中山大学考博英语七选五
2019年中山大学考博英语真题
中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。
2018年中山大学考博英语真题
2018年中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。
中大博士面试英语题
中大博士面试英语题Here is an essay on the topic "PhD Interview Questions in English" with a word count over 1000 words, written in English without any extra punctuation marks.The journey to earning a PhD is a challenging and rewarding one that requires immense dedication, intellect, and perseverance. As an aspiring doctoral candidate, the interview process plays a crucial role in determining one's suitability for the program. The PhD interview questions can delve into various aspects of the applicant's academic background, research interests, and personal qualities, all of which contribute to the selection of the most qualified individuals.One of the fundamental areas that is often explored during the PhD interview is the applicant's research experience and interests. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide a detailed overview of their previous research projects, the methodology employed, the findings, and the potential implications of the work. This allows the panel to assess the candidate's depth of understanding, critical thinking abilities, and their ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their research interests in a concise and coherent manner, highlighting therelevance and significance of their proposed area of study within the broader academic landscape.Another crucial aspect that is commonly evaluated during the PhD interview is the applicant's academic background and qualifications. Interviewers may delve into the candidate's educational history, including their academic achievements, awards, and any relevant publications or presentations. This information helps the panel to gauge the applicant's intellectual capabilities, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to thrive in the rigorous doctoral program. Candidates should be ready to discuss their academic journey, the challenges they have faced, and the strategies they have employed to overcome them, demonstrating their resilience and adaptability.In addition to the academic and research-focused questions, the PhD interview may also explore the applicant's personal qualities and motivations for pursuing a doctoral degree. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's long-term career goals, their passion for the field of study, and their ability to work independently as well as collaboratively. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their reasons for choosing the particular program and institution, highlighting how their personal and professional aspirations align with the program's objectives and the university's research focus.Furthermore, the PhD interview may assess the applicant's problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to think creatively and innovatively. Interviewers may present the candidate with hypothetical scenarios or challenges related to the field of study and gauge their responses. Candidates should be ready to demonstrate their analytical skills, their ability to think outside the box, and their willingness to tackle complex problems with a systematic and thoughtful approach.The PhD interview may also delve into the applicant's time management skills, their ability to handle multiple tasks and deadlines, and their resilience in the face of setbacks. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's strategies for managing their research, coursework, and other responsibilities, as well as their ability to cope with the demands of a doctoral program. Candidates should be prepared to discuss their organizational skills, their approach to prioritizing tasks, and their strategies for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.Finally, the PhD interview may explore the applicant's communication skills, both written and verbal, as these are essential for success in a doctoral program. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide writing samples, such as research proposals or academic papers, and assess their ability to articulate their ideas clearly and effectively. Candidates should be ready to demonstratetheir proficiency in English, their ability to engage in intellectual discourse, and their capacity to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences.Throughout the PhD interview process, it is crucial for the applicant to remain composed, confident, and engaging. Candidates should be prepared to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned responses, while also demonstrating their enthusiasm for the field of study and their commitment to the doctoral program. By understanding the key areas of focus and preparing thoroughly, aspiring doctoral candidates can navigate the interview process with poise and increase their chances of securing a coveted position in a prestigious PhD program.。
医学考博英语试题及答案
医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
中山大学考博英语复习备考要点与策略
中山大学考博英语复习备考要点与策略考博的同学都知道，在考博英语当中，阅读和写作累计百分比几乎占据了整个英语的40%，也有得阅读者得天下的说法，许多考博的同学在复习英语的时候往往将阅读和写作作为重中之重在复习，因此完形和翻译这两个项目就往往容易被人们所忽略。
然而纵观考博命题的特点和思路，不难发现，完形和翻译恰恰是最具有区分度的两个项目，换而言之，也就是说完形和翻译的答题情况更能将考生的成绩拉开差距，看出区别来。
在商业圈中有个80/20的黄金法则，而在考博英语中，这20%的部分也在80%的程度上决定了最后的结果。
育明考博考博辅导团队指出，考博完形可谓是很多考生心中永远的痛，难于摸清规律，难于把握重点，难于归纳总结，也就造就了考博完形基本靠蒙的心态。
没有规矩不成方圆，作为一个测试项目，一定有其规律所在，如果我们仔细地品味一下考博完形的出题特点，也就不难在其背后找到其目的甚至是规律所在，也就抓住了考博完形的脉门。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
规律一：重理解，明辨析，掌握词汇的深入理解上的辨析和运用考博完形中对于词汇的考察，也就是实词的考察占到了60%左右的比例。
很多考生就盲目地认为词汇量对于考博完形来说很重要，于是终日沉溺在背单词中不能自拔。
然而纵观历年考博完形，几乎不出现对于词汇识别能力的考察。
而且在考博完形中如同六级词汇题中的生僻难词，更是难得一见。
而在考博完形中登台亮相的反倒都是大部分考生耳熟能详的四级甚至是高中词汇。
究竟考博完形意在何为?(1)利用词义理解的盲点设置障碍你认识assure，ensure，guarantee，可你能否准确区分它们的含义?你认识release，publication，exposure，可你能否明确解释它们的不同?你认识discover，disclose，detect，可你能否清楚说明它们的用法?考生对于考博完形中出现的相对简单词汇，却往往是一筹莫展，就在于词汇的复习缺乏针对性，在四、六级中对于词汇的考察就如同蜻蜓点水般只是一知半解，而考博就抓住了考生这一软肋，考察对于词汇的深入理解和建立在理解上的辨析与运用。
中山大学考博历年真题分析
2000年中大博士英语真题1 custodian [kʌs'təudiən] n. 管理人；监护人；保管人reputation [,repju'teiʃən] n. 声望；名声，名誉averse [ə'və:s] adj. 不愿意的；反对的reluctant[ri'lʌktənt] adj. 勉强的；不情愿的；［罕］顽抗的entrepreneur [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家；承包人；主办者faith [feiθ] n. 信任；信念；信仰；忠实capital ['kæpitəl] n. 首都，省会；大写字母；资金；资本家;adj. 重要的；大写的；首都的venture capital风险资本，风险投资['ventʃə]fortune ['fɔ:tʃən, -tʃu:n]n. 运气；财富；命运vt. 给予财富vi. 偶然发生pooling n. 联营，合并；池化v. 积水成池；淤积（pool的ing形式）pound [paund]n. 英镑；loan [ləun]n. 贷款；借款vi. 借出firm['fə:m]n. 商号；公司adj. 坚定的；结实的；牢固的；严格的handsome salary可观的薪水customer ['kʌstəmə] n. 顾客restrict [ri'strikt]vt. 限制；限定；约束single handed单枪匹马； a share of：一部分2 crush [krʌʃ]vt. 压碎；弄皱，变形；使…挤入brutal ['bru:təl]adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的aggression [ə'ɡreʃən]n. 进攻；侵略；侵犯；侵害invade [in'veid]vt. 侵略；侵袭；vi.侵犯remorse [ri'mɔ:s]n. 懊悔；同情sincerity [sin'serəti, -'siərəti]n. 真实，诚挚sorrow ['sɔrəu, 'sɔ:-]n. 悲伤；vt. 为…悲痛tremendous [tri'mendəs]adj. 极大的，巨大的；惊人的sponsored ['spɔnsəd]v. 赞助（sponsor的过去分词）；发起adj. 赞助的；发起的ceremony ['seriməuni]n. 典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪；客套surrender [sə'rendə]n. 投降；交出；vt. 放弃；交出；bills n.议案（bill的复数）；账单guideline ['ɡaidlain]n. 指导方针defense [di'fens]n. 防卫，防护；防御措施；防守；vt. 谋划抵御parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt]n. 议会，国会militarism ['militə,rizəm]n. 军国主义；尚武精神，好战态度；haunt [hɔ:nt]vt. 常出没于…；萦绕于…；n. 栖息地；常去的地vi. 出没；作祟perpetrate ['pə:pitreit]vt. 犯（罪）；做（恶）solemn ['sɔləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的ultra- ['ʌltrə]comb. 表示“极端，过度”pref. 极端；在……之外emerge [i'mə:dʒ]vi. 浮现；暴露；摆脱brandish ['brændiʃ]vt. 挥舞；炫耀prime minister首相，总理savage ['sævidʒ]adj. 残酷的；野蛮的；狂怒的；荒凉n. 未开化的；粗鲁的人；vt. 乱咬permanent ['pə:mənənt]adj. 永久的，永恒的；sidestep history 回避历史emperor ['empərə]n. 皇帝，君主3 monitor ['mɔnitə]n 监控器vt.监控cosmetic [kɔz'metik]adj. 美容的；化妆用的n. 化妆品；装饰品toiletries ['tɔilətriz] n. 化妆品；化妆用具via ['vaiə]prep. 取道，通过；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist]n. 心理学家，心理学者finalist ['fainəlist]n. 参加决赛的选手participant [pɑ:'tisipənt]adj. 参与的；有关系的ministry ['ministri]n. （政府的）部门turn down 拒绝，关小4 smooth [smu:ð] vi. 变平静；adj. 光滑的；顺利的portuguese [,pɔ:tju'ɡi:z, -'ɡi:s]adj. 葡萄牙的；n. 葡萄牙人；lisbon n. 里斯本（葡萄牙首都counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物prospect ['prɔspekt]n. 前途；预期；vi. 勘探degree [di'ɡri:]n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权state [steit]adj. 正式的；国家的；州的；n. 情形；国家；vt. 陈述；规定；声明reiterate [ri:'itəreit]vt. 重申；反复地做consult [kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt]vt. 商量；查阅；serve as担任…，充当…；起…的作用announce [ə'nauns]vt. 宣布；述说；预示；vi. 宣布参加竞选；当播音员secretary ['sekrətəri]n. 秘书；书记；大臣；部长retain vt. 保持；雇；记住sovereign ['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-]adj. 至高无上的；有主权的；n.独立国diplomatic [,diplə'mætik]adj. 外交的；老练的；territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl]adj. 领土的；土地的；5 annual ['ænjuəl]adj. 年度的；n. 年刊，年鉴；forum ['fɔ:rəm]n. 论坛，讨论会；法庭；humble ['hʌmbl]adj. 谦卑的，低下的edition [i'diʃən]n. 版本summit ['sʌmit]n. 顶点；最高级会议；adj. 最高级的；prominent ['prɔminənt]adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；常去之地；vi. 求助，诉诸；ski resort滑雪胜地ministerial [,mini'stiəriəl]adj. 部长的；内阁的；公使的；牧师的confrontation [,kɔnfrʌn'teiʃən]n. 对抗；对质；面对site [sait]n. 地点；场所intention [in'tenʃən]n. 意图；目的；意向；[医]愈合overlapping [,əuvə'læpiŋ]adj. 重叠；覆盖v. 与…重叠；盖过（overlap的ing形式6 contact lenses['kɔntækt, kən'tækt]lenses ['lensiz]隐形眼镜cornea ['kɔ:niə]n. [解]角膜misshape [,mis'ʃeip]vt. 使造型不佳；弄成畸形satisfactory [,sætis'fæktəri]adj. 满意的；符合要求的；赎罪的comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成avocation [,ævəu'keiʃən]n. 副业；嗜好；业余爱好vocation [vəu'keiʃən]n. 职业；天职；天命；aviator ['eivieitə]n. 飞行员endanger [in'deindʒə]vt. 危及；使遭到危险handicap ['hændikæp]n. 障碍；不利条件，vt. 妨碍，阻碍；descendant [di'sendənt]adj. 下降的；祖传的n. 后裔；子孙assembly [ə'sembli]n. 装配；集会，集合Terra-cotta Warrior['wɔriə, 'wɔ:-]秦始皇兵马俑Terra-cotta['terə'kɔtə]n. 赤土陶器；赤陶土；Warrior战士former name曾用名impressive [im'presiv]adj. 感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的aggregate ['æɡriɡət, 'æɡriɡeit]vi. 集合；聚集；adj. 聚合的；集合的Although QuY uan has passed away for more than 2000 years, but he has left us with preciousheritage. His poems have been translated into various languages and published all over the world. In 1953when it is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan, the World Peace Congress listed him as one of the four world cultural celebrit ies for commemoration. Qu Yuan will live in world people’s heart forever.旅游业对环境的损害Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact(灾难性影响) on our environment. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that(深信不疑)too much tourists bring harm to the environment.The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot.( 开发风景区) In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities(人造设施) have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects (不利影响)on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance(破坏生态平衡) of the area. In some mountainous places, trees are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides(滑坡，土崩) and mud-rock flows (泥石流)come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists go to scenic spots. Some tourists don't have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly(无知地)throw their garbage here and there(乱丢垃圾). Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment.It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too much tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause.2002年中大博士英语真题1 at no time adv. 决不，从不infrastructure ['infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施；公共建设；additional [ə'diʃənəl]adj. 附加的，额外的enlarge [in'lɑ:dʒ]vi. 扩大；放大；steam engine 蒸汽机railway line 铁路线modernization [,mɔdənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-]n. 现代化staff [stɑ:f, stæf]n. 职员；参谋；commuter [kə'mju:tə]n. 通勤者，经常乘公共车辆往返者；proportion [prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n]n. 比例；部分；面积；urgent ['ə:dʒənt]adj. 紧急的；急迫的convenient [kən'vi:njənt]adj. 方便的2 divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人contact with与……联系fixes bag 修复包organize ['ɔ:ɡənaiz]vi. 组织起来；vt. 组织；使有系统化；laundry ['lɔ:ndri, 'lɑ:n-]n. 洗衣店，洗衣房snack [snæk]n. 小吃，快餐；bake [beik]vt. 烤，烘resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨tardiness ['tɑ:dinis]n. 缓慢，迟延terminate ['tə:mineit]vt. 使终止；使结束；3 constantly ['kɔnstəntli]adv. 不断地；时常地probing ['prəubiŋ]adj. 好探索的；atmosphere ['ætmə,sfiə]n. 气氛；大气；vigor ['viɡə]n. [生物] 活力planetary ['plænitəri ]adj. 行星的assurance [ə'ʃuərəns]n. 保证；保险；确信；断言tribe [traib]n. 部落；族；marvel ['mɑ:vəl]n. 奇迹dwell [dwel]vi. 