托马斯·杰斐逊 ( 1801-1809 )第一次就职演说
从华盛顿到奥巴马,历任总统有格言!
从华盛顿到奥巴马,历任总统有格言!第1任美国总统:乔治·华盛顿(George Washington 1789-1797)由于剑是维护我们自由的最后手段,一旦这些自由得到确立,就应该首先将它放在一旁。
要努力让你心中的那朵被称为良心的火花永不熄灭。
在导致昌明政治的各种国民性格中,宗教和道德是不可或缺的支柱......我们应当告诫自己不要幻想,认为道德没有宗教也能维持,尽管良好的教育对于特殊结构的意识可能有所影响,但是根据理智和经验,不容我们期望在排除宗教原则的情况下,国民道德仍能普遍存在。
我就任政府首脑,心情恰如一个罪犯走向刑场。
在我执政之时,任何针对我政务的攻讦,我一概置之不理,因为我深深地知道,如果这些攻讦经不起事实的检验,报上的一纸空文将无损于我一根毫毛。
第2任美国总统:约翰·亚当斯(John Adams 1797-1801)我的一生是一个连着一个的失望。
在我的记忆中,我所孜孜以求的东西几乎没有一例成功。
不过,我怀着对上帝由衷的感激之情,承认我的一生亦同样充满着我未曾追求亦未曾预料到的非凡而又巨大的成功。
富者很少具有谦逊、机灵和仁爱的品德。
他们的财富总是使他们变得吝啬而又自私。
商业的气息与纯洁的心灵和高尚的精神格格不入,而没有心灵的纯洁与高尚就不会有共和国的幸福。
如果没有托马斯·潘恩的这支笔,乔治·华盛顿所举起的剑将是徒然无功。
当过总统之人,谁也不会为朋友的当选而表示祝贺。
他的每一项任命,将使一人忘恩负义,百人成为宿敌。
权力自然而然增长,为什么呢?因为人的欲壑难填。
第3任美国总统:托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809)不要因为别的人相信或否定了什么东西,你也就去相信它或否定它。
上帝赠予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。
那你就去运用它吧!在文明世界中,如果一个国家想要在无知的同时得到自由,这种期盼以前没有过,以后也永远不会实现。
第一次就职演说
第一次就职演说1981年1月20日对于今天在场的少数几个人来说,这乃是一个庄严而又至为重大的时刻;但在我国历史上,这又不过是一件司空见惯的事情。
在我国,按照宪法要求进行的有序的权力交接,总是一成不变地如期举行,迄今已近两个世纪,但我们当中很少有人去认真想一想,我们确实有多么独一无二。
我们视若寻常的这种四年一度的典礼,在世界上很多人心目中却不含是一个奇迹。
总统先生,我想让我国同胞们知道,你为保持这一传统作出了何等巨大的努力。
你在权力移交的过程中进行通情达理的合作,这就向正在注视着我们的世界表明:我们的人民团结一致,决心维护我们自己的政治制度,因为在这种制度下,对个人自由的保障程度是任何其他制度所无法比拟的。
我感谢你和你的下属为保持这种延续性所给予的帮助,这种延续性可以说是我们共和政体的支柱。
我们国家的事业一直在向前发展。
但现在我们的合众国正面临着巨大的经济困难。
目前这次通货膨胀在我国历史上乃是历时最长、持续最久的一次,我们都深以为苦。
它严重干扰我们的经济决策,使节俭储蓄者反受其累,把那些为谋生而挣扎的年轻人和靠固定收入为生的年长者一齐推向困境。
它使我国干百万人的生计陷入毁灭的威胁之中。
停产的企业把工人抛入失业状态,生活极为不幸,个人也失去尊严。
即使那些有工可做的人,其劳动也因税收制度的不合理而得不到公平的报酬,这种税收制度使那些在事业上有所作为的人吃尽苦头,因而使我们无法维持充足的生产。
我们的税收负担虽然非常沉重,但仍与公共开支相脱节。
数十年来,我们的赤字在滚雪球似地不断增大,为了目前一时的便利,不惜拿我们的未来及我们后代的未来作了抵押。
这种趋势如果长期持续下去,必定会导致社会、文化、政治和经济各个方面的大动荡。
你我作为个人,在入不敷出时可以通过借贷来维持生计,不过只能维持一段有限的时间。
可是,我们怎么能够认为,作为一个国家,我们就不应受到同样的限制呢?我们必须在今天就采取行动,以保住我们的明天。
托马斯·杰斐逊
First Inaugural Address
Essential Principles of Government Cont…
“a well disciplined militia” honest payment of debts maintaining a sound economy proper distribution of information freedom of religion freedom of the press
12th Amendment ratified 1804 stipulates that electors make a choice between selections of President and Vice President
video
Louisiana Purchase Greatest real estate deal in history $15 million (4 cents an acre)
Designed by TJ
Monticello
He was a violinist, architect, farmer, scholar, a horseman, and an inventor
Moldboard Plow of Least Resistance
Polygraph machine for copying documents
One of the things he’s most proud of… Founder of
The University of Virginia
The only university to be founded by a President
人物介绍——托马斯杰斐逊
中文名: 托马斯·杰斐逊别名:人民的人、革命斗士、民主巨擎国籍: 美利坚合众国 出生地: 维吉尼亚夏洛茨维尔出生日期:1743年4月13日逝世日期: 1826年7月4日 毕业院校: 威廉与玛丽学院 信仰: 自然神论 代表作品: 《独立宣言》,《弗吉尼亚日记》,《弗吉尼亚自由宗教法案》一、人物简介托马斯·杰斐逊(1743~1826)Jefferson ,Thomas总统(1801~1809)。
1743年4的东西了。
这样一个小箱子,两百年前就相当于今日功能齐全的手提电脑。
思考与启迪这些小玩艺儿,现在我们看来都很简单,不值一提。
它们的意义在于,它们说明了美国立国先贤们对创新之重要性的认识。
杰弗逊和华盛顿总统,是对创新发明非常重视的第一代开国者。
在美国革命的动荡岁月里,两个人都没忘记抽空向英国和欧洲大陆订购花种、菜子,写信给家里关照不要错过了播种新品种的季节。
两个人对于新品种都有异乎寻常的热情,退休以后回到家,都一头扎到田间草地,侍弄新鲜花草。
杰斐逊还改良了一种犁铧,得到过国际组织嘉奖。
当华盛顿担任美国第一任总统的时候,他请杰斐逊担任国务卿。
那个时候,世界上最强大的是英国,制造业中心在英国和欧洲大陆,美国只是偏远落后的农林产品输出地,向欧洲出口棉花,木材,烟草,大米,羊毛,几乎所有工业制品都从欧洲进口。
第一代美国领袖知道,虽然美国有资源,但是如果它不制造,它就永远不是一个强国。
谁制造谁强大,是工业革命时代的铁律。
为此,美国必须广罗技术人才,有人才才会有自己的制造业。
从此开创了美国特别优待技术人才的传统。
至今为止,美国人有一个不成文的共识:美国必须是全世界给人才以最好条件的地方。
什么地方给人才的条件比美国好,美国肯定会提出更好的条件,超过那个地方。
1790年,华盛顿就任总统的第二年,他就让杰斐逊尽快确立专利保护制度。
就在华盛顿总统任内,杰斐逊一手操办,美国通过了保护创新和发明的专利法,从此美国成为世界上保护创新最严格的地方。
杰弗逊总统的就职演说
First Inaugural AddressMarch 4, 1801FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS,Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious and awful presentiments which the greatness of the charge and the weakness of my powers so justly inspire. A rising nation, spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of mortal eye -- when I contemplate these transcendent objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue and the auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation, and humble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly, indeed, should I despair did not the presence of many whom I here see remind me that in the other high authorities provided by our Constitution I shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue, and of zeal on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then, gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legislation, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement for that guidance and support which may enable us to steer with safety the vessel in which we are all embarked amidst the conflicting elements of a troubled world.During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression. Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During the throes and convulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking through blood and slaughter his long-lost liberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows should reach even this distant and peaceful shore; that this should be more felt and feared by some and less by others, and should divide opinions as to measures of safety. But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be anyamong us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government can not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough; but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others? Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him? Let history answer this question.Let us, then, with courage and confidence pursue our own Federal and Republican principles, our attachment to union and representative government. Kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe; too high-minded to endure the degradations of the others; possessing a chosen country, with room enough for our descendants to the thousandth and thousandth generation; entertaining a due sense of our equal right to the use of our own faculties, to the acquisitions of our own industry, to honor and confidence from our fellow-citizens, resulting not from birth, but from our actions and their sense of them; enlightened by a benign religion, professed, indeed, and practiced in various forms, yet all of them inculcating honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the love of man; acknowledging and adoring an overruling Providence, which by all its dispensations proves that it delights in the happiness of man here and his greater happiness hereafter -- with all these blessings, what more is necessary to make us a happy and a prosperous people? Still one thing more, fellow-citizens -- a wise and frugal Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government, and this is necessary to close the circle of our felicities.About to enter, fellow-citizens, on the exercise of duties which comprehend everything dear and valuable to you, it is proper you should understand what I deem the essential principles of our Government, and consequently those which ought to shape its Administration. I will compress them within the narrowest compass they will bear, stating the general principle, but not all its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against antirepublican tendencies; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad; a jealous care of the right of election by the people -- a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided; absoluteacquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism; a well-disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace and for the first moments of war till regulars may relieve them; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority; economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly burthened; the honest payment of our debts and sacred preservation of the public faith; encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid; the diffusion of information and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom of religion; freedom of the press, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus, and trial by juries impartially selected. These principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation. The wisdom of our sages and blood of our heroes have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the touchstone by which to try the services of those we trust; and should we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps and to regain the road which alone leads to peace, liberty, and safety.I repair, then, fellow-citizens, to the post you have assigned me. With experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen the difficulties of this the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect that it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from this station with the reputation and the favor which bring him into it. Without pretensions to that high confidence you reposed in our first and greatest revolutionary character, whose preeminent services had entitled him to the first place in his country's love and destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful history, I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and effect to the legal administration of your affairs. I shall often go wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, which will never be intentional, and your support against the errors of others, who may condemn what they would not if seen in all its parts. The approbation implied by your suffrage is a great consolation to me for the past, and my future solicitude will be to retain the good opinion of those who have bestowed it in advance, to conciliate that of others by doing them all the good in my power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom of all.Relying, then, on the patronage of your good will, I advance with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever you become sensible how much better choice it is in your power to make. And may that Infinite Power which rules the destinies of the universe lead our councils to what is best, and give them a favorable issue for your peace and prosperity.【中文译文】:同心同德地团结起来托马斯-杰斐逊第一次就职演讲华盛顿,星期三,1801年3月4日朋友们、同胞们:我应召担任国家的最高行政长官,值此诸位同胞集会之时,我衷心感谢大家寄予我的厚爱,诚挚地说,我意识到这项任务非我能力所及,其责任之重大,本人能力之浅簿,自然使我就任时忧惧交加。
美国第四任总统第4任 詹姆斯·麦迪逊第一次就职演说
第一次就职演说1809年3月4日我蒙国家的召唤,依据最庄严的批准,即将宣誓就职而担负重任;当此之际,我谨遵循令人崇敬的先辈所树立的范例,借这一机会倾吐我内心由此产生的深切感受。
我国自由和公正的人民在这次审慎而平静的选举中,对本人表示了鲜明而强烈的信赖。
这不仅使我对将要承担的重托满怀敬畏,而且在任何情况下也都能激起我的感激之情和奉献之心。
目前这个时期形势错综复杂,使局面变得尤为严峻,这使我不禁感到,赋予我的荣誉和责任都更加重大,其加重的程度实在难以用语言加以形容。
当前的世界形势乃是极为罕见的,而我们国内的局面则又困难重重。
①它们所产生的压力在国家空前繁荣之际降临于我们,故使人感到尤为严重;这种变动所导致的反差也更为引人注目。
在我们的各项共和制度的有益作用下,加之我们在许多国家耽溺于血腥而劳民伤财的战争时仍与各国保持和平,我们因而得享正当政策的成果,我国财富与实力一度获得了无可比拟的增长。
举凡农业的改进、商业的成功、制造业和实用工艺的进步、国库收入的增加和利用这些收入所带来的公债下降,以及有价值的工程设施如雨后春笋般出现在全国各地,便是明证。
①其时英、法等国之间的战争仍在进行,交战各方都在海上对美国商船进行拦截,强行扣押美国船员。
美国为进行反击,在第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊当政时期开始实行对欧洲的禁运措施,但结果却未对英、法等国发生多大影响,反而使美国国内工商业受到沉重打击,形势于是变得十分严峻。
依我之见,这种繁荣景象向一段时间以来令人沮丧的局面的转变,不能归咎于任何不可靠的观点,也非政府决策中不由自主犯下的过失所导致。
这一见解乃是十分难得的。
美国无意侵犯其他各国的权利或安宁,奉行正义以促进和平,绝对不偏不倚以格尽中立国的责任,从而赢得交战国的尊重,这乃是美国的真正荣耀所在。
只要世界上尚有公正可言,这些主张的真实可信便不容置疑,至少后世对此会有公断。
我们虽然奉行这种无懈可击的方针,可是未能制止好战国家的不当之举和暴力行为。
第一次就职演说【美国】林肯(1809~1865)
第一次就职演说【美国】林肯(1809~1865)林肯,杰出的演说家,美国第十六届总统,1865年赢得内战胜利,废除了黑奴制。
内战结束后被暴徒行刺身死。
这是他1861年第一次当选总统后的就职演说。
我们的国家,连同她的行政机构,都属于定居其上的人民。
任何时候,他们只要对现政府感到厌倦,便可以行使宪法赋予的权利改造政府,或使用革命的权利推翻政府。
我知道许多德高望重的爱国公民希望修改国家宪法。
我虽然没有提出修改宪法的具体建议,但是我完全承认,在这整个问题上,人民有权按宪法规定,以上述两种方式去行使他们的权利;在当前的情况下,我并不反对而是赞成给予人民公平的机会去行使这种权力。
……最高行政长官的一切权力来自人民,人民并未赋予他任何权力订立分裂各州的条件。
如果人民愿意,他们可以确定这样的条件。
但最高行政长官本人无权过问此事。
他的职责只是接任管理现政府,在卸任时把政府机构完好地移交继任人。
人民是最公正的,我们为什么不对这点抱有最坚定的信心呢?在世界上,我们还能对别的什么寄予同样的或更大的希望吗?在目前南北分歧中,难道哪一方不坚信公理在自己方面?倘若掌握永恒真理与正义的万能之主站在你北方一面,或站在你南方一面,那么美国人民这位伟大的法官必会作出裁决、将真理与正义判与该方。
同样还是这些人民,他们明智地规定了我国的政体,使人民公仆的权力十分有限,不能为非作歹;他们还同样明智地规定了每隔一段很短的时间,使可将这极有限的权力收回自己手中。
只要人民保持道德情操和警惕戒备,任何行政管理人员,纵使极端腐败或愚蠢,亦不能在四年的短期中对这政体造成严重损害。
全体同胞们,请你们冷静认真地把整个问题考虑一下。
真正有价值的东西是不会因花费一点时间而失去的。
如果有一个目标,促使你们在头脑发热时匆忙地采取了某些不经过深思熟虑是绝不会采取的行动,那么时间稍加拖延这目标就得不到实现了;但是,真正有价值的目标不会因时间拖延而得不到实现。
你们当中有人不满未能改变旧宪法,更主要的是未能改变由你们自己根据旧宪法制定的各项法律。
美国历代总统就职演说--杜鲁门总统,杰弗逊,林肯,罗斯福(中英对照)
Inaugural Address of Harry S. TrumanTHURSDAY, JANUARY 20, 1949Mr. Vice President, Mr. Chief Justice, and fellow citizens, I acceptwith humility the honor which the American people have conferred uponme. I accept it with a deep resolve to do all that I can for thewelfare of this Nation and for the peace of the world.In performing the duties of my office, I need the help and prayers ofevery one of you. I ask for your encouragement and your support. Thetasks we face are difficult, and we can accomplish them only if we worktogether.Each period of our national history has had its special challenges.Those that confront us now are as momentous as any in the past. Todaymarks the beginning not only of a new administration, but of a periodthat will be eventful, perhaps decisive, for us and for the world.It may be our lot to experience, and in large measure to bring about,a major turning point in the long history of the human race. The firsthalf of this century has been marked by unprecedented and brutalattacks on the rights of man, and by the two most frightful wars inhistory. The supreme need of our time is for men to learn to livetogether in peace and harmony.The peoples of the earth face the future with grave uncertainty,composed almost equally of great hopes and great fears. In this time ofdoubt, they look to the United States as never before for good will,strength, and wise leadership.It is fitting, therefore, that we take this occasion to proclaim tothe world the essential principles of the faith by which we live, andto declare our aims to all peoples.The American people stand firm in the faith which has inspired thisNation from the beginning. We believe that all