葛小刚--外文翻译

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2010年卓越翻译家回顾

2010年卓越翻译家回顾
炳然
【期刊名称】《中国科技翻译》
【年(卷),期】2010(23)4
【总页数】1页(P59-59)
【关键词】2010年;翻译家;泰戈尔
【作者】炳然
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】K825.5
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

《西风颂》两个译本对比

《西风颂》两个译本对比摘要：19世纪英国著名浪漫主义诗人雪莱的《西风颂》，历来被看作世界诗歌宝库中的明珠，是雪莱抒情诗中的最正确品。

由于该诗充满了革命的浪漫主义气息，比较符合20世纪中国的文化气氛，因此深受中国诗人和读者的喜爱，各种译本纷至沓来。

本文旨在选取其中两个译本，郭沫假设译本和江枫译本，从英汉语用差异、英汉审美观差异、英汉思维方式差异、诗歌韵律与节奏、译文评价与赏析等方面，就两个译本的差异进行简要的评说。

关键词：《西风颂》;翻译;英汉比照;译文比照1英汉语用差异与翻译汉语语用重过程、英语语用重结果。

译者须设定译文文本的读者对象是操英语的本族人，要在译文文本中表达出重结果的语用取向，为此，译文效果必须讲究客观、求实〔王建国，何自然2022〕。

同样，译者在英译汉的翻译转换过中，译者需要始终牢记汉语重过程、英语重结果的语用原那么，做到有效表达。

原文：And，bytheincantationofthivere，Scatter，afromanune某tinguihedhearthAheandpark，mywordamongmankind！BethroughmyliptounawakenedearthThetrumpetofaprophecy！O，Wind，郭译：你请用我这有韵的咒文，把我的言辞散布人间，好似从未灭的炉头吹起热灰火烬！请你从我的唇间吹出醒世的警号！严冬如来时，哦，西风哟，阳春宁尚迢遥？江譯：请凭借我这韵文写就的符咒，就像从未灭的余烬飏出炉灰和火星，把我的话语传遍天地间万户千家，通过我的嘴唇，向沉睡未醒的人境，让预言的号角奏鸣！哦，风啊，如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？评析：这局部选自《西风颂》的最后一节，虽然仅仅截选了其中的短短一段，但我们不难发现雪莱天马行空的想象力及其超乎常人的语言渲染力。

两个译本在这一点的翻译上各有千秋。

汉语语用重过程、英语语用重结果。

原诗中的“unawakenedearth”字面意思是“未醒的大地”或者“沉睡的人间”，我们来看两位译者的处理，郭译处理为“吹出醒世的警号”，江译为“沉睡未醒的人境”，很明显，前者的处理“醒世”，是个动词搭配，符合汉语重过程的特点。

上海外国语大学翻译学专业博士生必读书目

上海外国语大学翻译学专业博士研究生培养方案为了配合实施《中华人民共和国学位条例》，保证学位研究生的质量，特制定翻译学专业博士研究生培养方案。

一、培养目标：1、培养我国社会主义建设事业所需要的，具有马克思主义理论修养、坚持四项基本原则、德、智、体全面发展的人才。

2、翻译学博士生通过培养，应具备扎实的相关理论与专业知识，通晓翻译学学科研究的前沿理论和最新国内外研究成果，能从事翻译学科高层次理论研究和教学，勇于进行理论创新，具备独立的科研能力、遵守学术规范的翻译研究工作者。

二、研究方向及导师：三、颁发学位翻译学博士四、学习年限学制三年，视情况可根据申请延长一年或两年五、课程学习以及学分要求总学分：22学分其中：公共必修课2门课10学分；学位必修课3门课6学分学位选修课3门课6 学分六、课程设置学位课七、培养方式采用研讨课（第一学年）、实验和论文指导（第二、三学年）相结合的方式。

八、学位论文要求时间安排：第三学期与导师讨论后选定论文题目，撰写学位论文选题报告，并于期末在学院专业学术委员会组织召开的选题审定会上进行答辩，答辩通过后进入论文撰写。