居住；存在于；altitude ['æltitju:d]n. 高地；高度slope [sləup]n. 斜坡；倾斜；vegetation [,vedʒi'teiʃən]n. 植被；植物，草木；delicately ['delikət] adv. 微妙地；精致地chill [tʃil]n. 寒冷；寒意；shelter ['ʃeltə]n. 庇护；避难所；crevice ['krevis]n. 裂缝；burrow ['bə:rəu]n. （兔、狐等的）洞穴，地道；anthill ['ænthil]n.人群密集的地方；蚁冢desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit]adj. 荒凉的；无人烟drafty ['drɑ:fti, 'dræfti]adj. 通风良好的eagle ['i:ɡl]n. 老鹰乐队，鹰；老鹰soaring ['sɔ:riŋ]adj. 翱翔的；高耸的；cavern ['kævən]n. 洞穴；rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；vigorous ['viɡərəs]adj. 有力的；establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt. 建立；创办；hostile ['hɔstail, -təl]adj. 敌对的，敌方的4 radiator ['reidieitə]n. 散热器；暖气片；ounce [auns]n. 盎司；少量；cubic ['kju:bik]adj. 立方体的centimeter ['senti,mi:tə ]n. [计量] 厘米gram [ɡræm]n. 克；鹰嘴豆tiny ['taini]adj. 微小的；shrew [ʃru:]n. 泼妇，悍妇mammal ['mæməl]n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物starve [stɑ:v]vi. 饿死；挨饿give off 发出（光等）；长出（枝、杈等5 criticism ['krɪtɪsɪzəm]n. 批评；考证；validity [və'lidəti]n. [计] 有效性；正确；rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸demonstration [,demən'streiʃən]n. 示范；证明；示威游行submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；objective [əb'dʒektiv, ɔb-]adj. 客观的；目标的；formulation [,fɔ:mju'leiʃən]n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述subtle ['sʌtl]adj. 微妙的；精细的；frustrating [frʌ'streitiŋ]v. 使沮丧attempted [ə'temptid]adj. 企图的；currently ['kʌrəntli]adv. 当前；一般地excess [ik'ses]n. 超过，超额；过度，过量；react [ri'ækt, ri:-]vi. 反应；影响；反抗；budget ['bʌdʒit]n. 预算6 marine [mə'ri:n]adj. 船舶的；海生的n. 海运业；舰队；水兵；tenant ['tenənt]n. 承租人；房客；ingenuus n. 自由人telescopic [,teli'skɔpik]adj. 望远镜的owl [aul]n. 猫头鹰；枭；惯于晚上活动的人feeler ['fi:lə]n. [动] 触角；试探；试探者；stray [strei]vi. 流浪；迷路；radius ['reidiəs]n. 半径，半径范围inhabitant [in'hæbitənt]n. 居民；居住者torch [tɔ:tʃ]n. 火把，火炬；手电筒spots n. 斑点（spot的复数）；squid [skwid]n. 鱿鱼；乌贼；squirt [skwə:t]n. 喷射；luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；fluid ['flu(:)id]adj. 流动的；流畅的；vicinity [vɪ'sɪnɪtɪ]n. 邻近，附近；neat [ni:t]adj. 灵巧的；整洁的；优雅的；未搀水的cousin ['kʌzən]n. 堂兄弟姊妹；表兄弟becloud [bi'klaud]vt. 蒙蔽；使变暗darken ['dɑ:kən]vt. 使变暗；varieties n. 品种；种类（variety的复数）；illumination [i,lju:mi'neiʃən]n. 照明；[光] 照度；启发；灯饰（需用复数）；阐明luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的；明亮的；I wish back to the era when life is simple and all you know is just about colors, multiplication and nursery rhymes, but you don’t feel regretful and needn’t to care what you don’t know. Being unware towards all the anxieties and sadness, what you care is all about happiness. I would like to think that the world is with justice and every is honest and kind, for I want to believe that everything is possible.How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic?Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development.To solve the problem, some pieces of advice are put forward. Some people suggest that more streets and roads should be built. In this way, the traffic density can be redncedi hence speeding up the flow of buses and cars.But the new roads and streets will be filled with many cars and buses soon.Some people advise to limit the number of bikes and cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other haad, this will affect the consumption and make buses more crowded.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put under control. And at the same time, buses should have their own special routes which cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly. ( 151 words)20031 taxas tech探讨科技brick wall 砖壁，砖墙circus ['sə:kəs]n. 马戏；马戏团circus boards马戏团董事会hire [haiə] n. 雇用，租用；test equipment测试设备fellowship ['feləuʃip]n. 友谊；奖学金；congressman ['kɔŋɡresmən]n. 国会议员；众议院议员movement ['mu:vmənt]n. 运动；活动；运转；乐章occupationsn. 职业；行业；politician [,pɔli'tiʃən]n. 政治家，政客calculus ['kælkjuləs]n.结石；微积分学2 mathematical [,mæθi'mætikəl]adj. 数学的，数学上的；精确的philosophy [fi'lɔsəfi, fə-]n. 哲学；哲理；人生观sought [sɔ:t]v. 寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）fulfil [ful'fil]vt. 履行；完成；实践；满足intrinsic [in'trinsik,-kəl]adj. 本质的，固有的consubstantial [,kɔnsəb'stænʃəl]adj. 同质的；同体的；三位一体的permit [pə'mit]vi. 许可；允许autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治，自治权foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl]adj. 可预知的；能预测的scope [skəup] n. 范围；余地；视野revolutionary [,revə'lju:ʃənəri] adj. 革命的；旋转的；大变革apply to适用于；应用于conic section圆锥曲线navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 驾驶，操纵；shore [ʃɔ:]vt. 支撑，使稳住；mere [miə]adj. 仅仅的；只不过intellectual curiosity求知欲scarcely ['skεəsli]adv. 几乎不，简直不；conceive [kən'si:v]vt. 怀孕；构思；以为resign [ri'zain]vt. 辞职；放弃；委托；contemporary [kən'tempərəri]n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西ignorance ['iɡnərəns]n. 无知，愚昧；不知disinterestedly [dis'intristidli]adv. 公正地；无私地；advances [əd'va:nsiz]n. 前进astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi]n. 天文学anthropology [,ænθrə'pɔlədʒi]n. 人类学sake [seik]n. 目的；利益；理由；3 psychologists [sai'kɔledʒist]n. 心理学家symphonic [sim'fɔnik]adj. 交响乐的；concert [kən'sə:t, 'kɔnsə:t]n. 音乐会；一致；tempted ['temptid]adj. 有兴趣v. 诱惑；冒…的险orchestra ['ɔ:kistrə, -kes-]n. 管弦乐队；conductor [kən'dʌktə] n.乐队指挥，售票员；competent ['kɔmpitənt]adj. 胜任的；有能力的；能干的derive [di'raiv]vt. 源于；motion ['məuʃən]n. 动作；移动；手势；4 brilliant ['briljənt]adj. 灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气poorly off贫困的；没钱的tuition [tju:'iʃən]n. 学费；讲授guard [ɡɑ:d]n. 守卫；警戒；near-bankrupt濒临破产的stationsn. 车站；位置（station的复数形式）；extraordinary [ik'strɔ:dənəri, ,ekstrə'ɔ:di-]adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；prodigious [prəu'didʒəs]adj. 惊人的，异常的，奇妙的tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；embrace [im'breis]vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依5 composed [kəm'pəuzd]adj. 镇静的；沉着v. 组成；作曲myriad ['miriəd]adj. 无数的；n. 无数，极大数量public utility 公用事业randomly ['rændəmli]adv. 随便地，任意地；无目的，胡乱地valid ['vælid]adj. 有效的priviledgen. 特权；专用权comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含；由…组成inherent adj. 固有的；内在的allocation [,æləu'keiʃən]n. 分配，配置；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，insurance [in'ʃuərəns]n. 保险；保险费；6 grueling ['ɡruəliŋ]n. 惩罚；adj. 累垮人的；rough [rʌf]. 艰苦；adj. 粗糙的；exhaustion [iɡ'zɔ:stʃən]n. 枯竭；耗尽；精疲力竭contestant [kən'testənt]n. 竞争者pack [pæk]背包respectably [ri'spektəbli]adv. 相当好地；体面地；可敬地split [split]vt. 分离；使分离；slamming ['slæmiŋ]v. 砰地关上（门、窗等）；猛烈抨击rocky dicth岩石substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的；spectator [spek'teitə, 'spekt-]n. 观众；旁观者Madurese [,mædju'ri:z]adj. 马都拉人的counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；endurance [in'djuərəns]n. 忍耐力；忍耐；giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人rebound n. 回弹device [di'vais]n. 装置；策略；20071 justly ['dﾊstli]adv. 公正地；正当地；恰当地；touch with 接触possessive [pə'zesiv] adj. 占有的；所有的；所有格的crises ['kraisi:z] n. 危机，紧要关头（crisis的复数形式）underestimate [,ʌndə'estimeit]vt. 低估；irritate ['iriteit]vt. 刺激，使兴奋；entertainer [,entə'teinə]n. 演艺人员，表演者cut off中断；使死亡；剥夺继承权resistant [ri'zistənt]adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；assuming [ə'sju:miŋ]adj. 傲慢的；不逊的；v. 假设underdog ['ʌndədɔɡ]失败者；受压迫者；passive ['pæsiv]adj. 被动的，消极的；charm [tʃɑ:m]n. 魅力，吸引力initiative [i'niʃiətiv, -ʃətiv] n. 主动权；adj. 自发的；dominance ['dɔminəns,-nənsi]n. 优势；统治obedient [əu'bi:diənt]adj. 顺从的，服从的；2 condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪；corrupt [kə'rʌpt]adj. 腐败的，贪污的；堕落charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]n. 费用；电荷；掌管；控告；命令；负载penalty ['penəlti]n. 罚款，罚金；press sb into doing sth迫使某人做某事unsurpassed ['ʌnsə(:)'pa:st]adj. 非常卓越的；未被超越conservative [kən'sə:vətiv]n. 保守派，守旧previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前；预先；submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从；主张；vi. 提交；sentence ['sentəns]宣判，判决hemlock ['hemlɔk]n. 铁杉；毒芹属植物；presence ['prezəns]n. 存在；出席；参加；风度；grief - stricken 极度悲伤grief [ɡri:f] 悲伤的stricken ['strikən]adj. 患病的；受挫折的；sequence ['si:kwəns]顺序；续发事件radical ['rædikəl]adj. 激进的；根本的；unequalled adj. 无与伦比的；不等同的reputed [ri'pju:tid]adj. 名誉好的；3 tolerant ['tɔlərənt]adj. 宽容的；容忍的weigh [wei]vt. 权衡；考虑；voter ['vəutə]n. 选举人，投票人；district ['distrikt]n. 区域；地方；operator ['ɔpəreitə]n. 经营者；操作员；话务员；content n. 内容，目录；满足；historian [his'tɔ:riən]n. 历史学家misled [mis'led]v. 把…带错方向inference ['infərəns]n. 推理；推论；推断frame [freim]n. 框架；结构；5 fluctuate ['flﾊtjueit]vi. 波动；涨落；动摇intriguing [in'tri:ɡiŋ]adj. 有趣的；迷人的interglacial [,intə'ɡleisjəl]adj. 间冰期的geologic [,dʒiəu'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质的；holocene ['hɔləsi:n]adj. 全新世的；epoch ['i:pɔk, 'epək]n. [地质] 世；新纪元glacial ['ɡleisjəl adj. 冰的；冰冷的；Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n]n. 更新世；Wisconsin [wis'kosin]n. 威斯康星州（美国州名）impend [im'pend]vi. 迫近；即将发生amount [ə'maunt]vi. 总计，合计；moisture ['mosi tʃən. 水分；湿度；潮湿；region n. 地区；范围；snowfall ['snəufɔ:l]n. 降雪；melting ['melting adj. 融化的；溶解的；polar ['pəulə]adj. 极地的；两极的accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit]vi. 累积；unanticipated ['ʌnæn'tisipeitid adj. 意料之外的；implication [,impli'keition n. 含义；暗示；6 shrank v. 收缩（shrink的过去式）；缩小acute [ə'kju:t]adj. 严重的，[医] 急性的；respiratory ['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]adj. 呼吸的syndrome ['sindrəum, -drəm-]n. [临床] 综合征；hospitality [,hɔspi'tæləti]n. 好客；sector ['sektə]n. 部门；扇形，扇区；rolling ['rəuliŋ] n. 旋转；动摇expansion[ik'spænʃən]n. 膨胀；阐述；snap up抢购，匆匆吃下manufacturing [,mænju'fæktʃəriŋ] adj. 制造业的生产vehicle ['viːɪk(ə)l]n. [车辆] 车辆；工具；传播媒介；domestic [dəu'mestik]adj. 国内的；家庭stalled [stɔ:ld]失速的residential [,rezi'denʃəl]adj. 住宅的；与居住有关retailing ['ri:teiling v. 零售（retail的ing形式isolate ['aisəleit, -lit]vt. 使隔离；使孤立；crude [kru:d]adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；durable ['djuərəbl]adj. 耐用的，持久的翻译：brutality [bru:'tæləti]n. 无情；残忍；暴行（需用复数形式hatred ['heitrid]n. 憎恨；怨恨；beastliness ['bi:stli:nis]n. 淫猥；兽性barbarianadj. 野蛮的；未开化的20081 giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人；伟人adj. 巨大的；enterprise ['entəpraiz]n. 企业；事业；进取心；bureaucratic [,bjurəu'krætik]adj. 官僚的；官僚政治cog [kog]vt. 给…装配齿轮；well-oiled ['wel'oild]adj. 谄媚的；平滑的；烂醉的machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri]n. 机械；机器；机构；wages ['weidʒis]n. [劳经] 工资；报酬ventilate ['ventileit]vt. 使通风；给…装通风设备；psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist] n. 心理学家puppet ['pʌpit]n. 木偶；傀儡；受他人操纵的人automate ['ɔ:təmeit]vt. 使自动化，使自动操作confront [kən'frʌnt]vt. 面对；遭遇；比较emotionally [i'məuʃənli]adv. 感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；intellectually [inti'lektʃjuəli]adv. 智力上；理智地；知性上tight [tait]adj. 紧的；密封的；Subordinate[sə'bɔ:dineit]n. 下属，下级；部属，insecure [,insi'kujə]adj. 不安全的；不稳定的promote [prəu'məut]vt. 促进；提升；推销intelligence [in'telidʒəns]n. 智力；情报工作；mixture ['mikstʃə] n. 混合；混合物；submissiveness [səb'misivnis]n. 柔顺；服从get along（勉强）生活；进展；（使）前进；与…和睦相处constant['kɔnstənt]恒定的；经常的consumption [kən'sʌmpʃən]n. 消费；消耗；arrangements [ə'rendʒmənts]n. 安排；准备；整理serve [sə:v]vt. 招待，供应；为…服务；ruling ['ru:liŋ] adj. 统治的；主要的；支配的；流行negligible ['neɡlidʒəbl]adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略harmony ['hɑ:məni]n. 协调；和睦；融洽comparison [kəm'pærisən]n. 比较；对照；比喻；humble ['hʌmbl]谦卑的，谦虚的，谦恭的，component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的，构成的granted ['gra:ntid]conj. 算是如此，但是resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借，手段；度假胜地；vi. 求助，诉诸；常去；approval [ə'pru:vəl]n. 批准；认可；赞成2 decade ['dekeid]n. 十年，十年期veterans ['vetərənz]n. 老兵；退伍军人atmospheric [,ætməs'ferik,-kəl]adj. 大气的，大气层的exposure [ik'spəuʒə] n. 暴露；曝光；leukemia [lju'ki:miə]n. 白血病atomic [ə'tɔmik]adj. 原子的definitive [di'finitiv]adj. 决定性的；最后的elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的，易忘难捉摸marines [mə'ri:ns]n. 海军陆战队intensive [in'tensiv]adj. 加强的；集中的；3 hall [hɔ:l]n. 门厅，会堂；食堂；学生宿舍line with按照，与…一致；沿着…排列Vending v. 贩卖，出售obesity [əu'bi:səti, -'be-]n. 肥大lucrative ['lju:krətiv]adj. 有利可图的，赚钱的；contract with承包；与…订有合约steering ['stiəriŋ] n. 操纵；指导；beverage ['bevəridʒ]n. 饮料stock [stɔk]vt. 进货；备有；n. 股份，股票；库存dispense [dis'pens]vt. 分配，分发；demonstrate ['demənstreit]vt. 证明；展示；access to接近；有权使用motivator ['məutiveitə]n. 动力；激励因素surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生institute ['institjut, -tu:t]vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；n. 学会，协会implement ['implimənt, 'impliment]vt. 实施，执行；实现n. 工具，器具mandated [mæn'deitid]adj. 委托统治的v. 托管；强制执行congress ['kɔŋɡres, kən'ɡres] n. 国会；代表大会professionals [prə'feʃənl]n. 专业人员pessimistic [,pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的，厌世的；condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责；判刑，定罪4 crumbling ['krʌmbliŋv. 破碎；崩溃ruins n. 遗迹graveyard ['ɡreivjɑ:d]n. 墓地glimpse [ɡlimps]n. 一瞥，一看domes [dəumz]n. 穹顶；拱形结构；mosque [mɔsk]n. 清真寺tomb [tu:m]n. 坟墓；死亡glitter ['ɡlitə]vi. 闪光；闪烁evocative [i'v iv]adj. 唤起的；唤出的thrill [θril]n. 