致用英语英语国家概况-Canada
英语国家概况加拿大历史与文化
一、加拿大的历史溯源The origin of Canada加拿大的历史是从印第安和爱斯基摩等原住民的历史开始的，10世纪以后，西欧的足迹才开始踏上这片土地。
最初先是海盗来到加拿大东部，此后从欧洲人进行探险的时代开始一直到近现代，北美大陆的历史在此阶段迅速展开。
The history of Canada started with the aborigine of the Indians and Eskimos.Since the 10th century,the footprints of the Western civilization have started to brand on this new land.The first vistors are a gang of pirates after which , the Europeans have started their expedition and explorations which has been enduring to the contemporary times.16世纪。
法国人梦想发现并统治更多的疆域，扩展他们的贸易范围，并让世界各国信奉他们的信仰。
加拿大原为印第安人与因纽特人居住地。
\In the 16th century,the French dreamed of discovering and having control over more and more territories as well as widening their trading realm to let their religious belief being accepted all over the world.16 世纪沦为法、英殖民地，1756—1763年期间，英、法在加拿大爆发“七年战争”，法国战败，而1763年的巴黎和约使加拿大正式成为英属殖民地。
英语国家概况《加澳新爱篇》
CHAPTER1--CANADA(I)LAND AND PEOPLEOttawa,the capital city of Canada,is in the province of Ontario.解析：加拿大首都渥太华，位于安大略省。
Nowadays,the Canadian Indians and Inuit are the natives in Canada.解析：大多数加拿大人是英国血统和法国血统，本土人是爱斯基摩人，或称为因纽特人(Inuit)和印第安人(Indians)。
The Magic House and Other Poems described the harshness of nature as well as the crisis of Canada’s native peoples trapped by the white man’s world.解析：在《魔法屋》一书中，渥太华的邓肯·坎贝尔·史葛描述了大自然的严酷以及加拿大的土著人被白种人陷害的危机。
In Canada,it is difficult to do farming in Atlantic provinces because the growing season is short and the soil is poor.解析：在加拿大，由于生长季节短和土壤贫瘠的原因，很难在大西洋地区进行农业生产。
According to the textbook,wrence-Great Lakes provinces is the most highly developed region of Canada.解析：圣劳伦斯——大湖省是加拿大最发达的地区。
Toronto is the largest city in Canada.解析：安大略省的多伦多是加拿大最大的城市，其次是势均力敌的法语语言城市——魁北克省的蒙特利尔市，以及西部不列颠哥伦比亚的温哥华市。
英语国家概况 加拿大 学生版
Chapter 1 A Panoramic View of Canada加拿大国土面积约998万平方公里,是仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国。
她位于北美洲的北半部，东临大西洋，西接太平洋，南面与美国接壤，北临北冰洋。
加拿大是世界上海岸线最长的国家，人口3500万，相当于中国贵州省人口总数。
加拿大分为十个省和三个地区，首都渥太华，官方语言为英语和法语。
加拿大地域辽阔，地形多样，不同区域的气温和降水差异很大，夏季最高气温在35℃以上，冬季最低气温在零下35℃以下。
北方地区气候寒冷，冬季积雪期多达4-10个月。
但大多地区并不是人们印象中的特别寒冷。
加拿大气候分为北极地区、北部地区、太平洋地区等七个地区。
17世纪法国人在加拿大建立移民点以前，北美大陆最早的土著居民是印第安人和因纽特人。
1534年，法国探险家用J.卡蒂埃发现了圣劳伦斯河这条通往加拿大的主要水路，为后来法国的殖民活动奠定了基础。
另一个法国人S.尚普兰于1603年在今新斯科舍省建立了北美第一个殖民地。
1612年尚普兰被任命为新法兰西殖民地第一任总督，他因在北美开发殖民地有重大贡献而被后人称为“新法兰西之父”。
随后，17到18世纪，英法在北美发生一系列的武装冲突，1756年到1763年的英法七年战争，以法军战败而告终。
1763年，英法签订《巴黎和约》，加拿大从此沦为百年英属殖民地时期。
1867年，英国议会形成并通过了《英属北美法案》，决定由安大略省、魁北克省、新不伦瑞克和新斯科舍四省合并成联邦国家，国名为“加拿大自治领”，首都渥太华。
一、二战期间，加拿大经济迅速发展，1949年，纽芬兰最终成为加拿大第10个省。
I. A Geographical SurveyWith an area of 9,984,670 square kilometers, Canada is a huge country, second in size only to Russia and slightly larger than China. Yet approximately, it has only 35 million people, which is less than half the population of the United Kingdom. Situated in northern half of the North America, Canada extends from the Great Lakes1in the south to the majestic Rocky Mountains2in the west, and the bleak Arctic Islands in the far north.Map of Canada1. Provinces and TerritoriesJust as the United States is a federation of states, Canada is a federation of provinces. It is now made up of ten provinces — Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia —and three territories —Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon Territory. Each area has its own provincial flag.1五大湖是位于加拿大与美国交界处的5个大型淡水湖泊，按面积从大到小分别为：苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。
英语国家概况-加拿大(Canada)PPT课件
7% of Canada’s land mass is covered with over 2 million lakes, the largest being the Northwest Territories’ Great Bear Lake4.
An estimated 14% of the world’s fresh water supply is located in Canada4.
Queen Elizabeth II
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Governor General: David
Ottawa
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Economy
The economy in Canada is the 9th strongest17 in the world8. The substantial growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors in Canada since World War II has revamped the nation from a primarily rural economy into one predominantly industrial and urban8. Canada is the 10th largest exporter of oil and the 3rd largest exporter of natural gas in the world17. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the United States, including; oil, gas, uranium, and also electric power8.
英语国家概况-加拿大(Canada)
Banff National Park
Government
Responsibilities
The federal government is responsible for things effecting the entire country such as citizenship, immigration, national defense, trade with other countries12, the banking system, criminal code, and indigenous populations8. The federal government also has some involvement in things like employment, insurance, and Medicare that were once controlled by the provinces, because of the greater resources of the federal government8.
The Healthcare
System
Often referred to as “Medicare”, Canada’s national health insurance program30 consists of a group of socialized health insurance plans that provide publicly funded healthcare coverage to most all the citizens of Canada regardless of medical history, personal income, or standard of living. Healthcare is administered on a provincial or territorial basis, with guidelines that are set by the federal government29.