men have a right toequal justice under law and equal opportunity to share in the commongood. We believe that all men have the right to freedom of thought andexpression. We believe that all men are created equal because they arecreated in the image of God.From this faith we will not be moved.The American people desire, and are determined to work for, a worldin which all nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves asthey see fit, and to achieve a decent and satisfying life. Above allelse, our people desire, and are determined to work for, peace onearth--a just and lasting peace--based on genuine agreement freelyarrived at by equals.In the pursuit of these aims, the United States and other like-minded nations findthemselves directly opposed by a regime withcontrary aims and a totally different concept of life.That regime adheres to a false philosophy which purports to offerfreedom, security, and greater opportunity to mankind. Misled by thisphilosophy, many peoples have sacrificed their liberties only to learnto their sorrow that deceit and mockery, poverty and tyranny, are theirreward.That false philosophy is communism.Communism is based on the belief that man is so weak and inadequatethat he is unable to govern himself, and therefore requires the rule ofstrong masters.Democracy is based on the conviction that man has the moral andintellectual capacity, as well as the inalienable right, to governhimself with reason and justice.Communism subjects the individual to arrest without lawful cause,punishment without trial, and forced labor as the chattel of the state.It decrees what information he shall receive, what art he shallproduce, what leaders he shall follow, and what thoughts he shall think.Democracy maintains that government is established for the benefit ofthe individual, and is charged with the responsibility of protectingthe rights of the individual and his freedom in the exercise of hisabilities.Communism maintains that social wrongs can be corrected only by violence.Democracy has proved that social justice can be achieved through peaceful change.Communism holds that the world is so deeply divided into opposing classes that war is inevitable.Democracy holds that free nations can settle differences justly and maintain lasting peace.These differences between communism and democracy do not concern theUnited States alone. People everywhere are coming to realize that whatis involved is material well-being, human dignity, and the right tobelieve in and worship God.I state these differences, not to draw issues of belief as such, butbecause the actions resulting from the Communist philosophy are athreat to the efforts of free nations to bring about world recovery andlasting peace.Since the end of hostilities, the United States has invested itssubstance and its energy in a great constructive effort to restorepeace, stability, and freedom to the world.We have sought no territory and we have imposed our will on none. Wehave asked for no privileges we would not extend to others.We have constantly and vigorously supported the United Nations andrelated agencies as a means of applying democratic principles tointernational relations. We have consistently advocated and relied uponpeaceful settlement of disputes among nations.We have made every effort to secure agreement on effectiveinternational control of our most powerful weapon, and we have workedsteadily for the limitation and control of all armaments.We have encouraged, by precept and example, the expansion of world trade on a sound and fair basis.Almost a year ago, in company with 16 free nations of Europe, welaunched the greatest cooperative economic program in history. Thepurpose of that unprecedented effort is to invigorate and strengthendemocracy in Europe, so that the free people of that continent canresume their rightful place in the forefront of civilization and cancontribute once more to the security and welfare of the world.Our efforts have brought new hope to all mankind. We have beaten backdespair and defeatism. We have saved a number of countries from losingtheir liberty. Hundreds of millions of people all over the world nowagree with us, that we need not have war--that we can have peace.The initiative is ours.We are moving on with other nations to build an even strongerstructure of international order and justice. We shall have as ourpartners countries which, no longer solely concerned with the problemof national survival, are now working to improve the standards ofliving of