激动；震颤；orchard ['ɔ:tʃəd]n. 果园；果树林prophet ['prɔfit]n. 先知；预言者；overawe [,auvə'rɔ:]vt. 威慑；吓住；使大感敬畏elm tree n. 榆树flock [flɔk]n. 群；棉束minaret ['minəret, ,minə'ret]n. 尖塔donkey ['dɔŋki]n. 驴子；傻瓜；dismount [,dis'maunt]vt. 下车；使下马；possessed [pə'zest]adj. 疯狂的；着魔的drew [dru:]v. 牵引（draw的过去式）；描绘；adventure [əd'ventʃə, æd-]n. 冒险；冒险精神；trinket ['triŋkit]n. 小装饰品fizzy ['fizi]adj. 起泡沫的5 component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的manifestation [,mænife'steiʃən]n. 表现；显示；infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿；幼儿；shortcut ['ʃɔ:tkʌt]n. 捷径；被切短的东西convey [kən'vei] vt. 传达；运输；observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]n. 观察；监视；grossly ['grəusli]adv. 很；非常element ['elimənt]n. 元素；要素；原理；abuse [ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s]n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂；infancy ['infənsi]n. 初期；婴儿期；unfavourable [,ʌn'feivərəbl]adj. 不利的；不适宜的；反对的inadequate [in'ædikwit]adj. 不充分的，不适当facilitiesn. 设施；工具feature ['fi:tʃə]n. 特色，特征；容貌immobility [i,məu'biləti]n. 不动，固定quietness ['kwaiətnis]n. 平静，安静investigation [in,vesti'ɡeiʃən]n. 调查；substitute ['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t]n. 代用品；代替者climax ['klaimæks]n. 高潮；顶点；significant [sig'nifikənt]adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的n. 象征；perceive [pə'si:v]vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知shatter ['ʃætə]vt. 粉碎；打碎；fondle ['fɔndl]vt. 爱抚；ministration [,mini'streiʃən] n. 援助；服侍；职务spontaneous [spɔn'teiniəs]adj. 自发的；无意识的wholeheartedly adv. 全心全意地，全神贯注exaggerate [iɡ'zædʒəreit]vt. 使扩大；vi. 夸大sensory ['sensəri]adj. 感觉的；知觉的employ [im'plɔi]vt. 使用，采用；雇用；master ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə]vt. 控制；精通；n. 硕士；主人；6 monopoly [mə'nɔpəli]n. 垄断；垄断者rail [reil]n. 铁轨；扶手；vi. 抱怨freight [freit]vt. 运送；装货；supporter [sə'pɔ:tə]n. 支持者；拥护者merger ['mə:dʒə]n. （企业等的）合并；并购；吸收fierce [fiəs]adj. 凶猛的；猛烈的substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的；实质的reduction [ri'dʌkʃən]n. 减少；下降；bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；vt. 使扩大commodity [kə'mɔditi]n. 商品，货物；grain [ɡrein]n. 粮食；颗粒；throat [θrəut]n. 喉咙；consolidation [kən,sɔli'deiʃən]n. 巩固；合并captive ['kæptiv]adj. 被俘虏的；被迷住的appeal [ə'pi:l]vi. 呼吁，恳求；上诉relief [ri'li:f]n. 救济；减轻，解除；discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视；区别，辨别；option ['ɔpʃən]n. [计] 选项；选择权switch [switʃ] vt. 转换；subscribe [səb'skraib]vi. 订阅；捐款；认购vt. 签署；赞成；flourish ['flauriʃ]n. 兴旺；茂盛arbiter ['ɑ:bitə]n. [法] 仲裁者Brightening v. 擦亮；照明invest [in'vest]vt. 投资；覆盖；surging ['sə:dʒiŋ]v. 冲击（surge的ing形式）；transaction [træn'zækʃən]n. 交易；事务；办理；Grip n. 紧握；柄；支配coordination [kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən]n. 协调，调和；indifferent [in'difərənt]adj. 漠不关心的；indignant [in'diɡnənt]adj. 愤愤不平的；apprehensive [,æpri'hensiv]adj. 忧虑的；不安的rival ['raivəl]n. 对手；作文：University mergence is a new trend in university development. As a hot topic on and off campus,(校内和校外)it has received much of public attention. People's attitudes towards it vary 变化greatly.People who against it see it as a hasty轻率的decision, which has some potential problems. They claim, for instance, located far away from each other, universities involved with mergence are usually faced with the tough problem of management.Other people who favor it see it as a step that universities take towards the goal of first-rate world university. They argue that, only through mergence can university take full play of advantages and make up their disadvantages. Like the mergence between Tsinghua University and the Institude of Applied Arts. The university's strengths in the field of high techonology complement补足the latter university that has a reputation名声for art. They also point out that by mergence the Chinese universities will increase their competitie power in the world.In my opinion, the university mergence has more advantages than disadvantages, but the university should take into account考虑the potential dangers resulting from the mergence.。
中山大学2019博士研究生入学考试英语试题
中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Reading Comprehension(40 points)Part A(30 points)Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．Passage OneQuestions 1~5 are based on the following passage：For the longest time, I couldn’t get worked up about privacy: my right to it；how it’s dying；how we’re headed for an even more wired，underregulated，overinstrusive，privacy-deprived planet．I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder，Time Inc’s mega info mall，and a guy who makes his living on the Web, I know better than most people that we’re hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. We’re all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites；by the mere act of“browsing”(it sounds so passive!)we’re going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago．I know this because I’m a watcher too．When people come to my Website，without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders，recording what they look at, timing how long they stay on a particular page，following them around Pathfinder’s sprawling offerings．None of this would bother me in the least，I suspect，if a few years ago，my phone, like Marley’s ghost, hadn’t given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come．On Thanksgivingweekend in 1995, someone(presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers)forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine’ where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things．Then，with typical hacker aplomb, the prankster asked people to leave their messages(which to my surprise many Callers, including my mother，did)．This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (“Hey…why hasn’t the phone rung since Wednesday?”)and got our phone service restored．It seemed funny at first，and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months：The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another’ half a dozen times．They put special pin codes in place．They put traces on the line．But the troublemaker kept breaking through．If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating．He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail．He could have called in my mortgage，discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number．Like Sandra Bullock in the Net, I could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity．(Although if I didn’t have to pay back school loans，it might be worth it．Just a thought。
中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题
博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of [D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ mor e workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before long.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do with his c ontrol of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burnin g car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at l east two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufact urers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor f or research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA t o see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案
2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2023 National Medical Doctoral English Exam Questions and AnswersPart I: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Pain Management in Cancer PatientsPain is a common symptom experienced by cancer patients. Proper pain management is crucial to improving the quality of life for these patients. There are various methods for managing pain, including medications, physical therapy, and psychological interventions.Question 1: Why is pain management important for cancer patients?Question 2: What are some methods for managing pain in cancer patients?Question 3: How can physical therapy help in pain management?Question 4: What role do medications play in pain management for cancer patients?Part II: Listening ComprehensionListen to the following audio clip and answer the questions that follow.Audio Clip: A doctor discussing the importance of early detection in cancer patients.Question 1: Why is early detection important in cancer patients?Question 2: What are some common symptoms of cancer that patients should be aware of?Question 3: What screening tests are recommended for early detection of cancer?Question 4: How can lifestyle changes help in preventing cancer?Part III: WritingIn 250 words or less, write an essay on the importance of communication between healthcare providers and cancer patients. Discuss how effective communication can impact a patient's treatment and overall well-being.Part IV: SpeakingYou will be given a topic related to cancer treatment. Prepare a 3-minute speech on the topic and present it to the examiners.Answers:Part I: 1. Pain management is important for cancer patients because it helps improve the quality of life and overall well-being of the patients.2. Methods for managing pain in cancer patients include medications, physical therapy, and psychological interventions.3. Physical therapy can help in pain management by improving mobility, flexibility, and strength, which can reduce pain and discomfort in cancer patients.4. Medications play a crucial role in pain management for cancer patients by providing relief from pain and improving the patient's quality of life.Part II: 1. Early detection is important in cancer patients because it allows for timely treatment and improved outcomes.2. Common symptoms of cancer that patients should be aware of include unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.3. Screening tests recommended for early detection of cancer include mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap smears.4. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and getting regular exercise can help in preventing cancer.Part III: Effective communication between healthcare providers and cancer patients is crucial for ensuring the best possible treatment outcomes. When healthcare providers communicate effectively with their patients, they can better understand the patient's needs, concerns, and preferences, which can help tailor the treatment plan to meet the patient's individual needs. Effective communication can also help build trust between the healthcare provider and the patient, which is essential for a successful treatment relationship. Additionally, communication can help improve the patient's understanding of their condition, treatment options, and prognosis, which can reduce anxiety and fear associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment. Overall, effective communication can lead to better treatment outcomes, improved patient satisfaction, and a higher quality of life for cancer patients.Part IV: The topic of my speech is the importance of personalized treatment plans for cancer patients. Personalizedtreatment plans are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for cancer patients. By tailoring treatment plans to meet the individual needs, preferences, and characteristics of each patient, healthcare providers can maximize the effectiveness of treatment while minimizing side effects and complications. Personalized treatment plans can also help improve patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment, and overall quality of life. Ultimately, personalized treatment plans can lead to better treatment outcomes, improved survival rates, and a higher quality of life for cancer patients.。
中大博士英语考试
