英美概况论文
英美法概论小论文
英美法概论——普通法普通法是根本法之外的其他法律。
普通法不得和根本法相抵触。
有多种含义：在中国，通常指次于法(根本法)的一般法律;或者指对全国一致适用的法律,如民法、刑法等，是与特别法（即仅对特定身份的人、特定事项、特定时间或特定地区适用的法律）相对称。
在西方国家的法学中，普通法最早是指英国12世纪左右开始形成的一种以判例形式出现的适用于全国的法律。
所谓普通是相对于特殊而言，具有“共同”、“普遍”、“通行于全国”的意愿。
从普通法的这一最初含义出发，又引申出其他四种含义：①与制定法相对而言，普通法是指判例法；②与衡平法相对而言，是指上述普通法法院的判例；③与大陆法系相对而言，是指英美法（见英美法系）；④与教会法相对而言，是指世俗政权或法庭发布的法律。
目前，鉴于英美普通法对国际商业规则的巨大影响以及中国应对经济全球化挑战的迫切需要，中国法学界对英美法的研究日趋生温。
2004年10月13日，台湾东吴大学法学院院长杨桢教授莅临西北政法学院演讲，传达出岛内法学界的同样讯息：学习英美法是洞悉现代国际商业规则的必由之路。
的确，自1066年法国诺曼公爵跨过英吉利海峡而成为英王威廉一世以来，普通法已经走过了近一千年的发展历程。
但对于我们这些习惯于法典法系思维的中国法律人而言，要真正领悟到普通法的真谛，决非易事。
美国学者库恩于1924年出版的《英美法原理》（法文版）一书，被我国已故的罗马法学者陈朝璧教授译成中文，展转至2002年底终于在国内与读者见面。
库恩教授用独特的比较法视角讲述英美法，借用大陆法系的分类模式形成自己独特的行文体例，令人有纲举目张之感，在比较两大法系及不同支系的法律制度时深入浅出，合乎情理。
尤其是对英国普通法诞生的几个关键环节如诺曼征服后国王的治国方略的决定性作用、令状体制的演变轨迹、掌玺大臣的稽核作用，以及罗马法对英国普通法的渗透等问题的探索，读后令人豁然开朗，别开生面。
一．威廉一世的治国智慧——国王法庭“入乡随俗”威廉一世以“忏悔者爱德华的继承者”资格征服英国以后，便俨然以英国的主人自居。
如何学好英美概况英文作文
如何学好英美概况英文作文英文：To learn English and American overview English writing well, I believe it is important to first have a good understanding of the cultural and historical background of both countries. This will help to provide context and depth to the writing.For example, when writing about the differences between American and British English, it is important to know that American English has been heavily influenced by immigrants from all over the world, resulting in a diverse vocabulary and pronunciation. On the other hand, British English has been shaped by centuries of history and has a more formal tone.In addition to understanding the cultural andhistorical background, it is also important to practice writing in English regularly. This can be done throughjournaling, writing essays, or even participating in online forums and discussions. By actively engaging with the language, one can improve their writing skills and become more comfortable expressing themselves in English.Furthermore, reading extensively in English can also be incredibly beneficial. This not only exposes the learner to different writing styles and vocabulary, but also helps to improve comprehension and critical thinking skills.中文：要学好英美概况英文作文，我认为首先需要对两国的文化和历史背景有一个良好的了解。
英美概况论文2
If Y ou Are Tired of London, Y ou Are Tired of Life.Y es, I think so.At first, London was in a depression in the chalk north of the weald. It is surrounded by richer clay soil which produced food for the citizens of London. two thousand years ago, Roman built this city, from that time, London has been owing a maximum influence in the world, and from 1801 to 20 century, as a empire of the world-the capital of British empire, London become the biggest city of the world for acquiring a outstanding achievement in politics, economy, humanity culture, science and technology invention.T hat’s the history of London, but now London is still the biggest city of Europe a nd meanwhile it also a city which is worthwhile to visit.London is a cosmopolitan mixture of the Third and First worlds of chauffeurs and beggars, of the establishment the avowedly working class and the avant-garde. Unlike comparable European cities, much of London looks unplanned and grubby, but that is part of its appeal. Visiting London is like being let loose on a giant-sized Monopoly board clogged with traffic. Even though you probably won’t know where the hell you are, at least the names will look reassuringly familiar.London has many famous places, such as River Thames, Tower Bridge, Swiss Re Towe r, Palace of Westminster, Big Ben, Millennium Bridge, London Eye, St Paul’s Cathedral, and Tower of London and so on. At the same time, as we known, it is one of the most important economic centre of the world and the maximum economic centre of Europe as well.London is a year-round tourist center, with few of its attractions closing or significantly reducing their opening hours in winter. Y our best chance of good weather is, of course, at the height of summer in July and August, but there’s certainly no gu arantee of sun even in those months and that is when you can expect the biggest crowds and highest prices. Besides when it rains hard, the weather gets a little cold in the later, afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine and it will be summer at this time of day. And then, London fog is the obviously characteristic.With so many beautiful places and the amazing history, anyone who didn’t visit it before is really a pity. No other area of Britain is as rich in history tradition and cultural associations as London. Throughout the capital there are great mansion, venerable old buildings, houses, unrivalled collections of art treasure and colorful ceremonies to suit every possible taste and mood. History is from there and, of course, it is worthwhile visiting London. So, if you are tired of London, you are tired of life. I think that’s true.。
英美文化概况结课论文
The Differences between the United States and China in Education “Better be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of misfortune.” Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, said. As we all know, education is necessary to ourselves and even our society. But people in different countries receive various educations because of diverse culture. Let us see the differences in education between America and China and the influence of different education on people.First, there is much distinction between those two countries in ideals of education. American asserts equality. She claims that as many people as possible should have access to as much education as they want so that American can produce a society of literacy and local control. She places emphasis on the basic nature of knowledge and learning. Students in America should learn to discover and create new approaches to understand what is already known. American students prefer to practice by themselves instead of listening to the teachers sitting in the classroom. However, students in China are taught to learn not creative thinking but basic skills. Chinese require that students should acquire knowledge as what teachers teach and what teaching materials tell. Chinese always instill into kids’minds a thought that what teachers and teaching materials say are definitely right so that Chinese students lack the critical thought since they are children. Thus, it becomes that American students possess great abilities though get low grades and Chinese students have low abilities while get high scores, as is known to all.Second, the atmospheres in the classroom show the divergence of the two countries’education. Chinese teachers are good at drawing conclusions from a question for students to make them have no question. But American teachers are efficient at enlightening students on a question and enable every student to put forward more new questions. A student in Chinese class has to put up his hand to be allowed to stand up by teachers to answer questions while in American class students are encouraged to speak freely. If a Chinese student disagree what his teacher say, he will suffer some criticisms; nevertheless, an American students will be awarded praise if he does that. We can find out that the Chinese class pays more attention to discipline and the United States focuses on human rights.Three, the ways to further education are entirely different in China and America. There is no annual college entrance examination. Applicants are chosen on the basis of four aspects: high school records, high school teachers’recommendations, the impression they make during interviews at the university, scores on Scholastic Aptitude Test. In an American soap opera called Gossip Girl, an actor called Dan, who wants to study in Yale and passed the SAT, struggles to get three recommendations from his high school teachers or famous writers. But every Chinese student knows that if they want to go to university they must pass the college entrance examination and if they hope to go to key colleges, they have to get higher scores. So the purpose of American education system is to make students find out their shortcomings and straighten them up and Chinese educational system is elimination.Four, students’ extra-curricular life in United States is more colorful than Chinese students’. There are many students’organizations----clubs and activities in the American school helping students become successful when pursuing hobbies. Inaddition, they often do some part-time jobs to make money, which may be for activities or other things. However, Chinese students don’t have so many activities and in their extra-curricular life they will spend most of time attending cram school or doing their homework. So, they are losing their hobbies gradually.In general, I think our government should make reformation on our educational system immediately. Not only should our grades be focused on, but also students’practical ability and creative thinking should be paid more attention. Thus, our country will be more thriving and prospering and we Chinese will be more happiness!。
英美概况论文完结
天津师范大学考试试卷2013 —2014学年第二学期期末考试答题纸（A 卷）科目：英美概况学院：外院专业： 2013 级英语副辅修班级：姓名：学号：American’s role in the two World WarsAbstract:American experienced two world wars.Through two world wars American’s ecomomic，political have taken place great changes.Established the position in the international stage .The eassy discuss the time,development,result of two world wars and research the American’s role in the two world wars.Keyword: world ward；American；role1.Introduction1.1The significance of topicThe eassy talk about the two world wars’ cause,development and the results.Thinking American’s role in two world wars.Researching the internationalsituation changes and Americ an’s state in the international changes.1.2Research MethodThe main methods for the study are reading the relevant literature and querying the relevant information and combing with introduces the contents of the book.On the basis of this analysis and research,some history understanding are to be summarized.Put some context of myself.2.American and World War I2.1The cause of World War IWorld War I broke out in july 1914.The war was launch between two groups of imperialist powers,Allies and the Central European Power.The basic cause of the war lay in the political,economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers,stretching back into the late 19th century.First were the economic rivalries.Most of the European power competed the foreign market.The most serious economic rivalry taken place between Britian and Germany because of the latter’s rapidly developed of industrialization in the later 19th century and Germany’s industrial scale had beyond britian’s capacity and took the first place in economy in Europe by the 20th century.Economic rivalries brought colonial disputes.They were redividing the world according to their economic strength and the competition was restricted to Britain and Germany.The immediate cause of the War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo,Serbia on june 28,1914.It was use as an excuse for declared war on Serbia by Austria.2.2American in World War IWhen the war began,American just to observe strict neutrality until 1917 Wilson was leading the country into the war.In general,there were there reasons for the us to join the war so late.First,America’s traditional distrust of standing armies,the military power was too slight to join the war.Although the navy was strong,the air force was slight can only national defense.Then the national Security League andthe National Defense Act were passed between 1914 and 1916,which doubled the standing army,recorganized the National Guard,and provided for the military training of officers.A series bills was passed,the navy was expand.Second,it was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause.The American hold Allied powers’ bonds and stocks through sold war material to them.In order to prevented paper become worthless the Amerian have to join the war.Finally, the Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships helped the amerian turning the neutral opinion to against Germany.2.3the impact between war and AmericanIn the war,the navy was playing a decisive part .By the close of the war,American naval vessels,mostly destroyers and submarine chasers,wre in service in European water.In the meanwhile,the American’s air force was made huge improve.As American entered the war the Allues began to act on the offensive and finally victoried.3 American and WWII3.1 The cause of World War IIThe Great Depression serve a pavement for World War II.It was a major factor in bring about Nazism and World War II. World War II finally erupted in 1939,as a result of German aggression.3.2 American in World War IIBefore World War II,Congress passed three Neutrality Acts which prohibited the sale of munitions and the lending of money to the nations at war.TheAmerica -n explicated his neutrality state in the coming war by isolationist policy.At the beginning of World War II,the Congress repealed the arms embargo and substituted a “cash-and-carry” policy.This policy still seemed neutral but it was to the advantage of England.In 1940,when Franklin Roosevelt tried for a third term as President while the World War II was comprehensive fired.When the US was taking action to support the Allies,Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7,1941.This made America formally plunge into the war.3.3 The conferences during World War IIDuring World War II,navy was not the only power .Because of the the number of plane was increase,the air force played an important part,the availability of aircraft made frequent meeting possible between the leaders of the Allied countries.Those meeting is important for the war. Roosevelt and Churchill maooed out plans for the flighting against Japan until her unconditional surrender.The conference in Teheran on Nov.28,1943,was the first meeting at which Roosevelt,Stalinand Churchill were all present.And the Yalta Conference in Feb. 1945,developed and adopted the official charter of the United Nations Organization which was conclude 50 nations.The sharp contrast to the case after World War I,the US Senate,after a brif debate,ratified