all their people. We are ready to undertake new projects tostrengthen the free world.In the coming years, our program for peace and freedom will emphasize four major courses of action.First, we will continue to give unfaltering support to the UnitedNations and related agencies, and we will continue to search for waysto strengthen their authority and increase their effectiveness. Webelieve that the United Nations will be strengthened by the new nationswhich are being formed in lands now advancing toward self-governmentunder democratic principles.Second, we will continue our programs for world economic recovery.This means, first of all, that we must keep our full weight behindthe European recoveryprogram. We are confident of the success of thismajor venture in world recovery. We believe that our partners in thiseffort will achieve the status of self-supporting nations once again.In addition, we must carry out our plans for reducing the barriers toworld trade and increasing its volume. Economic recovery and peaceitself depend on increased world trade.Third, we will strengthen freedom-loving nations against the dangers of aggression.We are now working out with a number of countries a joint agreementdesigned to strengthen the security of the North Atlantic area. Such anagreement would take the form of a collective defense arrangementwithin the terms of the United Nations Charter.We have already established such a defense pact for the Western Hemisphere by the treaty of Rio de Janeiro.The primary purpose of these agreements is to provide unmistakableproof of the joint determination of the free countries to resist armedattack from any quarter. Each country participating in thesearrangements must contribute all it can to the common defense.If we can make it sufficiently clear, in advance, that any armedattack affecting our national security would be met with overwhelmingforce, the armed attack might never occur.I hope soon to send to the Senate a treaty respecting the North Atlantic security plan.In addition, we will provide military advice and equipment to freenations which will cooperate with us in the maintenance of peace andsecurity.Fourth, we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefitsof our scientific advances and industrial progress available for theimprovement and growth of underdeveloped areas.More than half the people of the world are living in conditionsapproaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims ofdisease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their povertyis a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas.For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people.The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development ofindustrial and scientific techniques. The material resources which wecan afford to use for the assistance of other peoples are limited. Butour imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantlygrowing and are inexhaustible.I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples thebenefits of our store oftechnical knowledge in order to help themrealize their aspirations for a better life. And, in cooperation withother nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needingdevelopment.Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, throughtheir own efforts, to produce more food, more clothing, more materialsfor housing, and more mechanical power to lighten their burdens.We invite other countries to pool their technological resources inthis undertaking. Their contributions will be warmly welcomed. Thisshould be a cooperative enterprise in which all nations work togetherthrough the United Nations and its specialized agencies whereverpracticable. It must be a worldwide effort for the achievement ofpeace, plenty, and freedom.With the cooperation of business, private capital, agriculture, andlabor in this country, this program can greatly increase the industrialactivity in other nations and can raise substantially their standardsof living.Such new economic developments must be devised and controlled tobenefit the peoples of the areas in which they are established.Guarantees to the investor must be balanced by guarantees in theinterest of the people whose resources and whose labor go into thesedevelopments.The old imperialism--exploitation for foreign profit--has no place inour plans. What we envisage is a program of development based on theconcepts of democratic fair-dealing.All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from