中大博士英语考试The pursuit of a doctoral degree is a rigorous and demanding process that requires a deep commitment to academic excellence. For non-native English speakers, the challenge is compounded by the need to demonstrate proficiency in English, which is often a prerequisite for admission and successful completion of the program. The English examination for doctoral candidates at Chinese universities is designed to assess the ability of these students to engage with scholarly discourse and contribute to academic conversations in English.The examination typically encompasses a range of skills, including reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking. The reading section often includes scholarly articles from a variety of disciplines, requiring candidates to not only understand complex texts but also to analyze and synthesize information. Writing tasks may involve composing essays that demonstrate clarity of thought, argumentation skills, and the ability to present research findings coherently.Listening components can include lectures or discussions on academic topics, where students must show they can follow and engage with complex ideas presented orally. Speaking assessments are designed to evaluate the candidate's ability to articulate their thoughts clearly and participate in academic discussions, often through presentations or oral examinations.To prepare for such an examination, candidates must immerse themselves in the English language, often through extensive reading of academic texts, practice in writing essays and reports, and participation in discussions and presentations. Language proficiency courses and workshops can also be beneficial, providing structured learning environments where students can refine their skills.Moreover, the examination serves as a gatekeeper, ensuring that those who advance to doctoral candidacy possess the language skills necessary to contribute meaningfully to their field of study. It is a testament to the candidate's preparedness to engage with the global academic community, where English often serves as the lingua franca.In conclusion, the English examination for doctoral candidates is a critical component of the academic journey, ensuring that students are equipped with the language skills necessary to excel in their studies and beyond. It is a reflection of the global nature of academia and the importance of communication skills in disseminating and advancing knowledge.This document has been crafted to align with the requirements provided, focusing on the English examination for doctoral candidates in Chinese universities. It aims to provide an overview of the examination's purpose, structure, and significance within the academic context, using precise, vivid, and concise language to maintain a smooth and coherent flow throughout the text. 。
考博英语模拟试题与参考答案及解析3.doc
考博英语模拟试题Part I Cloze (0. 5 x 20 = 10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.The most famous painter in Victoria's history is Emily Carr. When she was a child, she discovered that walking in the woods more to her than playing with other children, and that she was more interested in 2 the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with 3 and spending her time making up.Emily was a cute little girl who spent 4_of her childhood in Beacon Hill Park 5 was very close to her home. Drawing 6 her, and she also liked to play with the pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even 7 a monkey. She was 8 interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw in Victoria's Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so 9 from her own.As she became a young, strong and 10 woman. Emily began to go on long trips into the forests toll and draw what she saw. She loved the free and simple 12 of the First Nations people. In the summer of 1895 she went on 13 with two other women to 14 the wilderness along the Cowichan River that runs through Duncan, 15 north of Victoria.She knew more about their lifestyle and the forests of B. C. than 16 other European woman.When you look at her paintings you can sense the 17 of these dark mysterious forests. Her paintings are now very famous and, 18 the dark colors may not be attractive to some people, they 19 the beauty and mystery of the deep woods and the skill of a great artist. Emily was a very brave and independent woman. She walked through the woods alone, even though she knew that bears and wolves might be her only 201. A. attracted B. appealed C. allured D. induced2. A. dashing B. strolling c. jogging D. roaming3. A. friends B. mates C. dolls D. parents4. A. much B. lots C. more D. many5. A. where B. which C. since D. it6. A. fascinated B. bewildered C. captured D. indulged7. A. fed B. domesticated C. trained D. confined8. A.particularly B. almost C. constantly D. intrinsically9. A. diverse B. various C. distinct D. outstanding10. A. special B. independent C. lonely D. unaided11. A. paint B.record C. describe D. take12. A. society B. work C. lifestyle D. pace13. A. an adventure B. an exploitation C. a tour D. anexpedition14. A. check B. explore C. examine D. search15. A. only B. just C. much D. in16. A. any B. some C. certain D. none17. A. mood B. tone C. taste D. atmosphere18. A. if B. otherwise C. though D. but19. A. evoke B. arouse C. remind D. raise20. A. enemies B. foods C. companions D. friendsII.Reading comprehension （20 x 2 = 40% ）Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions, you are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneFast food, a mainstay of American eating for decades, may have reached a plateau in the United States as the maturing baby-boom generation looks for a more varied menu. Fast food still represents a $ 102 billion a year industry, but growth has turned sluggish recently amid tough competition from retail food stores and a more affluent population willing to try new things and spend more, analysts say. Signs of trouble in fast food include price-cutting by industry leaders, including efforts by McDonald's to attract customers with a 55 cent hamburger, and major players pulling out or selling. O'Pepsico, for example, is selling its fast-food restaurant division that includes Taco Bell, Pizza Hut and KFC."It's becoming harder and harder for these firms to grow," said Jim Brown, a professor of marketing at Virginia Tech University. "I think in the United States fast food has reached a saturation （饱和）point because of the number of competitors and the number of outlets."Fast-food restaurant revenues grew 2. 5 percent in 1996 according to industry figures, the slowest since the recession of 1991. That is for cry from （大不相同于）the levels of the 1970s and 1980s. According to the Food Marketing Institute, consumers are using supermarkets for 21 percent of take-home food, nearly double the level of a year ago. While fast-food restaurants still lead, their share slipped significantly, from 48 percent in 1996 to 41 percent in 1997."Consumers have never been more demanding than they are today," said Michael Sansolo, senior vice president of the Supermarket Trade Group. "They are pressed for time. Money is still an issue.-, but their tastes are increasingly diverse — whether it's gourmet foods, ethnic foods or organic offerings."Meanwhile, the aging of the baby-boom population — and the growth in the number of so-called "empty nesters" with grown children —has meant a surge in the number of people willing to spend more for upscale items. This generation "will have the luxury of being more discriminating" as their children leave home, notes Harry Balzer, vice president of the Chicago-based NPD consulting group. Balzer said some 18 million baby boomers will become empty-nesters in the next 10 years, leaving them with more disposable income to spend on dining out. "Fast and cheap will still be driving factors.., but our definitions of fast and cheap may be changing."Various reports suggest industry leader McDonald's is struggling, losing market share, with lower same-store sales while cutting back the number of new outlets in the United States, partly due to pressure from franchisers who don't want to be squeezed. The company replaced the head of its 12,000 US restaurant chain last October amid a slump in US market share.21.What does the passage mainly tell about?A.Fast food disappoints consumers.B. People prefer less expensive food.C. McDonald's dominates the market of fast food.D. Fast food is losing its attraction.22.What can we learn from the passage?A.O'Pepsico goes bankrupt.B.The number of supermarkets doubles.C.Jim Brown takes a negative attitude towards the development of fast food.D.McDonald's survives from the competition with retail food stores.23.What is NOT true about baby-boom generation?A.They seek a variety of food.B.They have come of age.C.They will spend more money on food.D.They tend to have luxurious food.24.Which of the following is not mentioned as an influence on people's choices of food?A.Speed and price of the food.B. Diversity of the food.C. Tastes of the consumers.D. Age of the consumers.25.What brings trouble to fast food industry?A.Customers' demand and competition with retailers.B.The aging baby-boomer and diversity of food.petition with retailers and diversity of food.D.Customers' demand and the aging of baby-boomer.Passage TwoParents of wailing （哀号）babies, take comfort: You are not alone. Chimpanzee babies fuss. Sea gull chicks squawk. Burying beetle larvae tap their parents' legs. Throughout the animal kingdom, babies know how to get their parents' attention. Exactly why evolution has produced all this fussing, squawking and tapping is a question many biologists are trying to answer.Someday, that answer may shed some light on the mystery of crying in human babies. "It may point researchers in the right direction to find the cause of excessive crying," said Joseph Soltis, a bioacoustics expert at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista. Florida. Soltis published an article on the evolution of crying in the current issue of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.Young animals vary in how much they cry, squawk or otherwise communicate with their parents, and studies with mice, beetles and monkeys show that this variation is partly based on genes. Some level of crying in humans, of course, is based on gas pains and messy diapers. But as for the genetic contribution, you might expect that natural selection would favor genes for noisier children, since they would get more attention.Before long, however, this sort of deception may be ruinous. If the signals of offspring became totally unreliable, parents would no longer benefit from paying attention. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed that natural selection should therefore favor so-called honest advertisements. Some biologists have speculated that these honest advertisements may not just tell a parent which offspring are hungry. They might also show their parent that they are healthy and vigorous and therefore worth some extra investment. The babies of monkeys cry out to their mothers and tend to cry even more around the time their mothers wean （断奶）them. The mothers, in response, begin to ignore most of their babies' distress calls, since most turn out to be false alarms.'Initially, mothers respond any time an infant cries," said Dario Maestripieri, a primatologist at the University of Chicago. "But as the cries increase, they respond less and less. They become more skeptical. So infants start crying less. So they go through these cycles, adjusting their responses."Kim Bard, a primatologist at the University of Plymouth in England, has spent more than a decade observing chimpanzee babies. H Chimps can cry for a long time if something terrible is happening to them, but when you pick them up, they stop," Bard said. "I've never seen any chimpanzees in the first three months of life be inconsolable."Maestripieri and other researchers say these evolutionary forces may have also shaped the cries of human babies. n All primate infants cry." Maestripieri said. "It*sa very conserved behavior. It's not something humans have evolved on their own."26.What can be the most probable title of this passage?A.Parents Bothered by Babies' CryB. Infants Crying for Parents' AttentionC. Clues from Animals on Why Babies CryD. False Cry27.Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?A.Scientists discovered why animal infants cry.B.The difference in the amount of children's cry is somewhat due to genes.C.Babies have a violent reaction to the mother*s ignorance.D.Chimpanzees' annoyance can hardly be alleviated.28.What is implied in Paragraph 4?A.Children with truthful cry may eventually draw their mothers' attention.B.Noisy infants are preferred by their mothers for their health and strength.C.Mothers would rather nurse the obedient babies.D.Mothers tend to ignore the deceitful cry.29.How do the parents respond to babies* cry?A.They come to doubt it.B. They take it seriously.C. They are indifferent to it.D. They are weary of it.30.