英语国家概况之加拿大简介
A Briefing of CanadaCanada is located in the north of North America.It occupying forty one percent of the continent.Canada is the world's second largest country(9,984,670 k㎡) . It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada has a small population ,which is only thirty-three million one hundred and forty-three hundred (2008),and more over 70% people live in near the southern of the United States. The population growth rate is moderate,although the positive growth rate is chiefly due to immigration.Canada has a liberal immigration policy that goes to great lengths to accept refugees and asylum seekers from around the world.Canada is the multicultural society which results from the diversity of its people.English and French are the two important languages spoken in Canada with diversity of people.Such as the United States of America which has turned into an ethic melting pot,for Canada not only contains a variety of cultures but promotes and preserves them.Many laws are set up to protect the various cultures from becoming extinct.Canada has taken action to stop racism.The Canadian government was the first to manage a campaign commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.Canada helps the rest of the world unite and experience a variety of different ethnic backgrounds trying to eliminate racism.The living standard in Canada is very high.The welfare state has developed a wide range of health and social services intended to promote health and well-being.The ownership at home in Canada is in its most unaffordable state since the "housing recession "in 1990.The constitutional arrangement for education in Canada is a provincial responsibility because there is no Department of Education at the federal level and no integrated national system of education,either.Canada is a multi-ethnic country.Therefore,it has colorful and interesting wedding customs.Most Canadians are Catholic or Protestant and their wedding practice is similar to other Western Christian countries.But in the northern part ofCanada ,the Eskimo area,"bride theft" of the age-old custom has been popular with Eskimos.Canadians love sports.The widespread sports are ice hockey,golf baseball,swimming,basketball and tennis.Universities in Canada have self-contained field and facilities,which can provide for not only the professional teams,but also for students.All above are just the general situation of Canada.Now I want to indicate the relationship between Canada and America.Canada common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. They share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.When Canada was under the British colonial rule, its foreign relations were controlled by the British government.Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in 1909,the foreign policy was still influenced by the United Kingdom.In 2003,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was separated from the Diplomatic and International Trade Department and functioned as an independent department,which aimed to promote cooperation between Canada and countries.In order to maintain its development and prosperity ,Canada has taken positive attitude in the international and regional affairs.Canada has contributed a lot to promote North-South dialogue,world peace and stability and to assist the poor.In the Canadian value the world order is ruled by law not by the military force.Like the United States, Canada is one of the most religiously divers countries in the world.Canada has no official church ,"God "is mentioned in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,but no specified.Religious pluralisms an important part of the Canadian worship.Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner andlarge-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased the similarities.The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and apart from minor raids has remained peaceful. Canada and the United States of America officially established diplomatic relations in 1927,nevertheless two countries have contracts with each other long before.After its independence,the United States of America once attempted to invade the British North America but was defeated by the British Canadian forces.After that the borders between two countries have remained peaceful despite of minor conflict.After the Second World War,the rise of the United States of America in the world makes the Canadian economic,political and diplomatic focus shift from the United Kingdom to the United States.Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.The bilateral relationship is extremely important for both countries.Currently Canada and the United States are the primary trade partners for each other.Canada's economy heavily relies on the United States.They have signed more than one hundred and ninety cooperative agreements involving border,military defense, tariff,labour arbitration,education,environmental protection,fishery and forest protection.Canada also carries out multilateral cooperation with the United States under NATO,APEC,and OAS(Organization of America States).Although two countries have common long-term interests,there are minor conflicts because they are so close to each other.Their repeated trade disputes in fishery and forestry have always existed and Canada's grain export to the United States is charged a dumping duty.The close relationship between Canada and the United States is like brothers.They may quarrel sometimes,but their relationship is tooimportant to be seriously damaged by disagreement over short-term issues.Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners,share the world's longest unmilitarized border,and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism.The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War and after. Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English. There are also historical ties between the respective Francophone populations. Pop culture has depicted and parodied the efforts of both nations to solidify their cultural uniqueness-- primarily by Canada, as its population is roughly one tenth that of the United States'-- to deter international perception that Americans and Canadians are virtually identical. Canada remains Americans' favorite foreign nation according to a recent Gallup poll.Nevertheless there remain Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in terms of population and economy. James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed."The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994.From the above,Canada and the United States of America have the long-time friendly relationship.But Canada just like dances with wolves,and must independent rather than depend on America.References1,《大陆的分界：美国与加拿大的价值与制度》，西摩.马丁.利普森，鲁特埃奇出版公司，1990年（Seymour Martin Lipeset,Continental Divide:the Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada ,Routledge,1990）2，《加拿大社会》，鲁迪.芬威克，美国加拿大研究学会，1989年(Rudy Fenwick,Canada Society,The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States,1989)3，《加拿大文化与现代论》，高鉴国，沈阳辽海出版社，1999年4，《英语国家概况》，隋铭才，高等教育出版社，2009年5，.。