aconstructive program for the better use of the world's human andnatural resources. Experience shows that our commerce with othercountries expands as they progress industrially and economically.Greater production is the key to prosperity and peace. And the key togreater production is a wider and more vigorous application of modernscientific and technical knowledge.Only by helping the least fortunate of its members to help themselvescan the human family achieve the decent, satisfying life that is theright of all people.Democracy alone can supply the vitalizing force to stir the peoplesof the world into triumphant action, not only against their humanoppressors, but also against their ancient enemies-- hunger, misery,and despair.On the basis of these four major courses of action we hope to helpcreate the conditions that will lead eventually to personal freedom andhappiness for all mankind.If we are to be successful in carrying out these policies, it isclear that we must havecontinued prosperity in this country and wemust keep ourselves strong.Slowly but surely we are weaving a world fabric of international security and growing prosperity.We are aided by all who wish to live in freedom from fear--even by those who live today in fear under their own governments.We are aided by all who want relief from the lies of propaganda-- who desire truth and sincerity.We are aided by all who desire self-government and a voice in deciding their own affairs.We are aided by all who long for economic security--for the security and abundance that men in free societies can enjoy.We are aided by all who desire freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom to live their own lives for useful ends.Our allies are the millions who hunger and thirst after righteousness.In due time, as our stability becomes manifest, as more and morenations come to know the benefits of democracy and to participate ingrowing abundance, I believe that those countries which now oppose uswill abandon their delusions and join with the free nations of theworld in a just settlement of international differences.Events have brought our American democracy to new influence and newresponsibilities. They will test our courage, our devotion to duty, andour concept of liberty.But I say to all men, what we have achieved in liberty, we will surpass in greater liberty.Steadfast in our faith in the Almighty, we will advance toward a world where man's freedom is secure.To that end we will devote our strength, our resources, and ourfirmness of resolve. With God's help, the future of mankind will beassured in a world of justice, harmony, and peace.【中文译文】:四项主要的行动方针哈里-杜鲁门就职演讲星期四,1949年1月20日我国历史上的各个时期都面临过特殊的挑战。
简析托马斯·杰斐逊的扩张思想
边疆经 济与 文化
T HE BOR DER ECONOMY AND C UL T URE
No .8 . 2 O l 4
G e n e r a 1 . No . 1 2 8
【 历史文化 】
简析托马斯 ・ 杰斐逊的扩张思想
作 者简 介 :李 欢 ( 1 9 9 0 一 ) ,女 ,江苏徐 州人 ,硕 士研 究 生 ,从事 美 国史 研究 。
收稿 日期 :2 0 1 4 - 0 5 . 1 5
逊领土扩张的出发点。杰斐逊就任总统之后 ,他的 思 想发生 了明显 的变化 ,他 的使 命 观更加 积极 ,即 从 致力于维 护美 国的 民主扩 大到 向外 推广 ,为 他 的 扩张思想注入 了新 的活力 。
二 、杰斐逊 的农业主义思 想
李 欢
( 哈尔滨师范大学 社会与历史学 院,哈尔滨 1 5 0 0 2 5 )
摘
要 :托 马斯 ・ 杰 斐逊 时 期是 美国 的 一个 关键 性 时期 ,美 国在 这一 时期 开始 走 向 了 大陆 扩 张的 道路 。杰 斐
进 的 扩 张思 想 以他 的使命 观 、民 主理 想 以及 农 业 主 义 为基 础 ,并与 孤 立 主 义 紧 密交 织 ,通 过路 易斯 安 那购 买扩 大 了美 国的版 图 ,维护 了美 国的独 立 与 民主制 度 ,对 美 国历 史的发展 产 生 了深 远 的影 响 。 关键 词 :杰 斐逊 ;扩张 思 想 ;民主 ;农 业 主义
杰斐逊 是一位农 业主义 者 ,这 种 以农 立 国 的思 想对他 的扩张思想 产生 了十分重要 的影 响 。在 他 的
“ 农 业帝 国” 的设想 中 ,美 国是 一个 以小农 为 主体 的国家 ,人 们 自食 其力 ,创 造财 富 ,享 受着充 分 的 民主和 自由。杰斐逊在他的著作 吉尼亚笔记》 中 ,描绘 了美 国优 美 的 自然 风光 ,勾勒 出一 幅农 民 安居乐业 的 图画。他认为农 民是上 帝 的选 民 ,他 们 通过 自己的辛勤耕作获取财富 , 具有高 尚的道德感 和真 正的美德 。而商人则投 机取 巧 、唯利是 图 ,会 扼杀美德的萌芽。因此 , 杰斐逊主张美国成为一个 以小 农为 主体 的农 业共 和 国 ,在这 样 一个 国家下 , 美 国将成 为世 界 的 “ 道 德 的典 范 ” ,美 国的 民主 制 度才 能永葆生机 。此外 ,杰 斐逊还 认 为 ,农 业可 以 使美 国避免 战争 。他在致霍金杜普 的信 中提 到 : “ 我 希望 他们 既不 经商 ,也 不 从事 航 运 的希 望 ,美 国的这块 民主试验 田的成功 ,将 预示 民 主将来 在 全世 界 的成 功 。 ”在 杰斐逊 的政治 生涯 中 ,他 不遗余力 地维 护和 巩 固美
麦迪逊总统首任就职演说[1809年3月4日]
麦迪逊总统首任就职演说[1809年3月4日]我不愿背离最受人尊敬的前任总统所树立的典范,我要利用这个机会表达我接受国家召唤,即将在庄严神圣的仪式下宣誓就职、担负重任之时我内心的深刻感受。
经过一个自由、公正的国家的审慎选举所表达的人民对我的信任,在任何情况下都能足以使我产生无限的感激之情与奉献之心,同时我心中也充满了人民对我的信赖。
在此时此刻特别隆重庄严的情景下,我深深感到加诸于我身上的荣誉与责任,正在无形地增长。
目前的世界形势的确比较特殊,我们国家的情况更是困难重重。
这些压力非常大,因为它是在国家的繁荣达到前所未有的高峰时来临的;这种变化与从前的对比更显强烈。
在我们的共和体制影响下,当世界各国致力于血腥毁灭的战争时,而我国却能与各国维持和平状态,我们的力量和资源在没有竞争的情况下不断发展,公正的政策结出了硕果。
这可以从农业改良、企业成功、产品及实用技术的进步、财政收入的增加并用增加的财政收入减少公共债务,以及各种有价值的工程设施在祖国大地处处兴建的情祝中得到证实。
如果认为我们国家从繁荣状态走到目前令人沮丧的情景,[1]只是政府政策上的失误,那是不正确的。
而且我相信,这也决非政府的本意。
坚决反对任何侵犯他国权利或扰乱其安宁的行为,坚持正义、维持和平,在战争时期以最谨慎、最公正无私的态度贯彻中立政策,而得到各国的尊重,这才是美国的真正荣耀。
如果世界还有公正可言,这些论断的真实性将不会受到怀疑,至少子孙后世对此会给予公正的评价。