the UN Charter on July 18,1945.3.3 the impact of World War II to AmericaAs far as I am consider,there are four impact the World War II to America.First of all,the World War II improved the international status in the United States, became the world's leading powers of capitalism.Western Europe and Japan had to stick after the war. war Second benefit from the World War II,the U.S. economy is strong, has the world's most abundant gold reserves, dominated by the capitalist world monetary system, the bretton woods system.Third during the war the America established the dominance of dominant the establishment of a new international order, the Yalta system after the war.The United Nations was founded early manipulation by the United States..Last ,the American has the world's most powerful military force.The most powerful, conventional weapons are set up more than 500 military bases around the world.And it has a monopoly on the atomic bomb.4. ConclusionBefore the first world war, the United States is not strong.The army is only a total of 8000 people, but the navy is already the world's third is its main battle effectiveness.Early war on arms trade to make money quickly, and expansion of the army, the army's strength is also improved.Because the U.S hold a lot of the Allies’ stocks and bonds in order to prevent the Allies defeated, maintenance period of self-interest.1The United States took part in the war at the end of the first worldwar.Thus the army began to increase,.six months after the end of world war I, the United States grow into the world's big powers, but the influence is still unable to compare with the western powers.However, in the second world war the United States arms industry was very complete and continue to rely on arms industry to make money, use the plight of the expander arms trade, arms in the world market demand for more stimulus.The development of the industrial powers of military industry, the world currency inflows and scientific and technological personnel to join the United States economic development of the catalyst, nationalist sentiment in the United States are inspired after 1941, the United States using the accumulation of a large number of dollars into war bonds arms production, war double-digit economic growth, the rich human resources and material resources allow us to power delivery in Europe and the Pacific, the war in 1945, the United States economy into the saturation state, the United States at a cost of $2 billion and a group of scientists are likely to fail the atomic plan is a good one, at the end of the war with the United States has control of the world, almost the Marshall plan the implementation of the control of the Europe and the United States, the United States became the first world powersReference：1.Xu Luzhi.，《Understanding the US and the UK》，Qingdao：China oceanpress，2012：70-832.Glenn p.Hastedt:American Foreign policy:past,present,future[monograph]Upper Saddler River,N.J. Prentice Hall,c2000.。
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1
英美概况论文unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ As a student majored in science in my high school, I have little knowledge about the society and culture of countries. But I’m still curious about this. So I hope I will learn more about the English-speaking countries. Next I will talk about the preview of the unit 1.The first passage is about the introduction of the United Kingdom. In my memory, I only know the United Kingdom is a developed country, and the building of United Kingdom is very beautiful and magnificent. Now, after reading those passages, I know The UK is includes 4 parts : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . I always thing the UK is point at English, but now I know the four country make up the UK. The United Kingdom is a complicated country with a complicated name and it is a multiracial social. The remarkable class , regional and economic difference of the United Kingdom make it different.Now let’s talk about the four countries.England is a highly urbanized country. And its capital, London, which is dominant in the UK in all fields: government, finance, and culture. So London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and culture life. It is the conquest of Britain. Before the 1st century AD, British was made up of many tribal Kingdoms of Celtic people. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples; from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britain’s shores; King Alfred the great turned in the tide in south against the Vikings; the next invaders were theNormans who speak French, from Northern France, who English throne, and became William the First , King Arthur and his Round Table, giving Knights equal precedence and showing Knights’demand for a more democratic system. Second, Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion and power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. And Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, and the most confident of its own identity. The largest city is Glagow, and its capital is Edinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century. The capital, Edinburgh, which is a east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city. Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons. The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Wales is the smallest on the British mainland. It is very close to the most densely populated parts of central England. It retains a powerful sense of difference from England. And it retains its own language. 19% population speak Gaetic. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.Ireland has been divided by a long and blood conflicts as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”One of the key issues in late 19th century. British politics was a campaignin parliamen t for what was called “the Home Rule Bill”.The artistic and cultural activity in the UK Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement, London, is one of the leading world centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces, rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and the Who, through the 70s with Genesis, Led Zeooelin and Pink Floyd and the 80s with Dire Straits bands have generated major followings worldwide representing a multi-million dollar industry. And the legacy continued into the 90 with Pop phenoms The Spice Girds and groups like Oasis, the Verve, Jamiroquai, and the list goes on. British Pop music is alive and well and will continue to be in 2000 and beyond.。
英美国家概况英语论文
Britain and the United States, in today's world is the two big powers in society, the two countries have extremely similar in a lot of places, so they have the obvious differences?First，the character of Americans and British man was not the same.British tradition, focusing on good manners etiquette. Americans believe in freedom, not like constraints.The British character traits are: apathy, subtle, introverted, conservative and rational rigor, gentleman's humor. Corresponds to American character was summed up as follows: warm, cheerful, adventurous, innovative, and imaginative alive, straightforward humor.Second，British and American philosophy of education is different.British Conservative and strict, reflected in education was rigorous style of study, improve the education system. It has a strict quality control system, quality assessments and scientific research and university teaching evaluation results known to the world, United Kingdom higher education is being checked on a regular basis.Americans are pursuing equality and freedom, reflected in education is the United States education system with diversity, openness Characteristics, internationality, flexibility, the United States education is to ensure fair and equal opportunities for education, and to give full play to different educational objects can meet the personality characteristics to raise the full of vigor and vitality.Third, British and Americans in their everyday life practices also differ.From the fashion point of view, Britons are paying attention to clothing, paying attention to a gentleman, Americans are more casual, wants to wear what, in their own comfort, not to mind other people's assessment, will not be evaluated.See from eating food of both countries, British diet also exudes British upper classes should be noble, from selection to Cook, and then at the dinner table, the British none to maximize detail. Americans -diet does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, not luxury, more popular. Three meals a day are just. Such eating habits to some extent also reflected American life, vigorous and resolute, as if it is not to the British procrastination, so attention to detail.British and American in their respective essence on why such a huge difference? Human environment is the main reason, I think. Secondly geographical environment is one of the indispensable factors.。
英语国家概况期末论文1
英语国家概况期末论文1American and British educationThe number of people holds view that the future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of the children. Each country has its own education system. Most of countries try to put the national education in the first place. And most families consider the home education as part of their life. What are the country education systems? What are their purposes? How do parents do at ho me for their children’s education? The following I will talk about the formal education and family education among the United States and the United Kingdom.American Education1. Formal EducationIn the United States, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. There are three ideals of American education. Firstly, education is governed by state and local governments, not by the national government. Each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education, but some laws are similar, for example, all states require young people to attend school until the age of either 16 or 18. Secondly, receive an equal education. In the other words, many people are possible to have access to as much as education as they want. This ideal is an outcome of the American’s assertions about equality among people. Thirdly, American schools tend to put more emphasis on developing critical thinking than acquiring quantities of facts. And American students are encouraged to express their own opinion in class and to think for themselves, and goal of American education is to teach c hildren how to learn and helpthem reach their maximum potential. In addition, formal education in United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. Elementary and secondary education, which are the basis of public education, are compulsory. Classes of students are divided into twelve academic levels called grades. Before attend the first academic institution,many parents choose to enroll their children in kindergarten and, even earlier, nursery school or daycare center. After high school, part of students will go to further education—university. There are some famous universities in the United States, such as Harvard University, a comprehensive university; Yale University with a high academic standard and great prestige; Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, an institute famous for its scientific and technological training and research.2. Family EducationIt is a general perspective that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. And some are tutoring at home by their parents, instead of school teachers. American parents suggest that little children are not just a process of memorizing knowledge that already exists in books, but work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known. In addition, parents pay much attention to children’s independence. They think that children should do many things all by themselves. If parents do that for them, they would become lazy and dependent on others. When children make mistakes, American parents would punish them, let them realize their faults and warn them not to do that again. They would not pay much attention to children’s ability to learn or to read, but teach them to understand the world.The United Kingdom Education1. Formal EducationIn the history, education in British was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the church. Now education in Britain is divided into four stages: primary, secondary, further education and higher education. The compulsory education for all children is between the ages of 5 and 16. There are two parallel school systems in Britain for primary and secondary education, the state system and the independent system. The education in the state system is provided free of charge while the independent system requires fees.Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 16. Children begin primary school at the age of 5 and go on to secondary school at the age of 11 and stay there until 16. Free compulsory education is available for all children up to the age of 16. After that, they can choose to study for two more years in preparation for higher education and they start their university education around the age of 18. And some choose to comprehensive schools, which provide a general education. Most British universities are partially funded by central government grant. Students from poor families can receive the maintenance grant from the central government grant. Like the united states, the united kingdom has its famous universities, for instance, Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world; Cambridge, which is well-known by its reputation for outstanding academic achievement. King’s College Lond on, which has a multicultural student body and an academic reputation that goes from strength to strength.2. Family EducationIn the United Kingdom, parents also pay much attention to tutor their children to be well controlled by themselves. Whenthe children do something wrong, parents would take action to correct their behavior or even punish them. There is no reason for them to get their parents’ overindulgence. Both the United States and the United Kingdom emphasize independence on Family education. Th e United Kingdom’s parents think that if they Over Indulgent their children, their children will never know what independence means. They also have a prospect that they should be responsible for the children’s future. The parents seem not to be competent a s their children couldn’t adapt the community or make contributions to the society; the common response is that parents should feel guilty as incapable of educating their children.As far as I am concerned, different countries have their own educational ways. But one in common is that all the national education systems and family education want to make the children out of boys and turn them into useful person in society. People believe that future of the nation depends largely on education, so as the future of children. The only thing we can do is to respect for cultural differences and take the essence and discard the dregs. Only in this way, children can grow up more happily and independent so that they can make great contributions to their society.。