第四、第五、第六学期撰写论文以及进行与论文相关的实验。

第六学期末进行论文答辩。

字数要求：论文长度中文为12万字左右，英文为5万词左右。

质量要求：论文必须在导师指导下由博士生本人独立完成。

论文内容与本专研究方向相关，代表本学科研究方向的前沿水平，研究成果具有理论和实践的创新意义。

论文应论点明确，结构严谨完整，反映作者的坚实理论基础、系统专业知识、科学研究方法，并有独立见解。

九、对科研能力和水平的要求博士研究生在学期间，应关注和充分了解所学专业的国际和国内的动态与前景，同时参与一些专题的讨论和研究，逐步获得高层次的独立研究能力。

在读期间，博士生在论文答辩前，须以第一作者至少在国内核心刊物上发表至少两篇学术论文，并积极参与导师主持的相关科研项目。

十、对社会实践方面的要求：博士生在条件容许的情况下，应积极参加各种国内外学术交流活动。

Advanced Materials 200517

Adv.Mater.2005,17,2521www.advmat.de©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,Weinheim2521How to contact us:Editorial Office:Telephone:(+49)6201606235/432Fax:(+49)6201606500E-mail:advmat@wiley-vch.de Reprints:Agnes PetersenTelephone:(+49)6201606218Fax:(+49)6201606500E-mail:advmat@wiley-vch.de Copyright Permission:Telephone:(+49)6201606280Fax:(+49)6201606332E-mail:rights@wiley-vch.de Subscriptions:Telephone:(+49)6201606400Fax:(+49)6201606184E-mail:service@wiley-vch.de Advertising:Fax:(+49)6201606500E-mail:advmat@wiley-vch.de Courier Services:Boschstrasse 12,69469Weinheim,GermanyRegular Mail:Postfach 101161,69451Weinheim,GermanyAdvanced Materials has been publishing the latest progress in materials science for more than 15years.With an indepen-dently assessed ISI Impact Factorof 8.079,Advanced Materials continues to deliver the highest quality research reports every two weeks.It containscarefully selected,top-quality reviews,communications,and research news at the cutting edge of the chemistry and physics of functional materials as well as book reviews,product information,interviews,and a conference calendar.From 2005our new sister journal‘Small ’,the ideal forum for presenting the very best experimental andtheoretical studies of fundamental and applied research at the micro and nano scales,is being delivered monthly with Advanced Materials .www.advmat.deCover:The automated synthesis and nano-mechanical characterization of discrete combinatorial arrays of polymersenables high-throughput discovery and analysis of compliant,functional materi-als,as shown by Van Vliet and co-work-ers on p.2599.The cover illustrates a triplicate array of 576polymers auto-matically printed on a glass microscope slide,where each spot represents a pair-wise,systematically varied composition among 24different monomers.Overlaid on the image of this triplicate array is a differential interference contrast image of a single nanoliter-scale polymer vol-ume.In less than twenty-four hours of synthesis and mechanical characteriza-tion,the stiffness of each polymer is de-termined and related to key monomer structures and volume fractions thereof.Inside Cover:Short,single-particle-wide chains and complex networks of interconnected chains are easily self-assembled from 13nm Au nanoparticles by inducing a surface electrostatic dipolar moment in a controlled manner.Mann andco-workers further demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically on p.2553that efficient surface plasmon coupling takes place in these extensive networks,thus opening a new bottom–up approach to subwavelength optical-waveguiding devices.The left panel in the image shows isolated 13nm Au nanoparticles;the back panel,short linear chains;the bottom panel,com-plex branched network of chains;and the right panel,a graphical rendering of optical spectroscopic properties during the self-assembly process.Editor:Esther Levy Deputy Editor:Karen Grieve Associate Editors:David Flanagan,Cara Mulcahy,Soraya ReidenbachAssistant Editors:Mary Farrell,Lisa WylieProduction:Agnes Petersen Administration:Ramona Nily,Melanie Schmitt,Susanne StollMarketing:Claudia Barzen Freelance Cartoonist:Philip Harms Editorial Office:Tel.(+49)6201606235/432Fax (+49)6021606500E-mail:advmat@wiley-vch.de Subscription Service:Tel.(+49)6201606400Fax (+49)6021606184E-mail:service@wiley-vch.de Order through your bookseller or directly at the Publisher:Wiley-VCH,P .O.Box 101161,D-69451Weinheim,Germany.Tel.(+49)6201606400Fax (+49)6201606184E-mail:service@wiley-vch.de Published 24times a year by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaAD-69469Weinheim,GermanyAdvisory Board P .M.Ajayan,Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.P .Batail,Angers M.T.Bernius,DowP .W.M.Blom,GroningenP .D.Calvert,Univ.of Massachusetts J.Caro,HannoverJ.H.Fendler,Clarkson S.Forrest,Princeton R.H.Friend,Cambridge R.C.Haddon,UC Riverside P .T.Hammond,MIT A.Hirsch,Erlangen H.van Houten,Philips J.Hulliger,BernT.Hyeon,Seoul Natl.Univ.A.C.Jones,Inorgtech D.L.Kaplan,Tufts T.Kato,Tokyohav,Weizmann Inst.Sci.S.Mann,BristolC.R.Martin,Univ.of Florida R.D.McCullough,Carnegie MellonE.W.Meijer,Eindhoven ler,UtahC.A.Mirkin,Northwestern W.S.Rees,Georgia Tech J.Rieger,BASFM.J.Sailor,UC San Diego F.Schüth,MPI Mülheim Y.Shirota,FukuiM.Steigerwald,Columbia S.Subramoney,DuPont G.Wegner,MPI MainzBooks for review:Uninvited copies not chosen for review will not be returned.Manuscript Submission &PersonalHomepage:Typeset by kühn &weyhSatz und Medien,Freiburg,Germany.Printed by Druckhaus Darmstadt GmbH,Darmstadt,Germany.Printed on acid-free paper.©2005Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,D-69469Weinheim,Germany.All rights reserved (including those of translation into foreign languages).No part of this issue may be reproduced in any form –by photoprint,microfilm,or any other means –nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers.Only single copies of contribu-tions,or parts thereof,may be made for personal use.This journal was carefully produced in all its parts.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and publisher do not guarantee the information contained therein to be free of errors.Registered names,trademarks,ed in this journal,even when not marked as such,are not to be considered unprotected by law.Valid for users in the USA:The copyright owner agrees that copies of the articles may be made for personal or internal use,or for the personal or inter-nal use of specific clients.This consent is given on the condition,however,that the copier pay the stat-ed per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,Inc.(CCC)for copying beyond that per-mitted by Sections 107or 108of the U.S.Copyright Law.This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying,such as copying for general distribtion,for advertising or promotional purposes,for creating new collective works,or for resale.For copying from back volumes of this journal see ‘Permissions to Photo Copy:Publisher’s Fee List’of theCCC.Annual subscription rates 2006PersonalInstitutional*Europe EUR 298EUR 3078/3386Switzerland SFr 638SFr 4818/5300Outside EuropeUS$418US$3958/4354*Print or electronic delivery/print +electronic delivery First-time personal rates are available on request.10%discount if ordered in combination with Advanced Functional Materials.Postage and handling charges included.For the USA and Canada:ADVANCED MATERIALS (Print ISSN 0935-9648,Online ISSN 1521-4095)is published semimonthly by Wiley-VCH,P .O.Box 101161,D-69451Weinheim,Germany.Air freight and mailing in the USAby Publications Expediting Services Inc.,200Meacham Ave.,Elmont,NY 11003.Periodical postage paid at Jamaica,NY Postmaster:Send address changes to:“Advanced Materials”c/o Wiley-VCH,111River Street,Hoboken,NJ 07030.Adv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529www.advmat.de©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,Weinheim2523Upcoming ArticlesG.L.Liu,Y.Lu,J.Kim,J.C.Doll,L.P .Lee*Magnetic Nanocrescents as Controllable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoprobes for Biomolecular ImagingPublished Online:September 29,2005DOI:10.1002/adma.200501064X.Liu,J.Ly,S.Han,D.Zhang,A.Requicha,M.E.Thompson,C.Zhou*Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polypyrrole Composite NanocablesPublished Online:September 29,2005DOI:10.1002/adma.200501211S.W.Lee,R.G.Sanedrin,B.-K.Oh,C.A.Mirkin*Nanostructured Polyelectrolyte Mul-tilayer Organic Thin Films Generated via Parallel Dip-Pen Nanolithography Published Online:September 29,2005DOI:10.1002/adma.200501120N.Tétreault,G.von Freymann,M.Deubel,M.Hermatschweiler,F.Pérez-Willard,S.John,M.Wegener,G.A.Ozin*New Route to Three-Dimensional Photonic Bandgap Materials:Silicon Double Inversion of Polymer TemplatesPublished Online:September 26,2005DOI:10.1002/adma.200501674All our articles are available online in advance of print.The articles listed here have been judged by the referees or the editor to be either very important or very urgent and were immediately copyedited,proofread,and published online when the manuscript arrived in the editorial office in its final form.As long as there is no page number available,online manuscripts should be cited in the following manner:Authors,Adv.Mater.,online publication date,DOI.REVIEWNanocrystalsD.Kovalev,*M.Fujii ........2531–2544Silicon Nanocrystals:Photosensitizers for OxygenMoleculesThe features of nanoscale silicon that make it different from the bulk result in very efficient energy transfer from excitons confined in silicon nanocrystals to oxygen molecules following their activation to the highly reactive singlet state (see Figure).The mechanism for the photosensitization of oxygen molecules using silicon nanocrystals is reviewed.We discuss,in addition,the implications of these findings for physics,chemistry,biology,and medicine.COMMUNICATIONSMagnetic MaterialsC.Enkrich,F.Pérez-Willard,D.Gerthsen,J.F.Zhou,T.Koschny,C.M.Soukoulis,M.Wegener,S.Linden*...2547–2549Focused-Ion-Beam Nanofabrication of Near-Infrared MagneticMetamaterialsSplit-ring resonators with a magnetic resonance in the near-infrared have been fabricated using the rapid-prototyping capabilities of focused-ion-beam writing.By varying the design parameters,a continuous transition from a degenerate Mie resonance to a magnetic-dipole response is shown (see Figure).In particular,a negative magnetic permeability at a wavelength of 2.4 m and a negative magneticsusceptibility at a wavelength of 1.7 m are demonstrated.Organic SemiconductorsA.Brillante,*I.Bilotti,R.G.Della Valle,E.Venuti,M.Masino,A.Girlando...2549–2553 Characterization of Phase Purity in Organic Semiconductors by Lattice-Phonon Confocal Raman Mapping: Application toPentacene Lattice-phonon confocal Raman mapping is a powerful technique to probe the crystal structure of poly-morphs of organic semiconductors.This technique is fast,reliable,and capable of monitoring physical modifications and phase inhomogeneities in crystal do-mains at the micrometer scale.Applying the technique to pentacene crystals (see Figure)shows that phase inhomo-geneities are not confined to the crystal surface,but penetrate into the crystal.Nanoparticle AssemblyS.Lin,M.Li,E.Dujardin,*C.Girard,S.Mann*..........2553–2559 One-Dimensional Plasmon Coupling by Facile Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles into Branched ChainNetworks Short chains and complex networks of interconnected Au nanoparticle chains (see Figure)are produced by a simple template-free approach.Optical spectroscopy and computer simulations show that surface plasmons from individual non-contacting nanoparticles are strongly coupled in the resulting1D superstructures.These chains may pro-vide a unique way to fabricate complex subwavelength optical waveguides.NanopatterningJ.H.Moon,S.G.Jang,J.-M.Lim,S.-M.Yang*.......................2559–2562 Multiscale Nanopatterns Templated from Two-Dimensional Assembliesof PhotoresistParticles Multiscale nanopatterns fabricated by colloidal lithography,using two-dimen-sional self-assemblies of photoresist particles as masks,are presented.The colloidal masks with features of multiple length scales are obtained by photolithography and used for con-structing submicrometer-hole arrays over large areas(see Figure).By depositing functional materials through these masks,nanopatterned substrates useful in a wide range of applications can be produced.NanostructuresC.Lu,L.Qi,*J.Yang,X.Wang,D.Zhang,J.Xie,J.Ma.....2562–2567 One-Pot Synthesis of Octahedral Cu2O Nanocages via a Catalytic SolutionRoute Unique single-crystalline octahedralCu2O nanocages(see Figure)are synthesized in solution by the catalytic reduction of copper tartrate complex into octahedral Cu2O nanocrystals and a subsequent spontaneous hollowing process.A wealth of colorful nanostruc-tures with widely tunable bandgaps in the range2.6–2.2eV are obtained.The obtained nanocages may find potential use in solar-energy conversion,catalysis, and as model systems for fundamental research.2524©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim www.advmat.de Adv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529Adv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529www.advmat.de©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,Weinheim2525PhotolithographyC.Sánchez,B.-J.de Gans,D.Kozodaev,A.Alexeev,M.J.Escuti,C.van Heesch,T.Bel,U.S.Schubert,C.W.M.Bastiaansen,*D.J.Broer ..........................2567–2571Photoembossing of Periodic Relief Structures Using Polymerization-Induced Diffusion:A CombinatorialStudyPhotoembossing is a solvent-free photo-lithographic technique for the produc-tion of polymeric relief microstructures (see Figure).A combinatorial method-ology to explore the influence of differ-ent parameters (e.g.,processing temper-ature,binder content,photoinitiator content)on the resultant relief structure is presented using an acrylate-based model system.Results are discussed in the framework of a diffusion-polymer-ization model.BiomineralizationM.Umetsu,M.Mizuta,K.Tsumoto,S.Ohara,S.Takami,H.Watanabe,I.Kumagai,T.Adschiri*..2571–2575Bioassisted Room-TemperatureImmobilization and Mineralization of Zinc Oxide—The Structural Ordering of ZnO Nanoparticles into a Flower-TypeMorphologyA peptide with an affinity for ZnO,selected by a phage-display system,pref-erentially immobilizes ZnO particles on a gold-coated polypropylene plate and assists in the homogeneous assembly of 10nm diameter ZnO nanoparticles into unique flower-like morphologies(see Figure).The peptide is selective in binding ZnO,but not ZnS or Eu 2O 3.This combinatorial library approach may yield new peptides used to create new structures via biomineralization.MicropatterningJ.Park,L.D.Fouché,P .T.Hammond*...............2575–2579Multicomponent Patterning of Layer-by-Layer Assembled Polyelectrolyte/Nanoparticle Composite Thin Films with ControlledAlignmentComposite thin films of polyelectrolytes and fluorescent nanoparticles can be directly transfer-printed onto various substrates including indium tin oxide coated poly(ethylene terephthalate).The sequential transfer printing of thin films with controlled alignment intro-duces multicomponent patterns onto substrates,demonstrating possible practical device fabrication using functional polyelectrolyte multilayer composite thin films (see Figure).Liquid CrystalsZ.An,J.Yu,S.C.Jones,S.Barlow,S.Yoo,B.Domercq,P .Prins,L.D.A.Siebbeles,B.Kippelen,S.R.Marder*....................2580–2583High Electron Mobility in Room-Temperature DiscoticLiquid-Crystalline Perylene DiimidesPerylene diimide discotic columnar liquid-crystalline mesophases (see Figure)can show very high electron mobilities under ambient conditions.While the mobilities are strongly dependent on sample morphology and processing conditions,mobilities as high as 1.3cm 2V –1s –1are measured,greater than that of amorphoussilicon.Self-Assembled MonolayersW.Eck,*A.Küller,M.Grunze,B.Völkel,A.Gölzhäuser..2583–2587 Freestanding Nanosheets from Crosslinked Biphenyl Self-AssembledMonolayers Freestanding nanosheets(see Figure) with the thickness of a single molecule and lateral dimensions in the microme-ter range have been obtained by the release of self-assembled monolayers from the underlying surface by dissolu-tion of the substrate or by scissionof the anchor group–substrate bonds. The self-assembled monolayers are composed of biphenyl units that are crosslinked by electron irradiation.Self-AssemblyH.Fan,*E.Leve,J.Gabaldon,A.Wright,R.E.Haddad,C.J.Brinker......................2587–2590 Ordered Two-and Three-Dimensional Arrays Self-Assembled fromWater-SolubleNanocrystal–Micelles Two-and three-dimensional,ordered nanocrystal arrays are formed fromthe self-assembly of water-soluble nanocrystal–micelles that are prepared using surfactant encapsulation tech-niques.This new method is simple, widely applicable,and can be usedto prepare water-soluble nanocrystals with different compositions and shapes, such as sphere,rod,and cube,as wellas their ordered arrays(see Figure).Ap-plications in fabrication of SERS-based sensor platforms are envisaged.Mesostructured MaterialsR.C.Hayward,B.F.Chmelka,E.J.Kramer*....................2591–2595 Crosslinked Poly(styrene)-block-Poly(2-vinylpyridine)Thin Filmsas Swellable Templates for Mesostructured Silica andTitania Mesostructured inorganic filmsare formed from pre-organizedblock-copolymer thin films.The diblock copolymer used,poly(d8-styrene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine),was first crosslinked,thus retaining its morphol-ogy.Silica and titania were incorporated into the structure and the polymer was subsequently removed,generating mesoporous inorganic films whose morphologies were directly related to those of the block-copolymer template films(see Figure).Y.Kubo,N.Yamada.........2596–2599 Synergistic Effect of Inorganic and Organic Components on SolidAcid/Base Properties of Organosilox-ane-Based Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Materials-C8H-C3H-C2H-CHSiOMOLiCaYAlTiNbSi-RInorganic componentsOrganicgroupsofsiloxane(-RSiorganic groups bonded to silicon inorganosiloxane networks are found tosynergistically affect the solid acid/baseproperties arising from inorganic com-ponents(see Figure).This synergisticeffect may result in innovative materialswith applications in fast proton conduc-tors,selective catalysts,efficientmembranes,high-sensitivity sensors,and selective absorbents.2526©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim www.advmat.de Adv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529Adv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529www.advmat.de©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,Weinheim2527Surface-Nucleated Assemblyof Fibrillar Extracellular Matricescollagen (COL),as shown in the Figure,and exhibit increased cell-proliferation rates.Organic TransistorsM.Shkunov,*R.Simms,M.Heeney,S.Tierney,I.McCulloch ...2608–2612Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistors Based on Solution-Processable Blends of Thieno[2,3-b ]thiophene Terthiophene Polymer and MethanofullerenesThin-film field-effect transistors showing n-and p-type conduction under different bias conditions are produced from solution-processable ambipolar blends ofthieno[2,3-b ]thiophene terthiophene polymer and phenyl C 61butyric acid methyl ester (see Figure).Balanced charge transport in this blend is achieved by treating the insulator interface with alkyl-chain plementary-like inverters have been fabricated ona single substrate,showing a maximum gain of 65.SSSSRR **nOOCH Tissue EngineeringH.-W.Jun,V .Yuwono,S.E.Paramonov,J.D.Hartgerink*...............2612–2617Enzyme-Mediated Degradation of Peptide-Amphiphile Nanofiber NetworksPeptide-amphiphile nanofibers are prepared that incorporate a peptide sequence permitting enzyme-mediated degradation (see Figure).Cleavage of the peptide sequence results in breakdown of the nanostructure and,consequently,the mechanical proper-ties.This novel elasticnanofibernetwork is able to encapsulate dental pulp cells,supporting their proliferation and migration,and mimics several key properties of natural extracellular matrix.Materials TestingC.A.Tweedie,D.G.Anderson,nger,K.J.Van Vliet*.................2599–2604Combinatorial Material Mechanics:High-Throughput Polymer Synthesis and Nanomechanical ScreeningCombinatorial materials sciencerequires parallel advances in materials characterization.A high-throughput nanoscale synthesis/nanomechanical profiling approach capable of accurately screening the mechanical properties of 1,700photopolymerizable materials (see Figure,scale bar:100 m)within a large,discrete polymer library ispresented.This approach enables rapid correlation of polymer composition,processing,and structure with mechanical performance metrics.2528©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,Weinheimwww.advmat.deAdv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529Substratetheir concentration is increased.Nanoporous MaterialsG.-D.Fu,Z.Shang,L.Hong,E.-T.Kang,*K.-G.Neoh ..2622–2626Nanoporous,Ultralow-Dielectric-Constant Fluoropolymer Films from Agglomerated and Crosslinked Hollow Nanospheres of Poly(pentafluorostyr-ene)-block -Poly(divinylbenzene)Nanoporous fluoropolymer films with dielectric constants below 2are prepared via consecutive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerizations of pentafluo-rostyrene (PFS)and divinylbenzene (DVB)on silica nanospheres.After agglomera-tion of the nanospheres,crosslinking of the nanospheres by UV ,and removal of the silica cores (see Figure),a nanoporous fluoropolymer film with a dielectric constant as low as 1.7is formed.Metal NanowiresX.M.Sun,Y.D.Li*.........2626–2630Cylindrical Silver Nanowires:Preparation,Structure,and Optical PropertiesCylindrical and pentagonal Ag nano-wires (see Figure)are selectivelyprepared in amorphous carbonaceous sheaths via a controlled hydrothermal reaction.Results indicate that theamorphous coating layer is responsible for the cross-section symmetry selected synthesis.The distinctive optical proper-ties measured fit well with the theoreti-cal predictions,and applications in electronic nanodevices are envisaged.Polymer ElectrolytesA.J.Bhattacharyya,*J.Fleig,Y.-G.Guo,J.Maier ...........2630–2634Local Conductivity Effects in Polymer ElectrolytesRoom-temperature area mapping of polymer electrolyte films at thenanoscale reveals considerable hetero-geneity,with the positional ionicconductivity varying up to four orders of magnitude.Measurements indicate the presence of a bimodal conductivity distribution (see Figure),with highly conducting regions being amorphous but non-percolating at room tempera-ture.Adv.Mater.2005,17,2523–2529www.advmat.de©2005WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co.KGaA,Weinheim2529NanostructuresC.Ma,Z.L.Wang*..........2635–2639Road Map for the Controlled Synthesis of CdSe Nanowires,Nanobelts,and Nanosaws—AStep Towards NanomanufacturingThe first systematic study on the growth of one-dimensional CdSe nanostructures (see Figure)using a vapor–liquid–solid process by varying a wide range of experimental conditions is reported.The results yield a road map for the controlled growth of CdSe nanowires,nanobelts,and nanosaws,and it gives guidance for scaling up the synthesis of CdSe nanostructures.CONFERENCE CALENDAR.............................................2640–2642INDEX.............................................2643–2644。

科技英语翻译

Course DescriptionCourse Title: A Practical Course on EST Translation/ 《实用科技英语翻译》Hours/week: 2 sessions per weekStudents: Second-year students (A–level, Grade 2008)Instructor:Prof. Wei CHEN, Institute for Translation & Intercultural Studies (ITIS), School of Foreign Languages, WHUTReference books:1) Wuqiu FAN. Selections on Practical EST Translation. Foreign LanguagePublishing House. 2001./范武邱。

《实用科技英语翻译讲评》。

外文出版社。

2001年。

2) Zhijie FENG. Essentials for EST Translation. China Translation Publishing House. 2000./冯志杰。

《汉英科技翻译指要》。

中国对外翻译出版公司。

2000年。

3) Xianfa HUA. A New Practical Textbook of English-Chinese Translation. Hubei Education Press. 2001./华先发。

新适用英译汉教程。

湖北教育出版社。

2001年。

4) Chengzhang LIN. An Introduction to English Lexicology. Wuhan University Press.1996./林承璋。

英语词汇学引论。

武汉大学出版社。

1996年。

Objectives:This course aims at training students to develop some elementary translation skills as capable EST translators or CIOs (Chief Information Officers) equipped with some knowledge of lexical and discourse features of EST genres, criteria of EST translation, and aware of the common grammatical mistakes or errors in EST translation, rhetoric devices and logics through translation theories study and translating practice.《实用科技英语翻译》是以科技英语文体的词汇语篇特征、科技英语翻译的标准、科技英语翻译的常见语法错误、修辞问题和逻辑问题为主要内容，以科技英语翻译理论为指导，在科技英语翻译实践的基础上，集多种教学模式和教学手段为一体的教学体系。

