有机化学英文课件chpt15_1
有机化学英文原版ppt

Number of Covalent Bonds to an Atom Atoms with one, two, or three valence electrons form one, two, or three bonds Atoms with four or more valence electrons form as many bonds as they need electrons to fill the s and p levels of their valence shells to reach a stable octet
1.1 Atomic Structure
Structure of an atom
Positively charged nucleus (very dense, protons and neutrons) and smal (10-15 m) Negatively charged electrons are in a cloud (10-10 m) around nucleus Diameter is about 2 × 10-10 m (200 picometers (pm)) [the unit angstrom (Å) is 10-10 m = 100 pm]
1.5 The Nature of the Chemical Bond
Atoms form bonds because the compound that results is more stable than the separate atoms Ionic bonds in salts form as a result of electron transfers Organic compounds have covalent bonds from sharing electrons (G. N. Lewis, 1916) Lewis structures shown valence electrons of an atom as dots Hydrogen has one dot, representing its 1s electron Carbon has four dots (2s2 2p2) Stable molecule results at completed shell, octet (eight dots) for main-group atoms (two for hydrogen)
有机化学专业英语

烷基Alkyl [ˈælkil]芳基aryl [ˈæril]甲基methyl [ˈmeθil]亚甲基methylene[ˈmeθili:n]乙基ethyl [ˈeθil,ˈeθəl]丙基propyl [ˈprəupil]异丙基isopropyl [ˌaisəuˈprəupil]丁基butyl [ˈbju:til]戊基pentyl [ˈpentil]己基hexyl [ˈheksil]庚基heptyl [ˈheptil]辛基octyl [ˈɔktəl]壬基nonyl [ˈnɔnil]奎基decyl ['desəl][di:'s i l]叔丁基tert-butyl异丁基iso-butyl环戊基cyclopentyl []环己基cyclohexyl []甲氧基methoxyl ['metɒksɪl]乙氧基ethoxyl [eˈθɔksil]丁氧基butoxyl酰基acyl[ˈæsil]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ:mil]乙酰基acetyl [ˈæsitil]乙烯基vinyl [ˈvaɪnəl]或ethenyl丁烯基butenyl [ˈbjutənil]己烯基hexenyl庚烯基heptenyl [ˈheptəˌnil]烯丙基allyl [ˈælil]乙炔基ethinyl [eˈθainil] 或alkynyl硝基nitro [ˈnaitrəu]亚硝基nitroso [naiˈtrəusəu]氨基amino [əˈmi:nəʊ, ˈæməˌnəʊ]二氨基diamino亚氨基imino [ˈiminəu,iˈmi:nəu]重氮基diazo [daiˈæzəu]苯基phenyl [ˈfenəl,ˈfi:nəl,ˈfi:nil]苄基benzyl [ˈbenzil]或phenmethyl [ˌfinˈmeθil]苯乙基phenethyl [fenˈeθəl]乙氧苯基ethoxyphenyl苯胺基anilino [ˈænili:n]1羰基carbonyl [ˈkɑ:bənil]羧基carboxyl [kɑ:ˈbɔksil]联苯基biphenyl [baiˈfenl]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ:mil]苯酰,苯甲酰benzoyl ['benzəʊɪl]脒基guanyl [il]羟基hydroxyl [haiˈdrɔksil]烷氧基alkoxy [ælˈkɔksi]或alkoxyl group 芳基aryl group二芳基diaryl group [daiˈæril]吡啶基pyridyl[ˈpiridil]三苯甲基trityl['traɪtl]二苯甲基benzhydryl [benaɪd'raɪl]氨基甲酰基carbamoyl[kɑ:'bæməɪl]三甲基硅基trimethylsilyl炔丙基propargyl [prəʊ'pɑ:dʒɪl]丙酮基(乙酰甲基)acetonyl['æsɪtənɪl]正n,normal异iso邻位ortho-[ˈɔ:θəu]间位meta-['mɛtə]对位para-[ˈpɑ:rə]伯Primary ['praimәri]仲Secondary ['sekәndәri]叔Tertiary ['tә:ʃәri] tert-季碳quaternary [kwəˈtə:nəri] carbon一,单mono-二di-,双bis ,bi(化学中只有碳酸氢根才用bi,如bicarbonate [baiˈkɑ:bənit])三tri-,tris四tetra-四quadric-五penta-五quinque-六hexa-七hepta-七septi八octa-九nona-十deca-['dɛkə]十一undeca ,hendeca-十二dodeca-十三trideca-十四tetradeca十五pentadeca-十六hexadeca-2十七heptadeca-顺式,cis-同,共syn反式trans有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物[]Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物[ˌhaɪdrəˈk ɑ:bən] Alkane 烷[]Wax 蜡[]Paraffin wax 石蜡arene 芳烃[]Alkene 烯[]Alkyne 炔[ˈælkain]Acetylide 炔化物[] Active hydrogen compounds 活泼氢化合物acid [ˈæsid]Carbon acid 碳氢酸Super acid 超酸Diene 双烯[ˈdaii:n]Triene 三烯[ˈtraii:n]Allene 丙二烯[ˈæli:n]Propylene丙烯[] cumulene 累积多烯[] Enyne 烯炔[eˈni:n]Diyne 二炔Alkyl halide 卤代烷[ˈælkil ˈhælaid]Alcohol 醇[]Homoallylic alcohol 高烯丙醇Ether 醚[ˈi:θə]Ester 酯[ˈestə]Ketone 酮Aldehyde 醛[ˈældihaid]Epoxide 环氧化物[eˈpɔksaid]Sulfone 砜[ˈsʌlf əun]Sulfoxide 亚砜Sulfonic acid 磺酸Carboxylic acid 羧酸Cellosolve 溶纤剂Crown ether 冠醚Nitro compound 硝基化合物Amine 胺[] Quaternaryammonium compound 季铵化合物[] []Amine oxide 氧化胺Diazoalkane 重氮烷[daɪ,æzəʊ'ælkeɪn] Mercaptan 硫醇[] Aldehyde hydrate 醛水合物Ketone hydrate 酮水合物Hemiacetal 半缩醛[ˌhemiˈæsitæl]3Acetal 缩醛acetal [化]乙缩醛, 乙缩醛二乙醇[ˈæsitæl] Ketal 缩酮[ˈki:tæl]thiazole噻唑[ˈθaiəˌzəul]Dithiane 二噻烷[daiˈθaiən]Aminal 缩醛胺;动物imine 亚胺[]Aldimine 醛亚胺Oxime 肟[]nitroso compound 亚硝基化合物aldoxime 醛肟,乙醛肟[ælˈdɔksi:m] Hydrazone 腙[ˈhaidrəˌzəun]Azine 嗪[ˈæzi:n]Semicarbazone 缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin 羟腈,氰醇[ˌsaiənəuˈhaidrin] Pinacol 频哪醇Enol 烯醇[ˈi:nɔl]Enol ether 烯醇醚Enol ester 烯醇酯[ˈi:nɔl][ˈestə] Enamine 烯胺[iˈnæmin]Ynamine 炔胺Mannich base 曼尼希碱orthoester 原酸酯Acyl halide 酰卤[ˈæsil]Acyl fluoride 酰氟[]Acyl chloride 酰氯Acyl bromide 酰溴Acyl iodide 酰碘[ˈaiədaid]Carbobenzoxy chloride 苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate 酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene 乙烯酮[ˈki:ti:n]Peracid 过酸Perester 过酸酯Acyl peroxide 酰基过氧化物Nitrile 腈[ˈnaitrail]acetonitrile 乙腈[ˌæsitəuˈnaitril]或methyl cyanide [ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]Nitrile oxide 氧化腈Isonitrile 异腈,异氰化物Amide 酰胺[ˈæmaid]Imide 二酰亚胺[ˈimaid]N-bromo compound N-溴化物Hydrazide 酰肼[]Azide 叠氮化物[ˈæzaid,ˈeizid]Acyl azide 酰基叠氮[ˈæsil][ˈæzaid,ˈeizid] Amidine 脒[ˈæmiˌdi:n]Keto ester 酮酸酯Acyl cyanide 酰腈[ˈæsil][ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd] Carbon suboxide 二氧化三碳Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸Carbammic acid 氨基甲酸Carbamate 氨基甲酸酯[ˈkɑ:bəmeit]Urea 脲,尿素[] Cyanamide 氨腈[saiˈænəmaid] Carbodiimide 碳二亚胺[,kɑ:bədai'imaid] Allophanate 脲基甲酸酯Thioester 硫代酸酯[ˌθaiəuˈestə]Thiol acid 硫羰酸[ˈθaiəu]Lactone 内酯[ˈlæktəun]Lactol 内半缩醛[ˈlæktəl]4Macrolide 大环内酯[ˈmækrəlaid] Amino acid 氨基酸Zwitterion两性离子[ˈtsvitəraiən]Inner salt 内盐Betaine 甜菜碱[ˈbi:təi:n]Lactam 内酰胺[ˈlæktæm]Hydantoin 或glycolylurea 乙内酰脲[haiˈdæntəwin]Hydration水合,水合作用[haɪ'dreʃən] Peptide 肽[ˈpepˌtaɪd]Glycol 乙二醇[]Aldol 羟醛[ˈældəul]Acyloin 偶姻,酮醇[əˈsiləuin]acyloin condensation 酮醇缩合Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Aldose 醛糖[ˈældəus]Ketose 酮糖[ˈki:təus]Furanose 呋喃糖[ˈfjuərəˌnəus] Pyranose 吡喃糖[ˈpaiərənəus] Glycoside 糖苷[ˈɡlaikəˌsaid]Glucoside 葡[萄]糖苷Aglycon 苷元[əˈɡlaikɔn]Saccharide 糖类[ˈsækəraid] Oligosaccharide 寡糖[ˌɔliɡəuˈsækəraid] Polysaccharide 多糖[pɔliˈsækəraid] Alditol 糖醇[ˈælditɔl]Osazone 脎[ˈəusəˌzəun]Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物[æliˈsiklik] Cycloalkane 环烷Cycloalkene 环烯Spirane 螺烷[ˈspaiərein]Cage compound 笼型化合物Propellane 螺桨烷Rotazane 轮烷Catenane 索烃[ˈkætnein]Fused ring 稠环[fju:zd riŋ]化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀-acetal 醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰acid 酸-al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基 'alkoxy- 烷氧基Methoxy甲氧基的-amide 酰胺 []amino- 氨基的[əˈmi:nəʊ, ˈæməˌnəʊ]-amidine 脒[ˈæmiˌdi:n]-amine 胺-ane 烷anhydride 酐[ænˈhaidraid]anilino- 苯胺基[ˈænili:n]aquo- 含水aqueous水的,水成的[ˈeikwiəs] -ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮[ˈæzəu]azoxy-氧化偶氮-N=N(O)-hydrazo-氢化偶氮-NH-NH-5benzene 苯[ˈbenˌzi:n, benˈzi:n] bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷[ˈbəurein]bromo- 溴butyl 丁基 .-carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro- 氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca- 十deci 10-1di二-dine 啶dodeca- 十二-ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧 []-ester 酯-ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基[] ethyl 乙基fluoro-或fluor- 氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca- 十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa- 六hexadeca- 十六-hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo- 低级的,次-ic 酸的,高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐,酰替胺,酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺 /iodine 碘[]iodo- 碘代iso- 异,等,同-ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间,偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一,单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十九octa- 八octadeca- 十八6-oic 酸的-ol 醇9 a$ f! Q, H: [5 n& G-one 酮ortho- 邻,正,原-ous 亚酸的,低价金属oxa- 氧杂-oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟 []oxo- 酮 []oxy- 氧化 []-oyl 酰para- 对位,仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高,过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚[ˈfi:nəl]phenyl 苯基 []pico- 10-12poly- 聚,多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sulfa- 磺胺 []sym- 对称syn- 顺式,同,共ter- 三 -tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代[]trans- 反式,超,跨tri- 三trans- 反式,超,跨tri- 三trideca- 十三tris- 三个undeca- 十一 .Alkylation 烷基化C- alkylation C-烷基化O- alkylation O-烷基化N-alkylation N-烷基化Silylation 硅烷[基]化Exhaustive methylation 彻底甲基化Seco alkylation 断裂烷基化Demethylation 脱甲基化Ethylation 乙基化Arylation 芳基化Acylation 酰化Formylation 甲酰化Carbalkoxylation 烷氧羰基化Carboamidation 氨羰基化Carboxylation 羧基化Amination 氨基化Bisamination 双氨基化Cine substitution 移位取代Transamination 氨基交换Hydroxylation 羟基化acyloxyation 酰氧基化7Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧卤化Allylic halogenation 烯丙型卤化Dehalogenation 脱卤Nitration 硝化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧硝化Nitrosation 亚硝化Sulfonation 磺化Chlorosulfonation 氯磺酰化Desulfonation 脱磺酸基Sulfenylation 亚磺酰化Sulfonylation 磺酰化Chlorosulfenation 氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation 氯羰基化Diazotization 重氮化[daiˌæzətaiˈzeiʃən] Diazo transfer 重氮基转移Coupling reaction 偶联反应uni- 单,一unsym- 不对称的,偏位-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基,价在不同原子上)-yne 炔Diazonium coupling 重氮偶联[ˌdaiəˈzəuniəm]Cross-coupling reaction 交叉偶联反应1,4-addition 1,4-加成C-C Pi-bond C-C π键Conjugate addition 共轭加成[ˈkɔndʒəˌgeɪt] Dimerization 二聚Trimefization 三聚Additive dimerization 加成二聚Sulfurize 使硫化[]sulfurization 硫化Selenylation 硒化Hydroboration 硼氢化[ˈhaidrəuˌbɔ:ˈreiʃən] Oxyamination 羟氨基化Insertion 插入carbonylation 羧基化Hydroformylation 加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation 加氢酰化Oxo process 羰基合成Decarbonylation 脱羰[di:ˌkɑ:bənəˈleiʃən] Hydrocarboxylation 氢羧基化Homologization 同系化Cyanoethylation 氰乙基化Decyanoethylation 脱氰乙基Ring closure 环合,闭环Diene synthesis 双烯合成Dienophile 亲双烯体Endo addition 内型加成Exo addition 外型加成Diels-Alder reaction 第尔斯-尔德反应Retro Diels-Alder reaction 逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Ene synthesis 单烯合成Anionic cycloaddition 负离子环加成Dipolar addition 偶极加成Dehydrohalogenation 脱卤化氢Deamination 脱氨基Pyrolytic elimination 热解消除Elimination-addition 消除-加成Decarboxylation 脱羧Decarboxamidation 脱酰胺8Decyanation 脱氰基Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage 烷基裂解Acylolysis,acyl cleavage 酰基裂解Flash pyrolysis 闪热裂Fragmentation 碎裂Chiletropic reaction 螯键反应Chelation 螯环化Esterification 酯化Transesterification 酯交换Saponification 皂化Alcoholysis 醇解Ethanolysis 乙醇解Cyanomethylation 氰甲基化Aminomethylation 氨甲基化Hydroxymethylation 羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation 羟烷基化Cholromethylation 氯甲基化Haloalkylation 卤烷基化Transacetalation 缩醛交换Enolization 烯醇化Haloform reaction 卤仿反应Condensation 缩合Aldol condensation 羟醛缩合Cross aldol condensation 交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation 逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation 偶姻缩合Cyclization 环化Annulation,annelation 增环反应Spiroannulation 螺增环Autoxidation 自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation 烯丙型氢过氧化Epoxidation 环氧化Oxonolysis 臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation 电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation 氧化脱羧Aromatization 芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation 催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation 多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation 均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation 催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation 转移氢化Hydrogenolysis 氢解Dissolving metal reduction 溶解金属还原Single electron transfer 单电子转移Bimolecular reduction 双分子还原Electrochemical reduction 电化学还原Reductive alkylation 还原烷基化Reductive acylation 还原酰化Reductive dimerization 还原二聚Deoxygenation 脱氧Desulfurization 脱硫Deselenization 脱硒Mitallation 金属化Lithiation 锂化Hydrometallation 氢金属化Mercuration 汞化Oxymercuration 羟汞化Aminomercuration 氨汞化Abstraction 夺取[反应]Internal abstraction 内夺取[反应] Rearrangement 重排Prototropic rearrangement 质了转移重排Double bond migration 双键移位Allylic migration 烯丙型重排Allylic migration 烯丙型迁移Ring contraction 环缩小[反应]Ring expansion,ring enlargement 扩环[反应] -ketol rearrangement -酮醇重排Pinacol rearrangement 频哪醇重排Retropinacol rearrangement 逆频哪醇重排Semipinacol rearrangement 半频哪醇重排Benzilic rearrangement 二苯乙醇酸重排Acyl rearrangement 酰基重排Migratory aptitude 迁移倾向Transannular insertion 跨环插入Transannular rearrangement 跨环重排Migration 迁移Prototropy 质子转移Cationotropic rearrangement 正离子转移重排Anionotropy 负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangement 负离子转移重Sigmatropic rearrangement -迁移重排Homosigmatropic rearrangement 同迁移重排Electrophilic rearrangement 亲电重排Photosensitization 光敏化Forbidden transition 禁阻跃迁photooxidation 光氧化Photoisomerization 光异构化Photochemical rearrangement 光化学重排Angular methyl group 角甲基Alkylidene group 亚烷基[ælˈkiləˌdi:n]Methylene 亚甲基[ˈmeθili:n]Allyl group 烯丙基Allylic 烯丙型[的] [ˈæləˌlik]Phenyl group 苯基[ˈfenəl,ˈfi:nəl,ˈfi:nil]Aryl group 芳基Benzyl group 苄基Benzylic 苄型[的]Activating group 活化基团Chromophore 生色团[ˈkrəuməfɔ:] Auxochrome 助色团[ˈɔ:ksəkrəum] Magnetically anisotropic group 磁各向异性基团[əˌnaisəuˈtrɔpik]Smally ring 小环Common ring 普通环Medium ring 中环[ˈmi:djəm]Large ring 大环Bridged-ring system 桥环体系Spiro compound 螺环化合物Helical molecule 螺旋型分子Octahedral compound 八面体化合物Conjugation 共轭[]Conjugated-system 共轭体系Acyl cation 酰[基]正离子Benzylic cation 苄[基]正离子[ˈkætaiən] Arenium ion 芳[基]正离子或aryl cation Ketyl radical 羰自由基Radical ion 自由基离子[ˈaiən]Radical cation 自由基正离子Radical anion 自由基负离子[ˈænaiən] Isomerism 异构[现象]Acid form 酸式Fluxional structure 循变结构Stereochemistry 立体化学Optical activity 光学活性,旋光性Dextro isomer 右旋异构体[]Laevo isomer 左旋异构体[] Tetrahedral configuration 四面体构型Stereoisomerism 立体异构[现象] Asymmetric atom 不对称原子Asymmetric carbon 不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon 假不对称碳10Phantom atom 虚拟原子[]Homotopic 等位[的]Heterotopic 异位[的]Enantiotopic 对映[异构体]的Diastereotopic 非对映异构体[的] [ˌdaiəstiəri əˈtɔpik]Configuration 构型[kənˌfiɡjuˈreiʃən] Absolute configuration 绝对构型Chirality 手性Chiral 手性[的] [英] [ˈtʃirəl][美] [ˈkaɪrəl] Chiral center 手性中心Chiral molecule 手性分子Achiral 非手性[的] [ei'kairəl]Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式Neoman projection 纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence 顺序规则Symmetry factor 对称因素Plane of symmetry 对称面Mirror symmetry 镜面对称Enantiomer 对映[异构]体[]Diastereomer 非对映[异构]体[]Epimer 差向异构体[] Anomer 端基[差向]异构体Erythro configuration 赤型构型Erythro isomer 赤型异构体Threo configuration 苏型构型Threo isomer 苏型异构体Trigonal carbon 三角型碳Cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构E isomer E异构体Z isomer Z异构体Endo isomer 内型异构体Exo isomer 外型异构体Prochirality 前手性Pro-R group 前R基团Pro-S proup 前S基团Re face Re 面Si face Si 面Racemic mixture 外消旋混合物[]Racemic compound 外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution 外消旋固体溶液Meso compound 内消旋化合物Quasi recemate 准外消旋体[ˈkwɑ:zi(:),ˈkweis ai]Conformation 构象Conformational 构象的Torsion angle 扭转角Rotamer 旋转异构体Anti conformation 反式构象Bisecting conformation 等分构象Anti periplanar conformation 反叠构象Synperiplanar conformation 顺叠构象Synclinal conformation 反错构象Synclinal conformation 顺错构象Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象Gauche conformation, skew con-formation 邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation 对位交叉构象11Steric effect 空间效应[ˈstiərik,ˈsterik] Steric hindrance 位阻Atropismer 阻转异构体Puckered ring 折叠环Conformational inversion 构象反转Chair conformation 椅型构象Boat conformation 船型构象Twist conformation 扭型构象Skew boat conformation 扭船型构象Half-chair conformation 半椅型构象Pseudorotation 假旋转Envelope conformation 信封[型]构象Axial bond 直[立]键[ˈæksi:əl] Equatorial bond 平[伏]键[ˌi:kwəˈtɔ:ri:əl, -ˈtəʊr-, ˌekwə-] Cisoid conformation 顺向构象Transoid conformation 反向构象Retention of configuration 构型保持Regioselectivity 区域选择性Regiospecificity 区域专一性Stereocelectivity 立体选择性Stereospecificty 立体专一性Conformer 构象异构体Conformational effect 构象效应Cram’s rube 克拉姆规则Prelog’rule普雷洛格规则Stereochemical orientation 立体[化学]取向Conformational transmission 构象传递Homolog 同系物Ipso position 本位Ortho position 邻位Meta position 间位Para position 对位Amphi position 远位Peri position 近位Trigonal hybridization 三角杂化Molecular orbiral method 分子轨道法Valence bond method 价键法Delocalezed bond 离域键Cross conjugation 交叉共轭Vinylog 插烯物Mesomeric effect 中介效应Resonance 共振[ˈrezənəns]Resonance effect 共振效应Hyperconjugation 超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation 等价超共轭No-bond resonance 无键共振Aromaticity 芳香性Aromatic sexter 芳香六隅Huckel’rule休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current 顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent 抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity 同芳香性Antiaromaticity 反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon 交替烃Non-alternant hydrocarbon 非交替烷Pericyclic reaction 周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环[化]重排Conrotatory 顺旋Disroatatory 对旋Cycloaddition 环加成Symmetry forbidden-reaction 对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction 同面反应Antarafacial reaction 异面反应Mobius system 默比乌斯体系Leois structure 路易斯结构Coordinate-covalent bond 配位共价键Banana bond 香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale 鲍林电负性标度Polarizability 可极化性Inductive effect 诱导效应Field effect 场效应Electrical effect 电场效应tautomerism 互变异构Tautomerization 互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism 酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism 酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism 亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring-chain tautomerism 环-链互变异构Valence tautomerism 价互变异构Ambident 两可[的]Solvent effect 溶剂效应Acid-base catalyxed reaction 酸性溶剂Basic solvent 碱性溶剂Dielectric constant 介电常数Solvated electron 溶剂化电子Acid-base catalyzed reaction 酸碱催化反应Conjugate base 共轭酸Conjugate base 共轭碱Therm odynamic acidity 热力学酸度Kinetic acidity 动力学酸度Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomplex 电子给[体]受体络合物Host 主体Guest 客体Primary isotope effect 一级同位素效应Secondary isotope effect 二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect 逆同位素效应Kinetic control 动力学控制Thermodynamic control 热力学控制Substrate 底物Intermediate 中间体Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility 微观可逆性Hammond postulate 哈蒙德假说Linear free energy 线性自由能Non-bonded interaction 非键相互作用Torsional effect 扭转效应Pitzer strain 皮策张力Restricted rotation 阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect 重叠效应Eclipsing strain 重叠张力Small-angle strain 小角张力Large angle strain 大角张力Transannular interaction 跨环相互作用Transannular strain 跨环张力I strain 内张力F strain 前张力B strain 后张力Anomeric effect 端基异构效应Walden inversion 瓦尔登反转Racemization 外消旋化Isoinversion 等反转Isoracemization 等消旋Homochiral 纯手性[的]Mechanism 机理Unimolecular nucleophilic 单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution 双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allyl ic rearrange-ment) 双分子亲核取代(含烯丙型重排)Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion 分子内亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion 芳香亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution 单分子亲电取代Bimolecular electrophilic substi-tution 双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu-lar electrophilic substitution 亲核体协助单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination 单分子消除Bimolecular elimination 双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conjugate base 单分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination through the conjugate b ase 双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a car bonyl group 双分子羰基形成消除Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleava ge 单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavag e 双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleav age 单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Bimllecular base-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavag e 双分子碱催化烷氧断裂π-allyl complex mechanism π烯丙型络合机理Borderline mechanism 边理机理Homolysis 均裂Heterolysis 异裂Heterolytic michanism 异裂机理Counrer[gegen]ion 反荷离子Ion pair 离子对Carbocation 碳正离子[ˌkɑ:bəˈkeiʃən] Nonclassical carbocation 非经典碳正离子Carbanion 碳负离子[ˈkɑ:bənaiən]Masked carbanion 掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid 卡宾体Carbene 卡宾[]Nitrene 氮宾[a] Carbine 碳炔[] Electrophilic addition 亲电加成Electrophile 亲电体Diaxial addition 双直键加成Markovnikov’s rube 马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition 反马氏加成Michael addition 迈克尔加成Substitution 取代Electrophilic substitution 亲电取代Addition-elimination mechanism 加成消除机理[ˈmekənizəm]Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion 亲电芳香取代Electron transfer 电子转移Electron-donating group 给电子基团Electron-Withdrawing group 吸电子基团Deactivating group 钝化基团Orinentation 取向Ortho-para directing group 邻对位定位基Meta directing group 间位定位基Ortho effect 邻位效应Partial rate factor 分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction 亲核反应Internal return 内返Nucleophilicity 亲核体Nucleophilicity 亲核性α-effect α-效应Backside attack 背面进攻Inversion 反转Umbrella effect 伞效应Push-pull effect 推拉效应Leaving group 离去基团Electrofuge 离电体Nucleofuge 离核体14Phase-transfer catalysis 相转移催化Neighboring group participation 邻基基参与Neighboring proup assistance,anchimeric assista nce 邻助作用Neighboring group effect 邻基效应Apofacial reaction 反面反应Briddgehead displacement 桥头取代Aryl action 芳正离子Benzyne 苯炔Zaitsev rule 札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation 反札依采夫定向Hofmann’s rule 霍夫曼规则Bredt rule 布雷特规则Initiation 引发Anionic cleavage 负离子裂解Partial bond fixation 键[的]部分固定化exothermic发热的,放出热量的[ˌeksəuˈθə:mik]各种反应类型Halogenations reaction卤化反应Hydrogenation reaction氢化反应Alkylation reaction烷基化(烃化)反应Hydrocarbylation 烃基化反应Oxidation and reduction reaction氧化还原反Reductive amination还原胺化反应Cross-coupling reaction交叉耦合反应Cycloaddition reaction环加成反应Rearrangement reaction重排反应Acylation reaction酰化反应Acetylization reaction乙酰化反应Amide reaction酰胺反应Sulfonylation磺酰化反应Nitration reaction硝化反应Esterification酯化反应Anhydride reaction酸酐反应Oximation reaction肟化反应Coupled(或coupling)reaction偶联反应1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 1,3-偶极环加成Pericyclic reaction周环反应Hydrolysis reaction 水解反应Ester hydrolysis 酯水解反应Hydrolytic-polymeric reaction水解聚合反应Dehydrogenation reaction脱氢反应Dehydrohalogenation reaction 脱卤化氢反应Dehydration reaction脱水反应Decarboxylation reaction脱羧反应Addition reaction加成反应Substitution reaction取代反应Cracking reaction 裂化反应Elimination reaction消除反应And metal response reaction与活泼金属反应Phase transfer catalytic reaction相转移催化反应Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Polymerization reaction聚合反应Polycondensation reaction缩聚反应Condensation reaction 缩合反应Silver mirror reaction银镜反应Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Electrophilic reaction亲电反应Nucleophilic cycloaddition reaction亲核环加成反应Nucleophilic substitution亲核取代反应Electrophilic substitution亲电取代反应Unimolecular electrophilic substitution单分子亲电取代反应Bimolecular electrophilic substitution双分子亲电取代反应Unimolecular elimination reaction单分子消除反应Bimolecular elimination reaction双分子消除反应Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution双分子亲核取代反应Internal nucleophilic substitution分子内亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction芳香亲核取代反应活化剂的中英文名称Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (癸二酸二仲辛酯;癸二酸二2-乙基己酯)Zinc stearate (硬脂酸锌)Suberic acid (辛二酸)Adipic acid, (己二酸)Hexanedioic acid, (己二酸)Sebacic acid, dibutyl ester (癸二酸二丁酯)Abietic acid (松香酸)Lactic acid (乳酸)Poly(ethylene glycol) (聚乙二醇)Glycerol stearate (硬脂酸甘油酯)Imidazoline (咪唑啉,间二氮杂环戊烯)β-Pinene (β-蒎烯,β-松油二环烯)Adipic acid (脂肪酸)Butyl acetate (乙酸丁酯)Ethylene glycol butyl ether (乙二醇丁醚)Sebacic acid, (癸二酸)Decanedioic acid, (癸二酸)Ethylene glycol ethyl ether (乙二醇乙醚)2-Butenedioic acid (E)-, (2-丁烯二酸)Succinic acid, (琥珀酸,丁二酸)Ethylene glycol methyl ether (乙二醇甲醚)Acetyl acetate (乙酸乙酰脂)1H-Benzotriazole (1-H-笨并三唑)α-Pinene (α-蒎烯,α-松香二环烯)Salicylic acid (水杨酸)Iso-Propanol (异丙醇) Ethanol (乙醇)Lysine (赖氨酸)Glutamic acid (谷氨酸,2-氨基戊二酸) Glyceroyl, (甘油酰)N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylene-diamine(N,N,N,N-四(2-羟基丙基)乙烯二氨)Isoleucine, (异亮氨酸)Decamethylenedicarboxylic acid, disalicyloylhy drazide (Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate(3(2,3-2溴丙基)异氰尿酸盐)3-(N-Salicyloyl)amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-(N-水杨酰)氨-1,2,4-三唑)Isocyanuric acid (异氰尿酸)Salicylamide (水杨酰胺)Polyethylene glycol (聚乙二醇)Diethylene glycol diethyl ether (二甘醇二乙醚,(一缩)二乙二醇二乙醚)Butyl carbitol (丁基卡必醇)Ethyl carbitol (乙基卡必醇)Methyl carbitol (甲基卡必醇)Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (乙二醇单丁醚)Glutaric acid (戊二酸,谷酸)Succinic acid (琥珀酸,丁二酸)Citric acid (柠檬酸)Salicylic acid (水杨酸)Lactic acid (2-羟基丙酸,乳酸)Glycerin monostearate (甘油一硬脂酸)Pentaerythritol (季戊四醇)tetrakis[β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)pr opionate] 四[β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基-苯基)丙酸酯Dioctyl sebacate (癸二酸二辛酯)N-Methyl pyrrolidone, (N-甲基吡咯烷酮)Diethylene glycol ethyl ether (二甘醇乙醚)Propylene glycol (丙二醇)Octanedioic acid (辛二酸)Oleamide (油酸酰胺)[olamine 乙醇胺]2-Mercapto benzothiazole (2-巯基-苯并噻唑)Nonanedioic acid, (壬二酸)cis-9-Octadecenoic acid, (顺式-9-十八炭烯酸,油酸)Sebacic acid, uses (癸二酸)12-Hydroxy stearic acid (十二羟基硬脂酸)Phthalic acid (苯二甲酸)1,1,3-Tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylpheny l)butane(1,1,3-三(2-甲基-4-羟基-5-叔丁基苯基)丁烷)1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hyd roxybenzyl)benzene(1,3,5-三甲基-2,4,6-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)苯)1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, (1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮)Carbonic acid, (碳酸)Phthalic acid, (苯二甲酸)Malic acid (苹果酸,羟基丁二酸)2,3-Dibromo-2-butene-1,4-diol (2,3-二溴-2-丙烯-1,4-二醇)Cetylpyridinium bromide (溴代十六烷基吡啶)Pentanedioic acid (戊二酸) pentanediol (戊二醇)pentanoic acid ( 戊酸) pentanol (戊醇) Butanedioic acid, (丁二酸)1,2-Dibromoethylbenzene (1,2-二溴乙基苯)Salicylic acid, (水杨酸)Stearic acid (硬脂酸)Pentanedioic acid (戊二酸)Maleic acid, (马来酸,失水苹果酸)Phthalic acid, (苯二甲酸)Tartaric acid, (酒石酸)Acetic acid, (乙酸)Polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether (聚氧乙烯辛基酚醚,聚氧化亚乙基辛基分醚)Ethanedioic acid, (乙二酸)Polyethylene glycol (聚乙二醇)Diethylene glycol butyl ether (二甘醇丁醚)Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (二甘醇单乙醚)Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (乙二醇单丁醚)Pentaerythritol, (季戊四醇)Diglycol, (二甘醇,一缩二乙二醇)Hexylene glycol (己二醇)Ethylene glycol, (乙二醇)Glycerol, (甘油,丙三醇)Cyclobutanediamine (环丁烷二胺)Dibromobutenediol (二溴丁二醇)Cyclohexanediamine (环己烷二胺)Succinamide (琥珀酰胺,丁二酸胺)Ethylenediamine, (乙二胺)Triethanolamine, (三乙醇胺)5-Aminoisophthalic acid (5-氨基间苯二甲酸)p-tert-Butylbenzoic acid (对叔丁基苯甲酸)Propionic acid, (丙酸)Benzoic acid, (安息香酸, 苯(甲)酸)Salicylamide (水杨酰胺)Aniline, (苯胺)Palmitic acid, (棕榈酸, 十六酸, 软脂酸)Glutamic acid, (谷氨酸) Glutaric acid (谷酸,戊二酸)Glycine, (甘氨酸,氨基乙酸)Malic acid (苹果酸,羟基丁二酸)Adipic acid, (己二酸)Diethanolamine (二乙醇胺)Triethylamine, (三乙胺)Malic acid (苹果酸)Oxalic acid, (草酸)Oleic acid, (油酸)Glutaric acid (谷氨酸)Sorbic acid (山梨酸) sorbic alcohol (山梨醇)=sorbit Reactant 反应物nProduct 产物nCatalyst 催化剂catalytic agent,catalyzer Degree Celsius摄氏度Sodium Borohydride硼氢化钠Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)氢化铝锂Lithiumtrit-ButoxyaluminohydrideLiAlH(O t-C4H9)3叔丁氧基氢化铝锂Diisobutylaluminum Hydride AlH[CH2CH(CH3)2]2二异丙基氢化铝Diborane B2H6硼烷Reactive Metals 活泼金属如 Na, or Li, or K ,Mg or Al or Zn or FePotassium carbonate碳酸钾Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠[]Sodium chloride氯化钠Sodium acetate 乙酸钠Sodium cyanide[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]氰化钠Sodium methoxide或Sodium methylate甲醇钠,甲氧基钠Sodium ethoxide[ˈsəʊdi:əm i:ˈθɔksaid]或Sodium ethylate[ˈsəʊdi:əm ˈeθileit]乙醇钠Sodium sulfate 硫酸钠Magnesium sulfate [mægˈni:zi:əm ]硫酸镁Acetic acid乙酸Formic acid甲酸Ammonium format甲酸铵Formamide[fɔ:ˈmæmid]或formyl amide 甲酰胺formaldehyde 甲醛[f ɔ:ˈmældəˌha ɪd]Methyl iodide碘甲烷Potassium iodide碘化钾[]Potassium chloride氯化钾Potassium cyanide[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]氰化钾Dimethyl sulfate硫酸二甲酯Palladium –carbon 钯碳Pd/C [pəˈleidiəm] Palladium chloride氯化钯Palladium diacetate醋酸钯Chloroacetone 氯丙酮Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide四丁基溴化铵Tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride四丁基氟化铵容器类:量杯measuring cup烧杯beaker 不锈钢杯stainless-steel beaker量筒measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒graduated flask/measuring cylinder坩埚crucible 坩埚钳crucible clamp 坩埚crucible pot, melting pot试管test tube 试管架test tube holder漏斗funnel 分液漏斗separatory funnel烧瓶flask 锥形瓶conical flask塞子stopper洗瓶plastic wash bottle滴定管burette玻璃活塞stopcock冷凝器condenser试剂瓶reagent bottles玻棒glass rod 搅拌棒stirring rod蒸馏烧瓶distilling flask碘量瓶iodine flask表面皿watch glass蒸发皿evaporating dish容量瓶volumetric flask/measuring flask移液管(one-mark) pipette刻度移液管graduated pipettes20称量瓶weighing bottle吸液管pipette滤管filter天平balance/scale分析天平analytical balance台秤platform balance游码crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯alcohol burner酒精喷灯blast alcohol burner搅拌装置stirring device洗耳球rubber suction bulb研磨钵mortar 研磨棒pestle 玛瑙研钵agate mortar瓷器porcelain白细口瓶flint glass solution bottle with stopper 滴瓶dropping bottle 小滴管dropper蒸馏装置distilling apparatus蒸发器evaporator试验用器材:升降台lab jack铁架台iron support万能夹extension clamp蝴蝶夹double-buret clamp双顶丝clamp regular holder止水夹flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架cast-iron ring移液管架pipet rack试管架tube rack沸石boiling stone橡胶管rubber tubing药匙lab spoon镊子forceps坩埚钳crucible tong剪刀scissor 打孔器stopper borer石棉网asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝wire coil for heater脱脂棉absorbent cottonphph试纸universal ph indicator paper滤纸filter paper称量纸weighing paper擦镜纸wiper for lens秒表stopwatch量杯glass graduates with scale白滴定管(酸)flint glass burette with glass stopcock棕色滴定管(酸)brown glass burette with glass stopcock白滴定管(碱)flint glass burette for alkali棕色滴定管(碱)brown glass burette for alkali 比重瓶specific gravity bottle水银温度计mercury-filled thermometerph计ph meter折光仪refractometer真空泵vacuum pump冷、热浴bath离心机centrifuge口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器power basic stirrer烘箱oven闪点仪flash point tester马弗炉furnace电炉heater微波炉电热套heating mantleBunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物apparatus 设备。
有机化学英语课件