英语辅修《英美概况》论文
Two Queens in English History- Li Jia Mathematics class 6 There are several queens in English history. They are just like royal red roses decorating the monotonous garden of the monarch filled with green. Two roses are so fragrant that it is hard to ignore them. They are Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria who both dominated the country with their female charms and wisdom. They created marvelous periods in English history that had great effects on later generations. The golden ages are named after them. One is called Elizabethan Age, and the other is known as Victorian Age. Although they lived in different times and experienced diverse life, both of them show the elegance, intellectuality and calm as a queen. They have similarities in some way. Let’s make a comparison between these two great females in the following aspects.1.Early ExperiencesElizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace of Placentia in London. She suffered a lot in her early years. Before she was three years old, her mother was put to death for alleged adultery and the marriage was declared invalid. As a result, Elizabeth’s birth became illegitimate and subsequently lost her claim to the English throne. She was so neglected by her father that she had to wear clothes that were too small. Fortunately, her stepmothers didn’t do much harm to her and she got a comprehensive education ranging from history, mathematics, poetry and languages in palace. She had a good command of several languages, like Greek, Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, which laid a solid foundation for her reign in the future. Because of the influence of her last stepmother Catherine Parr and her tutors, Elizabeth became a Protestant. The peaceful life came to an end after her young brother-King Edward VI’s death. Since then, she was involuntarily involved in endless cruel fight for the crown and various political plots. The experience is so miserable that she once doubted whether she could survive when imprisoned in the Tower of London. After a series of struggle with her half-sister Mary, she finally get the crown after Mary’s death.Victoria was born at Kensington Palace in London. She should have owned a happy family but her father died of Pneumonia in a sudden. What her father left for his wife and daughter was only heavy debts. From then on, Victoria have to lead a frugal life which means she would wear same clothes for years. At the age of 11, she started to learn the lengthy court etiquette and complex behavior taboos. Anyway, her childhood was not so happy. She finally came into power when she was only 18.2.StatesmanshipElizabeth I was able to work with parliament, but there were also problems. Parliament asked for its customary right of free right confirmed in writing and right to discuss important questions at will instead of the king’s invitation. Neither of the requires above did Elizabeth agree. She regarded them as violations of her prerogative. So at that time, the queen had a strong power above the parliament. As a result, the contradiction between autocratic royalty and the bourgeoisie begin to appear.For the sake of politics, Elizabeth broke religious ties with Rome and restored the independence of the Church of England. She imposed the Common Prayer Book, the English selection of the Bible, on all churches in England. She was a protestant, but she implemented religious tolerance policy at the same time. This decision made England more stable.Conversely, when Victoria ruled over the country, the constitutional monarchy had been built and gradually become perfect. Under such history background, Queen Victoria didn’t interfere in the internal affairs much. However, she did promote the establishment of compulsory education and the opening of the first World Expo. She was sympathetic to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, and favored greater religious liberty for those people who did not belong to the official Church of England.What’s more, she showed her own political vision and pointed out the majordirection of the foreign policy. She stood by the Conservative Party and had a intimate relationship with the leader of the party. It directly lead to the realization of colonial policy that made the country become an empire on which the sun never set. During her reign, Britain invaded many nations including China. Because of the vast foreign expansion, Victoria finally became Empress of India. The country extended its effects on the whole world. Nowadays, there are still plenty of places which is entitled her name Victoria.3. Marriagewhen it comes to the marriage, Queen Elizabeth I seemed to go blank. She is known as “the virgin queen”.Through Elizabeth’s lifetime, she never married to anybody. Elizabeth told the parliament: “I have already joined myself in marriage to a husband, namely the kingdom of England.”if she had n’t been so loyal to her country, she should have constructed a family. Her former brother-in-law King Felipe II once proposed to her, then she declined it. And she loved Earl of Leicester so much, but they missed each other since a protestant husband would intensify the sectarian strife from her perspective. To avoid the possible religious and political conflicts, she refused to be involved in a marriage. Maybe she is just a lonely woman when coming down from the holy throne. It is a tragedy for a woman to have no husband and no child. Chances are that she chose the people’s welfare rather than her own well-being confronted with the significant responsibilities a queen must undertake.Victoria was much luckier than Elizabeth, she married her cousin Albert. Although their marriage was decided by their parents, their love turned legend in the end.Albert helped the queen tackle various state affairs. He devoted himself to prompting the perfection of constitutional monarchy and changed the disorganized climate of the House of Hanover. Elizabeth adored her husband so much that she agreed with him most of the time. They enjoyed a harmonious and pleasantrelationship.They have nine children in total. Victoria brought up them in person instead of leaving them solely in the care of nannies and governesses. She set a strict discipline for her children and asked them to take their father as example. Victoria once wrote a letter to her pregnant daughter about giving birth to a child. She complained the misery and tiredness a mother had to endure and the happiness to own a child. It completely revealed the contradictory feeling of an ordinary mother.Some of Victoria’s children and grandchildren eventually married the heirs to thrones of Spain, Russia, Sweden, Norway, and Romania, because of her many descendants, Victoria became known as the “Grandmother of Europe”.Victoria took responsibilities not only as a queen, but a wife and a mother. Her family life set a good example for her people.4.Outcomes of the ReignDuring Queen Elizabeth I’s 45 years rule, England became a brilliant kingdom with prosperous economy and multiple cultures. The principal achievement is that England won the naval battle with Spain and get position as a major sea power. Elizabeth’s politics met the need of the rising bourgeoisie and promoted the development of the Renaissance which was represented by several figures like Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. Her rule pave way for the shaping of British Empire.The reign of Queen Victoria has been the longest of any monarch in British history. She was the official head of United Kingdom and the worldwide British Empire. Owing to the stability of the whole society and the enormous foreign market, industrial revolution was carried out successfully. The revolution has changed people’s lifestyle completely and promoted the construction of infrastructure.It was a big change that London owned a convenient metro network, a comprehensive sanitary sewer system and a complete street lamp lighting system during these years.5. ConclusionTo conclude, both of them did a good job. The country obtained considerable development in the politics, economy, culture and so on. As members of few queens in English history, what they have done are much more superior to many kings. Their beauty and wisdom will leave deep impression on descendants. People will be long forgetting them forever.。
英美概况结课论文
从奥巴马看美国的种族歧视—浅谈美国种族歧视消弱的原因【摘要】美国是一个多民族国家。
种族歧视是美国历史上的一个长期问题，它困扰了美国几百年。
终于，在美国黑人们的长期抵抗和奋斗下，种族歧视在美国逐渐被消弱。
更甚之，2008年，第一位非洲裔总统奥巴马在美国出现，这更加表明黑人在美国社会中的地位显著提高，黑人将会过上更加美好的生活，并且美国的种族歧视也将最终走向消亡。
【关键词】美国种族歧视消弱原因众所周知，2008年，奥巴马当选为美国总统，成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统，从而创造了美国乃至世界上的一大奇迹。
看到奥巴马在就职仪式上那激情澎湃的演说，我不禁想起几百年来在美国历史上那惨不忍睹的种族歧视。
当时，美国黑人处于极其卑微的地位，这与现在黑人成为美国总统形成鲜明对比，这不仅表明美国黑人的社会地位不断提高，更加表明美国的种族歧视正在被消弱，这是一种积极的社会现象，也是全世界人民所乐意见到的。
可是，是什么原因引起了美国社会种族歧视的消弱呢？一、美国黑人奴隶制的废除在北美殖民地时期，由于殖民地急需大批劳动力，所以在此时期对非洲黑人奴隶的贩卖和奴役十分猖獗。
从1686—1786年的100年间，约有25万非洲黑人被贩卖到英属北美殖民地。
黑人奴隶在北美殖民地的地位极其悲惨，特别是那些在田间终日劳动的黑奴，被当作“耕畜”使用，每天被迫劳动18—19个小时。
美利坚合众国成立后，制定了联邦宪法。
但宪法保留了奴隶制，维护了奴隶贸易。
到1860年，美国黑人奴隶已达到400万。
19世纪上半期，美国人民开展了广泛的反对奴隶制运动。
30年代起，废奴主义在美国广为流行。
废奴主义者加里森创建了新英格兰反对奴隶制协会，并领导成立了全国性废奴主义组织——美国反对奴隶制协会。
到40年代，废奴团体已达2000个，形成了声势浩大的群众运动。
虽然反动势力多方压制和迫害，但废奴主义者仍坚持开展多种活动。
他们出版书籍、报刊并散发传单，到各地宣传演讲，控诉奴隶主的罪行，揭露和抨击奴隶制的罪恶。
英美概况论文：on the Rise of the United States
课程论文论文题目：On the Rise of the United States 主修学校：武汉理工大学学生姓名：侯伟龙学号： 0121011360606指导教师：邓绪新成绩：On the Rise of the United States中文摘要：美国位于北美的南方，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。
大部分地区属于温带大陆性气候，南部属亚热带气候，西部沿海地区分布有温带海洋性气候和地中海气候。
拥有98,300,000平方公里的土地和3120,000,000的人口数量，是世界第三大国家。
它由50个州所组成，其中有两个海外州阿拉斯加和夏威夷。
美国诞生于1776年7月4日。
美国是个多文化和多民族的国家，全国有100个种族超过了一百万人。
主要的民族有美利坚民族、拉丁裔、非裔和亚裔。
美国的自然资源非常的丰富，煤、石油、天然气等矿物储量均居世界前列。
美国也是世界上最早开始重视环境保护的国家之一，在1872年联邦政府建立了黄石国家公园以保护当地环境，成为了世界上第一个国家公园。
当今美国仍在全世界的经济、政治、军事、科技等众多领域有着庞大影响力，这是他国不能与之相媲美的。
美国是资本主义混合经济，是世界第一大经济体系，国民拥有很高的生活水平，人均国民生产总值超过四万美元，居世界前列，是全球最富裕、经济最发达、生活水平最高的国家之一。
美国在1776年以前是英国的殖民地，在短短的200多年间从一个受压迫的国家发展成为了一个世界举世瞩目的国家，不得不为之赞叹。
关键词：美国；经济；发展Abstract:The United States is situated in the south of North America with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. Most of the regions belong to temperate continental climate, the south belongs to subtropical climate and the western coastal areas have temperate marine climate and Mediterranean climate. With 9.83 million square kilometers and about 312 million people, the United States is the third largest country in the world. The United States consists of 50 states. Alaska and Hawaii, two of the 50 states are separated from the continental of America. The United States was born on July 4, 1776.The United States, created by immigrants, is a nation of over 100 ethnic groups who have more than one million people. The main nationalities have the united nation, Latinos and African and Asian. America's natural resources are very rich with coal, petroleum and natural gas mineral reserves in the world. The United States is one of the countries which start to attach the importance of environmental protection earliest in the world. In 1872 the federal government established Yellowstone national park to protect the local environment that has become the world's first national park. Nowadays the United States is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world. America has a capitalist mixed economy and the largest economic system in the world. The citizens have a very high standard of living. Their per capita GNP can reach over 40 thousand dollars which ranks first in the world. It is the most advanced and well-developed country. The U.S. was British Colony before 1776, but within a short span of two hundred years it has made such significant achievements to become an eye-catching Nation from a Nation that had been oppressed. We have to applaud the Nation for their achievements.Keywords：America；economy；development1.Introduction:It’s well known that America is a very young country with only more than two hundred years history, but during the past two hundred years, it has become the most powerful country in the world. Many sociologists and economists have done a lot of research on it to analyze the contributing factors to the success, but their conclusions often vary greatly because they view the problems from different perspectives. The only indisputable factor is that the United States has a large piece of fertile land and abundant mineral sources between the two large oceans. And the two large oceans also provide a good condition for America to trade with other countries. On the other hand the immigrations have brought a large number of talented people who have made a great contribution to the development of the United States. Then I will share my view on this topic in detail in my essay.2. The Reasons of American risingThe United States has been the biggest industrial country since 1870 in the world. It has ever experienced a rapid development era of the economy. That rapid development results from many factors. First, the geographical location of the US provides a very good condition for its agricultural development and makes it become a strong