英语专业学生推荐读物

一年级推荐书目一、轻松读经典丛书（简写本）上海外语教育出版社1．The Turn of the Screw 螺丝在拧紧2．The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德牧师传3．Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记4．The Adventure of Tom Sawyer 汤姆历险记5．Tom Brown’s Schoolday 汤姆布朗的求学生涯6．Robinson Cruseo 鲁宾逊漂流记7．Four Shakespeare’s Commedies 莎士比亚四大喜剧8．Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿9．Twenty Thousand leagues Under the Sea. 海底两万里10．Tess of the D’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝11．Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 艾丽丝漫游奇境记12．Pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见13．David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔14．The Three Musketeers 三个火枪手15．The Mill on the Floss 费洛斯河上的磨房16．The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝里费恩历险记17．Three Shakespeare Tragedies 莎士比亚三个悲剧二、上海译文出版社1．King Solomon’s Mines 所罗门王的宝藏2．The Return of Sherlock Holmes 福尔摩斯归来记3．The Old man and the Sea 老人与海4．The Call of the wild 野性的呼唤三、杂志及报刊1．（English Salon, Reading) 英语沙龙阅读版2. 21st Century 21世纪3. English Square 英语广场四、其他1. 书虫系列·牛津英汉双语读物曼斯菲尔德著出版日期：2004-02-272. 外研社·DK英汉对照百科读物出版日期：2002-08-153. 英语习语与英美文化(跨文化交际丛书) 平洪张国扬4. 钱钟书英文文集2005年9月出版43.9元5. 西行漫记(英汉对照) 出版日期：2005-07-15 ￥68.006. 英语的变易出版日期：2005-07-08 26.97. 看!世界第1/2/3/4辑(英语精短时文译评)(《英语学习》系列丛书)8. 解读美国第1, 2, 3级出版日期：2005-06-139. 英语词汇轻松学习法出版日期：2005-06-0810. 林语堂英文作品选12. 词语的选择与效果蔡基刚出版日期：2005-03-0213. 外语学习策略与方法潘亚玲出版日期：2004-11-0414. 你永远记得……(英文版)裴杰斯著出版日期：2004-10-1015. 爱的风景(情爱卷)(《英语学习》四十年精选本)(第二辑)16. 美语走天下：语言文化篇约翰斯顿著出版日期：2004-04-1217. 美国风俗101则Harry Collis（美）编著出版日期：2004-03-16二年级推荐书目1．The Secret Garden 秘密花园2．Grimm’s Fairy Tales 格林童话集3．Hard Times 艰难时世4．The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤5．Lady Camelli 茶花女6．The Black Tulip 黑郁金香7．Chicken Soul ----- 心灵鸡汤系列Teacher’s Soul, Volunteer’s Soul Traveler’s Soul8．Vanity Fair 名利场9．Pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见10. Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶11. Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感12. Jane Eyre 简爱13．Uncle Tom’s cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋二、杂志及报刊1．English Language learning 英语学习2. Beijing Review 北京周报3. 21st century 21世纪三年级及以上推荐书目1．Wuthering heights呼啸山庄2．God Father 教父3．Gone with the wind飘4．The Thorn Birds荆棘鸟5．The Count of Monte Cristo基度山伯爵6．The Scarlet letter红字7．War and Peace战争与和平8．包法利夫人9． A Farewell to Arms永别了武10．Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹11．A Tale of Two Cities双城记12．A Passage to India 印度之行13．Rebecca蝴蝶梦14．American Tragedy美国悲剧二、杂志及报刊1．English World英语世界2．China Daily中国日报美国文学类读物1、The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne 《红字》霍桑著胡允恒译人民文学出版社2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》马克`吐温著许汝祉译译林出版社3、The Portrait of a Lady Henry James 《贵妇画像》亨利.詹姆斯著项星耀译外国文学出版社4.Moby Dick Herman Melville 《白鲸》麦尔维尔著成时译人民文学出版社5.Martin Eden Jack London 《马丁.伊登》杰克.伦敦著孙法理译译林出版社6.The Great Gatsby F.S. Fitzgerald 《了不起的盖茨比》菲茨杰拉德著姚乃强译人民文学出版社7.The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway 《老人与海》海明威著吴劳译上海译文出版社8.The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck 《愤怒的葡萄》斯坦贝克著9.The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner 《喧嚣与骚动》福克纳著李文俊译上海译文出版社10.Catch 22 Joseph Heller 《第二十二条军规》约瑟夫.海勒著扬下程爱民邹惠玲译译林出版社英国文学类读物1．Hamlet William Shakespeare 《哈姆雷特》莎士比亚著朱生豪译人民文学出版社2．Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe 《鲁宾逊漂流记》丹尼尔.笛福著徐霞村译人民文学出版社3．Gulliver’s Travels Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》斯威夫特著杨昊成译译林出版社4．Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen 《傲慢与偏见》简.奥斯汀著孙致理译译林出版社5．A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens 《双城记》查尔斯.狄更斯著张玲张扬译上海译文出版社6．Vanity Fair William Makepeace Thackeray 《名利场》萨克雷著杨宓译人民文学出版社7．Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte 《简.爱》夏洛蒂?勃朗特著吴钧燮译人民文学出版社8．Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte 《呼啸山庄》艾米莉.勃朗特著方平译上海译文出版社9．Tess of the D’urbervilles Thomas Hardy 《德伯家的苔丝》托马斯.哈代著张谷若译人民文学出版社10、The Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad 《黑暗的心》约瑟夫.康拉德著黄雨石译浙江文艺出版社翻译类读物1 汉英词语翻译探微杨全红汉语大词典出版社12.002 英汉汉英段落翻译与实践蔡基刚复旦大学出版社15.003 中级英语笔译模拟试题精解齐乃政中国对外翻译出版公司22.004 汉译英口译教程吴冰外语教学与研究出版社19.905 实用英汉翻译教程申雨平戴宁外语教学与研究出版社13.906 英美文化与英汉翻译汪福祥伏力外文出版社11.007 汉译英实用技能训练孙海晨外文出版社16.808 高级翻译评析王大伟孙艳上海交通大学出版社14.509 同声口译金话筒侯国金大连理工大学出版社12.0010 英汉口译实用教程宋天锡国防工业出版社26.0011 英汉翻译技巧示例毛荣贵范武邱上海交通大学出版社16.5012 实用英语口译（英汉）新编崔永禄等南开大学出版社10.0013 汉英时文翻译贾文波中国对外翻译出版公司11.0014 现代汉英翻译技巧王大伟世界图书出版公司21.6015 汉英语篇翻译强化训练居祖纯清华大学出版社14.0016 英语口译教程吴守谦哈尔滨工程大学出版社17.0017 按实例学英语刘慎军等北京工业大学出版社11.0018 汉英口译入门李长栓外语教学与研究出版社17.9019 中国时尚热点新词速译朱诗向对外经济贸易大学出版社20.0020 英汉翻译综合教程王宏印辽宁师范大学出版社19.0021 实用科技英语翻译讲评范武邱外文出版社13.0022 实用口译手册钟述孔中国对外翻译出版公司12.0023 英汉翻译基础古今明上海外语教育出版社16.5024 教你如何掌握汉译英技巧陈文伯世界知识出版社17.0025 英汉翻译手册惆西董乐山等商务印书馆国际有限公司18.0026 英汉同声传译张维为中国对外翻译出版公司12.0027 高级口译教程梅德明上海外语教育出版社26.3028 高级翻译教程孙万彪王恩铭上海外语教育出版社21.0029 常用英语习语翻译与应用李军韩晓玲青岛海洋大学出版社32.0030 研究生英语翻译陶友兰查国生复旦大学出版社28.0031 高级汉英/英汉口译教程（上下册）王桂珍华南理工大学出版社32 实用英语口译教程冯建忠译林出版社39.5033英汉口译实练冯建忠译林出版社37.0034汉翻译练习集(绝版）庄绎传中国对外翻译出版公司0.8035汉英政治经济词汇内部资料36新汉英外交政治词汇内部资料37汉翻译教程（自考教材）庄绎传外语教学与研究出版17.9038译与听力（自考教材）杨俊峰辽宁大学出版社13.0039互译实践与技巧许建平清华大学出版社20.0040汉英分类口译词典世界图书出版公司28.0041.外事工作人员英语常用分类词汇(绝版）北京出版社1.1042.汉英外事工作常用词汇外文出版社48.0043.汉英分类翻译词典大连理工大学出版社58.00基础英语类读物1 英语短文阅读精华张宜马鸿大连理工大学出版社18.002 英汉介词/副词搭配词典钱建立刘立群大连理工大学出版社26.003 现代英语佳作赏析（共四册）西安交通大学出版社45.004 中式英语之鉴JOAN PINKHAM 外语教学与研究出版社22.905 实用英语表达技巧方亚中武汉大学出版社17.006 全球热点话题英语选读木村哲也外文出版社14.007 实用分类英语惯用法刘学明湖南教育出版社15.208 英语听说诵读实用文选365篇周淑杰天津大学出版社20.00。