英语国家概况-加拿大(Canada)ppt课件
Canada has 10 provinces; British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland & Labrador, and 3 territories; Yukon, Northwest territories, Nunavut6. The capital city is Ottawa, in Ontario11.
7% of Canada’s land mass is covered with over 2 million lakes, the largest being the Northwest Territories’ Great Bear Lake4.
An estimated 14% of the world’s fresh water supply is located in Canada4.
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Banff National Park
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Government
Responsibilities
The federal government is responsible for things effecting the entire country such as citizenship, immigration, national defense, trade with other countries12, the banking system, criminal code, and indigenous populations8. The federal government also has some involvement in things like employment, insurance, and Medicare that were once controlled by the provinces, because of the greater resources of the federal government8.
英语国家概况作业 加拿大
Part Three CanadaUnit one The Land and the PeopleWords and expressions1.Arctic Ocean n. 北冰洋2.contrast [kən'trɑ:st, -'træst, 'kɔntrɑ:st, -træst]vi. 对比；形成对照vt. 使对比；使与…对照n. 对比；差别；对照物3.territory ['teritəri] n. 领土，领域；范围；地域；版图[复数territories ]4.renown [ri'naun] n. 声誉；名望vt. 使有声望5.topography[tə'pɔɡrəfi] n. 地势；地形学；地志[复数topographies ]6.gigantic[,dʒai'ɡæntik] adj. 巨大的，庞大的7.rocky['rɔki] adj. 岩石的，多岩石的；坚如岩石的；摇晃的；头晕目眩的[比较级rockier 最高级rockiest ]8.marshy['mɑ:ʃi] adj. 沼泽的；湿地的[比较级marshier 最高级marshiest ]9.uninhabitable[,ʌnin'hæbitəbl] adj. 不适宜居住的10.rim[rim] n. 边，边缘；轮辋；圆圈vi. 作…的边，装作于vt. 作…的边，装边于[过去式rimmed 过去分词rimmed 现在分词rimming ]11.reservoir['rezəvwɑ:] n. 水库；蓄水池12.glacier['ɡlæsjə] n. 冰河，冰川13.estuary['estjuəri] n. 河口；江口[复数estuaries ]14.volume['vɔlju:m] n. 量；体积；卷；音量；大量；册adj. 大量的vi. 成团卷起vt. 把…收集成卷15.navigation[,nævi'ɡeiʃən] n. 航行；航海16.recreational[,rekri'eiʃənəl; -kri:-] adj. 消遣的；娱乐的17.hydroelectric[,haidrəui'lektrik] adj. 水力发电的；水电治疗的18.navigable['næviɡəbl] adj. 可航行的；可驾驶的；适于航行的19.salmon['sæmən] n. 鲑鱼；大马哈鱼；鲑肉色adj. 浅澄色的[复数salmons ]20.northerly['nɔ:ðəli] adj. 北方的，向北的；来自北方的adv. 向北；来自北方n. 北风[复数northerlies ]21.prominent['prɔminənt]adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的[比较级more prominent 最高级most prominent ]22.elevation[,eli'veiʃən] n. 高地；海拔；提高；崇高；正面图23.prairies n. （美）大草原（prairie的复数）24.facilitate[fə'siliteit] vt. 促进；帮助；使容易[过去式facilitated 过去分词facilitated 现在分词facilitating ]25.Appalachian Mountains阿巴拉契亚山脉26.St. Lawrence River圣劳伦斯河27.erode[i'rəud] vt. 腐蚀，侵蚀；磨去；磨损；蜕变：28.fishery['fiʃəri] n. 渔业；渔场；水产业[复数fisheries ]29.forestry['fɔristri] n. 林业；森林地；林学30.lowland['ləulænd] n. 低地；苏格兰低地adj. 低地的；苏格兰低地的31.outlets n. 出路；销售点；排水口；批发商点（outlet的复数形式）32.shield[ʃi:ld] n. 盾；防护物；保护者vt. 遮蔽；包庇；避开；保卫vi. 防御；起保护作用33.pasture['pɑ:stʃə, 'pæs-] n. 草地；牧场；牧草vt. 放牧；吃草[过去式pastured 过去分词pastured 现在分词pasturing ]34.buffalo['bʌfələu] n. [畜牧][脊椎] 水牛；[脊椎] 野牛（产于北美）；水陆两用坦克[复数buffaloes或buffalos或buffalo 过去式buffaloed 过去分词buffaloed 现在分词buffaloing ]35.basin['beisən] n. 水池；流域；盆地；盆36.dense[dens] adj. 稠密的；浓厚的；愚钝的[比较级denser 最高级densest ]37.barren['bærən] adj. 贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的；沉闷无趣的；空洞的n. 荒地38.temperate['tempərit] adj. 温和的；适度的；有节制的[比较级more temperate 最高级most temperate ]prise[kəm'praiz] vt. 包含；由…组成[过去式comprised 过去分词comprised 现在分词comprising ]40.tundra['tʌndrə] n. [生态] 苔原；[地理] 冻原；冻土地带41.permafrost['pə:məfrɔ:st] n. 永久冻土，永久冻地；永久冻结带；永久冰冻42.damp[dæmp] vt. 使潮湿；使阻尼；使沮丧，抑制vi. 减幅，阻尼；变潮湿n. 潮湿，湿气adj. 潮湿的[比较级damper 最高级dampest ]43.maritime['mæritaim] adj. 1.海的，海事的，海上的，沿海的，近海的2.滨海居住的3.海员的；具有海员特点的；水手的44.blizzard['blizəd] n. 暴风雪，大风雪；大打击vi. 下暴风雪45.indigenous[in'didʒinəs] adj. 本土的；土著的；国产的；固有的46.ratio['reiʃiəu, -ʃəu] n. 比率，比例[复数ratios ]47.descent[di'sent] n. 下降；血统；袭击vt. 除去…的气味；使…失去香味48.intermarry[,intə'mæri] vi. 通婚；近亲结婚[过去式intermarried 过去分词intermarried 现在分词intermarrying ]49.uneven[,ʌn'i:vən] adj. 不均匀的；不平坦的；[数] 奇数的50.sparsely['spa:sli] adv. 稀疏地；贫乏地51.seaport['si:pɔ:t] n. 海港；港口都市52.mobility[məu'biləti] n. 移动性；机动性；[电子] 迁移率53.vigorous['viɡərəs] adj. 有力的；精力充沛的54.refugee[,refju'dʒi:, 'refjudʒi:] n. 难民，避难者；流亡者，逃亡者55.pledge[pledʒ] 1.誓约，誓言；保证，诺言 2.保人，保证者；保证物3.信物；定钱；(象征爱情的)孩子4.祝酒；干杯；祝愿5.字据；协议6.抵押，典押7.典当物，抵押品；抵押者8.[美国英语]答应加入一组织正式成为会员前有一段考核期间者，预备会员56.proclamation[,prɔklə'meiʃən] n. 公告；宣布；宣告；公布57.amend[ə'mend] vt. 修改；改善，改进vi. 改正，改善；改过自新58.asylum[ə'sailəm] n. 庇护；收容所，救济院59.cavalry['kævəlri] n. 骑兵；装甲兵；装甲部队[复数cavalries ]60.permeat n. 渗透水61.elite[ei'li:t, i'li:t] n. 精英；精华；中坚分子62.recruit[ri'kru:t] n. 招聘；新兵；新成员vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康63.desperate['despərət] adj. 不顾一切的；令人绝望的；极度渴望的64.bolster['bəulstə] n. 支持；长枕vt 支持；支撑65.disperse[dis'pə:s] vt. 分散；使散开；传播vi. 分散adj. 分散的过去分词dispersed 现在分词dispersing ]Simple Questions1.How many provinces and territories is Canada composed of? What are they?Ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three territories are Y ukon Territory, North west Territory, and Nunavut.2.What are the major mountains in Canada? Which peak is the highest in Canada?The major mountains in Canada are the Western Cordillera, the Appalachian Mountains and Torngat Mountains of northern Labrador. The highest peak is 洛根峰3.How many lakes are there in Canada? What are the major lakes in Canada?There may be as many as two million lakes in Canada. The major lakes are the Great Lake(Lake Michigan is not in Canada),Lake Superior and Lake Huron.4.How many geographical regions can Canada divided into? What are they?Canada is usually divided into six geographical regions: the Appalachian Mountains, the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Lowlands, the Canadian Shield, the Canadian Interior Plains, the Western Cordillera, and the Canadian Arctic.5.Where is the Canadian Shield? What are the features of the Canadian Shield?Canadian Shield is located in the west of Nunavut Territory and in the north of Ontario and Quebec.The region is the biggest and the most distinctive natural and geographical region in Canada, and occupies an area of 3.6 million sq km, accounting for 36 per cent of the area of the whole country.6.What are the climatic conditions in different regions of Canada?Canada is a country of vast coastlines and diverse weather. The country is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.Frozen more than half of the year, Hudson Bay greatly influences eastern Canada’s climate, facilitating the southward penetration of cold arctic air. The Gulf Stream makes the southeast of Canada warmer, but its effects are limited. The icy Labrador Current dramatically reduces the temperature in the northeast of the country. The summer months warm the Prairie Provinces in the West. Cities along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts such as Halifax and V ancouver have mild climates similar to Boston or Seattle.7.Where are the major urban centers in Canada? Which city is the largest?In the southern parts of Ontario and Quebec. Toronto is the largest city.8.Where are the regions where the French Canadians or the British Canadiansconcentrate respectively?Montreal and Quebec9.What are the major Indigenous groups in Canada?The Inuit and the Indians10.What are the major groups of immigrants in Canada?Refugees fleeing political persecution, family members of Canadian citizens and independent immigrants.Unit Two HistoryWords and expressions1.intrigue[in'tri:ɡ; 'in-] n. 1.