Table 1.4 Lewis Structures for Elements 1-18 of the Periodic Table IA H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
Li
Na
. . .
Be
Mg
Al
. .
B
.. ..
C Si
.. . . ..
N P
O
. . .. . . . . ..
Pauling Scale: Fluorine: 4.0. All other elements are assigned values in relation to fluorine.
Within a Periodic Table: Electronegativity values increase from left to right and decrease from top to bottom within a group. Electronegativity values of a particular element depends not only on its position in the Periodic Table but also on its oxidation state.
Formal Charge: The charge on an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion.
1. Write a correct Lewis structure for the molecule or ion. 2. Assign to each atom all its unshared (nonbonding) electrons and one half its shared (bonding) electrons. 3. Compare this number with the number of valence electrons in the neutral, unbonded atom.
专业英语有机化学PPT 终极修改版

• 根据烷烃的化学性质可进行的反应: • • 氧化反应 oxidation reaction • 取代反应 substitution reaction • 裂化反应 cracking reaction
2.烯烃 2.烯烃 C=C
• 烯烃是指含有C=C键(碳-碳双键)(烯键)的碳 氢化合物。烯烃的物理性质可以与烷烃对比。物 理状态决定于分子质量。简单的烯烃中,乙烯、 丙烯和丁烯是气体,含有五至十六个碳原子的直 链烯烃是液体。 • 烯烃C=C的性质决定它比较容易发生的化学反应 有: • 加氢反应 Hydrogenation • 亲电加成反应 Hydrogenation • 氧化反应 oxidation reaction • 聚合反应 polyreaction
烯烃命名规律
命名: • 1.只有一个双键的不饱和烯烃的命名是通 过把相对应烷烃后面的“-ane”用“-ene”代替。 • 2.如果含有两个以上的双键,则用“-andiene” 和“-atriene”代替ane。 • • • • • • 乙烯methene 丙烯propene 戊烯 pentene 己烯hexene 丙基乙烯 propyl ethylene 1,4己二烯 1,4-hexandiene
• 羧酸的命名 一般是ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้基团的后面直接加上--acid • Examples: • 甲酸 formic acid 酸 • 乙酸 acetic acid • 丙酸 propionic acid • 丁酸 butyric acid • 己酸 caproic acid 酸 • 己二酸 adipic acid 酸 • 癸酸 decanoic acid 酸 • 草酸 oxalic acid 酸
5.醇和酚 5.醇和酚 alcohol and phenol
有机化学ppt课件完整版

重排反应通常发生在含有不稳 定结构或官能团的化合物中, 需要加热或加入催化剂。在重 排过程中,分子的骨架结构可 能发生变化。
重排反应在有机合成中具有重 要的应用价值,可以用于合成 具有特定结构或官能团的有机 化合物。同时,重排反应也是 研究有机化合物结构和性质的 重要手段之一。
08
有机化学在生活中的应 用
定义
特点
加成反应在有机合成中具有重要的应用价值,可以用 于合成各种烯烃、醇、醛、酮等有机化合物。
应用
加成反应通常发生在分子中的不饱和键上,需要一定 的反应条件和催化剂。
消除反应
定义
消除反应是指有机化合物分子中 失去一个小分子(如水、卤化氢
等),形成不饱和键的反应。
种类
包括脱水消除、脱卤化氢消除、 热消除等。
反应。此外,醇还可以与酸反应生成酯,是重要的有机合成原料。
酚类化合物结构与性质
结构特点 酚类化合物的分子中含有苯环和羟基(-OH)官能团,通 式为Ar-OH,其中Ar为苯基或其衍生物。
物理性质 酚类化合物一般为无色或淡黄色的固体或液体,具有特殊 的气味和较强的毒性。酚的熔点和沸点较高,易溶于有机 溶剂。
化学性质
03
可发生加成、氧化、还原等反应,如与氢气加成生成醇,被弱
氧化剂氧化成酸。
酮类化合物结构与性质
结构特点
羰基(C=O)两侧连接烃基或芳基,无双键性质。
物理性质
沸点较高、难溶于水、易溶于有机溶剂。
化学性质
主要发生加成和还原反应,如与氢气加成生成醇,被还原剂还原 成仲醇。
醌类化合物结构与性质
结构特点
04
醇、酚、醚类化合物
醇类化合物结构与性质
01
结构特点
有机化学PPT课件

目录
• 有机化学简介 • 有机化学基础知识 • 有机化学反应 • 有机化学的应用 • 有机化学的未来发展
01 有机化学简介
有机化学的定义
总结词
有机化学是一门研究有机化合物 的组成、结构、性质、合成和反 应的学科。
详细描述
有机化学主要关注碳氢化合物及 其衍生物,即有机化合物,它们 是构成生命体的基本物质。
将有机化学与计算机科学、数学等学科交叉融合,利用计算机模拟和预测有机化学反应和 分子的性质,为有机化学研究和应用提供新的工具和手段。
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有机化学的发展历程
总结词
有机化学的发展经历了从天然有机化学到合成有机化学的演变,并不断推动着 人类社会的进步。
详细描述
早期的有机化学主要研究天然有机物,如动植物体内的化合物。随着科技的发 展,合成有机化学逐渐崛起,人们开始能够合成大量原本自然界不存在的有机 化合物,从而极大地丰富了人类的物质生活。
农业领域
1 2
农药合成
有机化学在农药合成中扮演着关键角色,通过设 计并合成新的农药分子,可以开发出更安全、更 有效的农药。
植物生长调节剂
有机化学也可用于合成植物生长调节剂,通过调 节植物生长代谢,提高作物产量和品质。
3
转基因作物
利用有机化学手段,可以修改作物的基因组,培 育出抗逆性更强、产量更高的转基因作物。
举例
乙醇被氧化生成乙醛。
04 有机化学的应用
医药领域
药物合成
有机化学在药物合成中发挥着重要作用,通过设计并合成新的有 机分子,可以开发出具有治疗作用的创新药物。
药物代谢
有机化学也涉及药物代谢的研究,了解药物在体内的代谢过程有助 于优化药物的疗效和降低副作用。
有机化学专业英语