country gradually. Second, the US is rich in mineral sources and fertile farm soil with moderate climate. Third, as a result of the African immigration, America has enough people to provide the labor for the development of the economy. At last, the US has many skilful workers and excellent scientists, such as Einstein. Now let’s start to analyze the process of its growing in economy step by step.2.1The immigration brought a lot of talented personSome of those immigrations had advanced knowledge in agriculture and political system and belief. These early immigrations were the pioneers for the rising of America. They laid the foundation for church and governmental authority in America. Many of the first immigrants were educated people and their knowledge contributed to their success in the New World. They brought advanced agricultural technology for the America. And they also set up schools to develop education. In summary, the early immigration has laid the foundation for American agriculture and education.2.2 The War had great influence on the country2.2.1 The First War of independenceThe United States started a large-scale independence war which ended European control of both North and South America from 1775 to 1783. The war wonindependence for the 13 states and started a new era in American history. From then on, the United States has become an independent country. American independence inspired American people greatly. Then American economy developed very fast in the 13 colonies. In general the War of Independence made a new beginning of American history.2.2.2 The second war of independenceAfter this war, the U.S. completely got rid of the British control and began a new period of rapid development .This war also made their citizens realize the importance of a strong nation government. It strengthened the feeling of national united and patriotism through this war. And Americans also turned their attentions to the development of the western part of the continent.2.2.3 The Civil WarAmerican slavery or Negro silvery existed in the southern states after the second War of Independence, while the northern states were capitalism. The contradiction between south and north became more and more intense. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the confederate States of America. Then the Civil war broke out on April 12, 1861. After this war, the United States became a unified capitalist country. After that American economy developed much more rapidly in every field. Abolishing slave system helped to establish a unified home market and enlarged the supply of the free labor. Through this war the American people cleared away all the obstacles and determined to develop science and production further. The U.S. led the world in industry 30 years later after the war.2.2.4 The First World War brought a big chanceThe First World War marked another turning point in American history. The First World War broke out in June 1914. For the sake of that it didn’t happen in the United States. So the United States announced the neutrality on August 2, 1914. The American neutral policy was aimed at making a profit by trading arms and war materials with the warring countries. Generally the United States got a lot of benefits through this war. And because of the peaceful domestic environments, its economy also got a very rapid development.2.2.5 The Second World WarAs the First World War, the United States also got a lot of benefits in the Second World War. After the Second World War, the United States has benefited a lot from a prolonged period of unprecedented prosperity and became the strongest country in thecapitalist world. At that time, many capitalist countries were deep in debt to America. The U.S. industrial production made up about 60% of the world’s total while its exposition monopolized about 30% of the world market which made it possible for America to enjoy another period of economic prosperity.2.3 The Industrial RevolutionAmerica has taken part in the Industrial Revolution twice. During that period, the American economy developed very rapidly. After the two times Industrial Revolution, the United States has basically realized the realization of urbanization. Science and new inventions played an important role in promoting the economic development. The iron and steel industry was one of America’s basic industries. At the same time, railway construction proceeded rapidly which resulted from the steel industry. By 1920 America had already constructed more than 400000 kilometers of railroads which greatly sped up the development of economy.2.4 President Roosevelt’s “New Deal” saved the America’s economyWhen a country faced with problems, they always need a great leader to save the nation. There were many serious weaknesses in the American economy in the 1920s. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a “new deal” to get America out of the depression. The new deal increased government interference in the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. It used public fund to finance a lot of government projects in order “to put people to work”. It also provided help to the unemployed, the old, the sick, and the homeless through redistribution of social wealth. The “New Deal”has produced far-reaching influence on America’s social welfare program.2.5 Natural causes2.5.1 PositionAmerica has two neighbor countries, Mexico and Canada. Both Mexico and Canada have no threat to America which provides a steady environment to develop own country. It has two long coastlines which are convenient to go on international trade. Now Canada has been America’s most important trading partners and the trade between Mexico is also climbing.2.5.2 TopographyAmerica has a large area of land, ranking No. 4 in the world .And the topography is various from place to place. America has varied geographical features with large mountains, round-topped hills, big plains, dry deserts and low-lying basins. America’srich land resources and varied geographical conditions are important contributing factors in the development of the United States. Few countries enjoy so many geographic advantages.2.5.3 Climate and weatherThe United States is mainly situated in the northern temperate zone. America has different types of climate in different areas. In New England, the temperature rarely rises above the freezing point in winter. But the several states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia in the tropical have a little higher temperature. The south eastern parts of the United States enjoy a warm climate with abundant rainfall. In a word, American climate and weather create a better environment for developing.2.5.4 Rich natural resourcesAbout 47% of America’s land areas can be used for farmland. The large area of arable land makes it easy for America to develop its agriculture and grow enough food grain to feed its people. It’s well known that water resources play an important role in a country’s development. And the United States is a comparatively rich in water resources. It totally has 12 rivers and lakes, which can be used to irrigation fields, transport goods, and furnished power. Generally speaking, America enjoys abundant water resources. The United States is also rich in mineral resources, such as coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver. All these natural resources have combined to provide a solid material base for American industry.2.6 The political and economic systemAs we all know, the US. Constitution divides the federal government into three outwardly separate but inwardly inter-dependent branches. They work together but check each other. This can greatly deduce the corruption of the government which indirectly promotes the development of the economy. America has a capitalist mixed economy. And there are many large private enterprises which have made a great contribution to the development of the United States.2.7 American diplomatic relations and militaryAs the globalization has begun, foreign relations also play a vital part in a country’s development and it has become more and more important. The United States of America has established diplomatic relations with most of the countries in the world, especially some developed countries. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C. and consulates around the country. This greatly strengthened the exchange of America and other countries and promoted the development of the UnitedStates.ConclusionAs we all know America is a very young nation with only 200 years history. But now it has developed from a colony to the strongest country in the world which is worthy of our China to study.There are many reasons for the American’s rising that can be divided into two main parts: internal reasons and external reasons. From my perspective the main reason is the internal reasons. On one hand the American people have tried their best to develop their country in economy, science and technology, education, policy and some other aspects. On the other hand the rich natural resources, fertile farmland and suitable climate also play a great role to the development of the United States. Another important reason is that neither the First nor the Second World War happened in the United States. What’s more, the United States has benefited a lot from the two World War. This provides a stable domestic environment for the development of the United States. And during that period the United States developed very quickly. At last the America attached great importance to the education which has brought a lot of talents. That’s why the science and technology of the United States have developed so rapidly.On the whole, America has set a good example for other countries. We can also learn from the experience of the United States to develop our own country.BibliographyAtkins, Ollie.The White Houses Rears[M]. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1977 (1):102-136. 来安方.英美概况[M].郑州: 大象出版社,1995 (1):143-171.周静琼.当代美国概况[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2003 (1):113-153.张奎武.英美概况学习与指导[Z].吉林：吉林科学技术出版社，2001 (1):21-32/wiki/United_States/view/2398.htm。
英美概况unit2论文
A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅡNorthern IrelandNorthern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, both in area and population. It’s capital is Belfast. Though Northern Ireland is small but it is significant because of the political troubles there. There are four aspect to know about Northern Ireland. First, it is about it’s physically. It is mostly rural, with many beautiful views. There are many famous sights such as Giant’s Causeway、Ironbridge Gorge and Broughty Castle and so on.Second, it is about the political problems which are best known about it. The people of Ireland are living an ordinary life. The crime and the murder rate are very low. But in the world, the Ireland is a country which wants to be independent. So it’s international affect is very great.Third, it is about it’s active cultural life. There are many famous people, such as Seamus Heaney、Heaney won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995. Neil Jordan won an Oscar for the “Best Original Screenplay”in 1992. Van Morrison is an internationally famous pop musician. Brian Fried is a playwright whose stageplays are acclaimed in London and Dublin. So Ireland is a cultural.Forth, it is about it’s economy problems. Two parts are the big problem. One is the troubles discouraging investment; another is it’s peripherality in relation to the UK. The cost of people is very low.HistoryThe history of Ireland is the one thing that almost everyone knows about Ireland. Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict. The Queen Elizabeth became the settler from late 1905. The ingrained resentment of the British which is almost endemic in the native Irish culture is evident even today. In the 19th century, British politics became a campaign in parliament called “home--rule”. Irish political control Irish affairs. In 1916, the Easter Rising was the most spectacular event. In 1916, IRA expanded the fright. In 1920, most Catholic didn’t appeal to independent. Because English government, trying to increase it’s control of Ireland, encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, so the northeast part of Ireland thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state.The troublesThere are many trouble of Ireland1、The popular revolt by Roman Catholics.2、Counter—demonstrations by Protestants3、In 1969, British soldiers were asked to help restore order4、A campaign of bombing and shooting5、Internment6、Bloody Sunday in 19727、In 1973, an agreement was reached8、In the late 1970s and the 1980s, the conflict continued and the life went onIn 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland included 13 Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. They were shot dead by British soldiers. This was a key event in streagthening Catholic opposition to the Btitish presence. This day has now been my thought as “Bloody Sunday”.Towards a SolutionFirst is The Bullet and the Ballot Box.Second, in 1985, the Anglo—Irish agreement was signed, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.Third, the Downing—Street Declaration said that British had “no selfish or strategic interest” in Northern Ireland.Forth, the IRA declared a ceasefire.The Good Friday AgreementIn January 1974, the British Prime Minister set to a power—sharing executive which involved representatives from both of the Republic and the North of Ireland as well as governance of the North.The next attempt at an all—government solution was known as the Angle—Irish Agreement of 1985. The agreement like the one before it, guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future—either to join with the South, or to remain as they were.Multi—party negotiations aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also as the Belfast Agreement. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so with out the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.On 28th July 2005, the Provisional IRA declared an end to it’s campaign and has since decommissioned what is thought to be all of it’s arsenal.The North of Ireland is now a quieter and more civilized place than it has been for the last thirty years.ConclusionThere is still a palpable culture up North of “telling”—that is, trying to guess without asking whether a stranger is Catholic or Protestant, a game that has a large political point, for it is not easy, with this history behind them, for a Northerner to be comfortable with someone not of his own traditions and persuasion.。
