for creating a business relationship.4. How did you hear about this event?5. The speaker, Jenny, invited me.6. Me too. Jenny and I used to work together.7. Reach out to your contacts.8. After an event, get in touch with your new contacts.9. Send an email or connect on social media.10. For example, you could write, “It was nice meeting you last night. You mentioned you were interested in our services. Please let me know if you need more information.”11. It’s best to contact people within 24 hours of meeting them.练1. Where you work, and what you do.2. In addition to speaking well, you should also focus on listening to other people.3. Could you tell me more about the project you just mentioned?4. When meeting new people, it’s important to give a concise self-introduction.5. You can contact them through email or social media.L4-U2-5/11Vocabulary 3Common MistakesA1. Here are some mistakes people make at networking events, and tips on how toavoid them.2. Don’t dominate the conversation.3. Networking is about developing mutually(互相的) beneficial relationships.4. So don’t talk about yourself all the time.5. By listening, you will not only gain more information about others but also make them feel valued.6. End conversations politely.7. If you end a conversation abruptly(突然地), people may think you’re rude.8. You can politely end a conversation by telling someone that it was nice to meet them.9. For example, “It was great talking to you, but I really need to say hello to a few other people. Talk to you soon.”B1. Don’t drink too much.2. Most networking events provide alcohol, but you should avoid drinking too much.3. It’s generally better to limit yourself to one or two drinks at the very most.4. Reach out to new people.5. It’s normal to feel nervous at networking events, but reach out to new people.6. When meeting someone new, you can appear confident with strong eye contact and a firm handshake.练1. Don’t talk about yourself all the time.2. You will appear more confident.3. Feeling a bit nervous at a networking event is normal, but try not to appear overly timid(胆怯的；羞怯的；易受惊的).4. You should avoid drinking too much.5. You should try to reach out to new people.L4-U2-5/11Vocabulary 4Networking TipsA1. Here are some tips to help you interact with people at networking events.2. Give a firm handshake.3. When you meet someone for the first time, give a firm handshake.4. Avoid gripping their hand too loosely or squeezing it too hard.5. Remember people’s name.6. It can be hard to remember the names of everyone you meet at a networking event.7. One way to do this is to repeat someone’s name after they tell it to you.8. And when you get their business card, you can write something on it to help you remember them.B1. Keep an open posture.2. Keep an open posture(姿势;仪态;体位;体态;方式;方法;态度;姿态) in order to appear friendly and approachable.3. This means you should keep your back straight and avoid crossing your arms.4. A closed posture can show shyness or unfriendliness.5. Be brief.6. It’s good to begin a conversation with small talk, but don’t take too long to get to the point7. People lose interest quickly, so be specific and avoid giving too many details.8. Maintain your social media profile.9. Your social media profile is an essential networking tool.10. Like your business card, it shows your personal brand.11. After an event, people may look at your social media profile to learn about your professional skills and experiences.12. So make sure that it is updated and reflects the best side of yourself.练1. You should shake it firmly.2. Remembering people’s names shows your interest in them.3. when you get their business card, you can write something on it to help you remember them.4. People may think you don’t want talk to them.5. Make sure that your social media profile is updated and reflects the best side of yourself.6. A closed posture can show shyness or unfriendliness.7. Your social media profile is an essential networking tool.8. Like your business card, your social media profile shows your personal brand.L4-U2-5/11DialogueAdvice on NetworkingA1. Hey, Crise.2. How was your networking tonight?3. Not so good.4. How did your sales conference go?5. Pretty great.6. I meet around twenty really cool people, including the head of sales at this company called BlackSun Software.7. And now I’m following through with a few thank you e-mails.8. Wow, you like a networking ninja(忍者).9. I wish I could have done half as well as you.10. I gave out my business cards and told people what I do.11. But no one seemed very interested.B1. It sounds like you spent the whole time focusing on yourself.2. I thought that’s what I was supposed to do at a networking event.3. Having people get to know me.4. No way.5. Networking is about building relationships with people.6. You’re right.7. But how do you engage with people?8. Every time I tried to start a conversation; it didn’t go anywhere.9. I think you need to prepare a short introduction and some conversation starters.10. That way, you can focus more on listening than thinking of what to say.C1. I see what you’re saying.2. I should jump into the conversation quickly it starts asking questions.。
懂你英语L4U2
This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months. Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed. This led to the deaths of many more species.