the case of Japanese marketing to China

Product adoption and innovation diffusion:the case of Japanese marketing to ChinaS.A.Horn*Department of East Asian Studies,School of Modern Languages and Cultures,University of Leeds,Leeds LS29JT,UKAlong with the growing prominence of China in corporate strategy and decision-taking,Japanese ﬁrms are increasingly aligning their activities to accommodate the shift towards acustomer-led market environment and the advent of a major consumer market on Japan’sdoorstep.This study shows how Japanese ﬁrms adjust their marketing to changes inChinese consumption patterns and address the impact of geographical and socioeconomicvariables on innovation diffusion.By taking a fresh look at the marketing challengesamidst latent consumer ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism,this study generates freshinsights into the reconﬁguration of Japanese marketing and retailing activities in thisemergent market.Keywords:innovation diffusion;Japanese multinational enterprises;marketing inChinaIntroductionJapanese foreign direct investment (FDI)expanded substantially during the 1990s.A signiﬁcant proportion of capital was directed towards China,which quickly emerged as the pre-eminent number one destination of Japanese trade and investment in Asia (JETRO 2007).In recent years,there has been a notable shift away from Japanese-owned,labour-intensive assembly production in China.Japanese multinational enterprises (MNEs)are increasingly active in localising their research and development (R&D),as well as their capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive production in China (NKS 2006a,p.4).While the ﬁrst wave of Japanese FDI in the modern era (1991–1996)was manufacturing-/assembly-driven (reﬂecting the prominence of China in the international division of labour),a new wave of investment is well underway.Since China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)in December 2001,investment in production for sale within China exceeds production for export (third-country,reversed imports),signalling a qualitative and quantitative change in investment strategies of Japanese ﬁrms.This is consistent with the view that Japanese afﬁliates in China have positioned themselves in order to not only use the country as a global workshop and export platform,but also increasingly as a target market.Literature review,theoretical perspectives and research frameworkFollowing the well-established effects of market liberalisation,1the Chinese marketing environment has indeed undergone dramatic changes.This shift is ultimately symbolized ISSN 1360-2381print/ISSN 1743-792X onlineq 2009Taylor &FrancisDOI:10.1080/13602380802667361*Email:s.horn@Asia Paciﬁc Business ReviewVol.15,No.3,July 2009,389–409390S.A.Hornby the increasing centrality of consumption in individual lives and with it the emergence of a consumer society in China.Changes in demand are underpinned by a surge in the spending power of Chinese consumers:estimates predict that by2015more than80%of Chinese urban households will cross the US$3500annual income threshold,rising to90% by2025(Farrell et al.2006),and therefore can be categorized as afﬂuent/aspirational. While regional contrasts in general and the urban-rural divide in particular remain, Japanese manufacturers and retailers are gradually building up the infrastructure in China, with a view to capitalizing on the advent of a large Chinese consumer market.The inﬂux of Western-style shopping environments(‘retailtainment’)andﬂagship stores,the dramatic rise in advertising spending(China has surpassed Germany and the UK and is set to replace Japan as the world’s second largest advertising market after the US,according to NKS2006b,p.2)and the omnipresence of luxury brands(China has established itself as a major market for luxury brands,surpassing Japan as main market,Anon.2005a)all symbolise the advent of China’s market-led economy.Since2002,Japan’s FDI in production for sale within China exceeds export-oriented investments(JETRO2006).The shift from a production-orientation to a market-orientation is a key dimension of the reconﬁguration of China’s position in the global strategies of Japanese corporations(Koˆ2000,p.242).With a saturated domestic market on the one hand,and the envisaged mass consumer market on their doorstep on the other, Japanese corporations are increasingly monitoring this future market.A recent survey among Japanese consumer goods manufacturers revealed thatﬁrms are cautiously planning to extend their operations to China despite the instable environment, counterfeiting2and anti-Japanese sentiments(NKS2005a,p.5,NKS2006c,p.13). In theory,a number of reasons should contribute to the future competitiveness and strong performance of Japaneseﬁrms vis-a`-vis local and foreign competition in China: (1)traditional export-orientation;(2)advanced technology;(3)global distribution system;(4)established manufacturing bases in China itself;(5)experience with the local environment;(6)well-deﬁned global brands;and(7)extensive global marketing competence.However,things are not so easy.Brand rankings are important indicators for both retailing forecasts(top-of-mind and loyalty,for example)and recruitment(employer attractiveness).In Chinese brand rankings,Japanese corporations are less prominent than other international brands.According to the Nomura Research Institute there are only two Japanese corporations listed in the top50valued brands in China:Sony is ranked26th and Matsushita46th(Konomoto2006,Nakajima2006,p.72).While advanced technology and quality of Japanese products are generally valued by Chinese consumers,the overall evaluation is poor.One explanation is that some Japaneseﬁrms do not live up to their international marketing reputation.Japanese brands have consistently received much media coverage,reinforcing negative publicity.Further to this,a persistent anti-Japanese sentiment is prevalent.Public opinion hasﬂared up on several occasions,such as in the case of Japan’s bid to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council or when former Prime Minister Koizumi visited the Yasukuni shrine in2005.These issues shape the attitude of Chinese consumers towards Japanese corporations and brands(Ishii2005, p.35,Jin2006,p.67,NKS2006b,p.2,Kumon2006).Examples of direct consequences included mass demonstrations,consumer boycotts against Japanese goods and the banning of Japanese goods by local retailers.Doing business in China can be a thorny path for foreignﬁrms in general,but as the examples illustrate,for some Japanese corporations it seems thornier than for others.This is not to say that local business does not follow pragmatic rules,and obstacles are certainly not unique to Japanese corporations.Many Japanese corporations have in fact been veryAsia Paciﬁc Business Review391 successful in learning how to adapt to the new rules of engagement in this emerging consumer market,as the following two examples demonstrate.(1)The premium brand Aupres was the key to success in the Chinese market for theJapanese cosmetic manufacturer Shiseido.While giving the brand an exclusive European connotation through the choice of the brand name,Shiseido was careful to use Chinese models and stress the fact that Aupres was developed speciﬁcally for Chinese women in its marketing.At the same time,the company used the well-known Shiseido corporate brand as an indicator of quality and exclusivity.Piggy-backing on the Aupres success,Shiseido introduced a range of medium-priced brands for the Chinese market.Retail channels are carefully chosen to reﬂect the brand appeal of each product line.While the Aupres brand and other high-end Shiseido lines are sold through specialty stores,ﬂagship stores and upscale department stores,other product lines are available through department stores,supermarkets and convenience stores(Anon.2005a,NKS 2005b,p.9,Prasso2005).Currently the company is in the process of expanding its retail network and aims to be among the top three foreign manufacturers in the Chinese cosmetics market.(2)Mazda,the automobile manufacturer,has also successfully targeted Chineseluxury markets.Mass marketization and price wars with low-cost Chinese brands were avoided by concentrating on premium segments.On the basis of extensive consumer research the brand was carefully developed,after-sales services introduced(Shanghai Support Centre)and products tailored to the taste of customers.Retail sales per dealership in China are now among the highest in the whole Mazda network(NKS2005c,p.23).Currently the company is intensifying its engagement by localizing manufacturing(together with afﬁliated Hiroshima supply chain partners)to secure the highest quality for the Chinese market.As the above examples indicate,corporate strategies must match consumer proﬁles and reﬂect how and why new(product)ideas spread through cultures.The identiﬁcation and targeting of early adopters(with the potential of trickle-down effects)is key to successful market entry and marketing in China,because they are the ones who select products and technologiesﬁrst,based on their openness to new ideas.In turn,early adopters act as agents and multiplicators for the majority and consumer laggards,resulting in a bell-curve shaped spread of innovation diffusion(Katz1957,Rogers2003,Katz and Lazarsfeld2005).Embedded within the question of opinion leadership,this study seeks to establish the fundamental forces now shaping the marketing reality for Japanese operations in China. The most essential aspects of contemporary China are the advent of consumerism and the inﬂux of modern lifestyles via global brands(the particularly successful diffusion of Japanese premium luxury brands is a case in point).As a manifestation of Chinese consumer behaviour it is obvious that the attitude towards(non-Chinese)innovations,as symbolized by these global brands,is of particular relevance forﬁrms operating in China, including Japanese corporations.Following acculturation theory(Berry1980),reactions may range from open resistance to wholehearted integration into local life.However,the reality of China’s vast regional and socioeconomic differences begs the question whether product diffusion theoryﬁrmly established in a Western context can be applied to this emerging consumer market.This places this study in the context of Appadurai’s(1990) concept of global idea diffusion and extends the seminal work of Steenkamp et al.(1999) on the antecedents of international consumer innovativeness.With reference to the392S.A.Hornidiosyncrasies of the Chinese market,the review deals with the dynamics(and barriers)by which new products diffuse through the population.With their rapid product development strategies and speed-to-market approaches,Japaneseﬁrms are particularly dependent on consumer acceptance and product adoption.This makes them an ideal showcase with regard to understanding the effects of cosmopolitanism and nascent ethnocentrism in China on corporate behaviour.By means of these two acculturation paths the study sheds light on how Japaneseﬁrms enforce their Chinese market presence amidst the consumer poles of openness to,and rejection of,the inﬂux of foreign brands.FindingsKeyﬁndings are discussed from two perspectives:the proclivity of Chinese consumers to (i)accept and(ii)reject Japanese brands.Consumscapes:adoption and product diffusionChina’s economy continues to grow into double-digitﬁgures.The increase in income and spending power signals the long-awaited advent of the ultimate mass market.Shifts in social status(and with it consumer lifestyles)have not gone unnoticed by Japanese retailers and consumer goods manufacturers,many of which are entering quickly to claim a stake in this highly lucrative market.The onset of a middle class with real spending power will change the global marketing map considerably(The Economist2006,O’Leary 2007).With its decisive role in product diffusion,Japanese manufacturers and retailers are now recognizing the importance of the dimension of innovativeness(openness and rejection to change as extreme poles).The attitude towards adoption/innovation directly impacts on the diffusion of leading-edge technology products in China.Due to their technology-intensive portfolio of products,the identiﬁcation of socioeconomically innovative clusters(and potential barriers)is crucial for the successful marketing planning of Japaneseﬁrms in China,as they seek control over diffusion patterns.To state the obvious:because of its diversity and size,China must be treated as a continental entity (with ramiﬁcations on integration and differentiation approaches).The Chinese consumer market is as heterogeneous as any other market in the world.It is highly diverse both in terms of socioeconomics and geography.Both emerge as key variables in the diffusion of innovation in their role as fundamental local lifestyle shapers in China. Socioeconomic demography in ChinaIn2007,the total population of China stood at1.321billion.Of course,lifestyles vary across the different age and gender brackets but there is a common thread of growing willingness to consume,which is detectable in the main demographic groups.It is important to note,however,that location is a key dimension of socioeconomic disparity. The trend of a rural-urban income divide(with an income difference of40%)is predicted to intensify exponentially in the next decade.High-income(more than US$10,000)and medium-income(US$2500–4000)households are primarily located in metropolitan areas (Anon.2005b).This coincides with the recent inﬂux of Japanese convenience store formats,reﬂecting increases in disposable income paired with changes in urban lifestyles. Following deregulation,top Japanese franchise formats,such as convenience stores (7-Eleven,Lawson),fast food chains(Mos Food,Yoshinoya)and services(such as hair stylist Asakura)have heavily extended their presence in major conurbation areas(NKS 2004,p.4,NKS 2007b,p.4)and are currently planning to shift their focus to second-and third-tier regions (NKS 2006i,p.6).Even within metropolitan areas such as Beijing,stark income differences exist.Accordingly,the Japanese retail group Seven &I has developed its convenience store chain 7-Eleven in key areas of afﬂuence (following a dominance strategy to take control of the market)as can be seen in Figure 1.China’s socio-demographic diversity translates into a fragmented and ﬂuctuating consumer market with highly contrasting segments.The analysis and deﬁnition of target segments are the basics of marketing in any market,but Japanese ﬁrms show a particular strength in deﬁning target segments and brand positioning.Their marketing apparatus is geared towards rapid product development,short product lifecycles and staccato product introduction.This speed-to-market approach is also key to their success in China.They pay meticulous attention to consumer innovativeness and rely on their ability to keep track of the fast-paced changes of Chinese consumers’lifestyles.Word-of-mouth communication plays a major role in their strategy and with it the identiﬁcation of early adopter segments that have the ability to act as a carrier for product diffusion.While the goalposts of income threshold are being constantly moved in China,Japanese ﬁrms target wealthier segments that can afford their products in the hope of trickle-down effects.Generally,Japanese corporations divide the Chinese market into three consumer clusters:nouveaux riches,middle class and blue cated,in full employment and afﬂuent (more than US$7000income),it is the ﬁrst cluster and the upper echelon of the second cluster in particular that they target (Kwak 2004,p.224),leaving the mass market to domestic ﬁrms for the present.Due to the limited predictability of socio-demographic variables,Japanese market research companies that have followed Japanese business partners to China (NKS 2005d,p.9,NKS 2006d,p.4,NKS 2007a,p.2)enrich this with qualitative information around lifestyle,motivation and values (among others).Despite the level ofsocio-demographicFigure 1.7-Eleven and Itoˆ-Yo ˆkado ˆretail outlets in Beijing city centre:a stylised map.Source:Compiled from data available on the 7-Eleven homepage,China.Asia Paciﬁc Business Review 393394S.A.Hornfragmentation,two major trends can be isolated in order to shed light on current consumer lifestyles that inﬂuence and determine innovativeness.These will for the time being be restricted to afﬂuent urban areas,although trickle-down effects can be anticipated in other regions of(metropolitan)China.Me-ism and individuality.Young Chinese consumers have quickly shed communist thoughts of putting society and community before the self and individuality.With the advance of market-oriented work and life patterns,they are increasingly focused on self-satisfaction and on expressing their individuality.A longitudinal study conducted by the research organisation Gallup found that self-satisfaction has advanced to become the primary motivator for private consumption inﬁrst-tier Chinese cities,while the number of respondents agreeing to statements such as‘work hard and get rich’and‘never think of self;give in service of society’has dropped quite sharply between1994and2004 (McEwen et al.2006).A recent study among women aged between20–49years in urban China mapped outﬁve segments and found the largest concentration of people(33%)in a cluster called‘life-seeker’,which depicts an individualistic and independent lifestyle (Anon.2005b).Thisﬁnding is further conﬁrmed by a cluster analysis of changing lifestyles among Hong Kong women,who in this context can be seen as a role model for other Chinese women.The largest cluster in this study,dubbed‘individualist’,scored particularly high on socioeconomic independence and the pursuit of freedom from traditional Chinese values among respondents(Sin et al.2001).The trend towards a more individualistic society in China concerned increasingly with conveying individualism through consumption is a clear indication of the move towards consumerism that characterizes other,far more advanced,consumer societies like Japan or the US.From the perspective of innovation research,this trend is helping to establish the breeding ground for opinion leaders.Aspirations and preparation.Chinese consumers tend to save a disproportionally large part of their total income compared to other consumer societies(a trend that has accelerated due to changes in the welfare system).While this is partly in response to the necessity to build up resources for old age and illness,it also reﬂects a speciﬁc consumer lifestyle, which is generally more concerned with the future than the present.A comparative study by Hakuhoˆdoˆ(2003)found that in the Chinese cities surveyed,over81%of respondents would choose to prepare for the future instead of enjoying the here and now,whereas in Tokyo,52%were inclined to put pleasure in the presentﬁrst.However,the belief in savings for the future is set to change.With the rapid increase of disposable income,it is the younger generation that increasingly exhibits a tendency of openness to hedonistic lifestyles(Horn2005)and a readiness to spend money.Although,disposable income alone does not contribute to product diffusion,the increasing willingness to spend money is a vital stepping stone towards the manifestation of a consumer society.Embedded within these dynamics,sub-segments with the potential to kick-start new trends are emerging.(i)Children and young adults.Increases in disposable income in combination with effects of the one child policy has stimulated a spending boom for this age bracket.Related markets such as clothing,toys,fast food and so forth have consequently witnessed both increases in sales andﬁerce brand competition(NRS2004a,p.5).For example,by making use of local planning and design departments,the Japanese consumer electronic company Sony tailored its Walkman P series to Chinese consumers and launched it successfullyAsia Paciﬁc Business Review395 to this target group(NKS2006e,p.13).The Japanese fashion brand Honey’s has also successfully targeted this young Chinese segment by developing sales outlets as part of a store-in-store strategy(NKS2006f,p.4).Local appeal is the key strategy of Kirin Beverages,which is also targeting young Chinese consumers.With TV commercials and promotional sales events,localized packaging and product adaptation,Kirin is currently focusing on the segment of urban adolescents(NSS2006a,p.24).Mirroring the enthusiasm for Japanese lifestyles in other Asian markets,this group is very open to Japanese brands.(ii)Young professionals.With the start into working life(depending on educational background),disposable income rises and with it the willingness to spend money.This age bracket is the breeding ground for new consumer trends(for example,males with regard to digital equipment,see NRS2004a,p.5).The general openness also extends to global brands in general and Western luxury brands,in particular.Japaneseﬁrms such as Matsushita or Kanebo have identiﬁed this segment as the main driver of innovation(and therefore of brand diffusion)and have started to actively engage with this group(through market research,communication,tailoring products and so forth).The Japanese fashion brand Sanyo for example has identiﬁed female ofﬁce clerks as their main target group in China.Next to its own brand‘Fragile’,Sanyo has licensed the Hong Kong based upscale designer brand Johanna Ho to reﬂect local consumer ing a store-in-store concept,Japanese department stores have been chosen as the main retail channel(NKS 2006g,p.20).With a view to loyalty,retention and brand diffusion relationship marketing are at the core of Sanyo’s China strategy.Some young professionals are key to a large number of consumer trends,appealing to this segment is crucial for Japanese corporations –even more so considering future possibilities(elevator brands)when this segment reaches a more mature age and thus the ability to access higher income levels.This segment already has considerable spending power,and the combination of relatively high ﬁrst incomes on the one hand and few responsibilities,on the other,makes them extremely attractive to marketers.Moreover,in contrast to the overall inclination of Chinese consumers to save a large part of their income and worry about the future,this age group has started to mirror American consumer lifestyles by taking out loans in order toﬁnance their desires(Qiong2005).Combining both individuality and the willingness to consume, successful targeting of this group is central to the success of Japaneseﬁrms in China.(iii)Middle-aged adults.With age rises income.Being the biggest consumer cluster in Chinese society middle-aged adults have attracted considerable attention lately. The economic situation of this demographic segment has been largely affected by recent improvements in the standard of living.Their disposable income has risen sharply.Three sub-groups stand out in particular:(1)Entrepreneurs:private enterprise owners and managers of state owned enterprises(SOEs)are the backbone of the rapid growth of the Chinese economy.Originating in many cases from rural provinces with little to no income, members of this socioeconomic cluster have climbed the social ladder through diligence and rigor leading to a high social status perception.Currently concentrated in the commercial centres of Shanghai and Guangzhou,the size of this group is set to increase in line with growing economic prosperity.Due to their role model function,members of this group are highly desirable targets from a product innovation perspective.They have the necessary means and motivation to become early adopters.Many of them may be considered as nouveaux riches who like to openly consume,with the potential of triggering informationﬂows.Additionally,this consumer cluster is arguably used to independent thinking and thus does not shy away from consumption experiences off the beaten track.(2)Experts:highly educated and(increasingly)well travelled,this segment396S.A.Hornuses specialist know-how to work at various government-funded institutions(professors, technicians,lawyers,etc.).As their skill proﬁle is in high demand,their already well-established social status and image has further increased in recent years.Members of this group are carriers of foreign ideas and lifestyles,disseminating their overseas experience(which they have acquired during their education and profession)to the Chinese society as a whole.While only a relatively small socioeconomic segment,this cluster is key to innovation diffusion.It holds modern values and with their fundamentally positive attitude towards Western lifestyles and products,it has the potential to impact other segments.(3)Salarymen:ordinary ofﬁce workers are a blueprint of the emerging middle class.Members of this group hold mid-and low-level positions in government organizations,private businesses or foreignﬁrms.This segment comprises both lower and higher socioeconomic strata and thus shows a certain inconsistency.While for some members it serves as an aspirational spring-board towards social‘white collar’status (in particular,rural migrants),for others it has become a symbol of increased competition and social downward mobility(in particular,early retirees in the context of restructuring of state-owned enterprises).With economic transition in full swing,this cluster is set to grow exponentially.Two scenarios are possible:either it develops into an undifferentiated super-cluster of the emerging Chinese middle class or–more likely–it fragments into a number of nuanced sub-segments with distinct values and lifestyles.While not innovators themselves,members of this group with their aspirational mindset may form the critical mass of mainstream and laggards in product diffusion in China.While not being as innovative as their younger counterparts,middle-aged Chinese consumers tend to be interested in upscale goods and services,tailored to their needs and lifestyle circumstances.Numerous Japanese brands have actively targeted this segment, including Yamanashi-based Hakubaku(the Japanese cereal manufacturer)who recently introduced a luxury dry noodle brand designed for Chinese consumers only(in the coastal regions).Produced under license near Beijing,the packaging and name,shang pin long xian(high sense,dragonﬂavour),reﬂects the local lifestyle demand(NKSCK2006,p.24). Japanese companies are also targeting middle-class households as in the case of KaneboˆCosmetics.Next to the export of its upmarket brands‘Impress’and‘Lunasol’,Kaneboˆspeciﬁcally developed the skincare brands‘Aqua’and‘Ex’for Chinese consumers, tailoring brand and packaging appeal to local tastes(NSS2006b,p.25,NKS2007c,p.30). It is important to note that many key workers and decision takers(managers,engineers, doctors and so forth),and therefore opinion leaders,can be found in this age bracket. While a general openness to foreign inﬂuences(and brands)can be assumed,this group will equally enjoy local products and services.Nissan is actively engaging with these target segments and hasﬁne-tuned its brand and corporate identity to local needs (for example,in respect of the design of dealerships and so forth).The Japanese car manufacturer takes great care in sales staff selection and training.Nissan perceives sales personnel as the company’s face to customers and goes to great lengths to inﬂuence word-of-mouth communication in China;for example,a contest for the best Nissan sales representative is aired on Guangzhou TV(NKS2006h,p.5).Geographic segmentationIf age has become a decisive factor in Chinese lifestyle consumption(as it is in other societies),the aforementioned location factors play an even bigger role in determining consumer behaviour.Recent lifestyle studies by Japanese advertising think tank Hakuhoˆdoˆattest vast regional value and lifestyle differences across China.From a product。