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as the reason for babies* cry?A.Discomfort.B. Hungry.C. Consolation.D. Thirsty.Passage ThreeWhenever I hear a weather report declaring it's the hottest June 10 on record or whatever, I can't take it too seriously, because "ever" really means "as long as the records go back'*, which is only as far as the late 1800s. Scientists have other ways of measuring temperatures before that, though — not for individual dates, but they can ten the average temperature of a given year by such proxy measurements as growth marks incorals, deposits in ocean and lake sediments, and cores drilled into glacial ice. They can even use drawings of glaciers as there were hundreds of years ago compared with today.And in the most comprehensive compilation of such data to date, says a new report from the National Research Council, it looks pretty certain that the last few decades have been hotter than any comparable period in the last 400 years. That's a blow to those who claim the current warm spell is just part of the natural up and down of average temperatures —a frequent assertion of the global —warming-doubters crowd.The report was triggered by doubts about past-climate claims made last year by climatologist Michael Mann, of the University of Virginia (he's the creator of the "hockey stick" graph Al Gore used in "An Inconvenient Truth" to dramatize the rise in carbon dioxide in recent years). Mann claimed that the recent warming was unprecedented in the past thousand years — that led Congress to order up an assessment by the prestigious Research Council. Their conclusion was that a thousand years was reasonable, but not overwhelmingly supported by the data. But the past 400 was — so resoundingly that it fully supports the claim that today's temperatures ale unnaturally warm, just as global warming theory has been predicting for a hundred years. And if there*s any doubt about whether these proxy measurements are really legitimate, the NRC scientists compared them with actual temperature data from the most recent century, when real thermometers were in widespread use. The match was more or less right on.In the past nearly two decades since TIME first put global warming on the cover, then, the argument against it has gone from "it isn't happening" to n it's happening, but it's natural", to "it's mostly natural" —\and now, it seems, that assertion too is going to have to drop away. Indeed. Rep. Sherwood Boehert, the New York Republican who chairs the House Science Committee and who asked for the report declared that it did nothing to support the notion of a controversy over global warming science —a controversy that opponents keep insisting is alive. Whether President Bush will finally take seriousaction to deal with the warming, however,is a much less settled question.31.What does this passage mainly deal with?A.The tendency of earth's becoming hotter.B. The assessment of earth's temperature.C. The menace of global warming.D.The measurement of tackling global warming.32.What is "proxy measurement" in Paragraph 1 likely to refer to?A.Studying the characteristics of glaciers.B.Measuring the growth signs of aquatic organism.C.Taking advantage of previous pictures.ing clues left from the past.33.What does the report from NRC indicate?A.The earth will become warmer.B.It is somewhat suspicious of Michael Mann's assertion.C.The earth reaches the highest temperature in the history.D.The proxy measurements are reliable.34.Which statement is NOT true concerning the controversy about global warming?A.The new report from NRC is motivated by the controversy over Michael Mann's claim.B.Those who doubt global warming consider that warming is a natural phenomenon.C.Those suspicious of global warming take an inconsistent stance on the issue.D.The argument ends in the defeat of global-warming-doubters.35.What is the author's attitude towards global warming theory?A. Negative.B. Indifferent.C. Favorable.D. Neutral.Passage FourA proposed Russian ban on European Union meat exports could jeopardize Russia's aspirations to join the World Trade Organization next year, the EU trade commissioner, Peter Mandelson, warned Friday. He warned that several of the 25 EU member states were growing weary of Russia's trade tactics and could move to block its WTO bid.He emphasized that the European Union supported Russia's WTO accession in principle and that he did not want to link the Russian meat ban to Russia*s WTO prospects ,though EU states could do so. in order to join the organization,Russia must reach agreement with each of the 149 WTO members."Issues like this will affect the attitude of member states toward signing off on accession," Mandelson said. "This is not the only trade irritant between us and Russia — there are at least half a dozen ― and this latest ban is bound to affect the attitude of member states," toward Russia's aim of joining the WTO. n We can't have so many of these trade irritants hanging over us."Mandelson said he would work to get Russia to back off from its current plans to ban all EU animal products as of Jan. 1, which would affect C = $ 1.7 billion, or $ 2. 2 billion, in exports to Russia Moscow has justified the ban on the grounds that Bulgaria and Romania, which will join the European Union on that day, do not have adequate food safety measures. But Mandelson warned that if Moscow refused to back down, it could sour overall trade relations with the European Union, which is already concerned about fair access to Moscow's energy resources. "Russia is acting in a disproportionate way," he said.President Vladimir Putin has made WTO membership one of his key economic objectives. He is keen to improve access to world markets for Russian exports and to provide a lift to the country's neglected aghculrural sector. European resistance would add to reservations by trade negotiators in Washington who want Russia to make more progress on reducing tariffs on U. S. meat imports and protecting intellectual property before joining the world trade body.Trade disputes cast a shadow over the summit meeting, which was supposed to mark the start of talks on a partnership agreement between the European Union and Russia covering energy, trade and human rights. But Poland —in a separate dispute with Moscow over a Russian ban on Polish farm exports — used its veto to stop the talks on Friday.Putin defended the Russian ban after earlier complaining that the European Commission had failed to consult him before agreeing to admit Bulgaria and Romania, whose food safety practices he called into question.EU officials said privately that Putin's stance suggested he was suffering from a Cold War hangover because the former Soviet satellites will soon become EU members.36.What is the theme of this passage?A.Russia conflicts with EU members in meat trade.B.Russia may risk WTO entry with EU meat ban.C.Russia prepares to enter WTO.D.Russia complains about food security of Bulgaria and Romania.37.Which statement is NOT true about EU?A.EU has not signed partnership agreement with Russia.B.EU is disappointed with at Russia*s trade strategy.C.EU wants Russia to cut down on tariffs on its meat imports.D.EU may connect the trade conflict with Russia*s entry into WTO.38.Which word has the similar meaning to "imtant" in Paragraph 3?A. disagreementB. misunderstandingC. annoyanceD.interference39.What can be implied from the last paragraph?A.Russia will soon suffer from isolation.B.Russia will soon lose its satellites.C.Former Soviet satellites resist Russia's entering WTO.D.Some EU officials understand Russia's position.40.What is the author's attitude towards Russia?A. Suggestive.B. Prejudicial.C. Sympathetic.D. Objective.Part UI Translation (30%)Section A : From Chinese into English (15%)每个人心中都该有个志向，否则他的经历就会被浪费掉。
中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷
中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷详解一、文章类型本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面。
文章结构清晰，逻辑性强，对于准备参加中山大学考博英语考试的学生具有很高的参考价值。
二、思路梳理1、引言：简述中山大学考博英语考试的意义和重要性。
2、试题构成：详细介绍中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成，包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等部分。
3、考试形式：阐述各部分考试形式的安排和特点。
4、难度分析：对不同部分的难度进行深入分析，为学生提供备考建议。
5、应对策略：提出有效的应对策略，帮助学生顺利通过中山大学考博英语考试。
三、展开论述1、引言中山大学考博英语考试是面向博士生申请者的重要英语水平测试，旨在评估申请者的英语综合应用能力和学术交流能力。
该考试对于申请者的重要性不言而喻，因此本文将详细介绍其试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面，为学生提供参考和指导。
2、试题构成中山大学考博英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等四个部分。
其中，听力部分主要测试考生在听力理解方面的能力，包括听力和填空两个题型；阅读部分主要测试考生在阅读理解方面的能力，包括单项选择和多项选择两个题型；翻译部分主要测试考生在英语翻译方面的能力，包括中译英和英译中两个题型；写作部分主要测试考生在学术写作方面的能力，包括议论文和说明文两个题型。
3、考试形式中山大学考博英语考试采用闭卷、笔试形式，考试时间为180分钟。
听力部分通过录音设备播放，考试时间为30分钟；阅读部分考试时间为40分钟；翻译部分考试时间为60分钟；写作部分考试时间为50分钟。
整个考试过程中，考生需在规定时间内完成相应题型的答题，并在考试结束前将答案填涂在答题卡上。
4、难度分析听力部分的难度主要集中在听力和填空题型上，其中填空题需要考生在理解听力材料的基础上进行填空，难度较大。
阅读部分的难度主要集中在单项选择和多项选择题型上，其中多项选择题容易出现模棱两可的选项，难度较大。
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(回忆版)
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（回忆版）阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happenedmore than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating pictureof the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet‟s environmentfrom hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the humanbrain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endingsof Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to mostEnglish-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevita ble one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA is inevitable in radical education reforms.B is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”阅读3Massive changes in all of the world‟s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it‟s one of London‟s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting thatsoccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight, and this mean s that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!1. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.A. more people are taking up sports.B. traditional sports are getting popular.C. many local sports are becoming internationalD. foreigners are more interested in local sports2. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?A. Good economic returns.B. Revival of sports.C. Communications technology.D. Marketing strategies.3.What is the author‟s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?A. Favourable.B. Unclear.C. Reserved.D. Critical.4. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.A. they become more professional than ever.B. they regard sports as consumer goods.C. there exist few world-class championshipsD. sports events are exciting and stimulating阅读4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they havenot said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world‟s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author‟s opinion of housing p roblems in the first paragraph?A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B.a new building material will have been invented.C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.A.is difficult to foresee.B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D.is the question of finding enough ground space.4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.A.standards of building are low.B.only minimum shelter will be possible.C.there is not enough ground space.D.the population growth will be the greatest.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C.Hong Kong‟s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.阅读5Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events —until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.11. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA it's function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotionsD its difference from the prefrontal cortex13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend toA aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night14. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progressionD dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your life as usual B.Seek professional helpC Exercise conscious controlD Avoid anxiety in the daytime完型填空：Celebrities (名人)lead very stressful lives, for no matter how fascinating or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.For one thing，celebrities don‟t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed on the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about "Leonardo DiCaprio"s Awful Secret" or "The Heartbreak behind Winona Ryder's Smile." Even a celebrity's family is made public. A teenage son's arrest for using drug or a wife's drinking problem becomes the subject of headlines. Photographers chase celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers (卷发器)or Jim Carrey drinking beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless photographers.Celebrities must also cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from public attention, inviting remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight." Embarrassing pictures of celebrities are sold at high prices, which increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act claim and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to be angry or to do something just a little crazy.Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly behaviors such as kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity‟s hai r, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s-Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit caused the accident that took her life, it‟s clear she was chased by reporters like an escaped prisoner chased by police dogs. And celebrities can even fall victim to deliberately deadly attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people could not get these world-famous figures off their minds. As a result, famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game-and never out of season.排序段落：In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly beingtold by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don‟t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition ri sing faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, …Enough!‟” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.英译汉：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist‟s intellectual preparation for his or her career.But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.1. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Part B 选择搭配Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps.remain a huge strength, bring together students and researchers from all disciplines and all parts of the world, and guarantee a human scale of values within a big university.1) Above everything else will still rise the questioning, tough-minded hunger for learning, for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards. That has characterized this university.2) . Not in the heart of the city: the colleges, the river and the commons and meadows that cluster around it. The。
(完整word版)年中山大学考博英语真题
2010年中山大考博英语真题Directions： In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked。
Write your choices on the Answer Sheet。
31. The secretary was harshly-—by her boss for misplacing some important files.A） rebuked B） teased C） washed D） accused32。
The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers' small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C） devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their， quality。
A） Indistinctive B） indisputable C） indispensable D） indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D） testify35。
I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A） meditate B） complement C） elaborate D) compliment36. I’ve had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B） notify C） highlight D） pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A） abolition B） demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38。
(学历考证)2022年考博英语试题及答案3
1、Mario was awarded the medal for displaying professional ______ of the highest order in the rescue attempts two weeks ago.A.solutionB.supervisionC.intelligencepetence2、Which sport has the most expenses______training equipment, players' personal equipment and uniforms?A．in place ofB．by way ofC．in terms ofD．by means of3、The ______ of the occasion was spoiled when she fell down the steps.A.privacyB.dignityC.moralityD.secrecy4、The trainees were given copies of a finished manual to see whether they could themselves begin to ______ the inflexible, though tacit, rules for composing more of such instructional materials.A.designB.reviseC.disruptD.derive5、It is doubtful whether anyone can be a truly ______ observer of events.A．inadequateB．impassiveC．geniusD．impartial6、The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which oper ate under government auspices.A.supervisionB.orientationC.regulationD.sponsorship7、If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if 1 were the one______.A.correctingB.to correctC.to be correctedD.being corrected8、In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by "being ______," being open to all kinds of art.A．gratifyingB．predominatingC．excellingD．accommodating9、【C8】______A．fasterB．moreC．betterD．harder10、In order to win stronger support, the candidate claimed that the new law would allow more women and disabled people to enter the ______ of American life.A.societyB.arteryC.mainstreamD.center11、The population in last area was growing rapidly. Needless to say, the housing problem there cried out for immediate solution.A．tried hard to findB．called loudlyC．needed very muchD．asked earnestly for12、(56)A.ourselvesB.customerspanies13、If a guest wants to tip the housekeeping staff,it's best to leave a little something in an envelope each night instead of a larger amount______checkout.A.due toB.owing toC.prior toD.as to14、We argued that the sickness or crisis of capitalism was not at heart a technical matter, but a lack of legitimacy with ______ to the system itself.A.respectB.concernC.accordanceD.pertinence15、I want to know if I need to complete a FAFSA form. in order to be______for any type of financial aid.A.eligiblepetentC.properD.legitimate16、A Laser beam can be turned into a ______ weapon.A.deadlyB.deadC.deadthlyD.deadening17、(59)A.remind to lockB.remember to lockC.remind lockingD.remember locking18、(10)A.citedB.dealtC.obligedD.occurred19、First launched in April this year,Net My Singapore also includes efforts that______training,development, and the exploration of new technologies based on.A.obliterateB.sequesterC.encompassD.terminate20、When I heard that Mrs. Thacher resigned, I called her. I wanted her to know that my heart was ______ her.A.forB.ofC.inD.with21、The room was full of people and smoke. She started to feel ______ with the heat inside. A．oppressedB．congestedC．confrontedD．craned22、Having weighed up all the factors the department finally agreed to receive all the ______ to the committee.A．rejectionB．hypothesesC．nominationsD．resistance23、(58)A.needB.envyC.conveyD.appreciate24、While some bacteria are beneficial, others are ______in that they cause disease.A．detrimentalB．prodigiousC．intrusiveD．mordant25、Total investments for this year reached $56 million,and to put this into_____investments this year will double those made in 1997.A．sightB．visionC．perspectiveD．horizon26、The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth's surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those【1】by models that take into account: the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.To【2】the question of attribution requires the【3】of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on【4】maps or patterns of temperature change in【5】and in models. Pattern analysis is the cli-matologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned【6】, and makes it possible to achieve more definitive【7】of observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform. warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole【8】cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful【9】technique.The basic idea【10】pattern-based approaches is that different【11】causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 【12】a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change【13】by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible【14】on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are【15】the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric【16】of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the【17】of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the【18】of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the【19】of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall【20】is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.(1)A.incensedB.personifyC.interactD.predicted27、What is the ______ in going by boat when the plane costs no more and is quicker?B.meaningprehensionD.sense28、One candidate is so ______ that even his own supporters cannot say what he stands for.A.dynamicB.evasiveC.vigorousD.tangible29、【C8】A．activatedB．boostedC．encouragedD．excited30、(8)A.immuneB.seasonalC.formidableD.perceptible31、Tibet, the second largest province of China, is ______ in uranium(铀)and underground thermal power(地热).A.wealthyB.abundantC.adequateD.sufficient32、The low operating costs of the foreign company will______the high labor costs the business pays in its own country.A．offendB．obstructC．obligeD．offset33、(62)A.deadB.deadlyC.liveD.lively34、Jimmy earns his living by______works of art in the museum.A.renewingB.revivingC.recoveringD.restoring35、Unlike a judge, who must act alone, a jury discusses a case and then reaches its decision asa group, thus minimizing the effect of ______ bias.A．legalC．individualD．unexpected36、The appeal to file senses known as ______ is especially common in poetry.A.imaginativeB.imaginableC.ingeniousD.imagery37、The timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once______.A．thrivedB．swelledC．prosperedD．flourished38、The boy was not ______ to leave class without an adequate reason.A.emittedB.admittedC.permittedD.remitted39、【C15】A.temporarilyB.suddenlyC.permanentlyD.sharply40、If you want this painkiller, you'll have to ask the doctor for a______.A.transactionB.-agreementC.permitD.prescription41、The radio was of ______ quality that I took it back and asked for a better one.A.such the inferiorB.such a inferiorC.so an inferiorD.such inferior42、Some researchers have undertaken some psychological studies which prove that many children develop fears of ______ dangers.A.imaginationB.imaginaryC.imaginableD.imaginative43、(35)A.new cityB.new stateC.new landD.new country44、A stateless young man may have felt ______after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.A．intriguedB．initiatedC．indicatedD．intimidated45、(41)A.WhetherB.WhenC.IfD.Although46、This man is ______ to wine.A.addictedB.predictedC.dictatedD.evicted47、Everyone is required to______ his feet on the carpet to shake off the snow from his hoots before entering the shopping mall.A.stampB.stretchC.swayD.kick48、He stepped gingerly into the ramshackle old house.A．slowlyB．recklesslyC．cautiouslyD．alertly49、(52)A.zoneB.sectorC.methodD.fashion50、Part of the lake has been polluted. You can see the water is covered with ______ oil.A.a coat ofB.a story ofC.a film ofD.a pad of51、British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to_____.A.the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to BritainB.the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wide geeseC.the migration of the wild geese every winterD.British shores infected by the geese virus52、Despite her nerves, she walked towards her groom with no regrets about choosing such a______ time to get married.A.momentaryB.momentousC.monotonousD.monstrous53、Pupils often want to sit next to their particular friend and many classroom activities involve moving about, but even relatively snail alterations can make ______ to the visual comfort of pupils with sight defects.A.a differenceB.an interferenceC.a modificationD.an impact54、(54)A.as a resultB.otherwiseC.on the other handD.that is to say55、The minutes later, the police came and ______ the crowd.A．dismayedB．dispersedC．dismountedD．distressed56、People innately ______ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form. of an exaggerated lust for power.A.striveB.ascertainC.justifyD.adhere57、I was ______ in my reading, and didn't at first hear the doorbell ring.A．immuredB．immersedC．busyD．infatuated58、Trivial breaches of regulations we can pass over, but more serious ones will have to be investigated.A.exceedB.witherC.overpassD.neglect59、(45)A．arrived inB．reached toC．arrived toD．reached at60、As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to ______ it. A．postponeB．refuseC．acceptD．cancel61、The blunder of Argentina s goalie cost them the game in the match against Brazil.A.triumphB.beatC.mistakeD.struggle62、(47)A.properB.indirectC.correctD.wrong63、One of the main reasons is that the university's______attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A.fraudB.respondentC.misconductD.prestige64、The widely publicized demonstration did not after all____.A．