但这种无可挑剔的行为,并不能有效地制止交战国的残暴行为。
它们相互疯狂敌视,或受直接动机的驱使,它们所持的报复的原则,已完全违背了一般理性与公认的法律。
尽管美国并没有给这些报复原则以任何口实,尽管美国以公正自由去废止这些逻辑,但我们仍然无法预料它们这些专横的法令还将持续多久。
[2]我相信,在任何变化下,国家的坚定精神和团结一致的国会将会保护国家荣誉及其根本利益。
因此,我是怀着并不适合担当如此重任的心情,接受这个职务的。
托马斯·杰弗逊
>>于1774年立宣言全文。
……
杰弗逊于1801年 至1809年间担任总 统,为首位于白宫任 职并离任的总统。这 也是民主共和党党员 首次选上总统。截至 目前为止,杰弗逊为 唯一担任过美国副总 统后又选上总统,且 任满两个任期者。
你的任务目标是探索密苏里河和极 其主要支流,例如,其河道和通达 太平洋的水道……可作为商业用 途、横跨大陆的直接和实用的交通 水路。 ——托马斯·杰斐逊
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杰弗逊墓碑
维吉尼亚大学 之父 以及 维吉尼亚 宗教自由法 美国独立 宣言 作者 托马斯·杰弗逊 长眠于此 HERE WAS BURIED THOMAS JEFFERSON AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE OF THE STATUTE OF VIRGINIA FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND FATHER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
杰弗逊签署文件
任 内 事 件
第一次巴巴利战争 (1801‐1805) 路易西安纳购地 (1803) 成立奥勒冈属地 (1804) 伯尔谋叛 (1805) 批准美国宪法第廿修正案 (1804) 刘易斯与克拉克探勘 (1804‐1806) 废除国内奴隶贸易(1808)
杰弗逊逝于 1826年7月4日, 当日为独立宣言通 过五十周年纪念 日,与约翰·亚当 斯同日弃世。
• April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826
托马斯·杰弗逊(Thomas Jefferson,1743年4月13日 ─1826年7月4日) 为美利坚合众国第三任总统 (1801年─1809年)。同时也 是美国独立宣言(1776年)主 要起草人,及美国开国元勋中 最具影响力者之一。其任期中 之重大事件包括路易西安那购 地案(Louisiana Purchase, 1803年)、1807年禁运法案 (Embargo Act of 1807 年)、以及路易斯与克拉克探 勘(Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806 年)。
美国开国元勋简介
美国开国元勋汉密尔顿亚历山大·汉密尔顿(Alexander Hamilton,1757年1月11日- 1804年7月12日)美国的开国元勋之一,也是宪法的起草人之一,他是财经专家,是美国的第一任财政部长。
他就是因政党恶斗导致「决斗」而丧失生命的知名政治人物。
从一个来自英属西印度群岛的私生子和无家可归的孤儿,一跃成为乔治·华盛顿最信任的左膀右臂,但后来卷入一桩性丑闻,在与副总统阿伦·伯尔的决斗中命丧黄泉。
在美国的开国元勋中,没有哪位的生与死比亚历山大·汉密尔顿更富戏剧色彩了。
在为美国后来的财富和势力奠定基础方面,也没有哪位开国老臣的功劳比得上汉密尔顿。
虽然他也身为美国建国之父之一,却始终没能象别的人那样做上美国总统,而且在与其主要政治对手托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson)的竞争中更似乎是输得惨不忍睹,可孰料——历史的戏剧性就在于此——在其过世之后,他的政治遗产,包括“工业建国之路”和建立一个强有力的中央政府等等,却在此后的美国历史中起着越来越显著的作用。
甚至一些影响了美国历史进程的总统,如林肯和西奥多·罗斯福(Theodore Roosevelt),他们所施行的政策就是建立在汉密尔顿的遗产基础上的。
汉密尔顿的战绩和政绩都非常显赫,我们可以随便就列举出一大堆来:作为华盛顿的侍从武官(aide-de-camp),他对独立战争的贡献巨大,其中最著名的是1781年的约克镇战役(Battle of Yorktown);他是《联邦党人文集》(the Federalist Papers)最主要的执笔者;在华盛顿任总统时,他作为财政部长(1789-1795)政绩非凡,并创建了美联储的前身――合众国第一银行(the First Bank of the United States);作为联邦党人的首领,他为美国两党制的出现奠定了基础,……,等等。
历届美国总统就职演讲大全
美国历届总统就职演讲(大全)内容简介美国总统的就职演讲是美国政治的一种形式,但它已经成为了美国的一种文化,美国总统的演讲辞更成为美国、乃至世界的文化遗产。
美国是实行总统制的典型国家。
美国总统身兼国家元首和行政首脑,在三权分立的政治结构中居重要地位。
美国实行总统内阁制,每四年选举一次总统,可连选连任一次。
每当新总统当选后,便要举行庄严而隆重的就职典礼。
这是美国政治生活中的一项重大的庆典。
总统就职典礼一般有4个程序:首先是就职宣誓;宣誓之后,总统发表就职演说;演说完毕,便开始盛大的庆祝游行;最后举行舞会。
美国总统借就职演说,表明自己政见和立场,起着鼓舞人民、教育人民的作用。
为了给人民留下良好的印象,总统对演说词斟酌推敲,以求打动人心。
好的演说词常常诞生在重大历史时刻,时势造英雄,这演说词也造就了传诵千古的名篇。
这里收集的《美国历届总统就职演讲(大全)》主要参考了李其荣《美国历届总统就职演讲辞》,另有一部分是从网络媒体下载的,并增加了最新的2013年奥巴马第二次就职演讲内容。
但第二十四届第二十一任切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟、第二十九届第二十六任西奥多•罗斯福、第三十四届第三十任卡尔文-柯立芝、第四十届第三十三任哈里·杜鲁门和第四十四届第三十六任林顿·约翰逊的就职演讲译文未找到。
截至目前,这个版本应该是收集的美国总统就职演讲大全了。
另附李其荣《美国历届总统就职演讲辞》“前言”。
目录第一届第一任乔治·华盛顿(1789~1793)首次就职演讲第二届第一任乔治·华盛顿(1793~1797)第二次就职演讲第三届第二任约翰·亚当斯(1797~1801)就职演讲第四届第三任托马斯·杰斐逊(1801~1805)首次就职演讲第五届第三任托马斯·杰斐逊(1805~1809)第二次就职演讲第六届第四任詹姆斯·麦迪逊(1809~1813)首次就职演讲第七届第四任詹姆斯·麦迪逊(1813-1817)第二次就职演讲第八届第五任詹姆斯·门罗(1817-1821)首次就职演讲第九届第五任詹姆斯·门罗(1821~1825)第二次就职演讲第十届第六任约翰·昆西·亚当斯(1825~1829)就职演讲第十一届第七任安德鲁·杰克逊(1829-1833)首次就职演讲第十二届第七任安德鲁·杰克逊(1833~1837)第二次就职演讲第十三届第八任马丁·范·布伦(1837~1841)就职演讲第十四届第九任威廉·亨利·哈里森(1841)就职演讲第十四届第十任约翰·泰勒(1841~1845)就职演讲第十五届第十一任詹姆斯·波尔克(1845~1849)就职演讲第十六届第十二任扎卡里·泰勒(1849~1850)就职演讲第十六届第十三任米勒德·菲尔莫尔(1850~1853)就职演讲第十七届第十四任富兰克林·皮尔斯(1853~1857)就职演讲第十八届第十五任詹姆斯·布坎南(1857~1861)就职演讲第十九届第十六任亚伯拉罕·林肯(1861~1865)首次就职演讲第二十届第十六任亚伯拉罕·林肯(1865)第二次就职演讲第二十届第十七任安德鲁·约翰逊(1865~1869)就职演讲第二十一届第十八任尤利西斯·格兰特(1869-1873)首次就职演讲第二十二届第十八任尤利西斯·格兰特(1873~1877)第二次就职演讲第二十三届第十九任拉瑟福德·海斯(1877~1881)就职演讲第二十四届第二十任詹姆斯·加菲尔德(1881)就职演讲第二十四届第二十一任切斯特·艾伦·阿瑟(1881~1885)就职演讲(暂无演讲词)第二十五届第二十二任格罗弗·克利夫兰(1885~1889)就职演讲第二十六届第二十三任本杰明·哈里森(1889-1893)就职演讲第二十七届第二十四任格罗弗·克利夫兰(1893~1897)就职演讲第二十八届第二十五任威廉·麦金莱(1897~1901)首次就职演讲第二十九届第二十五任威廉·麦金莱(1901)第二次就职演讲第二十九届第二十六任西奥多·罗斯福(1901~1905)首次就职演讲第三十届第二十六任西奥多·罗斯福(1905~1909)第二次就职演讲第三十一届第二十七任威廉·塔夫特(1909~1913)就职演讲第三十二届第二十八任伍德罗·威尔逊(1913-1917)首次就职演讲第三十三届第二十八任伍德罗·威尔逊(1917~1921)第二次就职演讲第三十四届第二十九任华伦·哈丁(1921~1923)就职演讲第三十四届第三十任卡尔文-柯立芝(1923~1925)就职演讲第三十五届第三十任卡尔文-柯立芝(1925-1929)就职演讲第三十六届第三十一任赫伯特·胡佛(1929~1933)就职演讲第三十七届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1933~1937)首次就职演讲第三十八届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1937~1941)第二次就职演讲第三十九届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1941~1945)第三次就职演讲第四十届第三十二任富兰克林·罗斯福(1945)第四次就职演讲第四十届第三十三任哈里·杜鲁门(1945~1949)首次就职演讲(暂无演讲词)第四十一届第三十三任哈里·杜鲁门(1949~1953)第二次就职演讲第四十二届第三十四任德怀特·艾森豪威尔威尔(1953-1957)首次就职演讲第四十三届第三十四任德怀特·艾森豪威尔威尔(1957~1961)第二次就职演讲第四十四届第三十五任约翰·肯尼迪(1961~1963)就职演讲第四十四届第三十六任林顿·约翰逊(1963~1965)首次就职演讲(无演讲词)第四十五届第三十六任林顿·约翰逊(1965~1969)第二次就职演讲第四十六届第三十七任理查德德·尼克松(1969~1973)首次就职演讲第四十七届第三十七任理查德德·尼克松(1973~1974)第二次就职演讲第四十七届第三十八任杰拉德·鲁道夫·福特(1974~1977)就职演讲第四十八届第三十九任杰米·卡特(1977~1981)就职演讲第四十九届第四十任罗纳德·里根(1981-1985)首次就职演讲第五十届第四十任罗纳德·里根(1985-1989)第二次就职演讲第五十一届第四十一任乔治·布什(1989~1993)就职演讲第五十二届第四十二任比尔·克林顿(1993~1997)首次就职演讲第五十三届第四十二任比尔·克林顿(1997-2001)第二次就职演讲第五十四届第四十三任乔治·沃克·布什(2001~2005)首次就职演讲第五十五届第四十三任乔治·沃克·布什(2005~2009)第二次就职演讲第五十六届第四十四任巴拉克·奥巴马(2008~2013)首次就职演讲第五十七届第四十四任巴拉克·奥巴马(2013~2017)第二次就职演讲(注:以下所谓届、任——届:根据美国宪法,总统选举每四年举行一次,总统任期四年,任满四年为一届。