英文作文教本葛

Unlocking the Potential of EnglishComposition: The葛ApproachIn the realm of education, the teaching of English composition often poses a challenge, especially when it comes to engaging students and fostering creativity. The traditional approach, often rooted in rote learning and机械translation, fails to ignite the spark of interest and curiosity that is crucial for effective learning. Enter the 葛approach, a revolutionary method that aims to transform the way we teach and learn English composition.The葛approach emphasizes the integration of real-world experiences and cultural insights into the composition process. It encourages students to draw from their own backgrounds and perspectives, allowing their unique voices to shine through. This approach recognizes that every student has a unique story to tell, and it provides them with the tools and encouragement to tell it effectively.One of the key features of the葛approach is its emphasis on critical thinking. Students are encouraged to analyze and evaluate various perspectives, rather than simply parroting information. This fosters a deeperunderstanding of the subject matter and cultivates a mindset that is open to diverse viewpoints.Moreover, the葛method incorporates the use of multimedia and technology to make learning more interactive and engaging. By leveraging digital tools, students can explore a wide range of resources, enhancing their understanding and appreciation of the English language.The implementation of the葛approach requires a shift in mindset among both teachers and students. Teachers need to embrace a more student-centered approach, fostering a learning environment that is conducive to creativity and exploration. Students, on the other hand, need to be open to trying new methods and embracing their own voices and perspectives.The benefits of adopting the葛approach are numerous. It not only improves students' English composition skills but also cultivates their critical thinking, creativity, and cultural awareness. By fostering a more inclusive and engaging learning environment, the葛method has the potential to revolutionize the way we teach and learn English composition.In conclusion, the葛approach offers a freshperspective on English composition teaching and learning.By integrating real-world experiences, fostering critical thinking, and leveraging technology, it has the potentialto transform the learning experience and foster a new generation of English composition students who are not only skilled writers but also critical thinkers and culturally aware individuals.**解锁英文作文的潜力：葛方法**在教育领域，英文作文的教学往往是一个挑战，尤其是当涉及到激发学生兴趣和培养创造力时。

《人间天堂》两英译本翻译特征对比研究

《人间天堂》两英译本翻译特征对比研究
概述：《人间天堂》是一部中国作家鲁迅的小说，讲述了在孤儿院长大的小男孩阿普的故事。

这篇论文对比了两个英文翻译版本，探讨了它们在翻译特征上的差异。

方法：本研究选取了两个较为知名的英文翻译版本进行对比分析。

对比原作与翻译版本之间的句子结构和语言风格的差异。

然后，分析翻译版本中的文化转换和文化差异的处理方式。

通过读者调查问卷收集了读者对两个翻译版本的评价和理解程度，并进行统计分析。

结果：通过对比分析发现，两个翻译版本在句子结构和语言风格上存在一些差异。

其中一个版本更注重保留原作的文化特色，使用较为正式的语言，而另一个版本更注重适应英语读者的口味，使用更加通俗的语言。

在文化转换和文化差异的处理方式上，两个版本也有一些不同。

一个版本更加直接地翻译了原作中的文化特征，而另一个版本进行了更多的解释和调整。

问卷调查的结果显示，读者对于两个翻译版本的理解程度有一定的差异，但整体上对原作的主题和故事情节理解较为一致。

讨论：两个翻译版本之间的差异一方面反映了翻译者的个人风格和选择，另一方面也受到目标读者群体和文化背景的影响。

从读者调查结果来看，两个版本对读者的影响并不显著，读者都能够理解原作的主题和故事情节。

在保留原作的文化特色和传达原作意图方面，仍有一定的改进空间。

软土地基建筑物不入楼注浆顶升纠偏实践

Value Engineering1工程概况浙江宁波某4层砌体结构建筑物，东西长21.6m 、南北进深8.7m ，共有宿舍40间，总建筑面积852m 2，建成于20世纪80年代、天然地基（地基为饱和软土）筏板基础。

建筑物向南倾斜11.2‰，向西倾斜8.1‰，其一层地面返潮、墙裙霉变、汛期浸水，显著影响其使用功能。

采用了不入楼多路同步注浆顶升纠偏方案，先后布设32路顶升注浆管、总顶升纠偏注浆量248770L ，实现多路同步注浆顶升纠偏目标：最大抬升量196mm ；建筑物南北向倾斜率最大1.6‰，东西向最大2.6‰。

2房屋现状建筑物东西两侧是作为文化遗产保护的围墙，建筑物向南倾斜11.2‰，向西倾斜8.1‰，其一层地面返潮、墙裙霉变、汛期浸水，显著影响其使用功能，图示见图1。

3原因分析根据地区经验，简要分析如下：①竖井开挖发现，筏板下为混合山砂、瓦砾的素填土，厚约0.8m ，缺失硬壳层，素填土下为饱和淤泥质粘土层，该层厚度超过10m ，该房屋南侧各房间均设有外挑阳台，导致房屋重心相对于形心南移，此为房屋整体向南倾斜的因素；②房屋西侧为混合道路，不乏载重车辆通行，由于缺失硬壳层，车辆通行的振动导致高灵敏度淤泥质粘土受到车辆通行扰动，此为房屋整体向西倾斜的因素；③天然地基的4层房屋，基底附加应力接近下卧层承载力，低渗透性、高压缩性的下卧层，在附加应力作用下缓慢固结，经年累月的固结沉降导致室内地坪低于室外，此为汛期浸水、地面返潮的因素；④宁波地处东南沿海，周期性的梅雨季，叠加房屋台汛期周期性浸水、返潮。

此为一层墙裙霉变之因素。

4方案设计由于地势低洼、汛期浸水，一层地面返潮严重，常规的迫降纠偏会加剧这种现象；而常规的顶升纠偏由于需要构建临时性的顶升上盘、并须截断原建筑物同其基础的连接，顶升结束后再行拆除上盘、恢复连接，施工过程制造了较多的建筑垃圾，同时对原有的建筑功能和结构造成毁坏，顶升结束恢复、加固工作量大，整体而言，“无用”工作比较多，一楼内还需腾空；因而决定采用既不搬迁又不动原建筑、结构、装饰的不入楼注浆顶升纠偏方案。