阴谋，诡计；密谋，策划2.私通2.tragic['trædʒik] adj. 悲剧的；悲痛的，不幸的比较级more tragic 最高级most tragic ]3.occurrence[ə'kə:rəns, -'kʌ-] n. 发生；出现；事件；发现4.abound[ə'baund] vi. 富于；充满5.unveiling[,ʌn'veiliŋ] adj. 揭幕的n. 除去遮盖物；公开；揭幕式除去面纱（unveil的ing形式）6.forge[fɔ:dʒ] n. 熔炉，锻铁炉；铁工厂vi. 伪造；做锻工vt. 伪造；锻造[ 过去分词forged 现在分词forging ]7.temporary['tempərəri] adj. 暂时的，临时的n. 临时工，临时雇员[复数temporaries ]8.derive[di'raiv] vt. 源于；得自vi. 起源[过去式derived 过去分词derived 现在分词deriving ]9.stormy['stɔ:mi] adj. 暴风雨的；猛烈的；暴躁的[比较级stormier 最高级stormiest ]10.dedication[,dedi'keiʃən] n. 奉献；献身11.raid[reid] n. 袭击；突袭；搜捕；抢劫vi. 对…进行突然袭击vt. 袭击，突袭12.outnumber[,aut'nʌmbə] vt. 数目超过；比…多13.fortress['fɔ:tris] n. 堡垒；要塞vt. 筑要塞；以要塞防守[复数fortresses ]14.cede[si:d] vt. 放弃；割让（领土）[过去式ceded 过去分词ceded 现在分词ceding ]15.revolt[ri'vəult, -'vɔ:lt] vi. 反抗；反叛；反感，厌恶vt. 使反感；使恶心n. 反抗；叛乱；反感16.lieutenant-governor副督17.executive[iɡ'zekjutiv] adj. 行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的n. 经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员18.legislative['ledʒislətiv] adj. 立法的；有立法权的n. 立法权；立法机构19.assembly[ə'sembli] n. 装配；集会，集合[复数assemblies ]20.rebellion[ri'beljən] n. 叛乱；反抗；谋反；不服从21.opponent[ə'pəunənt] n. 对手；反对者；敌手adj. 对立的；敌对的itia[mi'liʃə] n. 民兵组织；自卫队；义勇军；国民军23.veto['vi:təu] n. 否决权vt. 否决；禁止vi. 否决；禁止[复数vetoes 过去式vetoed 过去分词vetoed 现在分词vetoing ]24. federalism ['fedərəlizəm] n. 联邦制；联邦主义25.coalition[,kəuə'liʃən] n. 联合；结合，合并26.implement['implimənt, 'impliment] vt. 实施，执行；实现，使生效n. 工具，器具；手段27.nominate['nɔmineit, 'nɔminət, -neit] vt. 推荐；提名；任命；指定[过去式nominated 过去分词nominated 现在分词nominating ]28.federation['fedəreiʃən] n. 联合；联邦；联盟；联邦政府29.financier[fai'nænsiə] vi. 欺骗；从事欺骗性金融活动vt. 对…提供资金n. 金融家；投资家30.regime[rei'ʒi:m; ri-; ri'dʒi:m] n. 1.政体；政权；统治方式2.社会制度；体制3.当政时期，政权的持续时间；统治时期4.常规强化训练31.assurance[ə'ʃuərəns] n. 保证；保险；确信；断言32.cluster['klʌstə] n. 群；簇；丛；串vi. 群聚；丛生vt. 使聚集；聚集在某人的周围33.sovereignty['sɔvrənti, 'sʌv-] n. 主权；主权国家；君主；独立国[复数sovereignties ]34.concession[kən'seʃən] n. 让步；特许（权）；承认；退位35.tariff['tærif] n. 1.关税表；税表；(进口商品)征税制度2.关税；关税率3.收费表；价目表4.[美国口语]账单；费用5.[主英国英语](写有价目的)菜单vt. 1.对…征收关税；为…定税率2.按税率为…定收费标准36.recruit[ri'kru:t] n. 招聘；新兵；新成员vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康37.casualty['kæʒjuəlti] n. 意外事故；伤亡人员；急诊室[复数casualties ]38.ammunition[,æmju'niʃən] n. 弹药；军火vt. 装弹药于vi. 装弹药39.reliance[ri'laiəns] n. 信赖；信心；受信赖的人或物40.herald['herəld] n. 先驱；传令官；报信者vt. 通报；预示…的来临41.subordinate[sə'bɔ:dinət, -neit, sə'bɔ:dineit] n. 下属，下级；部属，属下adj. 从属的；次要的vt. 使……居下位；使……服从[过去式subordinated 过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinating ]42.allegiance[ə'li:dʒəns] n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞43.bondage['bɔndidʒ] n. 奴役，束缚；奴役身份44.submarine['sʌbməri:n, ,sʌbmə'ri:n] n. 潜水艇；海底生物adj. 海底的；水下的vt. 用潜水艇攻击vi. 在下疾行；在下滑动[过去式submarined 过去分词submarined 现在分词submarining ]45.aircrew['εəkru:] n. 全体机组人员46.defence[di'fens] n. 防御；防卫；答辩；防卫设备47.referendum[,refə'rendəm] n. 公民投票权；外交官请示书[复数referendums或referenda ]48.postwar['pəust'wɔ:] adj. 战后的n. 战后时期adv. 战后；在战后49.maple-leaf槭树叶50.constitutional[,kɔnsti'tju:ʃənəl] adj. 宪法的；本质的；体质上的；保健的n. 保健散步；保健运动51.agitation[,ædʒi'teiʃən] n. 激动；搅动；煽动；烦乱52.allege[ə'ledʒ] vt. 宣称，断言；提出…作为理由[过去式alleged 过去分词alleged 现在分词alleging53.separatist['sepərətist] n.1.分离主义者，独立主义者(尤指宗教或政治上的分离主义者)2.[S-](英国16～17世纪)脱离国教者adj.分离主义者的，独立主义者的；分离主义者的，独立主义者的54.liberty['libəti] n.1.(不受专横统治的)自由；(政治上的)独立2.(不受束缚、奴役或监禁的)自由；释放，解放3.权利[亦作civil liberties, political liberty]4.自由活动的范围5.自由活动于某地(或使用某地)的权利6.(海员、水兵等的)上岸许可时间7.[常用复数]冒昧；失礼；放肆；越轨；过于亲昵的言行8.特权(如自治权、选举权、参政权等)，特许9.(硬币上的)自由女神像10.[亦作复数][英国英语]特许区域；特别行政区11.【哲学】意志自由55.ratify['rætifai] vt. 批准；认可；签署生效：56.secession[si'seʃən] n. 脱离；分离57.eliminate[i'limineit] vt. 消除；排除[过去式eliminated 过去分词eliminated 现在分词eliminating ]58.deficit['defisit] n. 赤字；不足额59.scandal['skændəl] n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤[过去式scandalled或scandaled 过去分词scandalled或scandaled 现在分词scandalling或scandaling ]60.tremendouslyadj.1.巨大的，极大的2.可怕的；望而生畏的；令人恐惧的3.[口语]绝妙的，了不起的，惊人的61.invasion[in'veiʒən] n. 入侵，侵略；侵袭；侵犯62.garrison['ɡærisən] n. 要塞；卫戍部队vt. 驻防；守卫Simple Questions1.Who were the first inhabitants in Canada? What is the meaning of the name “Kanata”?The first inhabitants are believed to have come to Canada from Asia about 12,000 years ago.“Kanata” means a village or settlement.2.Which country first established colonies in Canada? When and where was the colonyestablished?Britain issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which established the province of Quebec out of the inhabited portion of New France located in the lower St. Lawrence V alley.3.How did the Seven Y ears’ War break out? What was the result of the war?During 1756-1763, the fortress of Quebec had previously withstood attacks, but this time, the British army was victorious in a brief battle outside the walls of Quebec in 1759.The result was France officially ceded New France to Britain.4.What is the significance of the Quebec Act (1774), the Constitution Act of 1791, and theBritish North America Act?○1In 1774, the British passed a law (the Quebec Act) that guaranteed the French protection of their language and religion.○2The Constitution Act of 1791 gave each of Canada’s provinces a lieutenant-governor, an executive council, a legislative council, and a legislative assembly. Only the assembly was elected by the people.○3The colonial delegates made some small changes to the resolutions and the result was the British North America Act, which was passed by the British Parliament.5.How is a responsible government defined?Upper Canada and lower Canada be united, and that they be given a system of government that they be given a system of government that would give more power to the elected members of the Assembly.6.What were the effects of the Gold Rush?The Gold Rush produced some beneficial effect. As miners swarmed into western Canada from the United States and other parts of the world, the unpopulated prairie lands were furtherexplored and cultivated. Another favorable outcome was that Gold Rush led to the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds.7.When and how did Canada become an independent country?Rt. Hon. Vincent Massey became the first native-born Canadian Governor General when he was sworn into office in 1952. With the formal dedication by Queen Elizabeth Ⅱand President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States, the St. Lawrence Seaway was opened in 1959.8.How did the Separatist Movement in Quebec proceed?Unit Three EconomyWords and expressions1.surplus['sə:plʌs, -pləs] n. 剩余；[贸易] 顺差；盈余；过剩adj. 剩余的；过剩的[复数surpluses ]2.hewer['hju:ə] n. 煤矿工；砍伐者3.endow[in'dau] vt. 赋予；捐赠；天生具有4.arable land耕地；可耕土地5.timber['timbə] n.1.