英美概况论文--On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain
On the Rise and Fall of Great Britain中文摘要：英国,又称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国。
英国采用君主立宪制政体，王国政府所在地为英国首都伦敦。
英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的大不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围，气候温和湿润。
它，一个漂泊在大西洋上的小岛，曾经在世界历史发展的漫长时期中湮没无闻，人口不过数百万，国土资源也很有限，却率先敲开通向现代世界的大门，从地理的边缘变成了世界的中心，一跃成为西方强国的领头人，并独领风骚数百年，给人类文明烙上了不可磨灭的印记。
然而到了十九世纪末期，由于美、德等国的崛起以及其他种种原因，英国逐渐失去优势,后来又在第二次世界大战中受到严重创伤，大英帝国国力日渐衰落,海外殖民地也在二战后纷纷宣告独立,大英帝国逐渐演变成一个组织松散的英联邦。
这个曾经号称“世界工厂”和“日不落帝国”的国家又逐渐衰落，回归到欧洲，回归到欧洲的版图之内，回归到大西洋中的那个小岛。
关键词: 农业革命；工业革命；世界工厂；殖民扩张；帝国；世界大战；衰落Abstract in English：Great Britain, also know as The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. The British system of government is known as constitutional monarchy and the government is located in its capital city London. Lying in the British Isles to the northwest of Continental Europe, Britain was surrounded by the North Sea, the British Channel, Celtic Sea, Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with a mild and moist climate.It, a small island which lies in the Atlantic Ocean, was once little-known in the long history of the development of the world and had only several millions of people. What' more, her territorial resources were also limited. However, she is the first country to open the door to the modern world ranging from the geographical edge to the center of the world. She had once been the leading power of the western countries for hundreds of years and also branded an indelible mark on the human civilization. However, in the late 19th century, with the rise of America and German and other factors, Britain began to lose the upper hand in the international competition. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. Britain began declining and the foreign colonies began to win independence one after another. The great Britain Empire became a loose federal country and Britain which was once known as the "workshop of the world" and "an empire in which the sun does not set" began declining gradually and returned to Europe, the European territory，the island in the Atlantic Ocean.Key words:Agricultural Changes;Industrial Revolution;T he workshop of the world;Colonial Expansion ;The World War ;The Empire ;Decline Introduction:Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea to the west and off the European Continent. With the decline of the feudalism and the increase of the influence of the new-born bourgeoisie, she began her capitalist development. Through the closure and foreign plunder, expansion and aggression ,shecompleted the primitive accumulation of capital. She became the first country to undergo the industrial revolution. Soon she became the workshop of the world and had the largest colonies. Of course, she became the most powerful country in the world. However, in the late 19th century with the competition of the new industrialized countries and other factors, she began to lose the upper hand. Afterwards, she suffered great loss in the two world wars. she began to decline. The colonies laid overseas began to revolt against Britain and won independences. Great Britain has gradually evolved into a loose organization of the Commonwealth. In the modern times, she tried to recover form it ,but for different reasons she still developed slowly. Now she is still one of the major developed countries, she has been reduced to be a second-class world power who is always at the America's command in international affairs.1 The rise of Great BritainAs a small country, which had been invaded by several times ,how could Great Britain developed into the workshop of the world and establish the largest empire that history has ever been seen? Let's explore it together.1.1 Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyIn the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, and most of this increase was in the towns, depending on the countryside, for food. Greater productivity meant handsome profits, so landowners wanted to replace the synall farms cultivated on the open-field system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. During the late 18th and early19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. A system of crop rotation was introduced. This meant land could be fully used while the cuffivation of fodder crops enabled livestock to be kept through the winter months. Artificial fertilizer and new agricultural machinery, such as the seed drill invented by Jethro Tull (1674-1741), also made arable farming moreefficient and more profitable. The 18th century also saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and horses by Robert Bakewell (1725-95). Animals by 1800 were 2 to 3 times heavier than ever before. The idea of encouraging tenants to introduce changes was associated with Thomas Coke(1754-1842) of Norfolk in Southern England and even George was so enthusiastic about changes at Windsor that he got the nick-named “Famer George”Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results (1) Farms became-bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk, more diary produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly overcrowded. Riots erupted in many areas but they could not prevent the march of progress. In Ireland and the Scottish Highlands -land enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; and (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentra tion of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of ever owning his own land. Loss of the common land for his animals added insult to injury, and meant many had to leave the land to survive. Others became wage labourers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.1.2 M-The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)The Industrial Revolution was a necessary result of social development in Britain. It was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism after the English Civil War in the 17th century. The Enclosure Movement and the Agricultural Revolution were driving more and more peasants off their lands; as a result, they had to seek new employment to survive. Through colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, the greedy English capitalists accomplished their “primitive accumulation of capital”. All these factorscombined to make England the first country to undergo the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry because of the short supply of yarn. Lots of inventions were made to improve thread-making techniques and the productivity was increased by 200 times. As the 18th century began, coal came to replace wood in the productive process. The crucial development of the Industrial Revolution was the use of steam for power, and the James Watt’s invention of the steam engine led to the fast development of the iron, steel and coal industries. The expansion of production and trade promote the transportation revolution. Afterwards, the first steam locomotive was built in 1814 by Stephenson. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world”. English products flooded the world market. The English bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No country was strong enough to match England in the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution simplified the class structure in Britain. Revolution pushed the middle class to the dominant position in the country though the noble class was still prominent in Parliament and bureaucracy. However, as the urban workers were more completely dependent on the will of the employer, relations between capital and labor were aggravated and the contradiction between two classes became the major problem in English society. The gravitational center of the English economy also changed. The agricultural South became less important than areas in central and north England, owing to their raw materials and cheap labor for industry. The industry had replaced agriculture as the main source of national income and wealth. The Industrial Revolution had profound significance on England; it enabled Britain to go far ahead of all the other countries. It became the workshop of the world and London became the financial center of the world trade and the English language was used in many parts of the world. The empire came into being during the Industrial Revolution.1.3 Colonial ExpansionEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. In the early 18th century, settlements were made in North America, while commercial companies were chartered to trade with other lands, notabl the British East India Company in India. Encouraged by Britain's control of the seas, the discoveries of men like Captain Cook, and especially by the rising tide of emigration, the British colonialists stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and the early 19th century.1.3.1 The growth of dominionsIn the late 18th century Britain acquired vast, under populated territories: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.After the Seven Years' War (1756-63 ) between Britain and France, Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the. Quebec Act of 1774. Then the Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada (Pntario) where the British had settled, and Lower Canada (Quebec) populated by the French. Only one serious revolt against British rule took place in 1837-38. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada ,as a dominion. The four founding provinces were Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The others entered later.Australia was first discovered by the Dutch in the early 1600s. Captain James Cook discovered Botany Bay and claimed the east coast region for Britain, naming it New South Wales, (1770). The English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.New Zealand was settled by Maoris in about the 14th century. New Zealand was sighted by the Dutch seaman Abel Tasman in 1642, and named for the Netherlands province of Zeeland. In the1770s Captain James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for England. Missionaries became active inthe early 19th century, and systematic colonization was begun in 1840 by the New Zealand Company. Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) with the Maori chiefs, and made the country a separate colony (1841). It achieved self-government in 1952, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907, and was made completely independent in 1931.1.3.2. The Conquest of IndiaThe establishment of the British East India Company in 1600 was a case of economic penetration. The company took control of areas and as a result the British government became directly involved in Indian affairs. The India Act of 1784 set up a “Board of Control”to supervise the Company. Political instability and French interference prompted further intervention. By 1819 the British conquest of India was almost complete. In 1857 the native- troops of the Bengal army of the East India Company mutinied because of (1) resentment at the reforms of ancient Indian institutions carried out by the British; (2) fear of forcible conversion to Christianity; and (3) the issue of cartridges- greased with cow-fat, which offended Hindus, or pig-fat, which offended Muslims . After the mutiny, the control of India passed to the British Crown in 1858, and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.2 The Fall of Great BritainWith the coming of the 19th century,the British Empire began to go downhill. First,the capitalist countries did not develop at even pace. T owards the end of the 19th century the newly-industrialized countries which developed more quickly than Britain spang up and become Britain's formidable rivals in markets and source of raw materials. In 1900,Britain was surpassed by the United States and Germany in industrial production and Britain lost her economic supremacy in the world. Sceond,when the 20th century was ushered in the state of Britain's imperial rule over her colonies started to totter and an up surge of the national independence struggle of the colonial people began to be in the making. In the process of the crumbing of the British Empire, there were several affairs which directly or indirectly led to her declining.2.1 Britain in the Two World Wars and the AftermathBriain joined in World War I and was one of the victorious countries . It seemed like that she won the greatest victory in history,but she sustained great loss:more than a million dead, a gigantic war debt,and loss of many foreign markets forever. She was exhausted and half bankrupt. About 750,000 Englishmen,fell in action and 1.500,000 were disabled for life. The war cost was about 9 billion pounds an nearly 70 percent of it was met by loans. As a result ,Britain became a debtor country. London was replaced by New Y ork as the world's banking center. Britain's international status was lowered to a great extent and she was deprived of her position as unmatched maritime overlord by the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty.On June 6,1944,the British joined the Allied forces in the Normandy Invasion and fought in the Second Front in Western Europe until the final victory. World War II started the last stage of Britain's disintegration which was initiated by World War I,on the one hand, Britain suffered enormous losses in the war and her national strength was greatly reduced .With the war over, Britain had face the fact that it was no longer a major power.it would no longer keep up pretences;its cities had been damaged ,its navy and army strethed to the limit, its war debt enormous.Britain