The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works. If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.
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L4——U2——1/4listeningEarthformsandextinctionA1.Theearthwasformedaboutfourpointsixbillion(46亿)yearsago.2.Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillion(10亿)yearslater.3.Thefirstplant-like didn’tappearuntilaround twobillion(20亿)yearsago.4.Untilaboutfivehundredeightymillion(五亿八千万)yearsagolifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic(极小的，微小的).5.Sincethattime,lifehasevolved(进化)intomanydifferenttypesorspecies.6.Howeverscientistsestimate(估计)thatmorethanninetyninepercent（99%）ofthemarenowextinct(灭绝的).B1.Therehavebeenseveralextinction(绝种)eventsinthehistoryoftheearth.2.Inanextinctioneventsmanylifeformsorspeciesoflifedieout.3.Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries(未解之谜).4.Theseeventsarenotpredictable(预告)andcanhappenatanytime.5.Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpacts(影响，碰击或者装机)orvolcaniceruptions(火山爆发).6.Eventslikethis,canchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson.C1.Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedaboutsixty-sixmillion(6600万)yearsago.2.Thateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheearth.3.Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspecies(物种，种类，类型)ontheplanetdieout.4.Whentheasteroidshittheearth,itstartedachainofevents.5.Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogetherlikeachain.D1.Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears.2.Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoentertheatmosphere.3.ThiscloudofdustblockedtheSunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths.4.Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.5.Withthedeathsofsomanyplantsandanimals,thefoodchaincollapsed.6.Thisledtothedeathsofmanymorespecies.E1.Massextinctioneventshaveplayedanimportantpartintheevolution(演变，发生，进化论)oflife.2.Infact,someextinctioneventshavehelpedtoaccelerate(加快，加速)evolution.3.Forexample,somemammals(哺乳动物4.5.6.1.灭绝2.3.4.的5.1.2.3.Asaresult,sealevelsarerisingandweatherpatterns(气候模式)arechanging.4.Inaddition(另外),wehumansaredestroyingthehabitats(动物的栖息地)ofmanyplantsandanimals.5.Cuttingdownforestsandpollutingriversdestroythehabitatsofmanyformsoflife.H1.Thereisnolongeranydoubtthatthisishappening.2.Species(物种，类型)oflifearedisappearingatanincreasingrate.3.Globaltemperaturesarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.4.Scientistsarewarningusthatfastactionisnecessarytosaveourfuture.5.Ifwedon’tact,wemaygothewayofthedinosaurs.练：1.