木材，木料2.(盖房、造船等用的)木料；横木；栋木，横梁[美国英语亦作lumber]3.[总称]树木；树林，森林4.(人的)性格；素质；才能，才干5.【船舶学】肋材；肋骨；船材；船骨6.[英国英语]【狩猎】(猎狐时用的)木栅栏vt.1.用木材作骨架；以木材支撑2.以林木覆盖adj.木材的；木制的interj.(伐木工在树木倒下前的呼喊声)顺山倒啦!6.extract[ik'strækt, 'ekstrækt] vt. 提取；取出；摘录；榨取n. 汁；摘录；榨出物；选粹7.exploit['eksplɔit, ik's-] vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采n. 勋绩；功绩8.nickel['nikəl] n. 镍；镍币；五分镍币vt. 镀镍于[过去式nickelled 过去分词nickelling或nickeled 现在分词nickeling ]9.asbesto n. 石棉；防火布9.potassium[pə'tæsjəm] n. [化学] 钾10.zinc[ziŋk] vt. 镀锌于…；涂锌于…；用锌处理n. 锌[过去式zincked或zinced 过去分词zincked或zinced 现在分词zincking或zincing ]11.uranium[ju'reiniəm] n. [化学] 铀12.cod[kɔd] n. [鱼] 鳕鱼；愚弄；哄骗vi. 欺骗；愚弄vt. 愚弄；欺骗[复数cod或cods ]13.deteriorate[di'tiəriəreit] vi. 恶化，变坏vt. 恶化[过去式deteriorated 过去分词deteriorated 现在分词deteriorating ]14.receipt[ri'si:t] n. 收到；收据；收入vt. 收到15.barley['bɑ:li] 1.【植物】大麦(Hordeum vulgare) 2.大麦粒16.maize[meiz] adj. 黄色的，玉米色的n. 玉米；黄色，玉米色17.tobacco[tə'bækəu] n. 烟草，烟叶；烟草制品；抽烟[复数tobaccos或tobaccoes ]18.soybean['sɔibi:n] n. 大豆；黄豆19.livestock['laivstɔk] n. 牲畜；家畜20.poultry['pəultri] n. 家禽21.syrup['sirəp, 'sə:-] n. 糖浆，果汁；含药糖浆22.pulp[pʌlp] n.1.浆；糊状2.果子的柔软多汁部分；果肉3.(植物的)髓，(植物的)肉质部分4.牙髓5.浆状物；纸浆6.矿浆；矿粉7.[美国英语]低级杂志，印刷很坏的低级趣味杂志[参较slick]8.稠白铅团vt.1.使捣成浆状：to pulp grapes把葡萄捣烂2.把…捣成纸浆：to pulp old books把旧书制成纸浆3.除去(咖啡豆等的)果肉vi.变成浆状23.coniferous[kəu'nifərəs] adj. 结球果的；松柏科的24.herring['heriŋ] n. 鲱（又称青鱼）[复数herrings或herring ]25.lobster['lɔbstə] n. 龙虾[复数lobster ]26.scallop['skɔləp, 'skæ-] n. 扇贝，干贝vt. 使成扇形vi. 拾扇贝27.halibut['hælibət] n. [鱼] 大比目鱼（复数halibut）[复数halibuts或halibut ]28.intrusion[in'tru:ʒən] n. 侵入；闯入29.potash['pɔtæʃ] n. [无化] 碳酸钾；草碱；苛性钾；钾化合物30.cadmium['kædmiəm] n. [化学] 镉（元素符号Cd）31.platinum['plætinəm] n. [化学] 铂；白金；唱片集达100万张的销售量；银灰色adj. 唱片集已售出100万张的32.gypsum['dʒipsəm] vt. 用石膏处理；施石膏肥料于n. 石膏；石膏肥料33.cobalt[kəu'bɔ:lt] n. 【化学】钴(元素符号Co)34.titanium[tai'teiniəm, ti-] n. [化学] 钛（金属元素）35.molybdenum[mɔ'libdinəm] n. [化学] 钼（金属元素，符号Mo，原子序号42）36.crude[kru:d] adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的n. 原油；天然的物质[比较级cruder 最高级crudest ]crude oil [化]原油crude protein 粗蛋白；天然蛋白质crude drug 天然药heavy crude 重质原油crude fat 粗脂肪crude fiber 粗纤维crude steel 粗钢；原钢；粗铁sour crude 含硫原油；酸性原油light crude 轻质原油crude production 原油的开采；半成品crude extract n. 粗提物，粗抽提物；粗提取液crude benzol [化]粗苯crude product 粗制品crude petroleum 原油sour crude oil 酸性原油，含硫原油sweet crude 低硫原油crude gas 原煤气；不纯煤气benchmark crude 标准原油crude phenol n. 粗酚adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的rough , native , robust , raw , coarse37.kilowatt['kiləuwɔt] n. [电] 千瓦（功率单位）38.revenue['revənju:, -nu:] n. 税收，国家的收入；收益39.monetary ['mʌnitəri] adj.1.【经济学】货币的，金融的2.金钱的，用货币的40.high-tech['hai'tek] adj. 高科技的，高技术的；仿真技术的n. 高科技41.service trade服务业；劳务贸易42.foreign-owned foreign-owned enterprise 外资企业foreign-owned company 外国公司foreign-owned bank 外资银行43.susceptible[sə'septəbl] adj. 易受影响的；易感动的；容许…的n. 易得病的人[比较级more susceptible 最高级most susceptible ]Simple Questions1.What major natural resources are found in each province and territory of Canada?Forest resources and mineral reserves2.Where are the major agricultural regions in Canada?Farms in Canada mainly concentrate in two areas: one is the southern part of the three Prairie Provinces and the other is the plain area along the St. Lawrence River and to the east of the Great Lakes region.3.Why is forestry so important to the Canadian economy?The industry accounted for 3 per cent of Canada’s GDP in 2003 and 11 per cent of goods exported.4.What are the regions where fishery is highly developed? What kinds of fish doCanadians catch in different regions?Fishing fields in Canada mainly spread in four regions: eastern coast, western coast, the Hudson Bay, inland rivers and Lakes.Cod, herring, crab, lobster and scallops have been the most important varieties of fish caught off the Atlantic Coast and halibut and salmon off the Pacific Coast.5.Why is the Canadian fur industry so important?The fur industry is one of the earliest industries developed in Canada.6.What are the major mineral resources in Canada?Uranium, zinc, potash, nickel, elemental sulfur, asbestos, cadmium, platinum gypsum, copper, lead, cobalt, titanium and molybdenum.7.In which regions are there huge reserves of oil and natural gas in Canada?Alberta8.What are the regions where manufacturing is most developed in Canada?Ontario9.How important is tourism to the Canadian economy?As the seventh largest tourist economy in the world, Canada attracts more than 40 million tourists from all over the world annually.10.What is the Canadian foreign trade pattern? Who are the major trading partners ofCanada?The United StatesUnit four Political InstitutionsWords and expressions1.federation ['fedəreiʃən]n. 联合；联邦；联盟；联邦政府2.territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl] adj. 领土的；区域的；土地的；地方的n. 地方自卫队士兵3.autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi] n. 自治，自治权[复数autonomies ]4.parliamentary [pɑ:lə'mentəri] adj. 议会的；国会的；议会制度的5.constitutional [,kɔnsti'tju:ʃənəl] adj. 宪法的；本质的；体质上的；保健的n. 保健散步；保健运动6.monarchy ['mɔnəki] n. 君主政体；君主国；君主政治[复数monarchies ]7.executive [iɡ'zekjutiv] adj. 行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的n. 经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员8.legislative ['ledʒislətiv] adj. 立法的；有立法权的n. 立法权；立法机构9.judic ial [dʒu:'diʃəl] adj. 公正的，明断的；法庭的；审判上的10.amendment [ə'mendmənt] n. 修正案；改善；改正11.stipulate ['stipjuleit] vi. 规定；保证vt. 规定；保证adj. 有托叶的[过去式stipulated 过去分词stipulated 现在分词lating ]12.jurisdiction [,dʒuəris'dikʃən] n. 司法权，审判权，管辖权；权限，权力13.copyright ['kɔpi,rait] n. 版权，著作权adj. 版权的；受版权保护的vt. 保护版权；为…取得版权14.indigenous [in'didʒinəs] adj. 本土的；土著的；国产的；固有的merce ['kɔmə:s] n. 贸易，商业[过去式commerced 过去分词commerced 现在分词commercing ] 16.concurrent [kən'kʌrənt] adj. 并发的；一致的；同时发生的n. [数] 共点；同时发生的事件17.imitation [,imi'teiʃən] n. 模仿，仿造；仿制品adj. 人造的，仿制的18.sovereignty ['sɔvrənti, 'sʌv-] n. 主权；主权国家；君主；独立国[复数sovereignties ]19.enforceable [in'fɔ:səbl] adj. 可实施的；可强行的；可强迫的20.resentment [ri'zentmənt] n. 愤恨，怨恨21.NEW FOUNDLAND TIME ZONE 纽芬兰时区22.separatist ['sepərətist] n. 分离主义者；独立派adj. 分离主义者的23.legitimacy [li'dʒitiməsi] n. 合法；合理；正统24.judic iary [dʒu:'diʃiəri] n. 司法部；法官；司法制度adj. 司法的；法官的；法院的[复数judiciaries ]25.interpreter [in'tə:pritə] n. 解释者；口译者；注释器26.misconduct[,mis'kɔndʌkt, ,miskən'dʌkt] n. 不端行为；处理不当vt. 处理不当；行为不检27.senator['senətə] n. 参议员；（古罗马的）元老院议员；评议员，理事28.umpire['ʌmpaiə] vi. 当裁判，任裁判vt. 仲裁，裁判n. 裁判员，仲裁人[过去式umpired 过去分词umpired 现在分词umpiring ]29.allocation[,æləu'keiʃən] n. 分配，配置；安置30.appointee[ə,pɔin'ti:] n. 被任命者31.pledge[pledʒ] n. 保证，誓言；抵押；抵押品，典当物vt. 保证，许诺；用……抵押；举杯祝……健康[过去式pledged 过去分词pledged 现在分词pledging ]32.fiscal responsibility33.involvement[in'vɔlvmənt] n. 牵连；包含；混乱；财政困难34.likewise['laikwaiz] adv. 同样地；也35.right-wing['raitwiŋ] adj. 右翼的；右派的36.breakaway['breikə,wei] n. 分离；脱逃37.dissolve[di'zɔlv] vt. 使溶解；使分解；使液化vi. 溶解；解散；消失n. 叠化画面；画面的溶暗[过去式dissolved 过去分词dissolved 现在分词dissolving ]38.constituency[kən'stitjuənsi] n. （选区的）选民；支持者；（一批）顾客[复数constituencies ]39.equivalent[i'kwivələnt] adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的n. 