外文翻译

Aroma development from non-ﬂoral grape precursors by wine lactic acid bacteriaP.Hernandez-Orte a,*,M.Cersosimo b ,N.Loscos a ,J.Cacho a ,E.Garcia-Moruno b ,V.Ferreira aa Laboratory for Flavor Analysis and Enology,Department of Analytical Chemistry,Faculty of Sciences,University of Zaragoza,50009Zaragoza,Spain bCRA-Centro di Ricerca per L’Enologia,Via Pietro Micca,35.14100Asti,Italya r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 2October 2008Accepted 22February 2009Keywords:Wine aroma BacteriaMalolactic fermentation Oenococcus LactobacillusAroma precursors Grapea b s t r a c tA fraction of glycosidic precursors extracted from different non-ﬂoral grapes was reconstituted with a synthetic wine and was fermented by lactic acid bacteria belonging to different genera previously selected for their glycosidase activity (Oenococcus oeni,Lactobacillus brevis,Lactobacillus casei).Malolactic fermentation was allowed to take place for 45days,but was only complete for O.oeni .Wines were ana-lyzed by sensory analysis and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in order to determine sensory descriptors and volatile composition.Both O.oeni and Lactobacillus strains were able to release,in the conditions tested (model wine),terpenes,norisoprenoids,phenols and vanillins.Although only small increments in the concentrations were observed,the presence of bacteria caused a broad change on the odour proﬁle of the samples.Ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionGlycosidic precursors in grapes can be found as D -glucopyrano-sides in which the volatile aglycone is linked to a single D -glucopyr-anose by a b -glycoside bond.They can also occur as disaccharides,in which the D -glucopyranose is combined with a second sugar molecule such as a -L -arabinofuranose,a -L -rhamnopyranose or a -L -apiofuranose (Gunata,Bitteur,Brillouet,Bayonove,&Cordon-nier,1988;Williams,Strauss,Wilson,&Massy Westropp,1982a).These precursors constitute a reserve of potential active aroma molecules that can be released during the winemaking process or during wine aging,thus increasing wine complexity (Williams et al.,1982a ).Several procedures can be used to enhance wine aroma by releasing aroma compounds from glycosidic precursors,including the use of b -glycosidases or heat to accelerate acid hydrolysis.Both methods have important limitations to be applied at industrial mercial b -glycosidases enzymes can often show secondary activities than can have a negative effect on wine quality and fast acid hydrolysis can produce rearrangements in the aglycone struc-ture (Williams,Strauss,Wilson,&Massy Westropp,1982b ),to-gether with the formation of undesirable ﬂavours.In previous papers (Hernández-Orte et al.,2008)the ability of several Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts to release ar-oma compounds from grape ﬂavour precursors was been studied.Most of the strains tested had the ability to enhance varietal aroma of wine by hydrolysis of glycosides.Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)can also contribute signiﬁcantly to the formation of wine aroma during the winemaking process.Malolac-tic fermentation (MLF)can be effected by several LAB genera such as Oenococcus ,Lactobacillus and Pediococcus (Bartowsky,2005;du Plessis,Dicks,Pretorius,Lambrechts,&du Toit,2004).However,in most cases,it is carried out by Oenococcus oeni species since they are the best adapted to the low pH and high ethanol concentration conditions of wine.Although some reports about b -glycosidase activity of LAB genera are available,data are in some cases contra-dictory.Grimaldi et al.(Grimaldi,Bartowsky,&Jiranek,2005;Grim-aldi,McLean,&Jiranek,2000)found that several O.oeni strains presented a signiﬁcant glycosidase activity.Boido,Lloret,Medina,Carrau,and Dellacassa (2002),in spite of proving the b -glycosidic activity of O.oeni during malolactic fermentation of Tannat wines,only found a small increase in volatile compounds,which could be due to the stable association of volatile compounds with polysac-charide macromolecules produced by O.oeni .By contrast,Ugliano,Genovese,and Moio (2003)using a model wine containing a mixture of glycosides extracted from Muscat wine,found four commercial O.oeni strains able to release terpenic compounds from glycosidic precursors.Similarly,D’Incecco et al.(2004)found a signiﬁcant release of several glycosidically bound aglycons dur-ing malolactic fermentation using one O.oeni strain in synthetic0963-9969/$-see front matter Ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.02.023Abbreviations:ANOVA,analysis of variance;PCA,principal component analysis;LAB,lactic acid bacteria;MLF,malolactic fermentation.*Corresponding author.Fax:+34976761292.E-mail address:puhernan@unizar.es (P.Hernandez-Orte).Food Research International 42(2009)773–781Contents lists available at ScienceDirectFood Research Internationalj o ur na l h om e pa ge :w w w.e ls e v ie r.c om /lo c at e /f oo dr esmedium containing a glycosidic extract of Chardonnay wine.Grim-aldi et al.(2005)have recently carried out a screening of the glyco-sidase activity of several Lactobacillus and Pediococcus strains.Such activity was measured using p-nitrophenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG)as substrate and the effect on the activity of variables such as pH,temperature,ethanol and sugar content was determined. However,there is not information about the ability of such strains to release volatile compounds from glycosidic precursors.The aim of this work is to assess the ability of several LAB to change the volatile fraction of wine by releasing aroma compounds (such as volatile phenols,terpenes,lactones,norisoprenoids and vanillins)from grapeﬂavour precursors.Data on the glycosidase activity of several LAB species of the genera Oenococcus,Lactobacil-lus and Pediococcus are presented in this study.The LAB have been inoculated in a model wine containing grapeﬂavour precursors previously extracted from several non-ﬂoral grapes.2.Material and methods2.1.Bacterial strains and the growth conditionsA total of10O.oeni strains(5001,5004,5005,5008,5011,5015, 5031,5106,5117,5120),8Lactobacillus strains(5032,5033,5034, 5185,5190,5197,5199,5200)and2Pediococcus parvulus strains (5173,5174)were studied(Table1).All belong to the collection of the CRA-Centro di Ricerca per l’Enologia in Asti and were origi-nally isolated from musts or wines from various wine-producing areas in Italy and other countries.O.oeni strains were cultured in de Man Rogosa Sharpe(MRS) broth(Merck,Darmstadt,Germany)at pH4.8.Strains of the genera Lactobacillus and Pediococcus were cultured in MRS broth at pH5.8. All bacteria were incubated at30°C.Cellular growth was moni-tored in all cases by the measure of absorbance at600nm.The relationship between cellular population and absorbance was established by preparing a standard curve of absorbance vs.cellu-lar population.One unit of absorbance at600nm corresponded to around2.5Â109cell/mL.Cultures were diluted(1/5)in distilled water before the absorbance ctobacillus and Pedio-coccus strains were cultured in the MRS medium for48h until pop-ulations were higher than109cells/mL.In the case of Oenococcus strains,similar populations were obtained after one week.These cultures were kept at4°C overnight until their use in the subse-quent experiments.2.2.Determination of b-glucosidase activitySuch activity was determined following the method proposed by Mateo and Di Stefano(1997)with some slight modiﬁcations. An aliquot of the cultures kept at4°C was inoculated into the ster-ile MRS medium contained in sterile50mL tubes and incubated at 30°C.When the culture reached an optical density equivalent to 50Â106cells/mL,20mL of the culture were centrifuged at 5000rpm for10min and the supernatant was discarded.The pellet obtained was washed with10mL of NaCl(0.9%;w/v),centrifuged and re-suspended in10mL of buffer(citrate/phosphate0.2M,pH 5).The mixture was then incubated at30°C for24h in order to avoid carbon catabolite repression of glycosidase enzymes(Ribé-reau-Gayon,Glories,Maujean,&Dubourdieu,2000).All these oper-ations were carried out under sterile conditions.After24h,inocula were centrifuged again,and pellets were re-suspended in2mL of a citrate/phosphate buffer(0.2M pH5)containing7mM of p-nitro-phenyl-b-D-glucopyranoside(p-PNG,Fluka,Buchs,Switzerland) and incubated at25°C for2h.The reaction was then stopped by adding2mL of Na2CO30.1M(pH10.2),the samples wereﬁltered (0.22l m)and their absorbance was read at400nm.All assays were performed in duplicate.The relative activity was calculated by normalizing the absorbance at400nm to the cellular popula-tion(cells/mL).2.3.Preparation of the precursor extractThe precursors were extracted from four different non-ﬂoral grape varieties(Verdejo,Chardonnay,Garnacha and Tempranillo) in order to obtain a complex‘‘multivarietal”pool of precursors. The procedure was based on that described by Ibarz,Ferreira,Her-nandez-Orte,Loscos,and Cacho(2006)with slight modiﬁcations. Grapes were treated in batches of500g of grapes of a single vari-ety,and were destemmed by hand and homogenized with an Ultra Turrax T25Basic mixer(Ika,Labortechnik)in the presence of 0.13M NaF and50mg/L ascorbic acid.The triturate was centri-fuged at4500rpm for15min at5°C to separate the must from the skins,followed by aﬁltration throughﬁlter paper.The mashes of skins obtained(around80g per batch)were suspended in 380mL of a buffer solution(0.1M Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4)at pH7 and13%(v/v)ethanol and allowed to macerate in the dark(36h, 20°C,nitrogen atmosphere)to extract the precursors.This solution was centrifuged at4500rpm for15min at20°C,and the superna-tant wasﬁltered throughﬁlter paper.Ethanol was removed by vac-uum distillation at room temperature in a rotary evaporator.This solution(ca.260mL per batch)is the‘‘macerate”.The must(ca. 300mL per batch)and the macerate were percolated through two LiChrolut EN(1300mg,Merck,Darmstadt,Germany)resin beds(previously pre-conditioned with32mL of dichloromethane, 32mL of methanol and65mL of water).In both cases the column was washed with26mL of water,and then with40mL of a pen-tane:dichloromethane(2:1;v/v)mixture.The retained precursors wereﬁnally eluted with50mL of an ethyl acetate:methanol(9:1 v/v)mixture(ethyl acetate extract).Three batches per variety were processed,and the corresponding ethyl acetate extracts were mixed and evaporated under vacuum to dryness.These dry ex-tracts were reconstituted in20mL of a50%ethanol solution.Final-ly,the macerate and must extracts for the4varieties were mixed to form the multivarietal mix used to spike the model wines.Table1Lactic acid bacteria strains used in this study.Distribution of b-glucosidase activityamong O.oeni,Lactobacillus and Pediococcus bacteria strains.Species Strain Relative activity a pH5Oenococcus oeniO5001+O5015+O5008+++O5005+++O5004+++O5011+O5031+O5102+++O5106+++O5117ÀLactobacillushilgardii L5034+L5032Àbrevis L5033ÀL5197+++paracasei L5185+L5190+casei L5199+++L5200+++Pediococcus parvulus P5173ÀP5174À(À)no detected;(+)relative activity<100;(++)relative activity between100and200;(+++)relative activity>200.a Relative activities were calculated normalizing absorbance at400nm to thecellular population(cells/mL)using this formula:(abs/cellular population)Â106774P.Hernandez-Orte et al./Food Research International42(2009)773–7812.4.Malolactic fermentation:media and fermentation conditionsMalolactic fermentation was carried out using a model wine consisting of11%(v/v)of ethanol,5g/L of tartaric acid,3g/L of L (+)malic acid,0.2g/L of acetic acid,2g/L of D-glucose,2g/L of D-fructose,0.2g/L of NaCl,1g/L of(NH4)2SO4,2g/L of K2HPO4, 0.2g/L of MgSO47ÁH2O,0.05g/L of MnSO4ÁH2O and2g/L of yeast extract.KOH1N was used to adjust pH to3.5.The composition of this growth medium was similar to that described by Ugliano et al.(2003),but the concentration of some constituents such as ethanol,malic acid and pH was modiﬁed.The medium was steril-ized byﬁltration(0.22l m).Eight bacteria strains with the strongest b-glucosidase activity (Table1)were selected for malolactic fermentation.New cultures were prepared as described in Section2.1.Cultures kept at4°C were allowed to reach room temperature for1h and then an ali-quot to obtain106cells/mL was taken and sub-cultured at20°C in a1:1model wine dilution with sterile water in order to achieve a better adaptation of the bacteria to the alcoholic medium.O.oeni strains were incubated in the1:1model wine dilution for5days, while Lactobacillus strains were incubated for48h.Fermentations were carried out in duplicate using150mL-Erlenmeyerﬂasksﬁlled with100mL of the sterile model wine. The precursor extract was added to reach approximately the same precursor concentration in must(26mL of extract per L of model wine).Next,a volume of inocula(in the1:1model wine dilution) was added to the model wine to obtain108cells/mL.The Erlen-meyerﬂasks were incubated at20°C,without agitation and in ab-sence of oxygen.Several control samples were also prepared in duplicate and they were kept in the same conditions for the same period of time as the samples commented above.Control sample labelled as‘‘B prec”was the model wine supplemented with the precursor ex-tract(at the same concentration as above)and not inoculated.Con-trol sample labelled as‘‘O5106B”was the un-supplemented model wine inoculated with O.oeni5106bacteria.Finally,control sample labelled as‘‘L5199B”was the un-supplemented model wine inoc-ulated with Lactobacillus casei5199bacteria.Malolactic fermentation was monitored by the determination of malic acid every15days using HPLC(Cane,1990).Malic acid deg-radation curves can be seen in Fig.1.After45days of fermentation, wines were centrifuged and the supernatants were then bottled and kept for two days at4°C.After this time,samples were ana-lyzed by sensory analysis and volatile compounds were determined.2.5.Extraction and analysis of minor volatile compounds(SPE and GC–Ion Trap–MS analysis)This analysis was carried out using the method proposed and validated by López,Aznar,Cacho,and Ferreira(2002).The method was modiﬁed to use a smaller quantity of sample and also incorpo-rates an added washing step in order to improve the chromato-graphic resolution.In accordance with this method,15mL of wine,containing10l L of a surrogate standards solution(isopropyl propanoate,3-octanone,heptanoic acid and b-damascone, 2000l g/g in ethanol),was passed through a50mg LiChrolut EN cartridge previously pre-conditioned(2mL of dichloromethane, 2mL of methanol and2mL of a12%ethanol solution).The sorbent was washed with5mL of40%(v/v)methanol solution and dried by letting air pass through(À0.6bar,10min).Analytes were recov-ered by elution with600l L of dichloromethane.An internal stan-dard solution(4-methyl-4-pentanol,4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone and2-octanol,at a concentration of350,450and 500l g/g,respectively,in dichloromethane)was added to the eluted sample.The extract was then analyzed by GC with Ion Trap–MS detection under the conditions described below.2.6.Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry conditionsGas chromatographic analysis was performed with a CP-3800 chromatograph coupled to a Saturn2200ion trap mass spectro-metric detection system from Varian(Sunnyvale,CA,USA).A DB-WAXETR capillary column(J&W Scientiﬁc,Folsom,CA,USA) (60mÂ0.25mm I.D.,ﬁlm thickness0.5l m)preceded by a 3mÂ0.25mm uncoated(deactivated,intermediate polarity)pre-column from Supelco(Bellefonte,PA,USA)was used.Helium was the carrier gas at aﬂow rate of1mL/min.The oven temperature program was3min at40°C,10°C/min up to90°C,2°C/min up to230°C andﬁnally held at this temperature for37min.Initially the injector was kept at35°C for0.3min and a pressure pulse of 25psi for2.60min was applied.The injector was then heated to 250°C at rate of200°C/min.The splitless time was2.60min.Silan-ized glass wood was used as a packing material in the insert.The injection volume was4l L.The global run time was recorded in full scan mode(40–220m/z mass range).The chromatographic data were analyzed by Varian Saturn GC–MS Version 6.3software (López et al.,2002).2.7.Sensory analysisThe sensory panel consisted of six females and two males,with ages ranging from25to50,all of them belonging to the laboratory staff and with considerable experience in sensory analysis.Sensory descriptive analysis was carried out using a non-structured scale developed in the CRA–Centro de Ricerca per l’Enologia,Asti(Cra-vero&Ubigli,2002).This scale consisted of an aroma wheel with as many radii(62mm long)as aroma descriptors which divided the wheel into equal sectors.All the aroma terms(see Figs.3a, 3b)were adapted from the aroma wheel developed by Noble et al.(1987)(the description of the sensory terms was reported right there).These aroma terms were identiﬁed in previous tas-tings as the most appropriate to describe the wines,following stan-dardized practices(ISO6564:1985and4121:1987).Wines were presented in coded,tulip-shaped glasses.Two sessions per day were performed,and six samples per session were presented to the panellists.Judges were asked to mark the perceived aroma term in the corresponding radius and to score its intensity accord-ing to the distance of the mark to the centre of the circle(the long-er the distance,the higher the intensity).Then,distances were measured and the average of the distances given by all judges was used.P.Hernandez-Orte et al./Food Research International42(2009)773–7817752.8.Statistical treatmentThe analysis of variance was carried out with the statistical pro-gramme Stat View (SAS Institute,Cary,NC,USA).Principal Compo-nent Analysis (PCA)was carried out using The Unscrambler (Camo Asa,Oslo,Norway)for windows,version 7.5.3.Results and discussion3.1.Study of the b -glycosidase activity of different lactic acid bacteria strainsThe glycosidase activities of 20lactic acid bacteria strains belonging to different genera were screened using p-NPG as sub-strate at pH 5.Results of this assay are presented in Table 1.As can be seen,eight strains showed a high hydrolytic activity and were selected for the subsequent study.Among these bacteria strains,there were ﬁve O.oeni strains,two L.casei strains and one Lactobacillus brevis strain.3.2.Role of bacteria in the release and formation of volatile compounds from grape precursorsFor this work,the bacteria showing highest glycosidase activity (O.oeni 5008,5005,5004,5102and 5106;L.casei 5199and 5200;and L.brevis L5197)in the previous study were selected.Such bac-teria were inoculated into a synthetic wine enriched also in glyco-sidic precursors extracted from grapes.It should be remarked that only O.oeni strains,out of the eight different strains tested,were able to carry out malolactic fermentation and that none of the Lac-tobacillus strains were able to transform malic acid in 45days (Fig.1).Thus,the changes caused in the odorant composition by Lactobacillus ,appear to be linked to the enzymatic activities rather than the bacterial metabolism associated with MLF.Results of the analysis of the volatile composition of the sam-ples after 45days incubation are presented in Table 2.The pres-ence of aroma compounds in the un-inoculated synthetic media with precursors (B prec)should be attributed exclusively to the natural acid hydrolysis of glycosides.While the presence of aroma compounds in the un-supplemented model wine (O5106B and L5199B)should be due to the metabolism of the bacteria.Only two pairs of these control samples were prepared,one inoculated with O.oeni 5106and the other inoculated with L.casei 5199.A rough indication of the changes in the precursor fraction induced by the presence of bacteria is given at the end of the Table 2by the ‘‘total sum”term.Such term represents the summation of all the volatiles found,and although it does not take into account the fact that some volatiles are actually found at lesser concentra-tions in the samples kept with bacteria,it can provide a ﬁrst approximation to the intensity of the changes.As this indicator suggests,the changes are not very acute at least from the quantita-tive point of view,and the total mass of volatiles found in the dif-ferent samples is not very different to that found in the control (B prec).In fact,in the cases of L.brevis 5197and O.oeni 5106,this va-lue is nearly the same as that found in the control sample,while in the rest the content in total volatiles has just been increased by a meagre 20%.This could be due to the existence of some processes causing the partial loss of the volatile compound released by glyco-side hydrolysis,as previously reported by other authors (Boido et al.,2002;Ugliano &Moio,2006).According to this hypothesis,vol-atile compounds could be adsorbed on polysaccharides and pepti-doglycans produced by O.oeni during MLF.However,things are slightly different from the qualitative point of view,as it can be seen in Fig.2.This ﬁgure shows the projection of the different samples on the Principal Component planes ob-2,6-D i m e t h y l -1,7-o c t a d i e n -3,6-d i o l a0.15±0.080.14±0.060.15±0.020.15±0.010.07±0.020.10±0.030.11±0.020.18±0.080.09±0.02n dn dT e r p i n y l a c e t a t e a0.24±0.040.25±0.080.26±0.050.23±0.050.15±0.000.17±0.040.25±0.010.23±0.000.14±0.00n d n d 3,7-D i m e t h y l -1,5-o c t a d i e n -3,7-d i o l a1.45±0.221.54±0.281.54±0.061.64±0.211.74±0.061.20±0.051.63±0.201.54±0.111.11±0.15n dn dN e r i c a c i d a2.79±0.323.12±0.993.02±0.102.81±0.322.87±0.302.30±0.112.67±0.002.60±0.021.97±0.07n dn dS u m7.828.0610.810.910.96.6710.87.596.892.622.49M i s c e l l a n e o u s F u r f u r a l 0.95±0.090.83±0.170.67±0.050.67±0.020.70±0.080.66±0.120.77±0.200.72±0.070.90±0.060.74±0.090.71±0.09P a n t o l a c t o n e *2.08±0.152.24±0.072.20±0.082.66±0.292.52±0.032.10±0.122.26±0.151.81±0.141.92±0.182.05±0.061.94±0.07S u m2.912.922.873.363.172.872.982.712.882.792.64A c i d s I s o v a l e r i c a c i d 13.2±4.1014.1±0.8412.7±0.5014.5±1.3014.9±1.1215.8±0.5617.7±3.6015.4±0.7518.1±0.0817.3±1.6119.7±1.092-M e t h y l b u t y r i c a c i d4.08±1.504.65±0.214.05±0.284.71±0.434.81±0.345.06±0.085.78±1.554.92±0.115.74±0.075.66±0.596.19±0.63S u m 17.318.816.819.319.720.823.520.323.82,925.9eT o t a l s u m26326926225822922925226422997.2138n d :N o t d e t e c t e d .a C h e m i c a l s t a n d a r d n o t a v a i l a b l e .T e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i ﬁe d .D a t a a r e t h e r e l a t i v e a r e a s (t o 4-h y d r o x y -4-m e t h y l -2-p e n t a n o n e Â1000).b L a c t o b a c i l l u s s t r a i n s d i d n o t c o m p l e t e M L F ,b u t t h e y w e r e k e p t a t 20°C f o r 45d a y s i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e p r e c u r s o r e x t r a c t .c B p r e c w a s t h e u n -i n o c u l a t e d s y n t h e t i c m e d i a w i t h p r e c u r s o r e x t r a c t k e p t a t 20°C f o r 45d a y s .d O 5106B a n d L 5199B :u n -s u p p l e m e n t e d m o d e l w i n e i n o c u l a t e d w i t h O 5106a n d L 5199,r e s p e c t i v e l y .e T o t a l s u m i s t h e s u m o f a l l a r o m a c o m p o u n d s .*S i g n i ﬁc a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n b a c t e r i a l s t r a i n s a t p <0.05(f r o m t h e A N O V A s t u d y ,n o n e o f t h e c o n t r o l s a m p l e s w e r e i n c l u d e d ).P.Hernandez-Orte et al./Food Research International 42(2009)773–781777tained from data in Table2.The plots show that the presence of bacteria has a quite intense effect on the volatile composition of the samples.It can be seen that the samples not containing precur-sors(codes O5106B and L5199B)lie in the left part of the planes, that samples containing precursors but not bacteria(code B prec) are also in the negative quadrant of PC1and have a high(negative) score in the PC3,while nearly all the samples containing precursors and bacteria are in the positive quadrant of PC1.The variable load-ings are shown just as unlabelled points and,as can be seen,all of them have a positive loading on PC1(with the exception of those corresponding to2-methylbutyric acid,isovaleric acid and benzal-dehyde),which shows that,as expected,samples not containing precursors have minimal levels of volatiles,while samples contain-ing precursors and bacteria have maximal levels of nearly all the volatiles.The surprising effect caused by precursors on the levels of2-methylbutyric and isovaleric acids was previously observed with yeast(Loscos,Hernandez-Orte,Cacho,&Ferreira,2007).To the best of our knowledge,this is theﬁrst time that the ability of Lactobacillus to hydrolyze(and transform)aromatic compounds from grape precursors in model medium is studied.Similarly, although the ability of four commercial O.oeni strains to hydrolyze aroma compounds from grapes has been tested,the study only considered terpenes(Ugliano et al.,2003),while results presented in Table2and Fig.2clearly indicate that both genera are able to induce clear changes on the volatile proﬁle derived from grapeﬂa-vour precursors.Moreover,the fact that only O.oeni strains carried out MLF,indicates that changes on volatile composition occurring in the presence of the other bacteria are not related to malolactic fermentation metabolism.The PC1vs.PC3representation also revealed that the volatile proﬁle is relatively dependent on the genus of bacteria.Samples inoculated with O.oeni bacteria contained the highest concentra-tions of some important wine aroma compounds such as Z-3-hex-en-1-ol,c-decalactone(except L.casei5199strain),vanillin,ethyl vanillate,acetovanillone,syringaldehyde,4-vinylphenol and dihy-dromethyleugenol than samples inoculated with Lactobacillus.This could be attributed to the lower glycosidase activities displayed by these strains in fermentation conditions(Boido et al.,2002;Grim-aldi et al.,2005)or to the fact that MLF fermentation did not take place.However,the close similarity of samples inoculated with the L.casei5199strain to those inoculated with some O.oeni strains suggests that malolactic fermentation metabolism may not be linked to the abilities of malolatic bacteria strains to hydrolyze and release glycosidically bound aroma compounds.Differences induced by the strain were not very strong but af-fect to a large number of compounds.An ANOVA study(control samples were not included)revealed that in24out of the43mea-sured compounds,the strain exerted a signiﬁcant effect.The most different samples were those inoculated with O.oeni5008,which were the richest in some important aroma compounds such as o-cresol(only detected in these samples),Z-3-hexen-1-ol and euge-nol(twice the concentration in the rest of samples),guaiacol(only778P.Hernandez-Orte et al./Food Research International42(2009)773–781。