come offB．get onC．break outD．put on65、(15)A.dueB.extraC.sufficientD.supplementary66、The intellectually_____enterprise of science depends on free communication. A．depressingB．depressedC．exhilaratingD．exhilarated67、(37)A．loadedB．ledC．carriedD．packed68、The ______ question in this case is whether the accused had a motive for this crime or not. A．crucialB．forcibleC．supremeD．valuable69、Kagan maintains that an infant's reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or ______ signs of adolescent anxiety.A.propheticB.normalC.monotonousD.virtual70、Preferential policies and ready cooperation do play a role in ______ poverty. A．alleviatingB．activatingC．assaultingD．accustoming71、(64)A.beyondB.awayC.fromD.to72、The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the____of the Russian winter.A．severityB．consequenceC．influenceD．threat73、(9)A.stageB.levelC.degreeD.shade74、Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing others and fighting each other.A．hardly activeB．relatively activeC．extremely inactiveD．pathologically active75、The criminal's____for leniency was ignored by the jurors.A．protestB．demandC．pleaD．defence76、Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the customer's_____rather than the company's. A．benefitC．suitabilityD．convenience77、The buffalo which the lion fells provokes his aggression as little as the appetizing turkey whichI have just seen hanging in the larder provokes______.A.meB.themC.itD.mine78、Unless all staff members agree to ______ to the plan, there may be further changes in the course of action.A.inferB.preferC.adhereD.assure79、Many students find_______ jobs during their summer holidays.A.contemptibleB.temperateC.temporaryD.contemporary80、The government's policies in the past five years have shown a(n) ______ in emphasizing the necessity of improving the peasants' livelihood.A．exaltationB．coherenceC．agonyD．behavior81、【C4】A.limbsB.foursC.legsD.bodies82、He was too______to admit that he had been wrong.A.imperviousB.versatileC.obstinateD.erratic83、"We didn't want to displease our most_____supporters,therefore,we have provided them with the opportunity of getting extra tickets to any game this year, "said the manager of the football club.A.acuteB.ardentC.sheerD.fantastic84、(30)B．perspectiveC．occurrenceD．opportunity85、There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in complete in a single country for long periods.A.successB.revengeC.harmonyD.conscience86、It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ______. A．for longB．in and outC．once for allD．by nature87、The electronic computer is ______some of the tasks that were once accomplished by our own brains.A．taking careB．taking inC．taking offD．taking over88、I stared into the blackness and wondered if he was as aware of my presence as I______.A.was of hisB.was of himC.did himD.did of his89、(64)A.in each placeB.for all partsC.somewhereD.anywhere90、Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.A.carefulB.cleverC.ignorantD.economical91、The therapist listens to, observes and offers the client her or his ______understanding of the meaning of the clients actions, thoughts and feelings.A.intensiveB.mutualC.profoundD.tentative92、Lobbying groups often try to disguise a financial self-interest by clumsily dressing up their arguments in the guise of concern for the public. You see this tendency in the pharmaceuticalindustry【21】in energy and lumber companies who like to tout their【22】of the environment. But【23】, two new books argue, are these tactics more【24】a cause for concern than in agribusiness. Marion Nestle's "Food Safety: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bio-terrorism' looks at the way the American meat and biotechnology industries have【25】successfully on Capitol Hill【26】stricter federal regulation, which the author argues has undermined the safety of the food supply.【27】, Maxime Schwartz's "How the Cows Turned Mad"【28】the origins of mad-cow disease over more than two centuries, and reveals the fallout from the British government's blind【29】that the disease could not be【30】to humans.In 1999, Ms Nestle writes in her earlier book, Rosemary Mueklow, the executive director of the National Meat Association, lobbied against President Clinton's【31】to establish a more thorough testing regime for E. coli 0157: H7, a potentially【32】pathogen.Ms Muck low’s organization—which represents meatpackers and processors who【33】to discard or reprocess meat found to be infected under the new testing regime—argued on Capitol Hill that【34】microbial testing in meat could actually lead to a greater public health risk【35】confident consumers might relax their own safe-handling procedures at home.(51)A.asB.other thanC.thanD.and93、The most ______ argument for persuading people to wear seat belts is the number of lives they save.A.imposingB.tellingC.evokingD.citing94、Too much ______ can possibly lead to unhappiness, even to thoughts of suicide as few people have the courage to analyze themselves objectively and minutely.A．retrospectB．introspectionC．perspicacityD．perspicuity95、No hero of ancient or modern times can surpass the Indian with his lofty contempt of death and the ______ with which he sustained the cruelest afflication.A.assentB.fortitudeC.concernD.reverance96、However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ______ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.A．overturnB．overtakeC．offsetD．oppress97、This______is a national prize and is awarded for the best score by a player under 16 years of age.A.trophyB.treatC.trifleD.tribute98、(53)A.Since thenB.But thenC.Before thenD.Till then99、Our students' educational achievements equal, and in many cases______, those of students in previous years.A.surpassB.advanceC.increaseD.multiply100、(54)A.rarelyB.soC.tooD.not【答案】1～5：DCBDD6～10：DDDCC11～15：CACAA16～20：ADACD21～25：ACDAC26～30：DDBBB31～35：BDBDC36～40：DACCD41～45：DBCDC46～50：AACCC51～55：CBABB56～60：ABDAD61～65：CDDAB66～70：DCAAA71～75：CACDC76～80：DDCCB81～85：BCBAC86～90：CDADD91～95：DDBBB96～100：CAAAD。
博士研究生入学英语考试试卷
博士研究生入学英语考试试卷(2002. 5. 13)Part I Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then write down the answer on the Answer Sheet.1.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping ___B___ to give her long and flowing hair a Smooth.A. simultaneouslyB. occasionallyC. eventuallyD. promptly2.Most electronic devices of this kind, ___C______ manufactured for this purpose, are tightlyPacked.A. which isB. what areC. as areD. they are3.I found the missing letter _____C_____ on the top shelf.A. lyingB. lainC. layingD. resting4.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to __D___ the consequences.A. run intoB. abide byC. step intoD. answer for5.It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ___B___ way when in a furious state.A. credibleB. rationalC. legalD. stable6.“May I take the instrument out of the laboratory?” “No, you ____D______.”A. may notB. can notC. might notD. must not7.All the off-shore sailors were in high spirits as they read ___C____ letters from their families.A. intimateB. affectionateC. sentimentalD. sensitiveA.__D_on the table.B.There are three strong cup of coffeeC.Three strong cups of coffee are thereD.There are three cups of strong coffeeE.There are strong three cups of coffee8.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ____A____ in some form.A. given offB. set offC. used upD. put out9.A ____A____ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor forapproval.A. schemeB. shorthandC. scheduleD. sketch10.The business of each day, ____A____ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.A. it beingB. was itC. be itD. it was11.___A______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. But forB. In spite ofC. As forD. Because of12.Today, housework has been made easier by electrical ____B_______.A. instrumentsB. appliancesC. facilitiesD. equipment13.Don’t ____C____ the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A. retainB. discardC. relieveD. release14.Accustomed to climbing trees, _____B_____. HtA.it was not difficult to reach the topB.the top was not difficult to reachC.I had no difficult reaching the topD.To reach the top was not difficult16. ___A___ his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as guide.A. On account ofB. In spite ofC. Regardless ofD. Instead of17.When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above ____D_____.A. ordinaryB. averageC. regularD. normal18.With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be ____C______.A. potentialB. considerableC. feasibleD. obtainable19.Why did you pay so much money for that small apartment? You __A______ better.A. should have knownB. may have knownC. will have knownD. must have known20.I was suspicious of his sincerity and remained ____D____ by his many arguments.A. unconfirmedB. reassuredC. unconvincedD. unconcerned21.“When ________ again?” “When he ___B_____, I’ll let you know.”A. he comes; comesB. will he come; comesC. he comes; will comeD. will he come; will come22.Because of the strong sun Mrs. William’s new dining room curtains _____A___ from darkblue to gray within a year.A. fadedB. faintedC. paledD. diminished23.Our attitude toward our teachers should be ____D_____, but not slavish or superstitious.A. respectedB. respectableC. respectiveD. respectful24.There was _____C____ to prevent the accident.A. something that could doB. anything we could doC. nothing we could doD. nothing could be done25.With all kinds of fabric samples, the designer could not make up her mind _____B_____.A. to select which oneB. which one to selectC. which to be selectedD. about selecting which26.Your help is ___A______ for the success of the project.A. indispensableB. inevitableC. inherentD. indicativewyers often make higher ___C______ for their work than they should.A. costsB. pricesC. chargesD. bills28.Dress warmly, ____D_______ yo u’ll catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. in no wayD. or else29.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _B___ him of speeding.A. blamedB. accusedC. deprivedD. charged30.We were rather upset by his __C____ to support our proposal.A. rejectingB. refusingC. denyingD. resistingPart II Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer onthe Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat does a scientist do when he or she “explains” someth ing? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal. Perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog , and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear.Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simple phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membranes of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain” these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.The task of physiological psychology is to “explain” behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologists cannot simply be reductionist. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time, Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a pa rticular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.31.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.The difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations.B.The difference between human and animal behavior.C.What fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecularbiologist.D.How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.32.In the first paragraph, the word “deal” could best be replaced by which of the following?A. barterB. are playingC. bargainD. are concerned33.Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of theperson who fears dogs?A.A child chokes on a fish-bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.B.A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.C.A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.D.A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.34.According to the passage, which of the following is important in explaining a musclemovement?A. Classical conditioning.B. The flow of blood to the muscle.C. Protein interactions.D. The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.35.The author implies that which of the following is the type of scientific explanation mostlikely used by a molecular biologist?A. GeneralizationB. ExperimentationC. InteractionD. ReductionPassage TwoYou stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward, You are aboard a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next to your starts moving forward. For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body’s sensors and interpreting what must be happening—that your train must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rain bow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue. By monitoring how any wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay those dat a backward.Rods and cones send their massages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual affects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour.” As light levels fall, the rods become active, and the cones become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wave-lengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the garden’s blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and you’ll still see it in its “true” color—white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illumination on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shades of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?” And only now, 500 years later, are we beginning to learn how the eyes do it.36.Visual illusions often happen when the image of reality is _____________.A.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eyeB.interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseC.confused in the body’s sensors of both rods and conesD.matched to six to seven million structures called cones37.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called ________.A. conesB. color visionC. rodsD. spectrum38.At night rods can be so active as to be able to see clearly ___________.A. redB. blueC. whiteD. violet39.The retina sends pulse to the brain ___________.A. in short wavelengthsB. by a ganglion cellC. as color pictureD. along the optic nerve40.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just because____________.A.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyC.rods and cones send message 20 to 25 times a secondD.we see object in comparison with its surroundings41.The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ____________.A.regret that we are too slow in the study of eyesB.marvel at the great work done by the retinarm us about the different functions of the eye organsD.show that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesPassage ThreeAn invisible border divides those arguing of computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not sim ply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.42.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is _________.A. self contradictoryB. dubiously orientedC. far reachingD. radically reformatory43.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ____________.A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesC.came into being along with the arrival of computersD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries44.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model ofprofessional training is ___________.A.of little practical valueB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.dependent upon the starting age of candidatesD.attractive to every kind of professional45.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ____________.A.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsB.mastered through a life-long courseC.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseD.included as an auxiliary course in schoolPassage FourThe would-be sleeper who re-fights his daily battles in bed or rehearses tomorrow’s problems—finds it hard to fall asleep. Then he starts worrying about his inability to sleep, which increases his insomniac, which increases his worries, which in a new development that may help the insomniac to break this vicious cycle, Dr. Werner P. Koella of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology has discovered a chemical in the brain that may control normal sleep.The substance, known as serotonin, is one of a number of so-called neurohormone in the brain that researchers suspect play an important part in controlling the mind and the emotions. Such chemicals, researchers have learned, assist in transmitting nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Serotonin, Koelia notes, is produced in particularly high concentrations in the hypothalamus, the “primitive” lower part of the brain and the stem, which joins the brain tothe top of the spinal cord and is known to contain the centers controlling the level of consciousness. Conceivably, Koella reasoned, serotonin was the transmitter substance in the brain stem and hypothalamus that regulated sleep.In preliminary experiments, Koella found that giving Seroton in to cats’ brains and attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) machine to record the brain waves; next, the serotonin was injected directly into brain or an artery in the neck. The pupils of the animals’ eyes narrowed and the electroencephalograms showed “slow” waves characteristic of deep sleep within five to ten minutes.More recently, Koella deprived cats of serotonin. The animals, again equipped with implanted electrodes, were given PCPA, a drug that blocks the formation of serotonin. They were then placed in small compartments fitted with one-way mirrors and watched round the clock. Normally cats sleep about fifteen hours a day; but Koella’s cats after receiving PCPA, spent about 30 minutes of each day sleeping. Most of the time, their EEG’S showed th e brainwave patterns of arousal. Occasionally the cats would curl up as if to go to sleep, but would soon get back on their feet to wander about. The animals showed signs of irritability and often meowed complainingly after a few days of sleep deprivation, but had normal reflexes. The effects of the PCPA wore off eight days to two weeks after administration of the drug; the cats returned to their normal sleeping patterns as serotonin levels in their brains rose again. Koella believes that at least some types of chronic insomnia may be caused by a drop in brain-serotonin levels. The Worcester physiologist is now working on chemical ways to raise the brain’s serotonin levels and produce, in his words, “a truly physiological sleeping pill.” Synthetic sleeping pills, such as barbiturates, bring sleep, but at a price: they depress the central nervous system, reduce heart action and respiration—and they can become habit-forming or even addictive.46.The main idea of this passage is _____________.A.Dr. Koella has done many experiments with catsB.Dr Koella has discovered a chemical called serotonin which might be the body’snatural hormone for controlling sleepC.Serotonin might be a better sleeping aid because it is a natural hormoneD.A good night’s sleep is possible47.According to Dr. Koella, some people can not sleep normally because ___________.A.their brain-serotonin levels are lowB.they worry too much about their inability to sleepC.they suffer from chronic diseasesD.they addict to synthetic sleeping pills48.The sentence “They were……watched round the clock.” Means that ________________.A.the cats walked around a clockB.the cats were watched 24 hours a dayC.there was a round clock in the cats, compartmentsD.the cats were watched to walk around the clock49.In paragraph 6, Dr. Koella implies, but does not directly stated, that _______________.A.he has developed a natural sleeping pill which will raise the serotonin level in the bodyB.sleeping pills are habit-formingC.a natural sleeping pill would be superior to synthetic pills because it would have no badeffects on the bodyD.chemical ways to raise the brain’s serotonin levels produce a truly physiologicalsleeping pill50.The language used in this article indicates that Dr. Koella _____________.A.is positive that serotonin controls sleepB.is quite uncertain whether serotonin controls sleepC.thinks that serotonin might control sleepD.is quite certain whether serotonin controls sleepPart III Cloze Test (15 minutes)Directions: For each number blank in the following passage, there are four choices markedA), B, C) and D). Choose the best one and write down your answer on theANSWER SHEET.The law is a great mass of rules, showing when and how far a man is liable to be punished, or to be made to 51 over money or property to his 52 and so forth. These rules are contained 53 books. A lawyer learns them in the main by 54 books.He begins by doing 55 else than reading and after he has prepared himself 56 , Say, three years’ study to practice, 57 , all his life long and almost every day, he will be58 books to read a little more than he already knows about some new questions 59 he has to answer.The power to use books, then, is a 60 which a good lawyer ought to 61 . He ought to have enough flexibility to 62 it easy for him to collect ideas 63 printed words. He ought to have some readiness in finding, 64 a book contains, and something of an instinct for 65 to look for what he wants.But 66 this is the power of which he will first feel the need, it is not the most 67 .A lawyer does not study law to recite it: he studies it to use it and 68 on the rules which he has learned in real life. His 69 is to try cases in court and to 70 men what to keep or get out of trouble.51. A. get B. hand C. look D. take52. A. inhabitants B. settlers C. neighbors D. residents53. A. by B. upon C. for D. in54. A. reading B. writing C. reciting D. compiling55. A. much B. something C. plenty D. little56. A. during B. over C. within D. by57. A. just B. still C. almost D. perhaps58. A. looking into B. leaving behind C. seeing through D. paying back59. A. what B. why C. which D. how60. A. promise B. cause C. talent D. mission61. A. cover B. regard C. possess D. evaluate62. A. enable B. weigh C. suggest D. make63. A. of B. from C. about D. towards64. A. what B. how C. that D. which65. A. why B. where C. when D. which66. A. although B. if C. provided D. unless67. A. natural B. strange C. important D. magnificent68. A. depends B. acts C. counts D. draws69. A. target B. opportunity C. advice D. business70. A. advise B. order C. trust D. forbidPart IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statement inthe fewest possible words.The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statues protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by sp reading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States in a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.Questions:1.What is the subject of this passage?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 2.According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 3.What does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of child in the United States?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 4.In the fourth paragraph, what does the author mean by saying “a two-way transaction”?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 5.What caused the parents’ increasing interest in the techniques of raising child?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. Part V Translation (30 minutes)Directions: Read the following passage, then translate it into Chinese.Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotion; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental(气质) predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.When the aerials(天线) are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism(玩世不恭) and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炽热的感情；青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。
专题08七选五 -备战2023年高考英语母题题源解密(全国通用)(解析版)
In India and the Middle East,it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand（it作形式主语）. People in Franceexpect you to（期待某人做…）eat with a utensil in each hand.___38___, insteadpreferring to(更喜欢做…)use their hands. In Chile, you may never touch any food with your fingers. People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.
37.【答案】F
【解析】根据本段小标题“Chopstick Rules”可知，本段主要讲述的是使用筷子的规则。根据上文“When you put them down between bites, always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you. (当你在吃的间隙把它们放下来的时候，一定要把它们放在一起，这样它们就和你面前的桌子边缘平行了)”可知，此处讲述了正确使用筷子的方式。由此可知，F项“Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them (不要把它们笔直地插在你的食物中，也不要在使用它们时交叉放置)”讲述的也是使用筷子时的注意事项，符合此处语境，其中“them”指的是上文的“chopsticks”。故选F。