(读)thisnewextinctioneventiscausedbyhumans.2.It’swhenanasteroidcollideswithsomething.3.AnasteroidhittheEarthandstartedachainofevents.4.Withtheriseintemperature.Thepolaricecapsaremelting.L4——U2——1/4vocabularyBodyorgan2andhumanbeingevolution(进化)A1.body’scirculatory(循环的)systemincludestheheartandbloodvessels(血管).2.Theheartpumpsbloodtoallpartsofthebodythroughanetwork(网络，网状物)ofarteries(动)andveins(静脉).3.Thedigestsystem(消化系统)breaksdown(分解)andabsorbed(吸收)foodintothebody.4.Itsuppliestheenergythatthebodyneedsforgrowthandrepair.5.Afterdigestion,excess(超重，超量)foodisturnedintowasteandeliminated(排除，消除)fromthebody.6.Thenervoussystemsincludethebrain,spinal(脊柱的)cord(脊髓)andnerves.7.Thisisyourbodiescontrolsystem.8.Itcontrolsyourmuscles(肌肉)andorgans(器官)includingyourcirculatory(循环)anddigest(消化)system.9.Therespiratory(呼吸的)systemincludesthenoseandlungs.10.Itbringsairandoxygenintothebodyandremovescarbondioxide(二氧化碳).碳)carbondioxide(二氧化物)isremoved.12.Theimmune(免疫的)systemprotectsthebodyagainstinfections(传染，感染，传染病)anddiseases.13.Sneezing(打喷嚏)andfeverareexampleofhowtheimmunesystemworks.14.Ifaninfectioninvades(侵入)thebodytheimmunesystemattacks(攻击)it.练：1.Thebloodvessels(血管)thatcarryoxygen-richbloodfromtheheartarecalledarteries(动脉).2.Thenervoussystemregulates(控制，管理，调节)yourheartbeatanddigestion.3.Forsomediseases,theimmunesystemuseswhitebloodcellsandantibodies(抗体)toattackit.4.Thedigestsystemiswherefoodisbrokendownandabsorbedintothebody.B1.Thecontrolleduseoffireallowedpeopletocookfoodandsurviveincolderclimates.2.Fireprovidedlightsothatpeoplecouldworkandsocializeforlongerhours.3.Withtheinventionofagriculture(农耕，农业4.猎5.的)actionofanimalsallowedpeopletoraiseanduseanimalsforfoodandwork.6.7.8.的9.的)manythings,includingcommunications.练：1.(听2.(听3.(听)scienceandengineeringbreakthroughsarerapidlychangingthewayweliveourlives.4.(听)withthedevelopmentofagriculture(农耕，农业),peoplehadmoretimeforotheractivities.5.(填)Theabilitytoraiseherdsofanimalssuchassheephumanshadaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.6.Theabilitytoraiseherdsofanimalsgavehumansaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.L4——U2——1/4dialogueAboutsmartphoneA1.Itookavacationlastnight.2.Whatareyoutalkingabout?3.Wheredidyoutakeyourvacation?4.Ididn’tgoanywhere.5.Ijustspendaneveningwithoutmysmartphone.6.Howwasit?7.Itwasgreat!Igotarealmagazineandreaditwithnointerruption.8.Itwasverypeaceful.9.Yes,Ihaven’tdonethat in alongtime.B1.Youknowwhat?2.I’mbeginningtohatesmartphones.3.Real ly,butyoucan’tlivewithoutone,right?4.Yes,that’stheproblem.5.Thesethingsarechangingthewaypeoplelive.C1.Yes,Ijustsawadocumentaryaboutthat.2.Ahusbandwascomplainingtohiswifethatshewasspendingtoomuch t imeonhersmartphone.3.Whathappened?Didtheygetadivorce(离婚)?4.Youguessedit.Intheend,theygotadivorce.D1.It’sbigIrunning,don’tyouthink?2.Smartphonesweresupposedtobringpeopletogether,buttheyarepullingpeopleapart.3.Yes,youareright.4.Hi,justaminute,Ihavegotamessageonmysmartphoneanditcan’twait.E1.Hey,wakeupandgetbacktowork.2.What’swr ongwithyou?3.I’monmybreak,sir.AndIhaveabadheadache.4.Well,we’renotpayingyoutosleep.5.Ifyougoingtosleep,sleepsomeplace s else.6.Yea,sir.Sorry,itwon’thappenagain.7.Ithadbetternot.F1.Justaminute.2.Don’ttalktomelikethat.3.Whatdidyous ay?4.Youhurtme,youdon’thaveatreatpeop lelikethat.5.Well,ifyoudon’tlikeit.Isuggestyouleave.6.Ok,Iwill.I’veha denoughofyou.7.I’llgetajobsomewhereelse.