翻译:文化的对话--简评《啊,拓荒者》的三个译本

翻译：文化的对话--简评《啊,拓荒者》的三个译本
黄小芃
【期刊名称】《西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）》
【年(卷),期】2002(023)010
【摘要】翻译不仅要读懂原文(source language)的字面意思,译好原文至少对原文所涉及的学问不能陌生,要理解其文化内涵.要实现文化之间的交流,对作品涉及的文化必须进行深入细致的研究.文学翻译要研究翻译的对象,在译文中体现研究的学问.
【总页数】4页(P233-236)
【作者】黄小芃
【作者单位】四川教育学院外语系,四川,成都,610041
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H059
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1.对话翻译与小说人物形象的再现——兼评《傲慢与偏见》的三个中译本 [J], 纪晓斌;申迎丽
2.典籍英译中注释的文化信息传递功能\r——以《兰亭集序》三个译本中的文化负载词翻译为例 [J], 陈慕羽
3.典籍英译中注释的文化信息传递功能——以《兰亭集序》三个译本中的文化负载词翻译为例 [J], 陈慕羽;
4.不同时代背景下文化负载词翻译策略研究——基于《祝福》三个英译本的分析
[J], 宦一舟;邵华
5.多译本中文化意象的解读与翻译——以《汤姆叔叔的小屋》三个汉译本为例 [J], 何春霞
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

浅议工程标准中外国人名的准确翻译

浅议工程标准中外国人名的准确翻译
张之立
【期刊名称】《工程建设标准化》
【年(卷),期】2013()8
【摘要】对我国工程技术界中长期存在的外国人姓名的译名不统一问题进行分析。

在介绍国家翻译界有关外国人姓名的译音标准和规则的基础上，提出若干统一外国人姓名的译名的建议。

并试举一些笔者摸索翻译外国人姓氏的例子，以供参考。

【总页数】5页(P40-44)
【关键词】译名统一;译音表;同名同译;外国人姓名;黑曾-威廉斯
【作者】张之立
【作者单位】中国煤炭科工集团北京华宇工程有限公司
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TV632.35
【相关文献】
1.中华人民共和国行业标准《水泥机械设备安装工程施工及验收规范》进入外文翻译阶段 [J], ;
2.浅议我国林业工程建设标准化工作 [J], 张志东
3.浅议我国林业工程建设标准化工作 [J], 张志东
4.为企业"走出去"插上沟通的翅膀——记我国工程建设标准英文版翻译出版工作[J], 王庆; 蔡成军
5.为企业“走出去”插上沟通的翅膀——记我国工程建设标准英文版翻译出版工作[J], 王庆; 蔡成军
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

挣脱google的束缚吧

挣脱google的束缚吧StephanieRosenbloom;周小飞
【期刊名称】《网络传播》
【年(卷),期】2005(000)007
【摘要】当时间回溯到1996年冬天，那时的我有着深色肤质，穿着令人欣赏的鞋。

当我正在排演学校的音乐剧，一个摄影师咔嚓咔嚓地猛拍了我一阵。

可是出来的成果令人失望：一个脸色苍白的、憔悴的女孩头像被印制在一款某某牌子的大大的T恤上。

【总页数】2页(P88-89)
【作者】StephanieRosenbloom;周小飞
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】J822
【相关文献】
1.《哪吒之魔童降世》中挣脱刻板印象束缚的"三大利器" [J], 吴辻
2.挣脱束缚的木桩——关于考试焦虑个案的心理辅导 [J], 杨柳
3.挣脱题海束缚提高解题能力——高三数学复习课解题教学的经验总结 [J], 周燕华
4.挣脱教材束缚突破教学困境——农村小学作文教学方法一瞥 [J], 郭玉成
5.挣脱束缚、自由连接 ROG风行GO电竞耳机 [J], 吕震华(文/图)
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阿格尼斯与老龄实验室

阿格尼斯与老龄实验室
Natasha Singer;左边
【期刊名称】《疯狂英语：阅读版》
【年(卷),期】2012()3
【摘要】身为老人并不轻松。

我有史以来第一次觉得从汽车里出来不是件容易的事情。

我弯腰驼背，扶着扶手蹒跚上楼。

我45岁，但是因为身穿由麻省理工学院的研究人员研发的年岁增长即时同感系统——一件名为“阿格尼斯”的外套，我觉得自己比实际年龄老了几十岁。

【总页数】5页(P33-37)
【关键词】尼斯;实验室;老龄;麻省理工学院;研究人员
【作者】Natasha Singer;左边
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G482
【相关文献】
1.公共计算机实验室与微格教学实验室建设与管理研究 [J], 姚宇江;黄晓洁
2.高师院校数字化微格教学实验室的建设和管理探究——以柳州师专数字化微格教学实验室建设为例 [J], 廖丹;樊艳花
3.莎士比亚《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》中的\"艺格符换\" [J], 张远帆;
4.莎士比亚《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》中的“艺格符换” [J], 张远帆
5.从建筑自治到集体价值——与伯格维施事务所关于瓦格尼斯阿特的对话 [J], 杨舢;朱天禹
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中国名牌产品商标词译名分析及其翻译方法

中国名牌产品商标词译名分析及其翻译⽅法　万⽅数据　万⽅数据　万⽅数据　万⽅数据中国名牌产品商标词译名分析及其翻译⽅法作者：安亚平作者单位：浙江⼯商⼤学外国语学院,浙江,杭州,310035刊名：上海科技翻译英⽂刊名：SHANGHAI JOURNAL OF TRANSLATORS FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY年，卷(期)：2004(4)被引⽤次数：34次参考⽂献(10条)1.肖辉;陶⽟康等效原则视⾓下的商标与⽂化联想 2000(11)2.朱凡英汉商标词翻译研究述评(1994-2001)[期刊论⽂]-上海科技翻译 2002(04)3.⾦隄等效翻译探索 19984.贺川⽣商标英语 19975.许⾦杞意美、⾳美、形美[期刊论⽂]-外语与外语教学 2002(11)6.梁志坚中⽂商标英译探微[期刊论⽂]-宁夏⼤学学报 2001(05)7.胡开宝英汉商标品牌名称对⽐研究 1999(03)8.胡开杰试论商标名称英汉互译⽂化意义的转换[期刊论⽂]-中国科技翻译 2001(04)9.任荣从语⾔经济价值⾓度谈英⽂商标词的设计原则[期刊论⽂]-外语教学 2002(09)10.彭⽟⽯汉字商标词的跨⽂化传统 2001(04)引证⽂献(34条)1.潘婉莹.刘改琳基于动态对等理论的中⽂商标翻译[期刊论⽂]-和⽥师范专科学校学报 2011(1)2.左义商标翻译的多元化标准体系的构建与质量评价——以"狗不理"的新译名"Go Believe"为例[期刊论⽂]-中国商贸 2010(22)3.吕拾元略谈中⽂商标英译策略[期刊论⽂]-语⽂学刊(外语教育教学) 2010(9)4.祝英⽟英语商标词的语⾔美学特征[期刊论⽂]-商业⽂化（下半⽉） 2010(7)5.韩敏⼴告牌中商标名称的英译探析[期刊论⽂]-陕西教育（⾼教） 2010(1)6.王瑾琼.彭⼩波功能⽬的论关照下的汽车品牌翻译[期刊论⽂]-考试周刊 2010(38)7.徐海静词汇学与商标构词及商标词翻译研究综述[期刊论⽂]-科技信息 2010(28)8.吕⾠明.宁⽉瑾瓶装⽔商标词翻译[期刊论⽂]-潍坊学院学报 2010(5)9.秦俊从⽬的论视⾓看商标翻译[期刊论⽂]-⽟林师范学院学报 2009(6)10.刘家凤中外英汉品牌名称翻译评价综述[期刊论⽂]-现代企业教育 2009(18)11.刘青.杨永和国际品牌名称翻译的优化策略[期刊论⽂]-商业时代 2009(28)12.刘家凤英汉品牌名称翻译理论与⽅法综述[期刊论⽂]-四川职业技术学院学报 2009(3)13.裘莹莹商标词中的模因[期刊论⽂]-南京⼯业职业技术学院学报 2009(3)14.徐赛颖.黄⼤⽹中国驰名商标英译类型的历时考察[期刊论⽂]-西安外国语⼤学学报 2009(2)15.徐巨成汉语商标英译的⽅法[期刊论⽂]-时代⽂学 2009(6)16.李东芹汉语商标翻译——⼀把打开世界⼤门的⾦钥匙[期刊论⽂]-怀化学院学报 2009(7)17.朱益平.王靖涵国内近⼗年商标翻译研究综述[期刊论⽂]-西北⼤学学报（哲学社会科学版） 2009(1)18.王才英泉州"中国驰名商标"拼⾳翻译缺陷及对策[期刊论⽂]-新疆⽯油教育学院学报 2009(5)19.蔡蓉蓉.顾飞荣我国商标词英译的问题及对策[期刊论⽂]-新余⾼专学报 2008(4)20.王欢探讨商标翻译的原则与⽅法[期刊论⽂]-考试周刊 2008(40)21.张虹然.徐婷婷遵守商标词的翻译原则谨防"⽂化陷阱"[期刊论⽂]-商场现代化 2008(8)22.⽥⽂军.胡汝昉对等翻译理论在商标词翻译中的应⽤[期刊论⽂]-语⾔与翻译（汉⽂版） 2007(4)23.李淑琴中国⼤陆英汉商标翻译研究综述[期刊论⽂]-上海翻译 2007(4)24.刘鹏.王培信从⽂化视⾓看商标词的等效翻译[期刊论⽂]-⼭东⾏政学院⼭东省经济管理⼲部学院学报 2007(5)25.史传龙⽬的论与商标联想翻译[期刊论⽂]-商场现代化 2007(28)26.李淑琴北京市出⼝产品商标翻译现状研究[期刊论⽂]-商场现代化 2007(24)27.袁志远.郭克玲商标翻译中的⽂化内涵[期刊论⽂]-商场现代化 2007(19)28.谢新云.周笃宝商标的联想及其翻译[期刊论⽂]-南华⼤学学报（社会科学版） 2007(4)29.康灿辉⽬的论观照下的英汉商标翻译技巧[期刊论⽂]-株洲师范⾼等专科学校学报 2007(1)30.王国桥.戴忠信英汉商标词的等效翻译策略[期刊论⽂]-长春师范学院学报（⼈⽂社会科学版） 2007(4)31.李⽟⾹从功能⽬的论看商标词的翻译[期刊论⽂]-同济⼤学学报（社会科学版） 2006(4)32.鞠蓓基于词汇七种意义理论的商标名分析[期刊论⽂]-江西科技师范学院学报 2006(6)33.王雪霜品牌翻译策略[学位论⽂]硕⼠ 200634.商标翻译要求国际化[期刊论⽂]-商场现代化 2005(28)本⽂链接：/doc/6f5654737.html/Periodical_shkjfy200404013.aspx。

葛浩文简介——精选推荐

葛浩文编辑Howard Goldblatt中文名是葛浩文，美国著名的汉学家，是2012年诺贝尔文学奖得主莫言作品的英文译者。

出生于1939年，20世纪60年代服役期间在台湾学习汉语，后获得印第安纳大学中国文学博士学位。

目前是英文世界地位最高的中国文学翻译家。

他的翻译严谨而讲究，“让中国文学披上了当代英美文学的色彩”。

葛浩文的翻译清单包括萧红、陈若曦、白先勇、李昂、张洁、杨绛、冯骥才、古华、贾平凹、李锐、刘恒、苏童、老鬼、王朔、莫言、刘震云、虹影、阿来、朱天文、朱天心、姜戎等二十多位名家的五十多部作品。

中文名葛浩文外文名Howard Goldblatt国籍美国出生日期1939年职业美国著名的汉学家主要成就英文世界地位最高的中国文学翻译家。

获得萧红研究奖。

目录1人物履历2主要翻译作品3关于莫言4人物言论5社会评价1人物履历编辑葛浩文年轻时不爱读书，成天贪玩，喝酒、跳舞，“什么乱七八糟的事都做过”。

他在南加州长滩一所不怎么样的公立学院念书，可能是学校里最差的学生，差点毕不了业。

日后让他觉得可笑的是，他这个差生基本上每门课都蒙混过关，惟独一门“亚洲历史”一点也学不下去。

第一堂课，老师刚在黑板上写下几个汉字，这位未来的汉学家就想：“学什么中文？！我连英文都还没学好呢！”毕业后，身无一技，找不到事做，只好当兵。

那是1961年，越南局势日趋紧张，谁都明白在这个时候参军有多愚蠢。

22岁的愣小伙子进了海军学校，绝大多数同伍被都派到太平洋舰队的驱逐舰上，他却给派到台湾当了一名通讯官。

台湾是个什么地方，在哪里，他毫无概念。

在台湾服役，清闲得很，“什么正经鸟事儿都没干”。

但他终于被调到日本，上了一艘驱逐舰。

下一个目的地，无疑是越南。

越南经历可以说是葛浩文的成人礼。

他猛醒过来，不能就这么断送了年轻的生命，于是申请返回台湾。

葛浩文讲起这个决定了他一生的选择时，借用莫言小说题目开玩笑说，留恋台湾是因为当地女人的“丰乳肥臀”留住了他。

英文翻译本土化道路探索

2492020年51期总第543期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS英文翻译本土化道路探索文/王玮薇当改造，将西方的一些先进思想理念、科技成果等在我国进行传播，进而打造“吸收精华，弃其糟粕”的英文翻译生态，为新时代中国的发展提供便利。