烷基Alkyl [ˈælkil]芳基aryl [ˈæril]甲基methyl [ˈmeθil]亚甲基methylene[ˈmeθili:n]乙基ethyl [ˈeθil,ˈeθəl]丙基propyl [ˈprəupil]异丙基isopropyl [ˌaisəuˈprəupil]丁基butyl [ˈbju:til]戊基pentyl [ˈpentil]己基hexyl [ˈheksil]庚基heptyl [ˈheptil]辛基octyl [ˈɔktəl]壬基nonyl [ˈnɔnil]奎基decyl ['desəl][di:'s i l]叔丁基tert-butyl异丁基iso-butyl环戊基cyclopentyl []环己基cyclohexyl []甲氧基methoxyl ['metɒksɪl]乙氧基ethoxyl [eˈθɔksil]丁氧基butoxyl酰基acyl[ˈæsil]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ:mil]乙酰基acetyl [ˈæsitil]乙烯基vinyl [ˈvaɪnəl]或ethenyl丁烯基butenyl [ˈbjutənil]己烯基hexenyl庚烯基heptenyl [ˈheptəˌnil]烯丙基allyl [ˈælil]乙炔基ethinyl [eˈθainil] 或alkynyl 硝基nitro [ˈnaitrəu]亚硝基nitroso [naiˈtrəusəu]氨基amino [əˈmi:nəʊ, ˈæməˌnəʊ]二氨基diamino亚氨基imino [ˈiminəu,iˈmi:nəu]重氮基diazo [daiˈæzəu]苯基phenyl [ˈfenəl,ˈfi:nəl,ˈfi:nil]苄基benzyl [ˈbenzil] 或phenmethyl [ˌfinˈmeθil]苯乙基phenethyl [fenˈeθəl]乙氧苯基ethoxyphenyl苯胺基anilino [ˈænili:n]羰基carbonyl [ˈkɑ:bənil]羧基carboxyl [kɑ:ˈbɔksil]联苯基biphenyl [baiˈfenl]甲酰基formyl [ˈfɔ:mil]苯酰,苯甲酰benzoyl ['benzəʊɪl]脒基guanyl [il]羟基hydroxyl [haiˈdrɔksil]烷氧基alkoxy [ælˈkɔksi]或alkoxyl group芳基aryl group二芳基diaryl group [daiˈæril]吡啶基pyridyl[ˈpiridil]三苯甲基trityl['traɪtl]二苯甲基benzhydryl [benaɪd'raɪl]氨基甲酰基carbamoyl[kɑ:'bæməɪl]三甲基硅基trimethylsilyl炔丙基propargyl [prəʊ'pɑ:dʒɪl]丙酮基(乙酰甲基)acetonyl['æsɪtənɪl]正n,normal异iso邻位ortho- [ˈɔ:θəu]间位meta- ['mɛtə]对位para- [ˈpɑ:rə]伯Primary ['praimәri]仲Secondary ['sekәndәri]叔Tertiary ['tә:ʃәri] tert-季碳quaternary [kwəˈtə:nəri] carbon一,单mono-二di-,双bis ,bi(化学中只有碳酸氢根才用bi,如bicarbonate [baiˈkɑ:bənit])三tri-,tris四tetra- 四quadric-五penta- 五quinque-六hexa-七hepta- 七septi八octa-九nona-十deca- ['dɛkə]十一undeca ,hendeca-十二dodeca-十三trideca-十四tetradeca十五pentadeca-十六hexadeca-十七heptadeca-顺式,cis-同,共syn反式trans有机化合物类名Aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物[]Hydrocarbon碳氢化合物[ˌhaɪdrəˈkɑ:bən] Alkane烷[]Wax 蜡[]Paraffin wax石蜡arene芳烃[]Alkene烯[]Alkyne炔[ˈælkain]Acetylide炔化物[] Active hydrogen compounds活泼氢化合物acid [ˈæsid]Carbon acid碳氢酸Super acid超酸Diene双烯[ˈdaii:n]Triene三烯[ˈtraii:n]Allene 丙二烯[ˈæli:n]Propylene丙烯[] cumulene累积多烯[]Enyne烯炔[eˈni:n]Diyne二炔Alkyl halide卤代烷[ˈælkil ˈh ælaid]Alcohol 醇[]Homoallylic alcohol高烯丙醇Ether醚[ˈi:θə]Ester酯[ˈestə]Ketone酮Aldehyde醛[ˈældihaid]Epoxide环氧化物[eˈpɔksaid]Sulfone砜[ˈsʌlfəun]Sulfoxide亚砜Sulfonic acid磺酸Carboxylic acid羧酸Cellosolve溶纤剂Crown ether 冠醚Nitro compound 硝基化合物Amine 胺[] Quaternaryammonium compound 季铵化合物[] []Amine oxide氧化胺Diazoalkane重氮烷[daɪ,æzəʊ'ælkeɪn] Mercaptan硫醇[] Aldehyde hydrate醛水合物Ketone hydrate酮水合物Hemiacetal半缩醛[ˌhemiˈæsitæl]Acetal缩醛acetal [化]乙缩醛,乙缩醛二乙醇[ˈæsitæl] Ketal缩酮[ˈki:tæl]thiazole噻唑[ˈθaiəˌzəul]Dithiane二噻烷[daiˈθaiən]Aminal缩醛胺;动物imine亚胺[]Aldimine醛亚胺Oxime肟[]nitroso compound亚硝基化合物aldoxime醛肟,乙醛肟[ælˈdɔksi:m] Hydrazone腙[ˈhaidrəˌzəun]Azine嗪[ˈæzi:n]Semicarbazone缩氯基脲Cyanohydrin羟腈, 氰醇[ˌsaiənəuˈhaidrin] Pinacol频哪醇Enol烯醇[ˈi:nɔl]Enol ether烯醇醚Enol ester烯醇酯[ˈi:nɔl][ˈestə] Enamine烯胺[iˈnæmin]Ynamine炔胺Mannich base曼尼希碱orthoester原酸酯Acyl halide酰卤[ˈæsil]Acyl fluoride酰氟[]Acyl chloride酰氯Acyl bromide酰溴Acyl iodide酰碘[ˈaiədaid] Carbobenzoxy chloride苄氧甲酰氯Acyl tosylate酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Ketene乙烯酮[ˈki:ti:n]Peracid过酸Perester过酸酯Acyl peroxide酰基过氧化物Nitrile腈[ˈnaitrail]acetonitrile 乙腈[ˌæsitəuˈnaitril] 或methyl c yanide [ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]Nitrile oxide氧化腈Isonitrile异腈,异氰化物Amide酰胺[ˈæmaid]Imide二酰亚胺[ˈimaid]N-bromo compound N-溴化物Hydrazide酰肼[] Azide 叠氮化物[ˈæzaid,ˈeizid]Acyl azide酰基叠氮[ˈæsil] [ˈæzaid,ˈeizid] Amidine脒[ˈæmiˌdi:n]Keto ester酮酸酯Acyl cyanide酰腈[ˈæsil] [ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd] Carbon suboxide二氧化三碳Glycidic acid环氧丙酸Carbammic acid氨基甲酸Carbamate氨基甲酸酯[ˈkɑ:bəmeit]Urea脲,尿素[] Cyanamide氨腈[saiˈænəmaid] Carbodiimide碳二亚胺[,kɑ:bədai'imaid] Allophanate脲基甲酸酯Thioester硫代酸酯[ˌθaiəuˈestə]Thiol acid硫羰酸[ˈθaiəu]Lactone酯[ˈlæktəun]Lactol半缩醛[ˈlæktəl]Macrolide大环酯[ˈmækrəlaid]Amino acid氨基酸Zwitterion两性离子[ˈtsvitəraiən]Inner salt盐Betaine甜菜碱[ˈbi:təi:n]Lactam酰胺[ˈlæktæm]Hydantoin或glycolylurea 乙酰脲[haiˈdæntəwin]Hydration水合,水合作用[haɪ'dreʃən] Peptide肽[ˈpepˌtaɪd]Glycol乙二醇[]Aldol羟醛[ˈældəul]Acyloin偶姻,酮醇[əˈsiləuin]acyloin condensation 酮醇缩合Carbohydrate碳水化合物Aldose醛糖[ˈældəus]Ketose酮糖[ˈki:təus]Furanose呋喃糖[ˈfjuərəˌnəus]Pyranose吡喃糖[ˈpaiərənəus]Glycoside 糖苷[ˈɡlaikəˌsaid]Glucoside葡[萄]糖苷Aglycon苷元[əˈɡlaikɔn]Saccharide糖类[ˈsækəraid] Oligosaccharide寡糖[ˌɔliɡəuˈsækəraid] Polysaccharide多糖[pɔliˈsækəraid]Alditol糖醇[ˈælditɔl]Osazone脎[ˈəusəˌzəun]Alicyclic compound脂环化合物[æliˈsiklik] Cycloalkane环烷Cycloalkene环烯Spirane螺烷[ˈspaiərein]Cage compound笼型化合物Propellane螺桨烷Rotazane轮烷Catenane索烃[ˈkætnein]Fused ring稠环[fju:zd riŋ]化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀-acetal醛缩醇acetal-乙酰acid酸-al醛alcohol醇-aldehyde醛alkali-碱allyl丙烯基'alkoxy-烷氧基Methoxy甲氧基的-amide酰胺[]amino-氨基的[əˈmi:nəʊ, ˈæməˌnəʊ]-amidine脒[ˈæmiˌdi:n]-amine胺-ane烷anhydride酐[ænˈhaidraid]anilino-苯胺基[ˈænili:n]aquo-含水aqueous水的,水成的[ˈeikwiəs] -ase酶-ate含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne三炔azo-偶氮[ˈæzəu]azoxy-氧化偶氮-N=N(O)-hydrazo-氢化偶氮-NH-NH-benzene 苯[ˈben ˌzi:n, benˈzi:n]bi-在盐类前表示酸式盐bis-双-borane硼烷[ˈbəurein]bromo-溴butyl丁基.-carbinol甲醇carbonyl羰基-caboxylic acid羧酸centi-10-2chloro-氯代cis-顺式condensed缩合的、冷凝的cyclo-环deca-十deci10-1di二-dine啶dodeca-十二-ene烯epi-表epoxy-环氧[]-ester酯-ether醚ethoxy-乙氧基[] ethyl乙基fluoro-或fluor-氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi-半hendeca-十一hepta-七heptadeca-十七hexa-六hexadeca-十六-hydrin醇hydro-氢或水hydroxyl羟基hypo-低级的,次-ic酸的,高价金属-ide无氧酸的盐,酰替胺,酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺/iodine 碘[]iodo-碘代iso-异,等,同-ite亚酸盐keto-酮ketone酮-lactone酯mega-106meta-间,偏methoxy-甲氧基methyl甲基micro-10-6milli-10-3mono-(mon-)一,单nano-10-9nitro-硝基nitroso-亚硝基nona-九nonadeca-十九octa-八octadeca-十八-oic酸的-ol醇9a$f!Q,H:[5n&G -one酮ortho-邻,正,原-ous亚酸的,低价金属oxa-氧杂-oxide氧化合物-oxime肟[] oxo-酮[]oxy-氧化[]-oyl酰para-对位,仲penta-五pentadeca-十五per-高,过petro-石油phenol苯酚[ˈfi:nəl]phenyl苯基[]pico-10-12poly-聚,多quadri-四quinque-五semi-半septi-七sesqui一个半sulfa-磺胺[]sym-对称syn-顺式,同,共ter-三-tetra-四tetradeca-十四tetrakis-四个thio-硫代[]trans-反式,超,跨tri-三trans-反式,超,跨tri-三trideca-十三tris-三个undeca-十一.Alkylation烷基化C-alkylation C-烷基化O-alkylation O-烷基化N-alkylation N-烷基化Silylation硅烷[基]化Exhaustive methylation彻底甲基化Seco alkylation断裂烷基化Demethylation脱甲基化Ethylation乙基化Arylation芳基化Acylation酰化Formylation甲酰化Carbalkoxylation烷氧羰基化Carboamidation氨羰基化Carboxylation羧基化Amination氨基化Bisamination双氨基化Cine substitution移位取代Transamination氨基交换Hydroxylation羟基化acyloxyation酰氧基化Decarboxylative nitration脱羧卤化Allylic halogenation烯丙型卤化Dehalogenation脱卤Nitration 硝化Decarboxylative nitration 脱羧硝化Nitrosation 亚硝化Sulfonation磺化Chlorosulfonation氯磺酰化Desulfonation脱磺酸基Sulfenylation亚磺酰化Sulfonylation磺酰化Chlorosulfenation氯亚磺酰化Chlorocarbonylation氯羰基化Diazotization重氮化[daiˌæzətaiˈzeiʃən] Diazo transfer重氮基转移Coupling reaction偶联反应uni-单,一unsym-不对称的,偏位-yl基-ylene撑(二价基,价在不同原子上)-yne炔Diazonium coupling重氮偶联[ˌdaiəˈzəuniəm]Cross-coupling reaction交叉偶联反应1,4-addition1,4-加成C-C Pi-bond C-C π键Conjugate addition共轭加成[ˈkɔndʒəˌgeɪt] Dimerization二聚Trimefization三聚Additive dimerization加成二聚Sulfurize 使硫化[]sulfurization硫化Selenylation硒化Hydroboration硼氢化[ˈhaidrəuˌbɔ:ˈreiʃən] Oxyamination羟氨基化Insertion插入carbonylation羧基化Hydroformylation加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation加氢酰化Oxo process羰基合成Decarbonylation脱羰[di:ˌkɑ:bənəˈleiʃən] Hydrocarboxylation氢羧基化Homologization同系化Cyanoethylation氰乙基化Decyanoethylation脱氰乙基Ring closure环合,闭环Diene synthesis双烯合成Dienophile亲双烯体Endo addition型加成Exo addition外型加成Diels-Alder reaction第尔斯-尔德反应Retro Diels-Alder reaction逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Ene synthesis单烯合成Anionic cycloaddition负离子环加成Dipolar addition偶极加成Dehydrohalogenation脱卤化氢Deamination脱氨基Pyrolytic elimination热解消除Elimination-addition消除-加成Decarboxylation脱羧Decarboxamidation脱酰胺Decyanation脱氰基Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage烷基裂解Acylolysis,acyl cleavage酰基裂解Flash pyrolysis闪热裂Fragmentation碎裂Chiletropic reaction螯键反应Chelation螯环化Esterification酯化Transesterification酯交换Saponification皂化Alcoholysis醇解Ethanolysis乙醇解Cyanomethylation氰甲基化Aminomethylation氨甲基化Hydroxymethylation羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation羟烷基化Cholromethylation氯甲基化Haloalkylation卤烷基化Transacetalation缩醛交换Enolization烯醇化Haloform reaction卤仿反应Condensation缩合Aldol condensation羟醛缩合Cross aldol condensation交叉羟醛缩合Retrograde aldol condensation逆羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation偶姻缩合Cyclization环化Annulation,annelation增环反应Spiroannulation螺增环Autoxidation自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation烯丙型氢过氧化Epoxidation环氧化Oxonolysis臭氧解Electrochemical oxidation电化学氧化Oxidative decarboxylation氧化脱羧Aromatization芳构化Catalytic hydrogenation催化氢化Heterogeneous hydrogenation多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation均相氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation催化脱氢Transfer hydrogenation转移氢化Hydrogenolysis氢解Dissolving metal reduction溶解金属还原Single electron transfer单电子转移Bimolecular reduction双分子还原Electrochemical reduction电化学还原Reductive alkylation还原烷基化Reductive acylation还原酰化Reductive dimerization还原二聚Deoxygenation脱氧Desulfurization脱硫Deselenization脱硒Mitallation金属化Lithiation锂化Hydrometallation氢金属化Mercuration汞化Oxymercuration羟汞化Aminomercuration氨汞化Abstraction夺取[反应]Internal abstraction夺取[反应] Rearrangement重排Prototropic rearrangement质了转移重排Double bond migration双键移位Allylic migration烯丙型重排Allylic migration烯丙型迁移Ring contraction环缩小[反应]Ring expansion,ring enlargement扩环[反应]-ketol rearrangement-酮醇重排Pinacol rearrangement频哪醇重排Retropinacol rearrangement逆频哪醇重排Semipinacol rearrangement半频哪醇重排Benzilic rearrangement二苯乙醇酸重排Acyl rearrangement酰基重排Migratory aptitude迁移倾向Transannular insertion跨环插入Transannular rearrangement跨环重排Migration 迁移Prototropy 质子转移Cationotropic rearrangement正离子转移重排Anionotropy负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangement负离子转移重Sigmatropic rearrangement-迁移重排Homosigmatropic rearrangement同迁移重排Electrophilic rearrangement亲电重排Photosensitization光敏化Forbidden transition禁阻跃迁photooxidation光氧化Photoisomerization光异构化Photochemical rearrangement光化学重排Angular methyl group角甲基Alkylidene group亚烷基[ælˈkiləˌdi:n] Methylene 亚甲基[ˈmeθili:n]Allyl group烯丙基Allylic烯丙型[的] [ˈæləˌlik]Phenyl group苯基[ˈfenəl,ˈfi:nəl,ˈfi:nil]Aryl group芳基Benzyl group苄基Benzylic苄型[的]Activating group活化基团Chromophore生色团[ˈkrəuməfɔ:] Auxochrome助色团[ˈɔ:ksəkrəum] Magnetically anisotropic group磁各向异性基团[əˌnais əuˈtrɔpik]Smally ring小环Common ring普通环Medium ring中环[ˈmi:djəm]Large ring大环Bridged-ring system桥环体系Spiro compound螺环化合物Helical molecule螺旋型分子Octahedral compound八面体化合物Conjugation共轭[]Conjugated-system共轭体系Acyl cation酰[基]正离子Benzylic cation苄[基]正离子[ˈkætaiən] Arenium ion芳[基]正离子或aryl cation Ketyl radical羰自由基Radical ion自由基离子[ˈaiən]Radical cation自由基正离子Radical anion自由基负离子[ˈænaiən] Isomerism异构[现象]Acid form酸式Fluxional structure循变结构Stereochemistry立体化学Optical activity光学活性,旋光性Dextro isomer右旋异构体[]Laevo isomer左旋异构体[] Tetrahedral configuration四面体构型Stereoisomerism立体异构[现象] Asymmetric atom不对称原子Asymmetric carbon不对称碳Pseudoasymmetric carbon假不对称碳Phantom atom虚拟原子[] Homotopic等位[的]Heterotopic异位[的]Enantiotopic对映[异构体]的Diastereotopic非对映异构体[的] [ˌdaiəstiəri əˈtɔpik]Configuration构型[kənˌfiɡjuˈreiʃən] Absolute configuration绝对构型Chirality手性Chiral手性[的] [英] [ˈtʃirəl][美] [ˈkaɪrəl] Chiral center手性中心Chiral molecule手性分子Achiral非手性[的] [ei'kairəl]Fischer projection费歇尔投影式Neoman projection纽曼投影式D-L system of nomenclature D-L命名体系R-S syytem of nomenclature R-S命名体系Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence顺序规则Symmetry factor对称因素Plane of symmetry对称面Mirror symmetry镜面对称Enantiomer对映[异构]体[]Diastereomer非对映[异构]体[]Epimer差向异构体[] Anomer端基[差向]异构体Erythro configuration赤型构型Erythro isomer赤型异构体Threo configuration型构型Threo isomer型异构体Trigonal carbon三角型碳Cis-trans isomerism顺反异构E isomer E异构体Z isomer Z异构体Endo isomer型异构体Exo isomer外型异构体Prochirality前手性Pro-R group前R基团Pro-S proup前S基团Re face Re面Si face Si面Racemic mixture外消旋混合物[]Racemic compound外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution外消旋固体溶液Meso compound消旋化合物Quasi recemate准外消旋体[ˈkwɑ:zi(:),ˈkw eisai]Conformation构象Conformational构象的Torsion angle扭转角Rotamer旋转异构体Anti conformation反式构象Bisecting conformation等分构象Anti periplanar conformation反叠构象Synperiplanar conformation顺叠构象Synclinal conformation反错构象Synclinal conformation顺错构象Eclipsed conformation重叠构象Gauche conformation,skew con-formatio n邻位交叉构象Staggered conformation对位交叉构象Steric effect空间效应[ˈstiərik,ˈsterik]Steric hindrance位阻Atropismer阻转异构体Puckered ring折叠环Conformational inversion构象反转Chair conformation椅型构象Boat conformation船型构象Twist conformation扭型构象Skew boat conformation扭船型构象Half-chair conformation半椅型构象Pseudorotation假旋转Envelope conformation信封[型]构象Axial bond直[立]键[ˈæksi:əl]Equatorial bond平[伏]键[ˌi:kwəˈtɔ:ri:əl, -ˈtəʊr-, ˌekwə-]Cisoid conformation顺向构象Transoid conformation反向构象Retention of configuration构型保持Regioselectivity区域选择性Regiospecificity区域专一性Stereocelectivity立体选择性Stereospecificty立体专一性Conformer构象异构体Conformational effect构象效应Cram’s rube克拉姆规则Prelog’rule普雷洛格规则Stereochemical orientation立体[化学]取向Conformational transmission构象传递Homolog同系物Ipso position本位Ortho position邻位Meta position间位Para position对位Amphi position远位Peri position近位Trigonal hybridization三角杂化Molecular orbiral