《新概念英语》第二册学习笔记78 77课

《新概念英语》第二册学习笔记78 77课
第78课The last one?
1、After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' ...
entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' 过去分词短语修饰article, 这个句子也可以用定语从句表示：
After reading an article that was entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health'...
reading 动词的现在分词，是由动词+ing 构成，可以与系动词be 一起构成进行时，也可以与have/has been 一起构成完成进行时。

例句：They are watching a basement game.
He has been collecting stamps since he was a boy.
2、I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.
calm 使某人或者某物平静下来，或者安抚某人或者某物
例句：He was starting to shake with excitement, and to calm himself he walked
over to the window.
3、I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking.
give up sth. 或者give up doing sth. 放弃做某事，不再做某事
例句：She never completely gave up hope.
4、My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars.
keep on doing sth. 继续做某事
例句：They kept on walking for a while in silence.
5、They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet
of sweets from my pocket.
make effort to do sth. 表示为了达到某种结果而付出额外的精力
例句：Mothers had to made the effort to go out to a play area with their children.
whenever 无论何时，无论什么情况
例句：Come to see me whenever you feel you have to talk.
第77课A successful operation
1、The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
B.C. 公元前，是before Christ 的缩写
who died in 800 B.C. 限制性定语从句，修饰前面的Egyptian woman.
2、The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.
who was once a singer...... 限制性定语从句，修饰前面的Shepenmut.
3、...doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
died of 因......而死，死于......
例句：I'm dying of thirst.
4、The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult
because of the hard resin which covered the skin.
逗号后面的部分是which 引导的非限制性定语从句，对前面的operation 起补充说明的作用。

because of ... 因为......, 由于......, 后面通常接名词性的词组，because 后面是接从句。

例句：I couldn't see Helen's expression, because her head was turned.
He retired last month because of illness.
5、The doctor have not yet decided how the woman died.
yet 一般出现在否定句中，表示某事到目前为止还没有发生，如果是出现在疑问句中，就是表示询问某事有没有发生。

例句：It isn't dark yet.
I haven't yet met Davis.
Have you had your lunch yet?
6、The mummy successfully survived the operation.
survive 这里是及物动词，意思是挺过了，幸免于难。

例句：She seems to have survived the divorce pretty well.
7、英语中，定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句，限定它所修饰的名词的意义，与主句的关系十分密切，不能用逗号与主句隔开。

非限制性定语从句，只对所修饰的名词做附加说明，如果省去对主句的影响不大，通常用逗号与主句隔开。

例句：The river that flows through London is the Thames. (限制性定语从句)
The Thames, which flows through London, is a beautiful river. （非限制性定语从句）。