等价物，相等物Simple Questions1.What are the components of the present Canadian Constitution?The most important components include the British North America Act of 1867, the constitutional amendments passed from 1867 to 1975 and the Constitution of 1982.2.What is the function of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?The Charter guarantees fundamental freedoms to citizens, such as freedom of belief and freedom of the press. Additionally, it also guarantees the right to vote and seek election, to enjoy security of person and to combat discrimination.3.What roles does the Governor General of Canada play?At one time, the Governor General controlled the government in Canada, but today, he or she has very little power except in very unusual cases.4.What is the Canadian Parliament composed of?The Governor General, an elected House of Commons and an appointed Senate5.How does the Senate in Canada function?The Senate seldom opposes the wishes of the House of Commons. The Senate can delay the passage of a bill or suggest changes.6.How is Cabinet solidarity defined in Canada?The principle that all Cabinet ministers are expected to defend all decisions7.What are the major political parties in Canada?The Progressive Conservative, the Liberals and the New Democratic Party8.How is one party rule defined?One major party usually can win many elections and dominate Canadian politics for so long that it becomes the main ruling party.9.How is a first-past-the-post system defined?The candidate with the largest number of votes is declared the winner.10.How is the Canadian Prime Minister elected?When there are two or more opposition parties, it may well be the case that more voters actually vote against than for the successful candidate. However, since the successful candidate has received the greatest number of votes he or she is declared the winner. The winner of each constituency obtains a seat in the House of Commons. The party that has the largest number of seats forms the government.Unit Five Social and Cultural LifeWords and expressions1.reputation[,repju'teiʃən] n. 名声，名誉；声望2.ecological[,i:kə'lɔdʒikəl, ,ekə-,-'lɔdʒik] adj. 生态的，生态学的3.multicultural[,mʌlti'kʌltʃərəl adj. 多种文化的；融合或具有多种文化的4.bilingual[bai'liŋɡwəl] adj. 双语的n. 通两种语言的人5.heritage['heritidʒ] n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权6.insecurity[,insi'kjuərəti] n. 不安全；不牢靠；无把握；心神不定[复数insecurities ]7.embed[im'bed] vt. 栽种；使嵌入，使插入；使深留脑中[过去式embedded 过去分词embedded 现在分词embedding ]8.pension['penʃən] n. 退休金，抚恤金；津贴；膳宿费vt. 发给养老金或抚恤金pension fund 养老基金；退休基金pension insurance 养老保险pension plan 公积金计划；退休金办法；养老计划old-age pension 养老金；退休金pension scheme 退休金计划retirement pension 退休金，养老金old age pension 养老金；退休金supplementary pension 企业年金；辅助退休金n. 退休金，[劳经]抚恤金；津贴；膳宿费retirement pay , subsidy9.maternity[mə'tə:niti] n. 母性，母道；[妇产] 妇产科医院adj. 产科的；产妇的，孕妇的[复数maternities ]10.retirement[ri'taiəmənt] n. 退休，退役11.automatic[,ɔ:tə'mætik adj. 自动的；无意识的；必然的n. 自动机械；自动手枪[比较级more automatic 最高级most automatic ]12.entitlement[in'taitlmənt] n. 权利；津贴13.supplemental[,sʌpli'mentəl] adj. 补充的（等于supplementary）；追加的boratory[lə'bɔrətəri] n. 实验室，研究室[复数laboratories ]15.parliament['pɑ:ləmənt] n. 议会，国会16.criteria[krai'tiəriə] n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）17.taxation[tæk'seiʃən] n. 课税，征税；税款18.dental['dentəl] adj. 牙科的；牙齿的，牙的n. 齿音19.prescription[pris'kripʃən] n.1.指令；指示2.命令；规定；法规3.药方；处方；处方的药4.旧习；惯例；传统5.解救方法；诀窍6.【法律】(根据传统或长期使用等而)要求权利；(由于长期使用等而)获得权利adj.1.按医生处方配制的2.按医生处方购买的[参较over-the-counter]3.(眼镜等)根据验光单磨制的20.portion['pɔ:ʃən, 'pəu-] n. 部分；一份；命运vt. 分配；给…嫁妆21.spiraling adj. 盘旋的；成螺旋形的v. 盘旋着上升或下降；成螺旋状旋转（spiral的ing形式）22.personnel[,pə:sə'nel] n. 人事部门；全体人员adj. 人员的；有关人事的23.surgery['sə:dʒəri] n. 外科；外科手术；手术室；诊疗室[复数surgeries ]24.vigilant['vidʒilənt] adj. 警惕的；警醒的；注意的；警戒的25.curriculum[kə'rikjuləm] n. 课程[复数curricula或lums ]26.regionalism['ri:dʒənəlizəm]n. 地方主义；地区性；地区特征；行政区域划分27.anglophones['æŋɡləufəun]n. 以英语为母语的人28.cherish['tʃeriʃ]vt. 珍爱；怀抱29.intrusion[in'tru:ʒən]n.1.侵入；闯入2.打扰；干涉；妨碍3.【法律】非法侵入他人土地，非法扣押(或占有)他人财产4.【地质学】侵入，侵入岩浆5.牧师未征得地区教徒同意而就任圣职30.aboriginal[,æbə'ridʒənəl]adj. 土著的；原始的n. 土著居民；土生生物31.implementation[,implimen'teiʃən] n. [计] 实现；履行；安装启用32.degrad33.hinder['hində]vi. 成为阻碍vt. 阻碍；打扰adj. 后面的34.tackle['tækl]n.1.装备；用具；器械；钓具2.滑车；复滑车；辘轳；起重装置3.／'teikl／【航海学】(船的)滑车索具；绞轳4.[美国英语]【橄榄球】(阻截对方抱球队员的)擒抱；抱摔；阻挡；抢夺5.【橄榄球】(后卫与端线区之间的)前锋；阻截球员6.【足球】1.断球；阻截铲球2.阻截球员35.sulfur['sʌlfə]vt. 用硫磺处理n. 硫磺；硫磺色36.nitrogen['naitrədʒən]n. [化学] 氮ration38.assimilate[ə'simileit]vt. 吸收；使同化；把…比作；使相似vi. 吸收；同化[过去式assimilated 过去分词assimilated 现在分词assimilating ] mission[kə'miʃən]n. 委员会；佣金；犯；委任；委任状vt. 委任；使服役；委托制作40.proclaim[prəu'kleim vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬41.version['və:ʃən]n. 版本；译文；倒转术42.discrimninatory adj. 有辨识力的；差别对待的43.critic['kritik]n. 批评家，评论家；爱挑剔的人44.prejudice['predʒudis n. 偏见；侵害vt. 损害；使有偏见[过去式prejudiced 过去分词prejudiced 现在分词prejudicing ] 45.vitality[vai'tæləti] n. 活力，生气；生命力，生动性[复数vitalities ]46.pluralism['pluərəlizəm]n. 多元主义；多元论；兼任47.underlying[,ʌndə'laiiŋ]adj. 潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的v. 放在…的下面；为…的基础；优先于（underlie的ing形式）48.ungreasy49.entrail50.quintessentially[,kwinti'senʃəli]adv. 典型地；标准地51.tarmac surface跑道上表面52.curling['kə:liŋ]n. 头发的卷曲；卷缩；冰上溜石游戏v. 卷曲（curl的ing形式）53.offshoot['ɔfʃu:t, 'ɔ:-]n. 分支；支流；衍生物54.counterpart['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物55.myriad['miriəd]n.1.无数2.无数的人(或物)3.[诗歌用语]万，一万adj.1.无数的；大量的2.各种各样的；形形色色的3.[诗歌用语]一万56.metropolitan[,metrə'pɔlitən]adj. 大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的n. 大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民57.agnostic[æɡ'nɔstik]n. 不可知论者adj. 不可知论的58.athesis59.secularization[,skjuərai'zeiʃən, -ri'z-]n. 世俗化；还俗；把教育与宗教分离60.transcendent[træn'sendənt]adj. 卓越的；超常的；出类拔萃的n. 卓越的人；超绝物61.trend [trend]n. 趋势，倾向；走向vi. 趋向，伸向vt. 使…趋向62.democracy[di'mɔkrəsi]n. 民主，民主主义；民主政治[复数democracies ]63.heritage['heritidʒ]n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权Simple Questions1.What are the chief forms of Canadian welfare service?Social welfare spending in Canada now embraces such things as pensions disability protection, unemployment insurance, child benefits, maternity welfare, subsidized housing and free medical care.2.What criteria should the health care system of each province meet according to theCanada Health Act?○1public administration ○2comprehensive benefits ○3university ○4portability3.Which government has the power to administer education in Canada?Through legislation, the provincial governments have the power to interfere, control or guide education in the respective areas of the province.4.What are the major universities in Canada?University of King’s College, McGill University, the University of Toronto, the University du。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
英语国家概况 加拿大篇
农业是国民经济的主要支柱。其中石油行业一直是加拿大经济增长的主要动力，推动加拿大贸易转亏为
盈，并有大量的投资。
加拿大联邦和各省政府经营多种国际保险业务成为经济一大亮点，包括出口信用保险和投资保险。
保险业资产位居加拿大金融业第二位。目前加拿大非寿险公司有近400家。
农业食品业是加拿大经济的重要组成部分，占其国内生产总值的8%。产物主要有：小麦、燕麦、大豆、 油菜籽、大麦、红肉类（牛、猪和羊）、水果、蔬菜、酒类、烟草、饮料等，约60%出口美国。
the Canadian state enterprise, Canadian post, Canadian railway Supreme Court judge, Canadian
federal government agencies, etc..