method分子轨道法Valence bond method价键法Delocalezed bond离域键Cross conjugation交叉共轭Vinylog插烯物Mesomeric effect中介效应Resonance共振[ˈrezənəns]Resonance effect共振效应Hyperconjugation超共轭Isovalent hyperconjugation等价超共轭No-bond resonance无键共振Aromaticity芳香性Aromatic sexter芳香六隅Huckel’rule休克尔规则Paramagnetic ring current顺磁环电流Diamagnetic ring cruuent抗磁环电流Homoaromaticity同芳香性Antiaromaticity反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon交替烃Non-alternant hydrocarbon非交替烷Pericyclic reaction周环反应Electrocyclic rearrangement电环[化]重排Conrotatory顺旋Disroatatory对旋Cycloaddition环加成Symmetry forbidden-reaction对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction同面反应Antarafacial reaction异面反应Mobius system默比乌斯体系Leois structure路易斯结构Coordinate-covalent bond配位共价键Banana bond香蕉键Pauling electronegativity scale鲍林电负性标度Polarizability可极化性Inductive effect诱导效应Field effect场效应Electrical effect电场效应tautomerism互变异构Tautomerization互变异构化Keto-enol tautomerism酮-烯醇互变异构Phenol-keto tautomerism酚-酮互变异构Imine-enamine atutomerism亚胺-烯胺互变异构Ring-chain tautomerism环-链互变异构Valence tautomerism价互变异构Ambident两可[的]Solvent effect溶剂效应Acid-base catalyxed reaction酸性溶剂Basic solvent碱性溶剂Dielectric constant介电常数Solvated electron溶剂化电子Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Conjugate base共轭酸Conjugate base共轭碱Therm odynamic acidity热力学酸度Kinetic acidity动力学酸度Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomp lex电子给[体]受体络合物Host主体Guest客体Primary isotope effect一级同位素效应Secondary isotope effect二级同位数效应Inverse isotope effect逆同位素效应Kinetic control动力学控制Thermodynamic control热力学控制Substrate底物Intermediate中间体Reactive intermediate活泼中间体Microscopic reversibility微观可逆性Hammond postulate哈蒙德假说Linear free energy线性自由能Non-bonded interaction非键相互作用Torsional effect扭转效应Pitzer strain皮策力Restricted rotation阻碍旋转Eclipsing effect重叠效应Eclipsing strain重叠力Small-angle strain小角力Large angle strain大角力Transannular interaction跨环相互作用Transannular strain跨环力I strain力F strain前力B strain后力Anomeric effect端基异构效应Walden inversion瓦尔登反转Racemization外消旋化Isoinversion等反转Isoracemization等消旋Homochiral纯手性[的]Mechanism机理Unimolecular nucleophilic单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allylic rearrange-ment)双分子亲核取代(含烯丙型重排)Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion分子亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion芳香亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution单分子亲电取代Bimolecular electrophilic substi-tution双分子亲电取代Nucleophile-assisted unimolecu-lar electrop hilic substitution亲核体协助单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination单分子消除Bimolecular elimination双分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conj ugate base单分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination through the conju gate base双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a carbonyl group双分子羰基形成消除Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cl eavage单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cle avage双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cl eavage单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Bimllecular base-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cle avage双分子碱催化烷氧断裂π-allyl complex mechanismπ烯丙型络合机理Borderline mechanism边理机理Homolysis均裂Heterolysis异裂Heterolytic michanism异裂机理Counrer[gegen]ion反荷离子Ion pair离子对Carbocation碳正离子[ˌkɑ:bəˈkeiʃən] Nonclassical carbocation非经典碳正离子Carbanion碳负离子[ˈkɑ:bənaiən]Masked carbanion掩蔽碳负离子Carbenoid卡宾体Carbene卡宾[]Nitrene氮宾[a]Carbine碳炔[] Electrophilic addition亲电加成Electrophile亲电体Diaxial addition双直键加成Markovnikov’s rube马尔科夫尼科规则Anti-Markovnikov addition反马氏加成Michael addition迈克尔加成Substitution取代Electrophilic substitution亲电取代Addition-elimination mechanism加成消除机理[ˈmekənizəm] Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion亲电芳香取代Electron transfer电子转移Electron-donating group给电子基团Electron-Withdrawing group吸电子基团Deactivating group钝化基团Orinentation取向Ortho-para directing group邻对位定位基Meta directing group间位定位基Ortho effect邻位效应Partial rate factor分速度系数Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Internal return返Nucleophilicity亲核体Nucleophilicity亲核性α-effectα-效应Backside attack背面进攻Inversion反转Umbrella effect伞效应Push-pull effect推拉效应Leaving group离去基团Electrofuge离电体Nucleofuge离核体Phase-transfer catalysis相转移催化Neighboring group participation邻基基参与Neighboring proup assistance,anchimeric as sistance邻助作用Neighboring group effect邻基效应Apofacial reaction反面反应Briddgehead displacement桥头取代Aryl action芳正离子Benzyne苯炔Zaitsev rule札依采夫规则Anti-Zaitsev orientation反札依采夫定向Hofmann’s rule霍夫曼规则Bredt rule布雷特规则Initiation引发Anionic cleavage负离子裂解Partial bond fixation键[的]部分固定化exothermic发热的,放出热量的[ˌeksəuˈθə:mik]各种反应类型Halogenations reaction卤化反应Hydrogenation reaction氢化反应Alkylation reaction烷基化(烃化)反应Hydrocarbylation 烃基化反应Oxidation and reduction reaction氧化还原反Reductive amination还原胺化反应Cross-coupling reaction交叉耦合反应Cycloaddition reaction环加成反应Rearrangement reaction重排反应Acylation reaction酰化反应Acetylization reaction乙酰化反应Amide reaction酰胺反应Sulfonylation磺酰化反应Nitration reaction硝化反应Esterification酯化反应Anhydride reaction酸酐反应Oximation reaction肟化反应Coupled(或coupling)reaction偶联反应1,3-dipolar cycloaddition 1,3-偶极环加成Pericyclic reaction周环反应Hydrolysis reaction 水解反应Ester hydrolysis 酯水解反应Hydrolytic-polymeric reaction水解聚合反应Dehydrogenation reaction脱氢反应Dehydrohalogenation reaction 脱卤化氢反应Dehydration reaction脱水反应Decarboxylation reaction脱羧反应Addition reaction加成反应Substitution reaction取代反应Cracking reaction 裂化反应Elimination reaction消除反应And metal response reaction与活泼金属反应Phase transfer catalytic reaction相转移催化反应Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Polymerization reaction聚合反应Polycondensation reaction缩聚反应Condensation reaction 缩合反应Silver mirror reaction银镜反应Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Electrophilic reaction亲电反应Nucleophilic cycloaddition reaction亲核环加成反应Nucleophilic substitution亲核取代反应Electrophilic substitution亲电取代反应Unimolecular electrophilic substitution单分子亲电取代反应Bimolecular electrophilic substitution双分子亲电取代反应Unimolecular elimination reaction单分子消除反应Bimolecular elimination reaction双分子消除反应Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution单分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution双分子亲核取代反应Internal nucleophilic substitution分子亲核取代Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction芳香亲核取代反应活化剂的中英文名称Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate(癸二酸二仲辛酯;癸二酸二2-乙基己酯)Zinc stearate(硬脂酸锌)Suberic acid(辛二酸)Adipic acid,(己二酸)Hexanedioic acid,(己二酸)Sebacic acid,dibutyl ester(癸二酸二丁酯)Abietic acid(松香酸)Lactic acid(乳酸)Poly(ethylene glycol)(聚乙二醇)Glycerol stearate(硬脂酸甘油酯)Imidazoline(咪唑啉,间二氮杂环戊烯)β-Pinene(β-蒎烯,β-松油二环烯)Adipic acid(脂肪酸)Butyl acetate(乙酸丁酯)Ethylene glycol butyl ether(乙二醇丁醚)Sebacic acid,(癸二酸)Decanedioic acid,(癸二酸)Ethylene glycol ethyl ether(乙二醇乙醚)2-Butenedioic acid(E)-,(2-丁烯二酸)Succinic acid,(琥珀酸,丁二酸)Ethylene glycol methyl ether(乙二醇甲醚)Acetyl acetate(乙酸乙酰脂)1H-Benzotriazole(1-H-笨并三唑)α-Pinene(α-蒎烯,α-松香二环烯)Salicylic acid(水酸)Iso-Propanol(异丙醇)Benzoic acid(苯甲酸)Ethanol(乙醇)Lysine(赖氨酸)Glutamic acid(谷氨酸,2-氨基戊二酸) Glyceroyl,(甘油酰)N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethyle ne-diamine(N,N,N,N-四(2-羟基丙基)乙烯二氨)Isoleucine,(异亮氨酸)Decamethylenedicarboxylic acid,disalicyloy lhydrazide(Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate(3(2,3-2溴丙基)异氰尿酸盐)3-(N-Salicyloyl)amino-1,2,4-triazole(3-(N-水酰)氨-1,2,4-三唑)Isocyanuric acid(异氰尿酸)Salicylamide(水酰胺)Polyethylene glycol(聚乙二醇)Diethylene glycol diethyl ether(二甘醇二乙醚,(一缩)二乙二醇二乙醚)Butyl carbitol(丁基卡必醇)Ethyl carbitol(乙基卡必醇)Methyl carbitol(甲基卡必醇)Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether(乙二醇单丁醚)Glutaric acid(戊二酸,谷酸)Succinic acid(琥珀酸,丁二酸)Citric acid(柠檬酸)Salicylic acid(水酸)Lactic acid(2-羟基丙酸,乳酸)Glycerin monostearate(甘油一硬脂酸)Pentaerythritol(季戊四醇)tetrakis[β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl )propionate]四[β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基-苯基)丙酸酯Dioctyl sebacate(癸二酸二辛酯)N-Methyl pyrrolidone,(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)Diethylene glycol ethyl ether(二甘醇乙醚)Propylene glycol(丙二醇)Octanedioic acid(辛二酸)Oleamide(油酸酰胺)[olamine乙醇胺]2-Mercapto benzothiazole(2-巯基-苯并噻唑)Nonanedioic acid,(壬二酸)cis-9-Octadecenoic acid,(顺式-9-十八炭烯酸,油酸)Sebacic acid,uses(癸二酸)12-Hydroxy stearic acid(十二羟基硬脂酸)Phthalic acid(苯二甲酸)1,1,3-Tris(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylph enyl)butane(1,1,3-三(2-甲基-4-羟基-5-叔丁基苯基)丁烷)1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene(1,3,5-三甲基-2,4,6-三(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)苯)1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone,(1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮)Carbonic acid,(碳酸)Phthalic acid,(苯二甲酸)Malic acid(苹果酸,羟基丁二酸)2,3-Dibromo-2-butene-1,4-diol(2,3-二溴-2-丙烯-1,4-二醇)Cetylpyridinium bromide(溴代十六烷基吡啶)Pentanedioic acid(戊二酸)pentanediol(戊二醇)pentanoic acid(戊酸)pentanol(戊醇) Butanedioic acid,(丁二酸)1,2-Dibromoethylbenzene(1,2-二溴乙基苯)Salicylic acid,(水酸)Stearic acid(硬脂酸)Pentanedioic acid(戊二酸)Maleic acid,(马来酸,失水苹果酸)Phthalic acid,(苯二甲酸)Tartaric acid,(酒石酸)Acetic acid,(乙酸)Polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether(聚氧乙烯辛基酚醚,聚氧化亚乙基辛基分醚)Ethanedioic acid,(乙二酸)Polyethylene glycol(聚乙二醇)Diethylene glycol butyl ether(二甘醇丁醚)Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether(二甘醇单乙醚)Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether(乙二醇单丁醚)Pentaerythritol,(季戊四醇)Diglycol,(二甘醇,一缩二乙二醇)Hexylene glycol(己二醇)Ethylene glycol,(乙二醇)Glycerol,(甘油,丙三醇)Cyclobutanediamine(环丁烷二胺)Dibromobutenediol(二溴丁二醇)Cyclohexanediamine(环己烷二胺)Succinamide(琥珀酰胺,丁二酸胺)Ethylenediamine,(乙二胺)Triethanolamine,(三乙醇胺)5-Aminoisophthalic acid(5-氨基间苯二甲酸)p-tert-Butylbenzoic acid(对叔丁基苯甲酸)Propionic acid,(丙酸)Benzoic acid,(安息香酸,苯(甲)酸)Salicylamide(水酰胺)Aniline,(苯胺)Palmitic acid,(棕榈酸,十六酸,软脂酸)Glutamic acid,(谷氨酸)Glutaric acid(谷酸,戊二酸)Glycine,(甘氨酸,氨基乙酸)Malic acid(苹果酸,羟基丁二酸)Adipic acid,(己二酸)Diethanolamine(二乙醇胺)Triethylamine,(三乙胺)Malic acid(苹果酸)Oxalic acid,(草酸)Oleic acid,(油酸)Glutaric acid(谷氨酸)Sorbic acid(山梨酸)sorbic alcohol(山梨醇)=sorbitReactant 反应物nProduct 产物nCatalyst 催化剂catalytic agent,catalyzer Degree Celsius摄氏度Sodium Borohydride硼氢化钠Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH)氢化铝锂Lithiumtrit-ButoxyaluminohydrideLiAlH(O t-C4H9)3叔丁氧基氢化铝锂Diisobutylaluminum Hydride AlH[CH2CH(CH3)2]2二异丙基氢化铝Diborane B2H6硼烷Reactive Metals 活泼金属如Na, or Li, or K,Mg or Al or Zn or FePotassium carbonate碳酸钾Sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠[]Sodium chloride氯化钠Sodium acetate 乙酸钠Sodium cyanide[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]氰化钠Sodium methoxide或Sodium methylate甲醇钠,甲氧基钠Sodium ethoxide[ˈsəʊdi:əm i:ˈθɔksaid]或Sodium ethylate[ˈsəʊdi:əm ˈeθileit]乙醇钠Sodium sulfate 硫酸钠Magnesium sulfate [mægˈni:zi:əm ]硫酸镁Acetic acid乙酸Formic acid甲酸Ammonium format甲酸铵Formamide[fɔ:ˈmæmid]或formyl amide 甲酰胺formaldehyde甲醛[fɔ:ˈmældəˌhaɪd]Methyl iodide碘甲烷Potassium iodide碘化钾[]Potassium chloride氯化钾Potassium cyanide[ˈsaɪəˌnaɪd]氰化钾Dimethyl sulfate硫酸二甲酯Palladium –carbon 钯碳Pd/C [pəˈleidiəm] Palladium chloride氯化钯Palladium diacetate醋酸钯Chloroacetone 氯丙酮Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide四丁基溴化铵Tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride四丁基氟化铵容器类:量杯measuring cup烧杯beaker 不锈钢杯stainless-steel beaker 量筒measuring flask/measuring cylinder 量筒graduated flask/measuring cylinder坩埚crucible 坩埚钳crucible clamp 坩埚crucible pot, melting pot试管test tube 试管架test tube holder漏斗funnel 分液漏斗separatory funnel烧瓶flask 锥形瓶conical flask塞子stopper洗瓶plastic wash bottle滴定管burette玻璃活塞stopcock冷凝器condenser试剂瓶reagent bottles玻棒glass rod 搅拌棒stirring rod蒸馏烧瓶distilling flask碘量瓶iodine flask表面皿watch glass蒸发皿evaporating dish容量瓶volumetric flask/measuring flask移液管(one-mark) pipette刻度移液管graduated pipettes称量瓶weighing bottle吸液管pipette滤管filter天平balance/scale分析天平analytical balance台秤platform balance游码crossbeams and sliding weights酒精灯alcohol burner酒精喷灯blast alcohol burner搅拌装置stirring device洗耳球rubber suction bulb研磨钵mortar 研磨棒pestle 玛瑙研钵agate mortar瓷器porcelain白细口瓶flint glass solution bottle withstopper滴瓶dropping bottle 小滴管dropper蒸馏装置distilling apparatus蒸发器evaporator试验用器材:升降台lab jack铁架台iron support万能夹extension clamp蝴蝶夹double-buret clamp双顶丝clamp regular holder止水夹flatjaw pinchcock圆形漏斗架cast-iron ring移液管架pipet rack试管架tube rack沸石boiling stone橡胶管rubber tubing药匙lab spoon镊子forceps坩埚钳crucible tong剪刀scissor打孔器stopper borer石棉网asbestos-free wire gauze电炉丝wire coil for heater脱脂棉absorbent cottonphph试纸universal ph indicator paper滤纸filter paper称量纸weighing paper擦镜纸wiper for lens秒表stopwatch量杯glass graduates with scale白滴定管(酸)flint glass burette with glass stopcock棕色滴定管(酸)brown glass burette with glass stopcock白滴定管(碱)flint glass burette for alkali 棕色滴定管(碱)brown glass burette for alkali比重瓶specific gravity bottle水银温度计mercury-filled thermometerph计ph meter折光仪refractometer真空泵vacuum pump冷、热浴bath 离心机centrifuge口罩respirator防毒面具respirator、gasmask磁力搅拌器magnetic stirrer电动搅拌器power basic stirrer烘箱oven闪点仪flash point tester马弗炉furnace电炉heater微波炉电热套heating mantleBunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵化学反应:analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解。
有机化学(OrganicChemistry)-讲稿