练：1.Ifsomeoneisinterrupted,theyhavetostopwhattheyaredoing.2.Insteadofbringingpeopletogether,theyarepullingthemapart.L4——U2——2/4listeningSeethingsfromdifferentpointofviewA1.Thismanisholdingapieceoffruitinhishand.2.Thepieceoffruitiseitheranorangeoranapple.3.Wecan’tseewhich itis becausewecan’tseeinsidethebox.4.5.Itmaybeanappleanditmaybeanorange6.It’sgottobeoneortheother.7.Itcan’tbeanythingelse.B1.Now,let’slookatitfromtheman’spointofview.2.Fromhispointofviewtheprobabilitiesisdifferent.3.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythatisanorangeisonehundredpercentorzeropercent.4.That’sbecauseheknowswhathehas.5.Forhim,thereisnouncertainty(不确定性).6.Ifhehasanorange,theprobabilityisonehundredpercent.7.Ifhedoesn’thaveanorange,theprobabilityiszeropercent.8.Heeitherhasitorhedoesn’t.C1.Fromourpointofviewtheprobabilitythathehasanorangeisfiftypercent.2.3.1.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.1.Whenpeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview,theyoftencometodifferentconclusions.2.Thesedifferencescancauserealcommunicationproblems.练：1.She’llbeangrybecauseitisn’tfairthatshedoesallthework.2.I tmaybeanapplebutitcan’tbeabanana.3.Ifhiswifeshoutsathimandtellshimtogetupanddosomething,hemayshoutbackandrefusetohelpher.4.Itmaybeanappleanditmaybeanorange.5.Ifhiswifeaskshimtogetupandhelpherheprobablywon’t behappy.6.Ifherefusestogetupandhelpher,shewillbeangryathim.7.Ifhegetsupandhelpshershemaynotappreciatehishelp.8.Theprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview,orhowmuchyouknow.9.I fhiswifedoesn’taskhimtogetupandhelpher,hewillappreciateherunderstanding.L4——U2——2/4vacabularySeriouseventandreligion(宗教)A1.Earthquakesarecausedbyforcesdeepwithintheearth.2.Whentheearthshake,buildingscancollapseandpeoplecanbeburiedinside.3.Anexplosionisarapidviolentrelease(释放)ofenergy.爆炸是一种快速的猛烈的能量释放4.Explosioncanbecausedbychemicalreactionssuchasinsideanengine.5.Asparkcanignite(着火，燃烧，点燃)amixtureofgasesandreleasesenergyforgoodordestructive(有害的，破坏性的)purposes(目的).一个火花可以点燃一种气体的混合物，并释放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的6.Accidentsareoftencausedbypeopledoingfoolishthingsorbynotbeingcareful.7.Onemajorcauseofaccidentsisdrivingtoofast.8.Accidentswithfirecanbeveryseriousandcanresultinverypainfulinjuries.9.Epidemics(流行病)aretherapidspread(传播)ofadiseasesuchasthefluorEbola(埃博拉病毒).10.Throughouthistory,epidemicshavekilledmillionsofpeople.生)inhighwindsandheavyrain.12.Thunderstormsarecausedbyelectricchargesintheatmospherethatproducelightning,whichcancauseforestfires.13.Somestormscausefloodingandmajordamagetohomesandcities.练习：1.To reducethedangerofanexplosion,it’simportanttopreventgasleaks(漏出，渗透)insidethehome.2.Epidemicshavekilledmorepeoplethanallwarsandnaturaldisasters.3.Manyforestfiresarecausedbylightning.B1.FollowersofIslam(伊斯兰)religionarecalledMuslims（穆斯林，回族）.2.ThisMuslimsareprayinginsideamosque(清真寺).3.Muslimsarecalledtoprayerfivetimesaday,beginningjustbeforesunrise.4.Christianity(基督教义)isbasedontheteachingofJesus(耶稣)Christ(基12.Thereligion(宗教)isabouttwentyfivehundredyearsold.13.SomeBuddhists(佛教徒)practiceaformofmeditation(沉思，冥想)inwhichtheyemptytheirmindsofanythought.一些佛教徒练习一种冥想的形式，他们清空了他们的思想。