needed a long time to recover from the cost war-nothing less than a reconstruction of the nation.2.2 The Loss of ColonizationIn Britain's former colonies, the commonwealth was to keep a certain club-like organization by which Britain manage to keep a certain The October Revolution led to a national liberation movements in British colonies. The British government tried its best at first to suppress them and when that failed,she made concessions.World War I undermined Britain's rules over her colonies. When the colonials participating in the war returned home, they were not as deferential to their English masters as before. Revolutionary ideas of the war like "self-determination of peoples" and socialist idealogies wereside-spread in the British colonial rule began to revolt against colonial rulers and some of them won their victories. After World War II,peoples in the British colonies had been awakened and tempered by the war and their struggle for independence began to surge forward immediately. Within two decades ,most of British colonies became independent. Therefore, Britain suffered a decided in production and foreign trade relative to its prewar status.3 Modern BritainHistory has left much burden on Britain and she didn't recover from the bad condition quickly. There are a series of factors which influence her development.3.1The Monarch and the PeopleThough the feudal class is no longer in power,the monarchy and the Upper House have been retained and the monarchy continues to confer noble titles on distinguished persons. In Britain, the Queen reigns,but she does not rule. The royal house has a large amount of private wealth and spends many million of pounds given by Parliament,which undoubtedly give a burden on the national expenditure. In addition, they have many privileges.Despite traditional as well as present diversity, the British people have their common characteristics--conservatism and deference.Adherence to traditions and familiar things easily leads to public suspicion of new plans of the government,causing numerous protests i n the country.3.2 The Economic FactorsBritain is a trading nation.many years of consumption has exhausted some of Britain's resources. Therefore ,she became one one of the world's largestest importers,buying up a large proportion of the raw materials sold in the world market. Its limited domestic market and inadequate home supply of raw materials compel the country to rely on heavily on foreign trade.In addition,Britain is not self-sufficient in food grain.After the second World War,Britain nationalized some one-fourth of production and service industries.Some of the stated-owned companies made thin profits or even ran at a loss. Britain's slow growth of productivity,soaring inflation,and large unemployment gave birth to the mocking term"British Disease". In spite of the efforts to redjust and some short periods of rapid development,Britain's rate econemic growth has been low in comparison with that of most other industrialized countries.3.3 Cultural and Social FactorsBritain is said to be a state with a from-cradle -to -grave social welfare programme.The government should ensure ,as far as it can,that nobody should be without the means of the minimum necessities of life because of unemployment ,old age,sickness,or over-large families. According to one estimate,government's spending on the social programme consists of more than 40% of the government's total expenditure. It 's a heavy burden on the government,resulting in what is known as ''dependency culture'' which hinders development based on competition.Conclusion:Looking back from Britain’s rise to fall, it is not difficult for us to find that Britain can become the European most powerful country and then the strongest country is a result of its new policy, technology and expansion. The rising bourgeoisie gave rise to the end of the feudal system and ushered a new stage to come. The Industrial Revolution turned Britain into the “workshop of the world” and England was the world’s economic center. And after the colonial expansion, wealth flooded in Britain and the great empire on which the sun never set was established. However, as we all are concerned, one’s previous glory doesn’t guarantee her a brilliant future. When the British were resting on their laurels, the world situation changed. When other countries were researching advanced technology and developing their economy, England was unwilling to adopt new technology and new equipment, she thus lost the monopolize position in the world’s industry and sea power. After two World Wars, the Great Britain’s power declined heavily. Though she won both of twowars, she is still a loser. Many problems were emerging, economic plunge, weakened sea power, loss of foreign colonies, large unemployment, and so on. It can no longer claim to be the most powerful country in the world. However, though it had lost its landlord position, the nation as a whole was not crushed by despair, it was still a powerful country in the world but not the strongest.T aking the rise and fall of Great Britain as an example, we may learn that a country want prosperous, it needs to go through a hard road. But after being glorious, resting on one’s laurels is a road to death. T echnology is the development for all, so we must accept new things and ideas and let our mind emancipated from old stereotype!Bibliography：Alderman Geofftey,Modern Britain 1700--1983,Burrell Row,Provident House,1986,P1--15A.C.W.,Winchester,Nineteent Century Britain 1815--1941,Harlow,Essex,UK, Longman House 1982,P175--181安来芳,英美概况[M],郑州：河南人民出版社，2004.9 ,P130--136张奎武，英美概况[M]，吉林：吉林科技大学出版社，1984,P115-12911。
英语国家概况结课作业小论文
A comparative study on the structure of British and American Governments The structure of American GovernmentsThe main government of the united states is the Federal government.It has three branches:The Legislature,The Executive and The Judiciary.Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses:the Senate and the House of Representative.the senate has 100voting member.2 from each of the 50 states.a senator must be over 30 years old.the House of Representative has 435 voting members,a Representatives must be at least 25years old.Congress helps to pass laws of the UnionThere are 15 departments and many independent agencies in executive branch.the President is the chief of the executive branch,who has the power to manage national affairs and the working of the federal government.Cabinet is under the President in the administration branch,which serves the president as a presidential council.The judicial branch consists of 3 main courts:the supreme courts,the courts of appeals and the district courts.the supreme courts is the highest court of the United states.the courts of appeals is set up to share the burden of the Supreme Court.The district courts serves for local government ,and every state has its own judicial system.The structure of the British GovernmentsThe main 3 parts of the British Governments is the Legislature,the Executive and The Judiciary.Parliament is the law-making body of Britain,which is made of the Crown,the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The government is made up of the Prime Minister,the Cabinet ministers and assistants to the ministers.the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.The Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in the British government.the Cabinet follow the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility.In fact,the Prime Minister is the most powerful leader in Britain.The judicial branch is complicated in British.every district has there own legal systems.the magistrates’court deal with all criminal cases.the Crown Court deal with the more serious cases,which will go to high court or the Court of Appeal or even the supreme court。
试论《英美概况》作为高职非英语专业的公共选修课的开设—从外语学习动机理论的角度来分析
试论《英美概况》作为高职非英语专业的公共选修课的开设—从外语学习动机理论的角度来分析论文导读:：试论《英美概况》作为高职非英语专业的公共选修课的开设—从外语学习动机理论的角度来分析，中学英语教学论文。
论文关键词：《英美概况》，高职非英语专业，公共选修课，外语学习动机理论一在高职非英语专业中开设公共选修课--《英美概况》的必要性首先，从语言和文化的关系来看。
正如美国语言学家Edward Sapir 所说：“语言的背后是有东西的，而且语言不能离开文化而存在，”相应地，语言教学也不能脱离文化教学而单独存在。
由于受到课时的限制，目前，多数高职非英语专.业的英语教学（主要是《大学英语》课和专业英语课如《计算机英语》、《物流英语》等）通常是重语言教学轻文化教学。
而《英美概况》，顾名思义是一门介绍主要英美国家（英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰）的文化背景—风土人情和人文历史的课程。
因此，将《英美概况》作为高职非英语专业英语教学的有益补充是有必要的。
其次中学英语教学论文，由于课时的限制。
大多数高职非英语专业的学生, 学习英语的积极性和主动性不够,他们愿意多花时间在他们的专业课上。
必修课《大学英语》和专业英语课已经占据他们不少的时间了,要是再将《英美概况》作为必修课强加在他们每个人的头上的话, 会增加他们的负担。
.因此我们可以尝试着将《英美概况》作为公共选修课的形式在高职非英语专业中开设,先把那些学习英语动机强并学有余力的学生的积极性调动起来,使之带动那些学习英语动机弱的学生。
因此，在高职非英语专业中开展公共选修课—《英美概况》是极其必要的。
大多数高职非英语专业的学生学习英语的动机不足，虽然他们都知道学好英语很重要。
要是给他们开设一门新的英语课程，尤其要去调动他们的兴趣和动机。
鉴于此，本文借助mbert 、R.Gardner和Dornyei的外语学习动机理论，就如何在高职非英语专业中开展《英美概况》教学展开一番论述。
英美国家概况小论文-英美政治差异
A Comparative Study on the Election System Between United Kingdom and United StatesBoth United Kingdom and United States are the developed capitalist country,however,the former is constitutional monarchy one while the latter is democratic republican one.As a political practice, election is the foundation of modern democracy.Through the comparative study on the election system between the two typical capitalist countries,we can understand their national conditions and modern democracy better.In a modern democratic system between United Kingdom and United States,a fair,honest and regularly held election is the decisive factor of the quality of democracy. On one hand,they both have set up a relatively perfect system of election monitoring.In particular, the news public opinion also plays the role of the supervisor with voters themselves.On the other hand,election process is open and transparent.The candidates were chosen launched a months-long win votes in the election campaign, and voters to vote is completely voluntary.At the same time,both United Kingdom and United States carry out single-name selection system ,which is only one representative in a district.As far as United Kingdom ,it imposed direct elections at the moment.Its elections is concentrated in the parliament election. Communist party and the conservative by parliamentary elections for seats in the parliamentary majority, is composed of the majority party in parliamentary elections, administrative organs, the majority party leader as the head of government and form in order to exercise the administrative power of the country.Elections in the United States mainly concentrated in the President's election. The President of the United States are indirectly elected , but the foundations of this election is based on direct election voters,and this generally called double election in modern election.Republicans and Democrats through the presidential campaign, winning party obtains the national regime, led by the President of the federal government, are appointed by the President's secretary of state, the exercise of administrative power. In the United States, presidential elections determines the belonging of national leadership.Additionally, the congressional elections in the United States also is very important. Both parties in congressional elections, and strive to become a majority, with control of congress, the supreme power.If the majority is consistent with the President and the congress, the President does not have the exercise of executive power resistance, if appear not consistent, so the President at the time of the exercise of executive power is a variety of resistance from the opposition.Yet elections in the United States, is a "rich man's game", cost is higher, the election procedure is more complicated in the election campaign.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion.Election as a basic political system, must be in conformity with its national conditions.At the same time, we should prevent election from commercialization,continuously develop and improve the system of democratic elections. ReferencesNet1吴月.比较和借鉴:英美两国选举制度探析./view/5daf29c5d5bbfd0a79567375.html,2006-01/2013-6. Net2 叶乃康.英美政治制度比较综述./Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=55179,2013-1-5/2 013-6-6.Net3 付林，荣红霞.英美等国选举制度比较./view/b5725fe1b8f67c1cfad6b8a7.html,2005-11/2013-6.。
动漫·英美概况论文