CH3CH2C(CH3)2
HCl
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H 原子的相对活性:比较C-H键 能(离解能)的大小越小越易断
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再举例
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提醒:H原子的类型 --反应涉及到C-H键的断裂; H原子的活性(易断)--叔氢>仲氢>伯氢; 烃基(碳基R)的类型--反应涉及到 烃基R(自由
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C H SP3 1S
C C SP3 SP3
例子:甲烷分子CH4结构图
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4. 烷烃的同分异构体:
5. 同分异构体的类型:
6. (1.) 结构(构造)异构---因分子中原子不同排列顺
序而产生的; 例:烷烃的碳链异构
7.
丁烷分子式是C4H8 有正丁烷 CH3CH2CH2CH3
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(3.)SP杂化:
PY PZ
说明C原子是二价等同的
每个SP 是仍是胡芦形;二个SP组合在一起是水 线的, SP与SP杂化原子轨道间夹角是180度;留 下两个互相垂直的P哑铃轨道与SP杂化原子轨 道也垂直;
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*有机化学中碳原子轨道杂化总结
• 凡是C—C单键(饱和碳原子-烷烃)均为SP3杂 化,得四个SP3胡芦组合在一起是四面体结构 (109.5度)
18
饱和链烃(烷烃---Alkane)
一.结构
1.通式: CnH2n+2 n=1 CH4; n=2 CH3-CH3; n=3 CH3CH2CH3 etc. 2. 结构---透视式:
H
H
H
H
C H
H
最新有机化学专业英语-总结终极版本精品课件