司法机关 The Judiciary
加拿大最高法院由1名大法官和8名陪审法官组成， 主要仲裁联邦和各省上诉的重大政治、法律、有关宪 法问题以及重大民事和刑事案件。最高法院的裁决为 终审裁决。最高法院法官均由总理提名，总督任命， 75岁退休。
来自印度、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡的南亚
移民人口达到130万，超过华裔成为加
拿大最大的少数族裔。华裔人口中25%
的人是在加拿大本土出生的，其余大部
分来自中国大陆、香港和台湾。
移民 Immigration
加拿大是世界上移民率最高的国家之一，主要是受该国的经济政策和家庭移
民政策影响。2012年，有257887人移民至加拿大。加拿大政府预计在未来几年，
【工业】 2014年加制造业总产值1732.67亿加元，占国内生产总值的8.8％，从业人员 171万，占全国就业人口的9.6％。建筑业总产值1173.81亿加元，占国内生产总值的7.2 ％，从业人员137.1万，占全国就业人口的7.7％。
主要英语国家概况第4版
主要英语国家概况第4版
主要英语国家指的是以英语为官方语言且主要使用英语进行交流和教育的国家。
以下是主要英语国家的概况：
1.英国(United Kingdom)：英国是英语的发源地，也是世界上第一个大规模使用英语的国家。
英国是欧洲经济强国，拥有丰富的文化遗产和历史背景。
2.美国(United States)：美国是世界上最大的英语国家，也是全球最强大的经济实体之一。
美国是一个多元文化的国家，拥有广泛的领土和各种气候条件。
3.加拿大(Canada)：加拿大是北美洲第二大国家，也是一个双语国家，英语和法语都是其官方语言。
加拿大是一个多元文化的国家，拥有丰富的自然景观和资源。
4.澳大利亚(Australia)：澳大利亚是一个位于南太平洋的国家，也是一个英联邦国家。
澳大利亚是一个高发达的国家，拥有现代化的城市和良好的教育体系。
5.新西兰(New Zealand)：新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的国家，也
是一个英联邦国家。
新西兰拥有优美的自然风光和多元文化的社会。
6.印度(India)：印度是世界上人口第二多的国家，也是一个广泛
使用英语的国家。
英语在印度是官方语言之一，广泛用于政府、商务
和教育领域。
7.南非(South Africa)：南非是非洲最发达的国家之一，也是一
个多元文化和多语言的国家。
英语是南非的官方语言之一，广泛用于
商务和教育领域。
以上是主要英语国家的概况，每个国家都有其独特的文化和特点，同时也是全球交流和教育的重要中心。
英语国家概况-加拿大(Canada)ppt课件
Land & Climate
Canada is the second largest country in the world, with over 3,851,877 square miles of land2 varying in climate from permafrost in the north to four distinct seasons of spring, summer, fall, and winter nearer the equator3.
Some of Canada’s natural resources are; iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydropower8.
7% of Canada’s land mass is covered with over 2 million lakes, the largest being the Northwest Territories’ Great Bear Lake4.
An estimated 14% of the world’s fresh water supply is located in Canada4.
The Healthcare System
Often referred to as “Medicare”, Canada’s national health insurance program30 consists of a group of socialized health insurance plans that provide publicly funded healthcare coverage to most all the citizens of Canada regardless of medical history, personal income, or standard of living. Healthcare is administered on a provincial or territorial basis, with guidelines that are set by the federal government29. Citizens are provided preventative care, medical treatments from primary care physicians, access to hospitals, dental surgery and some additional medical services29. The average number of physicians per 1,000 people in Canada is: 2.1.46
致用英语英语国家概况Canada ppt课件
Canadian national anthem: O Canada Royal anthem: God Save the Queen Representative animal: Beaver 河狸
wet
wet
populated
Economy and Currency
*G8: Group of Eight. 八国集团。八大工业国美 国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大 及俄罗斯的联盟，以往被称为“富国俱乐部”。
Natural resources: forestry（森林）, mining（采矿）, oil（石油） and gas extraction (煤气提炼), farming and fishing
Telecommunications(电信), biotechnology(生物科技), aerospace ['eərəʊspeɪs] (航空和航天) technology
Monetary unit：Canadian dollar (CAD)
National Symbols and Holidays
Pacific Ocean
Toronto
Ottawa
Greenland
Canada location and area
Canada is the world’s second largest country in are after Russia, with total area of nearly 10 million square km.