Contrast Between China and the United StatesCartoon CultureAbstract: Cartoon is a thing which can represent a national spirit culture, but also for the country to create economic miracle of huge industry. In the face of a cartoon fashion leading current and shaped different times of the cultural atmosphere and cultural awareness. At present, China's cartoon, whether from the overall level or market development, than the world advanced powers of poor animation very far, is facing a is full of opportunities and challenges of the period. And the United States in the global animation industry animation industry have occupied most of the market, leading the world trend of the animation and the development direction. This paper put China and the United States cartoon culture is compared, and expounds their respective characteristics and advantages, China also highlights the animation of the shortcomings of the existing. Hope of Chinese animation can through the advantages, has achieved good development.Key word: cartoon; compare; difference; spirit1.IntroductionCartoon as a full of magic colour, the most fashionable and popular art forms, with its cartoon image elements, child of interesting, arbitrary rich emotional show imagination, still popular in the industrial era today. The most important is it as a kind of fashionable expression interpretation of the various countries' culture of different level. The cartoon cultural difference contrast, fully embodies the culture exchange and collisions.2.China and the United States Cartoon Culture Development ComparedChinese cartoon from the 1920 s development so far, after many ups and downs. Review the development of Chinese cartoon industry, once the brilliant that Chinese cartoon works get Chinese popular love and support and international recognition. Since the late 1980 s, the Chinese cartoon creation and the United States and other developed countries in the animation is slower, good works very few. Although joined western production mode, also pay attention to capital investment and commercial packing hype, but works from subject matter to style with the time lags behind, the form of pure parody make works ideological content and entertaining is insufficient, can not adaptto the needs of the Chinese public.The United States is commercial animation superpower. For the whole American cartoon cultures, Disney is American cartoon’s representative. The Walt Disney company launched many popular cartoon characters and cartoons,and it become the animation film overlords. The 1990 s, the major studios are involved in animation industry, and that this period of the colorful animation. In the 21 st century, the United States also produce a large number of excellent 3 d animation, such as finding nemo,monster shrek,Madagascar and so on. The current situation in China is in the cartoon concept, production, advertising and other aspects, and the gap is comprehensive power anime.Nowadays, the U.S.cartoon are more developed than Chinese cartoon.American cartoon in the world history of cartoon is an indispensable part status to represent the anime cultural development trend.3.China and the United States cartoon modelling differencesThe United States cartoon model is unique, the characters of the cartoon imagine ingredients are in the majority, the modelling with the time closely together, and implemented in animation design always, and representative works have Transformers, which it is the United States of the animation works well and is one of the commercial hit animation in the United States. The cartoon theme based widely, having the Arab Arabian Night, Germany fairy tale the Snow White, Chinese history story Huamu Lan,etc.And the role of Chinese animation looks for local wash cartoon, it did have a role model in traditional Chinese elements in which the irreplaceable advantage, but this advantage doesn't get very good inherited. Though Pleasant Goat and Grey Wolf is very popular with child now, it is more success is relying on excellent brand benefit, not modelling.Chinese cartoon didn't get too big breakthrough with cartoon modelling.4.Cartoon culture Reflecting the SpiritIn the world on the stage of cartoon, Chinese cartoon has their own characteristics and get people extensive acclaim and attention. Especially in the early development of Chinese animation, emphasized that the content of the health and ideological content, adhere to the traditional national culture developing, is the fine tradition of the Chinese cartoon. Through the early animated cartoon, such as the Landscape Feeling , Three Boys,this China "products", we can clearly see many national elements and feel of the traditional culture of thick with gorgeous. Among them the landscape feeling of ink and wash the most typical example."The Landscape Feeling"has become China's ink to the swan song of animation, also has become China's commercial animation completely before the last part of fine arts. The whole picture of the films elegant, full of poetic flavour, the story content rich in philosophy. It in, and wholesome idealds smile in Chinese traditional piano inherited the classical aesthetic artistic conception, in the fishermen's piano, old guy violinist in the Chinese sent harp carry forward the Confucian culture.We can say that the Landscape Feeling is the epitome of traditional culture.Comparing with China's culture of sedate, inside collect, implicative, American culture is more stress free, bold and unrestrained, pay attention to individual value, the pursuit of freedom and democracy, development and advocating competition, with the rational and use.Its core is the personal center socialist, lusts. Reflected in the cartoon; it is a living a hero's character. The cartoon after long-term development, and has formed its own distinctive features of the complicated plot vivid interesting; the personality is bright, music beautiful moving and attractive. The Lion King fully embodies the American animated bold and unrestrained type heroism. The entire movie is full of American values and through his efforts change the "American dream". Therefore, the United States cartoon make their own characteristics, that is, the style of entertainment first. Story to, if the circumstances are win, rare philosophical content, much to adventure, violence, and funny for specialty, full of American of the elements, language, modelling, dress and analyze the overall effect, ever-present make American fast food culture, explaining to American humor.5.ConclusionCompared the cartoon cultural differences under China and the U.S., we thoroughly understand the cause why American cartoons is so popular, more clear that China local animation is different with American animation,and better correct and improve the local cartoon.So we will realize animation industry!The formation of Chinese animation industry can't seize every minute, it will need everyone including cartoon writer and aimless fans to joint effort.Reference[1] Jane Sun. Chinese knot and American Dream:Interesting Tales of Culture Shock between China and The United States. Zhengzhou:Henan People's Press, 2006.[2] 汪宁、高博编著.中外动漫史.上海：上海人民美术出版社，2007.[3] 王传东，艾琳编著.动画概论.北京：清华大学出版社，2007.[4] 白晓煌编著.日本动漫. 北京：中国旅游出版社，2006.[5]刘小林、钱博弘编著.动画概论.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2004.[6]中国动画网.。
英美概况论文英文版
Tourism in America外语学院英本0801 张文凤20084336092【Abstract】This paper centers on the tourism employment and the four interrelated components: the tourists, travel information and arrangements, visitor attractions such as National Parks in the U.S.【Key W ords】Tourism; America; Economy; Employment; Tourists; Tourism Organization; Tourist Attractions; HolidaysIntroduction：1.Tourism, a Major IndustryTourism in America has reached to a fairly high standard according to pleasure, shopping, entertainment, eating, accomodation and transportation.The six aspects are mutually combined with each other properly and there are no weak links in them. Generally speaking, I think that the distinguishing features of American tourism are come from these advantages.1.1 Tourism EmploymentThe most important contribution that tourism in America making to the U.S. National Economy is providing a great deal of jobs. In America, there are one in eight persons being involved into this job. There are 50 States in America,of which there are 32 states that their quality of tourism employment ranks to the first three in each trade.What’s more, there are 684,000 positions provided by tourism are in a high level.The service industry has historically been characterized as providing low paying employment in the United States. But the 1990s has begun a new era for the American economy with major underlying changes in its employment structure. Many of these shifts, however, have gone unnoticed, perhaps because of the difficulty in comprehending such profound fundamental structural changes in the U.S.employment after so many decades of being dominated by the manufacturing industry. For illustration, here are more facts.First, employment directly generated by travel has grown 27.7% in the last ten years （the 1990s）, much faster than the 19.6% increase in total nonagricultural U.S. employment. Second, average hourly earnings in the service sector had grown faster than in all other industries except finance, insurance, and real estate throughout the 1990s.Third, employment in executive positions in this industry had increased faster by the year 2006 than employment in the overall economy. Fourth, the transportation sectors of the travel industry, especially airlines, rank among the highest paying sectors in the U.S. economy.The rapid growth of travel and tourism in the United States through the is also reflected in the increasing travel expenditures in the country.There are two main types of tourism: leisure tourism and business tourism. Business tourism includes travel for business meetings, conferences and conventions, and exhibitions and trade fairs. It accounted for about a quarter of the total domestic trips throughout the 1990s while leisure tourism the other three fourth. Leisure tourism thus becomes the focus of my paper.1.2 Why Do People TravelThe motivations for leisure tourism are varied. Most people travel to meet personal needs. They can revitalize or enrich their lives, escape routine and have a relaxation, board their horizons and learn about different environments, get the chances to taste different foods and so on. Based on these motivations, leisure tourism can be sorted to the followings: education, culture and history, sightseeing, visiting friends or relatives, sports, health and adventure.America has a variety of tourists attractions and activities. They are graceful. People can go sightseeing, go hiking, go camping, go skiing, go swimming, go boating or recuperate and so on.Surprisingly, a growing motivation for much travel that combines pleasure-seeking and practical purposes involves discount shopping. Consequently, shopping become number one activity participated in by domestic travelers in 1999.2.Who Are the TouristsPeople who want to travel are limited by many things such as income, age, education, time. Leisure tourists are people who are away from home or on visits which are short term and temporary or just for pleasure.Even domestic travel is income-related, although styles of travel vary more than travel itself. Most Americans take a vacation trip most years. The differences are in cost level, from the luxury hotels and resorts to the car trip with budget motels and visits to friends and relatives.The demonstrated rule for travel was always that the young traveled more. Most advertising was directed towards those in their 20s and 30s. But things are changing. Those whose children are out of school and who are at the peak of their incomes are a major market segment. Early retirees are more likely to combine incomes adequate for travel with available time. They are especially sought after in the “of peak”seasons when children are in school.Young parents are more likely to stay near home and require different arrangements. Older adults free from parenting responsibilities re-emerge into the travel markets, but are still constrained by the schedule limitations of work.Those with higher levels of education are more likely to travel, seek learning experiences with new environments and cultures. Since education is correlated with income, however, they may also be markets higher cost tours that promise a quality experience.3.Tourism OrganizationsWhere do travelers obtain tourist information? It comes from a variety of resources, but the most direct information about the places that people want to travel comes from friends and relatives. The second most popular source of travel information is travel agency and travel companies are the third.Most of the international arrangements and half of domestic air travel tickets are handled over by the local travel agents. But a travel agent is just a retailer of travel packages for leisure travel. Hundreds of the combinations in tourism arrangements are booked in the local community through the agent.The American government alter some holidays to Monday or Friday to encourage people to travel. The holiday between Thanksgiving Day to Christmas Day is the longest in a year. Holidays such as the Easter, the Independence Day and the Armistice Day are short holidays.In relatively, holidays of teachers and students are more. There is respectively a spring holiday in March, a summer holiday in June or July and a winter holiday in November.Tour operators put together the combinations of travel, hotels, meals, and all the other arrangements for the packages. American Express is a well-known tour operator that operates worldwide. Some tour operators specialized in domestic tourism while incoming tour operators specialized in tours for overseas visitors in the U.S. Most tour operators cooperate with the travel agencts to sell the products to their clients.Others are direct sell operators, who sell the package direct to the public. In essence, tour operators are the intermediaries between the airlines, hotel chains, bus companies,etc. and the travel agents.In America, several hotel chains are in the most major cities around the world such as Hilton. Their accomodations are upscal for the tourists and business travelers. They are well-developed for their combination of beaches and golf and other sports facilities along with luxury hotels and restaurants.Some hotel chains are also in cooperation with airlines in an attempt to bypass the local travel agents.America conducts vigorous propaganda for governmental travel.They are equipped with the most advanced economy, culture and technology in the world which are pretty attractive to the travelers all over the world.The American news media covering the whole world and films in Hollywood are actually soft advertisements for American tourism.There are some special policies for the economically backward regions.Openning gambling hells is not allowed in most states of American.But it is an exception in the eastern Atlantic City, New Jersey, and in the western Neveda, Las V egas andReno.Gambling is defined as any sort of game or contest in which individuals wager money in the hope of financial gain.4.Tourist AttractionsThere must be some attractions so that people become interested in one place and have an appetite for traveling. Attractions can be divided into two types: one is composed of man-made attractions, such as theme parks, museums, theaters and so on; the other includes natural ones, such as the mountains, rivers,etc.There are thousands of museums and artgalleries all over the United States. In the past 5 years, nearly 40 million Americans, or one-fifth of U.S. residents went on a garden tour, attended a gardening show or participated in some other garden-related activity. Going to the beach is one of the American people’s most popular leisure travel activities. National parks are one of America’s biggest attractions. They are managed either by the federal, the states, or the local governments. There are 48 national parks in the U.S.A. stretching from Maine to California, Alaska to Hawaii.Conclusion:In a word, American tourism is very prosperous.It makes a great contribution to economical development and meets people’s traveling demands.Tourism can improve the overall competitive strength and promote international standing. The tourism in U.S. is well-arranged and the project is very reasonable, and the scenery spots are really famous and attractive so that a lot of people look forward to taking a trip to those places.In return, it drive the tourism in America to develop.。