hexa-1,3,5-triene
buta-1,3-diene
H3C
CH3
but-2-yne
hexa-2,4-diyne
第九页,共59页。
脂环烃(alicyclic hydrocarbons)命名(mìng míng): 烃类名称前 + cyclo-
例: 环己烷: cyclohexane;
环己二烯: cyclohexadiene
p-(para-)对;
第四页,共59页。
1)Aliphatic Hydrocarbons(Fatty Hydrocarbons ,脂肪烃)
烷烃(alkane)命名(mìng míng): 数字头 + -ane (以a结尾的数字(shùzì)头直接加-ne )
例: 甲烷: methane; 癸烷: decane; 庚烷: heptane;
多烯的命名(mìng míng): 二烯类:数字头 + -diene 三烯类:数字头 + -triene
例: 乙烯: ethene; 丁烯: butene; 丁二烯: butadiene; 丁三烯: butatriene
第七页,共59页。
炔烃(alkyne )命名:数字(shùzì)头 + -yne (-ine)
60: hexaconta-
15:pentadeca-
25: pentacosa-
70: heptaconta-
16: hexadeca-
26: hexacosa-
80: octaconta-
17: heptadeca-
27: heptacosa-
90: nonaconta-
18: octadeca-
有机化学英文课件chapter1

• the symbol of an element represents the nucleus and all inner shell electrons
• dots represent valence electrons
1-10
Lewis Dot Structures
to complete its valence shell; a chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a covalent bond • bonds may be partially ionic or partially covalent; these bonds are called polar covalent bonds
1-9
Lewis Dot Structures
Gilbert N. Lewis Valence shell:
• thห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ outermost occupied electron shell of an atom
Valence electrons:
• electrons in the valence shell of an atom; these electrons are used to form chemical bonds and in chemical reactions
• we show polarity by using the symbols d+ and d-, or by using an arrow with the arrowhead pointing toward the negative end and a plus sign on the tail of the arrow at the positive end
有机化学基础英文版

3
CH3
1
Is 5-(1’-methylethyl)-2,2,4-trimethyloctane
CH3 CH3
Is 4,5-diethyl-2,2-dimethylheptane
It is NOT 3,4-diethyl-6,6-dimethylheptane!
4
H3C
H2 C
2
CH OH
CH3
4
H3C
R C O R
I
Bromide
R C O NH2
Iodide
R C O Cl
Carboxylic acid
R C O O C O
Ester
R R C N
Ketone
H R N R O O
Amide
Acid Chloride
Anhydride
Imine
Nitro groupFra bibliotekA cyclic ester is called a lactone, a cyclic amide a lactam
The ‘substitution level’ of a carbon atom in an organic compound is determined by the number of attached hydrogen atoms:
tertiary carbon (one H)
H3C H2 C H3C C H2 CH3 CH CH CH CH3 H2 C C CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH C H2 CH3
is 3-methyloctane, not 5-methyloctane
2'
H3C
major chain
有机化学英文课件-烷烃和环烷烃英文课件

Q 1 Write structural formulas or skeletal structures (simplified line structures) for the isomeric hexanes (C6H14).
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
I. Structure II. Nomenclature III. Properties
Ⅰ. Structure
1. sp3 hybridization
C: 1s2; 2s22p2
Excited2ss1ta2tpe3 2s1 2p3
sp3
Basic state 2s2 2p2
tetrahedral shape
C : be grouped by the number of carbon
atoms it attached.
primary carbon,1° secondary carbon,2° tertiary carbon ,3° quaternary carbon ,4°
1°CH3 C1°H3—C2°H2—C3°H—C2°H2—C4—°C1H°3
Butane(C4H10)
Pentane(C5H12)
2. General formula
General formula: CnH2n+2 CH4, CH3CH3, CH3CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH2CH3……
Homolog has similar chemical properties with different reacting rate, but their physical properties vary with the number of carbon atoms. The first member of homologous series often has special property.
有机化学 英文课件 chapter

9-14
Mechanism - SN1
9-15
Evidence of SN reactions
1. What is relationship between the rate of an SN reaction and:
• the structure of Nu? • the structure of RLv? • the structure of the leaving group? • the solvent?
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
9-17
Kinetics
For an SN2 reaction,
• reaction occurs in one step • the reaction leading to the transition state involves the
haloalkane and the nucleophile • the result is a second-order reaction; first order in
haloalkane and first order in nucleophile
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
9-16
Kinetics
For an SN1 reaction
• reaction occurs in two steps • the reaction leading to formation transition state for
《有机化学》PPT课件