Lesson 2
General information on Canada, Australia and New Zealand
英语国家概况之加拿大简介
A Briefing of CanadaCanada is located in the north of North America.It occupying forty one percent of the continent.Canada is the world's second largest country(9,984,670 k㎡) . It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.Canada has a small population ,which is only thirty-three million one hundred and forty-three hundred (2008),and more over 70% people live in near the southern of the United States. The population growth rate is moderate,although the positive growth rate is chiefly due to immigration.Canada has a liberal immigration policy that goes to great lengths to accept refugees and asylum seekers from around the world.Canada is the multicultural society which results from the diversity of its people.English and French are the two important languages spoken in Canada with diversity of people.Such as the United States of America which has turned into an ethic melting pot,for Canada not only contains a variety of cultures but promotes and preserves them.Many laws are set up to protect the various cultures from becoming extinct.Canada has taken action to stop racism.The Canadian government was the first to manage a campaign commemorating the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.Canada helps the rest of the world unite and experience a variety of different ethnic backgrounds trying to eliminate racism.The living standard in Canada is very high.The welfare state has developed a wide range of health and social services intended to promote health and well-being.The ownership at home in Canada is in its most unaffordable state since the "housing recession "in 1990.The constitutional arrangement for education in Canada is a provincial responsibility because there is no Department of Education at the federal level and no integrated national system of education,either.Canada is a multi-ethnic country.Therefore,it has colorful and interesting wedding customs.Most Canadians are Catholic or Protestant and their weddingpractice is similar to other Western Christian countries.But in the northern part of Canada ,the Eskimo area,"bride theft" of the age-old custom has been popular with Eskimos.Canadians love sports.The widespread sports are ice hockey,golf baseball,swimming,basketball and tennis.Universities in Canada have self-contained field and facilities,which can provide for not only the professional teams,but also for students.All above are just the general situation of Canada.Now I want to indicate the relationship between Canada and America.Canada common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. They share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.When Canada was under the British colonial rule, its foreign relations were controlled by the British government.Although the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established in 1909,the foreign policy was still influenced by the United Kingdom.In 2003,the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was separated from the Diplomatic and International Trade Department and functioned as an independent department,which aimed to promote cooperation between Canada and countries.In order to maintain its development and prosperity ,Canada has taken positive attitude in the international and regional affairs.Canada has contributed a lot to promote North-South dialogue,world peace and stability and to assist the poor.In the Canadian value the world order is ruled by law not by the military force.Like the United States, Canada is one of the most religiously divers countries in the world.Canada has no official church ,"God "is mentioned in the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,but no specified.Religious pluralisms an important part of the Canadian worship.Relations between Canada and the United States have spanned more than two centuries. This includes a shared British colonial heritage, warfare during the 1770s and 1812, and the eventual development of one of the most successful internationalrelationships in the modern world. Each is the other's chief economic partner and large-scale tourism and migration between the two nations has increased the similarities.The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter-invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and apart from minor raids has remained peaceful. Canada and the United States of America officially established diplomatic relations in 1927,nevertheless two countries have contracts with each other long before.After its independence,the United States of America once attempted to invade the British North America but was defeated by the British Canadian forces.After that the borders between two countries have remained peaceful despite of minor conflict.After the Second World War,the rise of the United States of America in the world makes the Canadian economic,political and diplomatic focus shift from the United Kingdom to the United States.Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and through NATO. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada has generated closer ties, especially after the signing of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.The bilateral relationship is extremely important for both countries.Currently Canada and the United States are the primary trade partners for each other.Canada's economy heavily relies on the United States.They have signed more than one hundred and ninety cooperative agreements involving border,military defense, tariff,labour arbitration,education,environmental protection,fishery and forest protection.Canada also carries out multilateral cooperation with the United States under NATO,APEC,and OAS(Organization of America States).Although two countries have common long-term interests,there are minor conflicts because they are so close to each other.Their repeated trade disputes in fishery and forestry have always existed and Canada's grain export to the United States is charged a dumping duty.The close relationship between Canada and theUnited States is like brothers.They may quarrel sometimes,but their relationship is too important to be seriously damaged by disagreement over short-term issues.Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners,share the world's longest unmilitarized border,and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere. Recent difficulties have included repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, Canadian concern for the future of oil exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of terrorism.The foreign policies of the neighbours have been closely aligned since the Cold War and after. Canada has disagreed with American policies regarding the Vietnam War, the status of Cuba, the Iraq War, Missile Defense, and the War on Terrorism. A serious diplomatic debate is whether the Northwest Passage is in international waters or under Canadian jurisdiction.There are close cultural ties between modern day Canada and the United States, advanced in large part because both nations predominately speak English. There are also historical ties between the respective Francophone populations. Pop culture has depicted and parodied the efforts of both nations to solidify their cultural uniqueness-- primarily by Canada, as its population is roughly one tenth that of the United States'-- to deter international perception that Americans and Canadians are virtually identical. Canada remains Americans' favorite foreign nation according to a recent Gallup poll.Nevertheless there remain Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in terms of population and economy. James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed."The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994.From the above,Canada and the United States of America have the long-time friendly relationship.But Canada just like dances with wolves,and must independent rather than depend on America.References1,《大陆的分界：美国与加拿大的价值与制度》，西摩.马丁.利普森，鲁特埃奇出版公司，1990年（Seymour Martin Lipeset,Continental Divide:the Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada ,Routledge,1990）2，《加拿大社会》，鲁迪.芬威克，美国加拿大研究学会，1989年(Rudy Fenwick,Canada Society,The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States,1989)3，《加拿大文化与现代论》，高鉴国，沈阳辽海出版社，1999年4，《英语国家概况》，隋铭才，高等教育出版社，2009年5，.。
英语国家概况-加拿大篇中英翻译
Part ThreeChapter 23 Canada‟s geography and history加拿大的地理特点：Canada’s geography features:1) 座落于美国的北部，仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国；lies to the north of the US; the world‟s second largest country after Russia.2.地形十分复杂：东部山区沿海省份沿劳伦斯湾和大西洋形成不规则的海岸；西部，太平洋沿岸地区被南北走向的山脉分离，其中包括落基山脉；中部是一个大平原；it has an extremely varied topography:the east part is mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic;The west part,the Pacific border is separated from the rest of the country by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies; the central part is a vast plain.3.气候不甚宜人，大部分地区冬季既漫长又寒冷，积雪深厚；所以，大多数人都居住在南部边境地区the climate is unfavorable, much of Canada has long and cold winters with deep snow. So,a major part of the population lives along the southern border.4.最高峰是落根峰，主要的两大河流是马更些河与圣劳伦斯河。
英语国家概况 英文
英语国家概况英文
英语是世界上最重要的语言之一，它在许多国家是官方语言或主要语言。
以下是一些以英
语为母语的国家的概况：
1. 英国：作为英语的诞生地，英国是最重要的英语国家之一。
英国不仅以其古老的历史和文化
而闻名，还是经济和科技的重要中心。
伦敦是英国的首都和最大城市。
2. 美国：作为全球最强大的经济体之一，美国是世界上最多样化和多元化的国家之一。
英语是
美国的官方语言，并在社交、经济和政治领域中广泛使用。
华盛顿特区是美国的首都。
3. 加拿大：加拿大是第二个最大的英语国家，英语是该国的一种官方语言，与法语并列。
加拿
大以其美丽的自然景观、多元的文化和友好的人民而闻名。
4. 澳大利亚：澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
英语是该国的官方语言，并广泛使用于各个领域。
悉尼是澳大利亚的最大城市和经济中心。
5. 新西兰：新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，英语是该国的主要语言。
新西兰以其壮丽的自
然景观、丰富的文化遗产和友善的人民而闻名。
6. 南非：英语是南非的官方语言之一，这个国家拥有多种语言和文化。
南非以其多样化的野生
动植物、美丽的海岸线和悠久的历史而著名。
除了这些国家，还有许多其他国家也使用英语作为官方语言或作为第二语言，并且英语在全球
范围内被广泛学习和使用。
使用英语的国家有助于促进各国之间的交流、商务合作和文化交流。
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Population Capital city Largest city in Canada Government system
Government
Head of Government Representative of Queen Official head of State Official languages
Arctic Ocean 北冰洋
Greenland 格陵兰岛
USA 美 国
Pacific Ocean 太平洋
Atlantic Ocean 大西洋
Ottawa 渥太华 Toronto 多伦多
USA 美 国
尼亚加拉瀑布视频欣赏 落基山脉视频欣赏
People and Government
Telecommunications(电信), biotechnology(生物科技), aerospace ['eərəʊspeɪs] (航空和航天) technology
Monetary unit：Canadian dollar (CAD)
National Symbols and Holidays
Colder----------------------------------------warmer
Climate and Environment
Average January temperature is -18℃
July and August upper 20℃
wet
wet
populated
Lesson 2
General information on Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Starter 1. identify the following pictures, and
say what you know about them
Kangaroo [,kæŋɡə'ruː] 袋鼠
Economy and Currency
*G8: Group of Eight. 八国集团。八大工业国美国 、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大及 俄罗斯的联盟，以往被称为“富国俱乐部”。
Natural resources: forestry（森林）, mining（采矿）, oil（石油） and gas extraction (煤气提炼), farming and fishfic Greenland
Canada
location and area
Canada is the world’s second largest country in are after Russia, with total area of nearly 10 million square km.
35million (2013) Ottawa Toronto Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制 House of Commons 下议院 Prime Minister 总理 Governor General 总督
British monarch 英国君主 English and French
Koala [kəʊ'ɑːlə]
树袋熊
Kiwi [‘ki:wi:]几维鸟 (新西兰国鸟)
polar bear 北极熊
Pre-reading: tell us much as you know about the following places.
Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Ocean
National of Canada: Maple leaf
Canadian national anthem: O Canada Royal anthem: God Save the Queen Representative animal: Beaver 河狸
Official national sports: ice hockey(冰球，冬 季), lacrosse（长曲棍球，夏季），Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, volleyball and basketball.
It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward in to the Arctic Ocean, sharing land borders with the USA to the south and northwest.