英美国家概况课程论文
What I Have Learnt in This CourseAs we know,English has become the most popular language in the world nowadays.And as the main countries that use English as the offical language,the UK and the USA both have a long and splendid culture.After the course of Essentials of British and American Cultures,we have got more understanding of the different cultures.After the course, we can make a comparison between the west and the east culture.So much common point and difference can be found in different kind of cultures.At the the same time,it can promote us with a deeper understanding of our own Chinese culture.Now,I will share something useful that I have learnt in this course.1.The basic information of British and AmericaThe full name of British is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland constitute the United Kingdom, the unification of the central government and in a head of state. Britain is located beyond continental Europe in Great Britain, surrounded by the North Sea, British Isles, Celtic sea, across the English channel, the Atlantic ocean and the Irish sea.The land area is 24.36 square kilometers and a population of about 60 million. Britain is the world's first industrialised countries and with a culturally diverse and opening-up thoughts of society. Capital London is the largest and most international city in Europe.America is short for The United States of America.The east is coast Atlantic, west near the Pacific, north to Canada, south meets Mexico. The land area of America is more than 962 million square kilometers,third in the world.On July 4, 1776, the continental congress in Philadelphia has officially approved the declaration of independence, declared the U.S. to birth. Since 1870, United States national economy ranks the first in the world.Today's America is one of the five permanent members of the UN security council, in its global politics,the huge influence in economy, military, entertainment and other domain can’t be matched by other nations.2.The history of British and AmericaAlthough the United Kingdom covers only a small area of the earth’s surface,it represents people of many different origins and cultures.The history of human habitation and settlement in Britain goes back to the Stone Age hunters and gatherers who arrived from the European continent about 10,000 years ago.Around 2000 BC these Stone Age people started to erect huge monuments.Work on the henges continued intermittently into the Bronze Age,until about 1500 BC.The clearest historical item in the general knowledge of most British people is the year 1066.Passing quickly over a long period of civil wars,the wars of the Roses,fought between two branches of the English royal family who each claimed the throne,we approach the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern period.In the 16th century,Europe as a whole was changing rapidly.During the 17th and the 18th century,Britain was under war for decades.The main enemy was Spain and France.After the battle of Waterloo and the fall of Napoleon,Britain enjoyed a long period of peace.And then time cames to 20th century.Britain is still widely respected.America is a young country,it was first discovered around the year 1000.after that,some English settlements come to this continent,and they captured the land.In the 18th century,a revolution took place,Americans broke away from the control of British,and then a constitution was devised.After sectional conflict and civil war,America came to get a quickly development in the following decades,and America now has become a great nation.3.English as a languageAs we know,English is one of the main offical languages of the United Nations, is a international exchange language as well. English belongs to the indo-european of sino-japanese Germanic branch, and through the British colonial activities,it widely spreads to other part of the world. Because of history and various national language contact, its vocabulary, grammar from a dollar into multiple from "more inflectional" into "little inflectional", voice has also undergone a regular changes.According to the number of English native speakers of English may be calculated, the world's third-largest language, but it is the world's most widely second language. The world is more than 60% of the letters written in English in two centuries, English and American culture, economic, military, political and scientific leadership makes English become a international language.Along with the time changes, China's continuous development and the level of English requirement rise ceaselessly, more and more foreign students go abroad. Oral English gradually developed into a indispensable part in life. Therefore, the prevalence of oral English in expanding the scope constantly too, the importance of spoken English also will be more and more important.In about 1500 years,English has developed from the language of a small,warlike,agrarian people,to the language of a highly developed technological civilization and now has one of the richest vocabularies of any language in the world.It has become the most influential and most international language of modern times,spoke by 275 million native speakers,and the language that so many people in the world want to learn.4.Others beyond the text bookBeyond the text book,I think I have experienced a lot in other aspects.During this course,for instance,we have seven team members,when we made the PPT,we divided our work and then united them together.It improves our team spirit and raises our passion.When we acted as a teacher in class,I think we all have terrific performance because we have prepared it for so a long time.Afterwards,Mr.Tyler,the foreign teacher,give me very deep impression.From the lesson,I realized that my English is so poor.Even though I studied English when I just a child,but I found so many sentences that he said was beyond my comprehension.As a motto puts it,where there is a will,there is a way.As far as I’m concerned,the learning way is still far and I have no alternative but to improve my oral English,spare no effort.。
英美概况-课程论文格式
华南农业大学珠江学院《英语国家概况》课程论文A Simple Analysis of the Relationship Between America ‟s value、Societyand America‟s Proverbs杨菁华论文题目：浅谈美国价值观、社会与美国谚语的关系系：外国语系年级专业：2012级英语（教育）1201班学号： 20122090141 姓名（手写签名）：提交日期： 2015年6月18日论文成绩评定：二〇一五年六月二十日Abstract: This paper discuss the relationship between American values,social and proverbs in-depth analysis from American proverb embodied American values.On the basis of the collected sayings,this paper analyzed the American values influence on American people daily behavior,the impact on the value and the meaning of American’s lives.It pointed out that proverb,values and social relations.This research is helpful for us to understand thoroughly the mainstream culture of the United States.In addition, this kind of research is provide beneficial for those want to study in the USA and interested in America culture of Chinese people.Key Words: America,value, proverb, behavior摘要：本文探讨美国价值观、社会与谚语的关系，深入分析从美国谚语中所体现的美国价值观。
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青 岛 农 业 大 学 全 校 选 修 课英 美 概 况 课 程 论 文论文题目A Comparative Study of Chinese Dream and American Dream学生专业班级英语 2012 级 2 班学生姓名（学号）付志江20126072二 O 一三年 五 月 十八 日1A Comparative Study of Chinese Dream and American DreamFu Zhijiang Class 2, 2012 Foreign Languages SchoolKey words: Individualism；Democracy； Freedom；Equality；Success； Collectivism； National rejuvenation；National prosperous and powerful；Happiness Abstract: American Dream: American believe that they can be success provided they work hard. Not depend your background or class but your efforts. In America everyone has opportunity to let their dream come true. As a result, America attracts many excellent people. Chinese Dream: Under the lead of the Chinese Communism Party, Chinese believe that they can achieve their national rejuvenation.1. IntroductionAmerican Dream: All the people can make their own success regardless of nationality, race, class and so on. This refers to what is stated in the Unite States Declaration of Independence:”We hold these truths to beself-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by they Creators with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Chinese Dream: Chinese Dream includes three aspects. First of all, a powerful and prosperous nation is expected to be set up in the world. What’s more, happiness is an important thing for all of the citizens. Then, Chinese want to achieve national rejuvenation. In the end, the aim is a development of people in an all-round way.I2.Conception of Chinese Dream and American DreamAmerican Dream: American Dream means equality, democracy, freedom. American believe that constant grinding can turn an iron rod into a needle so long as they make a persevere efforts. But instead, depending their2background and others’ help. Chinese Dream: Chinese Dream means that if we carry forward the spirit of solidarity and militancy, we can have chance and space to make our dream come true. Everyone in China has an opportunity te an excellent person and enjoy themselves.3. Display Form of Chinese Dream and American DreamAmerican Dream: Bureaucrat capitalism is a important aspect to show the American dream. In capitalism country, capitalist are engaged in making money and don’t care about any thing. Especially after the Industrial Revolution, capitalism is popular. Another aspect is individual successdream. As the conception is more popular, many great businesses appeared. For example, the great inventor who set up GE named Edison, banker John Pierpont Morgan④. They are in common: Although they don’t have a great background, they set up they great career by their efforts. Chinese Dream: Two aspects can show Chinese Dream. The first one is political influence. But we will never seek hegemony. We really don’t want to be invaded by other countries. Only we have a powerful nation, can we have a speaking right. The another aspect is national contribution to other countries. If we want to be respected. We must firstly make a contribution to all of the world. a respect reputation. Only we take up our duties, can we get4. Impetuses of Chinese Dream and American DreamAmerican Dream: Every one want to be a successful person in America. After all, not everyone has a great background. However, they want to be a great man. Thus, they believe American Dream. They want to change their social classes by their efforts. Chinese Dream: Chinese have three impetuses make their Chinese Dream come true. The impetuses can be listed as follows: 1. Pursue the booming of economy, the improve of living level and the3improvement of environment. 2. Pursue the fair, democracy, laws, prosperity of culture and the improvement of education and technology. 3. Pursue the powerful nation, the dignity nation, sovereignty and world peace. The three impetuses reflect Chinese wisdom and sight.5. Development Process of Chinese Dream and American DreamAmerican Dream: 300 years ago, the migrates from England took the “May Flower” arrived USA. At that time, American Dream appeared. Latter, Enlightenment relieved their thoughts. In 18 centry, Gold Rush is popular. Everyone wanted be rich quickly. After Industrial Revolution, American Dream reached its climax. Nowadays , American Dream has changed a lot. At the beginning, American advocate that achieve their dream by hard working. However, people gradually are inclined to make a big fortune quickly and without efforts. American political gradually developed as a kind of money game. In other word, if you have enough money, you can handle the political. Chinese Dream: In 1840BC, The Opium Wars erupted. After that, the nature of Chinese society hanged into a half colonize and a half feudalism society. In 1949, The People Republic China was set up by the Chinese Party. Since then, Chinese stood up in the world. After the opening and revolution, Chinese development made a giant leap. Up to now, Xi Jinping, the chairman of China, emphasized our Chinese Dream is doom to be successful.6. The Essence of Chinese Dream and American DreamAmerican Dream: The essence of American Dream is the pursue of mony. In order to get money, they can use any methods even some are illegal. Chinese Dream: Chinese Dream means that every Chinese have a dream and they have opportunity to make it come true. 7.The Influence of Chinese Dream and American Dream4American Dream: On the one hand, American Dream attracts many excellent people go to USA. Many of them are the leaders in their field. On another hand, lots of businessmen make a great fortune for American society. So American society developed rapidly. Chinese Dream: Chinese Dream gives a certain aim to all of the Chinese. And it can gather all the strength to establish our nation. Chinese Dream gives us confidence, wise and encouragement. During the process of achieving Chinese Dream, international society also get much. We have a win-win situation.8.Warning of Chinese Dream and American DreamAmerican Dream: The pursue of money which American are engaged in has got a wrong direction. Political hegemony has led to world wild aversion. The opportunism of economy always cause the unsteadiness of world economy. Many laws shut up the doors which many people want to immigrate to USA. Chinese Dream: 1. Only a rich nation can set up a powerful county. 2. We should balance the profits world and our country9. References :戴炜栋·何兆熊·张春柏，2012， 《综合教程 2》P169，上海外语教育出版社 :通用电气公司（General Electric Company，简称 GE，NYSE：GE） ，世界上最大的提供技术和服务业务的跨国公司。