《有机化学》PPT课件•有机化学概述•烃类化合物•卤代烃和醇酚醚类化合物•醛酮醌类化合物目录•羧酸及其衍生物•含氮有机化合物•杂环化合物和生物碱01有机化学概述有机化学定义与发展定义研究有机化合物结构、性质、合成、反应机理及应用的科学发展历程从早期经验总结到现代科学理论体系的建立,经历了漫长的发展历程当前研究热点绿色合成、不对称合成、超分子化学等分类方法按碳骨架分类(开链化合物、碳环化合物、杂环化合物)、按官能团分类(烃类、醇类、酚类、醛类、酮类等)特点种类繁多,结构复杂,性质各异重要类别烃类、醇类、酚类、醛类、酮类、羧酸类、胺类等有机化合物特点与分类03发展趋势绿色化学合成方法的研究与应用,有机光电材料的研究与开发等01研究意义揭示有机化合物结构与性质关系,指导有机合成和新材料开发02应用领域医药、农药、染料、涂料、塑料、橡胶等化学工业领域,以及生命科学、环境科学等领域有机化学研究意义及应用领域02烃类化合物碳原子间以单键相连,其余价键被氢原子饱和。
结构特点物理性质化学性质随碳原子数增加,沸点、熔点逐渐升高,密度逐渐增大。
相对稳定,主要发生自由基取代反应,如卤代反应。
030201结构特点含有一个或多个碳碳双键。
物理性质随碳原子数增加,沸点、熔点逐渐升高,但密度比相应烷烃小。
化学性质较为活泼,可发生加成、氧化、聚合等反应。
结构特点含有一个或多个碳碳三键。
物理性质与烯烃相似,但更为活泼。
化学性质容易发生加成反应,也可发生氧化、聚合等反应。
含有苯环或其他芳香体系的烃类化合物。
结构特点具有特殊芳香气味,沸点、熔点较高。
物理性质相对稳定,可发生亲电取代反应,如硝化、磺化等反应。
化学性质芳香烃结构与性质03卤代烃和醇酚醚类化合物卤代烃命名、结构及物理性质命名卤代烃的命名遵循系统命名法,以烃为母体,卤素作为取代基进行命名。
结构卤代烃分子中,卤素原子与烃基通过共价键连接,形成极性分子。
物理性质卤代烃多为无色或淡黄色液体,具有特殊气味。
有机化学ppt课件完整版

氨基酸、蛋白质和多肽
氨基酸
构成蛋白质的基本单元,分为必需氨基酸和非必 需氨基酸。
蛋白质
由氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的高分子化合物,具 有多种生物功能。
多肽
由多个氨基酸通过肽键连接而成的化合物,生物 活性多样,包括激素、生长因子等。
脂类化合物
脂肪酸
构成脂肪的基本单元,分为饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸。
甘油酯
原理。
现代时期
20世纪至今,以量子力学和统计 力学为基础,发展出了现代有机 化学的理论和方法,如分子轨道 理论、价键理论、反应机理理论
等。
有机化学与生产生活的关系
材料领域
合成纤维、塑料、橡胶等高分子材料广泛应用于服装、家 居用品、交通工具等领域。
医药领域
合成药物如抗生素、抗癌药物等对于治疗疾病具有重要意 义。同时,天然药物中提取的有效成分也是有机化学的研 究对象。
炔烃
炔烃的通式与结构特点
通式为CnH2n-2,含有碳碳三键。
炔烃的物理性质
与烷烃和烯烃相比,炔烃的物理性质有所不同。
炔烃的化学性质
主要包括加成反应、氧化反应、聚合反应等,与烯烃类似但也有所 不同。
芳香烃
01
02
03
04
芳香烃的结构特点
含有苯环或其他芳香体系的烃 类化合物。
芳香烃的分类
根据苯环上取代基的不同,可 分为苯、甲苯、二甲苯等。
感谢观看
01
分子式相同但连接方式不同,如正丁烷和异丁烷。
立体异构
02
分子式相同、连接方式也相同,但空间构型不同,如顺反异构
、对映异构等。
同分异构体的性质差异
03
由于结构上的差异,同分异构体在物理性质、化学性质以及生
《有机化学》英文教学课件:Chap 2 Cyclic hydrocarbon(2012)

C 109º28’
C
<109º28’
C >109º28’
A normal tetrahedron with a bond angle of 109º28’
A small ring will constrict this angle to less than 109º28’
A large ring will expand this angle to more than 109º28’
polycycli hydrocarbon
1
Section 1 Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Ⅰ. Classification and Nomenclature
These ring compounds are named by attaching the prefix “cyclo” to the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
Ring compounds will have angle strain if angle are forced to significantly smaller or larger than the ideal 109º28’.
6
bond angle
60° 90° 108° 120°
angle of deflexion
9
CH2 H2C 60º CH2
60º 109º28’.
( internuclear angle is 60º) ( interrobital angle is 109º28’ )
The internuclear angle (60º) and the interrobital angle (109º28’) are different for cyclopropane.
有机化学英文课件chapter1

M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
• we use a single-headed (barbed) curved arrow to show the transfer of one electron from Na to F
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo r m a t
is n o t s u p p o r te d
3.0 - 2.1 = 0.9 • we show polarity by using the symbols d+ and d-, or by
using an arrow with the arrowhead pointing toward the negative end and a plus sign on the tail of the arrow at the positive end
• generally increases left to right in a row • generally increases bottom to top in a column
M a c in to s h P IC T im a g e fo rm a t
is n o t s u p p o rte d
to complete its valence shell; a chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a covalent bond • bonds may be partially ionic or partially covalent; these bonds are called polar covalent bonds
Chapter 5 Stereochemistry 有机化学英文版教学课件(美国达拉斯社区学院) 《

HH
Br Br
Use planar approximation.
=>
Chapter 5
21
Nonmobile Conformers
If the conformer is sterically hindered, it may exist as enantiomers.
=>
Chapter 5
22
Allenes
• Mixture composition would be 75-25. =>
Chapter 5
18
Calculate % Composition
The specific rotation of (S)-2-iodobutane is +15.90. Determine the % composition of a mixture of (R)- and (S)-2-iodobutane if the specific rotation of the mixture is -3.18.
• Chiral compounds with no chiral carbon • Contains sp hybridized carbon with
adjacent double bonds: -C=C=C• End carbons must have different groups.
Allene is achiral.
[] = (observed) c•l
c is concentration in g/mL l is length of path in decimeters.
=>
Chapter 5
13
Calculate []D
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24
Robinson Annulation: Mechanism –Suite
step 2: cyclic aldol CH3 C OC O H2 H CH3 O O CH2 CH3 O H OH CH3 O
O
OH OH
HO
step 3: Dehydration CH3 O OH
CH3 O
CH3 O OH
O H3C C CH3 H2C O C CH3
enolate of acetone O H2C C OCH3 O C OCH3
H3C methyl acetate (pKa = 24) O R C O R
O C OCH3 + Base:
H2C
enolate of methyl ester
O R C O R
OH H H
OH H
25
Robinson Annulation: further examples
COOC2H5 NaOC2H5 O O OCH3 OH O O O
26
COOC2H5 O OMe
O
EtOH
O
O
15.4
O H3C C CH3 acetone (pKa = 20) + Base:
酯的酰化反应
C: A
+
C O
C C O A
9
一些稳定化的碳负离子
H O C C H R H O C N H O H O C S R H O R2C PR'3 H O C C H R H O C N H O H O C S R H O R2C PR'3 H O C C H OR H C C N H H O C S R H O R2C SR'2 R2C SR'2 O
+ O O O
_ 2H O 2 - 2 CO2
仿生合成
O
1904
O
;
1
O COOH C H + CH3NH2 + O C H COOH O
4-丁二醛
N
3-氧代戊二酸
tropinone O
16
15 1 Mannich反应-III
应用 1 各种Mannich碱 包括环状化合物的合成 Robinson托品酮合法成 仿生合成 1904
O H3C
CH C H2
C2H5OOC
22
The Michael Addition Reaction: 1 5-二羰基化合物的合成
COOC2H5 H C H H O C C CH3 O H C2H5O C CH C C C CH 3 H2 H OC2H5 O H O 2 HO C C CH2CH2CCH3 O COOH 1,5-keto acid O O COOC2H5
BrMg CH3 + H3C I a Nucleophile an Electrophile H3C CH3 + MgBr + I
BrMg CH3 + C
O
H3C
C O + MgBr
a Nucleophile an Electrophile
8
稳定化碳负离子的亲核反应
I C: A C H B: A 去质子化 + H3C I C CH3 A
Micheal Donors (给体) O O R C CH C R' R O O C CH C OR' R2CuLi N C C β-diketone β-keto ester dialkyl cuprate enamine 烯胺 β-keto nitrile α-nitro ketone Micheal Acceptors 受体 O H2C CH C H conjugate aldehyde O conjugate ketone H2C CH C R O conjugate ester H2C CH C OR O H2C CH C NH2 conjugate amide H H2C C conjugate nitrile nitroethylene
C
+
C 亲电体 Electrophiles
C C
亲核体 Nucleophiles
5
Friedel – Crafts Reactions-I
AlCl3 + a Nucleophile
_
CH3)3CCl
CH3 C CH CH3 3 + HCl
(H3C)3C Cl
AlCl3
(CH3)3C
+
+ AlCl4
O C2H5O CH2 COOC2H5 + H2C H C O C O CH3 C2H5O Na C2H5OH C2H5O CH H2C O OC2H5
CH2 O C CH3 H2 OC2H5 C C O
O H3C CH2 + H2C
H C
pKa 11 COOC2H5
C O
OC2H5 C2H5O Na C2H5OH
18
15.2 The Michael reaction
1
O RHC C HCR
4 3 2
1) Nu ; 2) H +
-
1OH
RHC
C HCR + RHC Nu Nu
2
4
H C
1 OH
4
O
CR
RHC C H2CR Nu
(enol)
(keto)
1,2-addition
1,4-addition (conjugate addition )
R
O O C CH2 C R'
27
15.4.1
The Claisen Condensation 缩合 β-酮酯的合成
两分子酯在碱作用下加成, 脱去一分子醇 生成 β-酮酯的反应
O H3C C OC2H5 1) C2H5O 2) H C2H5OH O H3C C O C C OC2H5 H2
+
H
H2C C OC2H5 O
a β-keto ester
"三乙 乙酰乙酸乙酯
28
Claisen Condensation: Mechanism
(pKa = 15.9) HOCH2CH3 addition O H3CH2C C OC2H5
15
1947:Sir Robert Robinson Oxford University UK
• for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids.
Robinson托品酮合法成 环合
an Electrophile
6
Friedel – Crafts Reactions-II
+ a Nucleophile O H3C C Cl AlCl3 O C CH3 + HCl
H3C C O O H3C C Cl AlCl3 H3C C O + AlCl4 an Electrophile
7
Grignard Reactions (R- + MgX)
第十五章 缩合反应
Condensation Reactions
黄培强
教授
Laboratory: Room 500 Tel. 2180992(Lab.); 2182240(Office) E-mail: pqhuang@
2004-4-20
1
有机化学的基本理论
有机电子理论
” 化学键“—” 电子对“ ” 弯箭号“ 原子的电负性 C,H) 基团的吸电子能力 原子的价数
H+ H
NR''2
H2C
NR2''
an iminium ion
14
15 1 Mannich反应-II
• 适应范围 • 碳亲核体 含α-活泼H的酮 β-酮酸 β-酮酯 硝基化合物 末端炔 酚的邻 对位 吲哚的 3-位等 • 醛 甲醛 其它醛; 胺 仲胺 伯胺 • 预制的亚胺鎓: [(CH3)2N=CH2]+, I• 条件 H2O EtOH 或HOAc中 加HCl 或 胺HCl盐 • 非对称酮得到混合物
C COOH 1 C _H O HC H 2 1 N OH + H2N CH3 + H C H2C C H O COOH O H 3-氧代戊二酸 1 4-丁二醛 H3C N _ H2O HOOC O COOH - 2 CO2 tropinone O
17
O
2
H
COOH OH
C COOH
H
2
H3C N
15 1 Mannich反应-IV
Micheal reaction: 亲核的碳负离子对亲电的共轭体系进行共轭加成
A
CH2 R
B:
A
CH
R
A'
R A CH C C A'
HB
R H C C C A A' H
A, A' = CHO, COR, COOR, NO2, CN, SO2Ph
19
Some Commom Micheal Donors and Acceptors
10
H O C C H OR H C C N H
The pKa of some acids
CH3CO2H 4.7 9 CH2(CN)CO2C2H5 9 CH2(COCH3)2 10.3 CH3NO2 CH3COCH2CO2C2H5 11 13 CH2(CO2C2H5)2 HOH 15.7 15.9 C2H5OH CH3COCH3 20 ~23 CH3SO2CH3 ~24 CH3CO2C2H5 H3C C N 25 35 CH3CH2NH2