三、英文翻译本土化发展特征1.近现代英文翻译特征。

对于中国近代史上的英文翻译，曾涌出过许多有名的翻译者，并使之“具有浓重的中国化特色”，涌现出一批杰出的英文翻译家。

例如：朱生豪先生、林纾先生等。

尤其是林纾，作为我国晚清时期著名的翻译家，被誉为中国翻译小说的奠基人和中国小说现代叙事话语形成的开拓者。

其翻译最多的是英国哈葛德(Haggard)的作品《迦因小传》(Joan Haste )《鬼山狼侠传》等，以及其英国柯南道尔的《歇洛克奇案开场》(A Study in Scarlet )等。

其翻译特征总结如下：第一，在应用典雅的古文话语表述形态，极大地开创了西洋文学的学风；第二，由于林纾在诗词歌赋、琴棋书画方面都有一定的造诣，可以被认定其具有深厚的美学审美功底，其为英文翻译的本土化丰富了中国审美意趣，契合了英文原作中的画面感。

除此之外，在英文翻译界具有里程碑式的人物朱生豪先生，其倾其一生精力翻译了莎士比亚(Shakespeare )的戏剧，并达到了优美、传神的审美高度。

究其原因，除了莎士比亚的创作有审美高度之外，这跟译者本身的文学修养也密不可分。

梳理朱生豪先生的文学素养，其对中国古典文学尤其是诗词与新诗创作都颇有造诣。

例如，在读朱生豪版《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Rpmeo and Juliet )一文时，我们能发现，其中具有很强的韵律、节奏性。

这样的艺术审美与中国古典诗词的艺术审美是相匹配的。

2.建国后英文翻译特征。

建国后英文翻译在一定程度上延续着“本土化”的发展方向，但是受意识形态以及苏联的文学、教育等理念影响，在一定程度上，我国在对英文的翻译作品无论是量还是质上都存在不足，英文翻译有被边缘化的趋势，甚至停滞的现象。

英语文学作品中人称指称的汉译:语篇衔接、效果及读者

英语文学作品中人称指称的汉译：语篇衔接、效果及读者陈刚;滕超
【期刊名称】《外语研究》
【年(卷),期】2003()6
【摘要】英语文学作品汉译时,如何处理源语篇中的人称指称,实现其在目标语篇中的语篇衔接,既应注重目标语篇内的衔接及效果,又应注重目标语篇外的读者因素。

前者反映现代翻译观,后者以Skopostheorie为出发点。

【总页数】5页(P39-43)
【关键词】人称指称;英语文学汉译;语篇衔接;译文语篇效果和读者;目的论
【作者】陈刚;滕超
【作者单位】浙江大学外国语学院;浙江财经学院外国语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H353
【相关文献】
1.一语(L1)对英语语篇内人称指称习得的干扰--个案研究 [J], 陈晓湘
2.人称指称与英语语篇分析 [J], 李存
3.英语语篇中衔接语的翻译探究——基于《嘉莉妹妹》两个汉译本的研究 [J], 慕琳琳
4.人称指称在语篇中衔接方式的英汉对比分析 [J], 常玉洁
5.人称照应在英语语篇中的衔接功能研究 [J], 贾静
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

To Have An Axe To Grind

To Have An Axe To Grind李建华【期刊名称】《中学生英语：初中版》【年(卷),期】2002(000)013【摘要】To have an axe to grind原系英语，直译是“有把斧子要磨”，喻义是“怀有么心”，“有个人打算”等。

使人费解的是，“要磨的斧子（an axe to grind）究竟是如何与“私心”、“个人打算”联系起来的。

【总页数】1页(P9)【作者】李建华【作者单位】湖北省襄樊市化工学校【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G633.41【相关文献】1.Thermo-mechanical properties of bowl-shaped grinding wheel and machining error compensation for grinding indexable inserts [J], 张祥雷;姚斌;陈彬强;孙维方;王萌萌;罗琪2.Development of CAD/CAM system and profile measuring device for CNC grinding machine to obtain an optimal grinding speed [J], LIM Sang-Heon;KIM Jae-Hyun;LEE Choon-Man3.have an axe to grind的含义及其来源 [J], 黄河清;4.Thermo-mechanical properties of bowl-shaped grinding wheel and machining error compensation for grinding indexable inserts [J], 张祥雷;姚斌;陈彬强;孙维方;王萌萌;罗琪;5.An Axe To Organ Grind Dot-Com蓝调 [J],因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

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《信息与计算科学》专业本科毕业论文外文资料翻译原文名称Accurate mobile malware detection and classification in the cloud原文作者Xiaolei WangEmail Yuexiang Yang and Yingzhi Zeng原文出版物Wang et al. SpringerPlus翻译内容页码Page1-Page6中文名称云端精确的手机恶意软件检测和分类学生姓名葛小刚专业信息与计算科学（嵌入式）班级学号0112南京工业大学数理科学学院2012年4月云端精确的手机恶意软件检测和分类摘要：作为智能手机操作系统市场的统治者，安卓吸引了大量恶意软件作者和相似的研究人员的注意力。

相比数量客观的恶意软件分析系统，安卓恶意软件的种类的数量正在迅速上升。

在这篇文章里，通过利用误用检测的低误检率和异常检测发现新恶意软件的能力，我们提出了一个新的基于一个开放源代码CuckooDroid的框架的混合检测系统。

CuckooDroid能够使用Cuckoo Sandbox的特征并通过静态和动态分析来分析安卓恶意软件。

我们提出的系统主要包括两个部分：通过动态分析对异常应用检测的异常检测引擎和通过静态和动态分析组合对已知的恶意软件检测和分类的特征检测引擎。

我们用5560个恶意软件样本和6000良好软件样本评估了我们的系统。

实验表明用动态分析异常检测引擎能检测出新的恶意软件能达到1.16%的低漏报率和可接受的1.30%的误检率；值得注意的是，我们使用混合分析的特征检测可以准确的分类样本恶意软件，准确率平均值达到98.94%。

而考虑到进行动态和静态分析需要用到的密集计算资源，我们提出系统需要脱离设备部署，例如部署在云端，这样应用商店和普通用户就可以通过云服务获得恶意软件检测系统的使用权。

关键词：手机恶意软件检测，安卓，CuckooDroid,，静态分析，动态分析，分类，特征检测，异常检测，手机云服务背景：据报道，如今安卓以84.7%的市场份额成为最受欢迎的智能手机平台。

与其他平台相比，例如只允许用户在itunes苹果商店安装应用的ios系统，安卓允许用户从其他来源安装应用，像google play，第三方市场，torrent，或者直接下载等等。

很显然，这样的自由使得攻击者易于将恶意软件捆绑在应用上并散布出去。

攻击者试图诱使用户运行这些恶意代码，例如通过重新打包流行应用和恶意负载。

违反保密性（例如获得通讯录和gps的坐标），通过短信和电话的额外费用获得钱和其他有害的恶意攻击已经成为真的威胁。

虽然恶意软件有一些是通过恶意脚本下载进入我们的安卓，但是最流行的传染媒介还是基于用户的安装。

目前，安卓平台供应商已经提出一些安全措施来阻止繁殖恶意软件的安装。

并且最引人注意的是一个安卓许可系统，每个应用为了完成设备上的规定任务，必须明确的在安装时从用户那里获得许一些许可，如收发短信等，但是很多用户倾向于对未知的应用无视这些许可，从而破坏这个许可系统的目的。

为了帮助用户，一些信息源被提供给用户来决定是否装这个应用，例如应用的来源可信赖度、用户对应用的评价、按病毒扫描的结果、谷歌验证服务的结果等。

但是，就像Linidorfer等人介绍的那样，这些信息源都有主要的缺点并且不能有效的防止恶意软件的安装。

为了解决以上的问题，提出很多方法用来在安装前分析并检测安卓恶意软件。

这些方法主要分成两类，也就是静态分析和动态分析。

例如，TaintDroid，DroidRanger和DroidScope是动态方法，可以在应用在运行时监视它的行为。

虽然运行时监视识别恶意活动很有效，但是它将承担重要的日常开销，而且不能直应用于移动设备。

另外，纯动态分析系统容易被逃避分析。

相反，静态分析只花费一点运行时间的开支，但是斗争于越来越流行的模糊技术和动态代码加载技术，如Drebin , RiskRanker等。

这篇文章里，我们提出一个混合的移动恶意软件检测和分类的系统，这个系统通过扩展一个开源分析框架CuckooDroid在安装前对恶意软件精确的检测和分类。

我们的系统针对应用市场和普通用户设计，对于应用市场，我们的系统可以用CuckooDroid形成自动的且综合的分析，帮助进行长期的检测和分类。

对于普通用户，系统可作为一个移动云服务被提供。

此外，CuckooDroid提供一个易于获得和理解的详细报告，我们提出的系统有两个部分组成：异常检测引擎和特征检测引擎。

首先，用动态分析的结果，异常检测引擎可以检测出新的恶意软件，就像Sabs和Khan做的那样。

在动态分析期间，一些应用在运行时的重要的动态特征会被检测出，例如，短信，电话，动态代码加载等。

异常检测引擎用一类支持向量机分类器搭建。

其次，基于linearSVC分类器的特征检测引擎负责用静态和动态分析的结果检测和分类已知的恶意软件和它新的变体。

在静态分析中，原代码和清单中的特征被尽可能的提取，像Arp等人做的那样。

借助静态分析和动态分析的结果，特征检测引擎可以有效的检测出新的变体并通过分类识别出变体对应的家族。

注意在静态和动态分析中收集的特征被组织成字符串（如许可，接收端，硬件）并入一个向量空间里，然后每个应用被表达成一个特征向量，可被供给于特定的机器学习技术。

由于静动态分析需要密集的计算资源，两个引擎需要脱离设备部署，如放在云端。

使用一个分类器，它被大量已知恶意软件和良好软件的数据集训练过的。

我们的系统可以检测出一个新应用是否异常或者是不是新的。

一旦被检测出一个新应用是异常的，很有可能是一个恶意软件样本。

因此，通过特征检测引擎，进一步综合分析，分析它属于哪种恶意软件。

如果异常检测引擎检测出一个新应用是正常的，本文我们就假定它是良好软件。

根据异常检测引擎在实验中的高正确检测率，这个假设是合理的。

我们将在本文评估部分详细的讨论这些。

概括起来，我们的贡献如下：1.有效的恶意软件检测和分类，基于两个检测分别是动态监测和静态检测，我们提出的系统能够以高准确和低误报的进行恶意软件的检测与分类。

2.新恶意软件的检测：我们提出的混合系统由两阶段组成：异常检测引擎和特征检测引擎。

异常检测引擎是粗略的检测恶意软件。

恶意软件是指在大量的良好软件下显的不正常的软件。

特征检测引擎是细致的，能检测出已知恶意软件或者新变种在恶意软件一个已知的类别里。

实验表明两个检测引擎都有高准确和低漏报。

3.集成度异常检测和误用检测：考虑到纯异常检测有相对的高误报和纯误用检测有相对高的漏报率，我们集成了它们来达到高正确和低遗漏。

众所周知，我们是第一个在移动恶意软件检测方面做这些。

4.详细的分析报告：我们提出的系统生成一个详细的分析报告，在检测中方便我们理解，包括被提取的静态和动态信息。

5.系统实现：我们用CuckooDroid.实现我们提出的系统。

在实现系统的基础上，很多实验被执行来评估系统的表现。

文章剩下部分安排如下：相关工作在“相关工作”中介绍。

架构概述在“架构概述中呈现。

我们提出的系统实现和评估分别在“实现”和“评估”中被详细讨论。

“结论”总结全文。

相关工作：在过去的几年中，移动端恶意软件检测成为研究的热点，尤其是安卓恶意软件检测。

针对大量和复杂的恶意软件，大量观念和思想被提出，主要分为静态分析和动态分析。

Zhou和Jiang的研究提供了当前移动恶意软件检测的详细和综合的评述。

并且由于我们在检测系统里使用了机器学习，机器学习为基础的检测的相关工作也会介绍。

静态分析检测和其局限：第一个用来处理安卓恶意软件的方法是受到静态程序分析的思想的启发。

一个静态分析器通过反汇编和反编译而没有运行程序来检查一个应用。

因此不会对设备产生影响。

因为它分析了应用的所有源代码或复原的代码，分析器可以获得高的代码覆盖率。

大量检查程序和反汇编它们代码的方法已经被提出。

RiskRanker 根据几个已定的特征检测中高等风险的应用。

例如源代码的存在，没有和用户交互就花费用户的钱的功能的使用，应用里加密存储的代码的动态加载等等。

Comdroid 分析了安卓应用里跨应用通信的弱点并且找到了很多可利用的漏洞。

DroidAPIMiner和Drebin在静态分析中把应用按从大量好坏软件中学到的特征分类。

Zhu等人提出了一个应用推荐系统，把应用按受欢迎程度和安全风险分类，仅仅考虑了应用需要的许可。

FlowDroid 做了一个在安卓应用上对流量、内容、对象、环境敏感的静态污点分析。

它模拟了安卓应用的生命周期并处理了由回调和用户界面对象引起的污染传播。

因为和我们的特征检测引擎模块密切相关，一些静态特征，如许可、意图过滤器、源代码的存在等也被MAST提出，用来做市场规模的分类和选出潜在的恶意软件样本，从而做进一步的研究。

静态分析的局限性：静态分析缺乏实际的执行通路和相关的执行环境。

此外，在模糊代码的存在和动态代码加载上也存在挑战。

正如一个近期大规模研究证明的那样,所有这些方法都缺乏分析模糊代码和运行时动态加载的代码的能力。

这些是应用普遍的特征。

除非像StaDynA提出的那样，这些缺陷可以通过动态分析的一些形式来补全。

我们对静态分析的解决方法：于此相反，我们提出的系统不会存在这些局限，因为我们的异常检测引擎是首先通过动态分析进行异常检测。

用动态分析的检测及局限性：静态分析及检测方法速度很快，但它们对于加密的、多态的、转码后的恶意软件是失败的。

为了克服这些静态分析的缺点，提出了一些动态方法。

动态分析通过运行应用进行并观察运行中的应用程序。

程序可以运行在一个真实的或者虚拟的执行环境例如安卓虚拟设备中。

最值得注意的是TaintDroid和DroidScope的分析系统。

它们能够在有保护的环境下监视应用程序。

TaintDroid着重于污点分析，而DroidScope是从平台的不同层次做出内省。

虽然两个系统都提供关于应用程序的行为的详细信息，但是它们需要直接部署到设备上的资源太多。

第一个在安卓恶意软件检测方面使用动态分析结果的是CrowDroid异常检测引擎，它完成了基于系统调用计数的k-means的聚类。

api的调用和系统调用的数量被确定为粗粒度特性来训练不同的分类器来分析应用程序。

但是因为它们的监控方法依赖对分析下的应用的修改，这样就很容易被恶意软件侦测到。

另一个相关的方法DroidDolphin结合了静态和动态分析。

同样的，这个方法也需要把监视代码重新包装并嵌入到应用程序中。

虽然作者观察到，随着数据集的增大准确率会上升。

但是最好的情况也只能达到86.1%的准确度。

同时，这些动态分析方法很容易被回避，因为在恶意软件中的防检测技术也越来越多。

VetDroid是一个动态分析平台，它可以从权限使用角度重构安卓程序中的敏感行为。