杰斐逊第一次就职演说
杰斐逊第一次就职演说篇一:1801年美国总统托马斯·杰斐逊第一次就职演说朋友们,同胞们:我听从召唤出任我国最高行政职务,谨向在此集会的我国部分同胞当面表达我的由衷谢意,感谢同胞们所一直欣悦地寄语我的厚爱和期望。
我还要诚恳地奉告各位,我业已意识到这项任务非我的才干所能胜任,责任的重大和能力的欠缺,使我在赴任之时心中自然产生了焦虑和敬畏交织的感受。
我国时一个新兴的国家,地域辽阔,土地肥沃:各行各业的产品十分丰富,而且行销世界各地,与那些自视强大和不顾他人权利的国家开展商业贸易;它正向着肉眼凡胎无法想见的命运迅猛前进。
每当我想到这些超凡卓越的事情,看到我们这个可爱的国家从今天的局面和吉兆中所显示的荣誉、幸福和种种希望,我就不由得收住自己的思绪,并且因为面对如此宏伟的事业而自惭形秽。
的确,倘若不是今天在场的许多人使我意识到,我可以从宪法所设立的其他几个最高政府部门找到智慧、美德和热情的源泉,帮助我渡过一切难关,我真会彻底丧失信心。
因此,从你们这些负责行使立法主权的先生们以及各位共事者那里,我充满勇气地期待能得到指导和支持,从而使我们能够把稳我们共同乘坐的这艘航船的舵柄,安然行使在这个冲突四起、扰攘不宁的世界。
在最近这次观点的交锋中,我们大家都热烈讨论和积极奔走,这种局面不免使那些不习惯于自由思考和自由表达、写出自己想法的人感到很不自在;但现在这已由全国人民作出了决断,并且根据宪法的规定公诸于众,相信大家都会按照法律的意志对自己作出安排,为了我们共同的利益而团结一致和协同奋斗。
同样,大家也会在心中牢记一条神圣的原则:虽然多数人的意志在一切情况下都应占据主导地位,但这种意志既要正当就必须首先合理;少数派也应拥有平等的权利,公平的法律必须如此加以保护,如若侵犯即是压迫。
那么,同胞们,就让我们同心同德地团结起来吧!让我们在社会交往中恢复和睦和友情,如没有和睦和友情,自由乃至生活本身就都成了毫无易趣的东西。
1789年4月30日
1789年4月30日,乔治·华盛顿总统:在室外露天举行总统就职宣誓;他的誓言之一“上帝,请神协助我”,后来成为历届总统宣誓就职的惯例;宣誓完毕后亲吻《圣经》,也为后来的总统开创了先例;因为公共事务繁忙,就职舞会推迟到5月7日举行,总统夫人玛撒没有前往纽约参加。
1793年3月4日,乔治·华盛顿总统:发表了最简短的总统就职演说(135个字)。
1797年3月4日,约翰·亚当斯总统:第一位由总检察长带领宣誓的美国总统(总检察长名叫奥尼佛·埃斯沃斯)。
1801年3月4日,托马斯·杰斐逊总统:开创了向国会写信接受就职典礼并对典礼时间作出安排的先例;第一位可能也是最后一位走着去参加就职典礼的总统;第一位在华盛顿国会大厦举行就职典礼的美国总统;总统就职演说第一次在报纸特刊上刊载。
1809年3月4日,詹姆士·麦迪逊总统:第一次在就职典礼当日举行庆祝舞会;创立了由美国海军军乐队为就职舞会奏乐的惯例。
1817年3月4日,詹姆士·门罗总统:第一位在华盛顿户外举行露天宣誓的美国总统。
1824年3月4日,约翰·昆西·亚当斯总统:是第二任总统约翰·亚当斯之子。
1829年3月4日,安德鲁·杰克逊总统:第一位在国会大厦东门廊举行就职宣誓的美国总统。
1837年3月4日,马丁·范布伦总统:离任及接任总统(杰克逊与范布伦)第一次乘同一辆马车前往国会大厦参加就职庆典;庆典游行上第一次出现花车;第一次举行两场庆祝舞会。
1841年3月4日,威廉·亨利·哈里森总统:发表了美国历史上最长的就职演说(10000字);打破了美国的惯例,哈里森先发表就职演说,然后宣誓,然后又接着发表就职演说;第一次由官方规划在国会大厦举行庆典游行,游行及就职庆典规划委员会由获胜政党在当地的政治组织组成。
1841年4月6日,约翰·泰勒总统:第一位因现任总统死亡而入主白宫的美国总统。
美国历届总统顺序表
美国历届总统顺序表美国是世界上最强大的国家之一,其历届总统的影响力无疑是巨大的。
以下是美国历届总统顺序表,让我们一起来回顾一下美国历史上的总统们。
1、乔治·华盛顿(George Washington,1789-1797年):美国历史上第一位总统,出生于弗吉尼亚州的普朗克特。
作为美国革命的志士,在美国独立战争中担任过重要角色。
他的领导力和战略眼光塑造了美国的国家形象。
同时,他创设了美国历史上第一个内阁,开辟了美国政治发展的新时代。
2、约翰·亚当斯(John Adams,1797-1801年):在华盛顿卸任后,亚当斯成为美国的第二位总统。
在他的领导下,美国通过法案,加强了联邦政府的权力。
此外,他还签署了《阿里奥托条约》,该条约标志着美国与阿拉巴马部落(Algiers)之间的和平。
3、托马斯·杰斐逊(Thomas Jefferson,1801-1809年):作为美国独立宣言的主要起草人之一,托马斯·杰斐逊成为了美国第三任总统。
在他的任期内,美国向西扩张,购买了路易斯安那领地,同时作者还成立了美国海军学校。
4、詹姆斯·麦迪逊(James Madison,1809-1817年):麦迪逊是美国第四任总统,他主持了美国对英国的战争,这场战争通常被称为“1812年战争”。
在他领导下,美国解决了与英国的若干争端,包括阿拉巴马案件和康威雕像争端。
5、詹姆斯·门罗(James Monroe,1817-1825年):作为美国的第五任总统,门罗发表过一篇被称为“门罗主义”的重要重要声明,宣告了美国领导下的西半球区域为美洲国家的独立地域。
该声明对美国的国际影响有着深远的影响。
6、约翰·昆西·亚当斯(John Quincy Adams,1825-1829年):在美国历史上,约翰·昆西·亚当斯是唯一一位响应来自国会的投票获选总统的人。
#036 - 托马斯.杰斐逊(之一:就职演说)
THE MAKING OF A NATION #36- 托马斯.杰斐逊(之一:就职演说)一八○一年三月四日,美国第三任总统托马斯.杰斐逊步行去国会山参加就职仪式。
当杰斐逊走向国会大楼时,礼炮轰鸣,全体参、众议员起立迎候直至杰斐逊就坐。
片刻之后,新总统起身宣读他的就职演说,下面就是他的演说内容:朋友们、同胞们:我被征召到这个国家的行政长官职位。
我必须告诉你们我是多么的荣耀和感谢!但我也必须告诉你们我的担心。
是的,我必须告诉你们对于任何人而言,国家总统这一职责太大了。
然而,我告诉自己我并不孤单。
当我看见大家的面孔,我懂得了那些宪法起草者们的睿智。
因为我知道,在你们这些我们政府的国会议员和司法官员中间,我将找到我所需要的力量、忠诚和勇气。
我们已度过了两党激烈纷争的一年。
我们已向世界召示在美国什么都可以说,什么都可以写,思想自由。
争论已经结束了,人民已做出了选择,现在是我们大家为所有人的利益而团结的时候了。
人民中的大多数赢得了竞争,但我们不会忘记少数人的利益。
诚然,多数人必须统治国家,但是多数人的统治必须是公正的。
少数人的权利与多数人的权利是平等的,而且必须以相同的法律予以保障。
让我们心灵与思想相连,让我们相互和平友爱,因为没有和平与友爱自由与生活都是可悲的事情。
让我们牢记如果没有政治自由,如果与大多数人意见不一就要被惩罚,那美国的宗教自由就是空话一句。
几百年来,在欧洲人们以自由的名义杀戮和被杀,这一点不足为怪。
然而,在这——在我们和平的土地上,所有上述做法都不会得到人们的认同,但不忘公共利益而拥有不同思想是可能的。
我们都是共和党人,我们都是联邦党人。
我们大多数热爱国家,我们大多数希望它壮大。
在我们中可能会有人想终止各州的联盟或者想终止共和党统治。
那好吧,让这些人自由地讲出来吧,不要有任何顾虑。
他们是错的,但美国已足够强大能让他们说出想说的话。
当人们能够自由思考和言论自由时,对美国来说不是一种危险,因为那些与其观点不一的人也有权利自由思考和言论。
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因此,让我们以勇气和信心,迫求我们自己的联邦与共和原则,拥戴联邦与代议制政府。我们受惠于大自然和大洋的阻隔,幸免于地球上四分之一地区发生的那场毁灭性浩动;
我们品格高尚,不能容忍他人的堕落; 们天赐良邦,其幅员足以容纳子孙万代;我们充分认识到在发挥个人才干、以勤劳换取收入、受到同胞的尊敬与信赖上,大家享有平等的权利,但这种尊敬和信赖不是出于门第,而是出于我们的行为和同胞的评判;我们受到仁慈的宗教的启迪,尽管教派不同,形式各异,但它们都教人以正直、忠诚、节制、恩义和仁爱;我们承认和崇拜全能的上帝,而天意表明,他乐于使这里的人们得到幸福,今后还将得到更多的幸福——我们有了这些福祉,还需要什么才能够使我们成为快乐而兴旺的民族呢?公民们,我们还需要一件,那就是贤明而节俭的政府,它会制止人们相互伤害,使他们自由地管理自己的实业和进步活动,它不会侵夺人们的劳动果实。这就是良好政府的集粹,这也是我们达到幸福圆满之必需。
托马斯?杰斐逊
第二次就职演讲
华盛顿
星期三,1801年3月4日
同心同德地团结起来
朋友们、同胞们:
我应召担任国家的最高行政长官,值此诸位同胞集会之时,我衷心感谢大家寄予我的厚爱,诚挚地说,我意识到这项任务非我能力所及,其责任之重大,本人能力之浅簿,自然使我就任时忧惧交加。一个沃野千里的新兴国家,带着丰富的工业产品跨海渡洋,同那些自恃强权、不顾公理的国家进行贸易,向着世人无法预见的天命疾奔——当我思考这些重大的目标,当我想到这个可爱的国家,其荣誉、幸福和希望都系于这个问题和今天的盛典,我就不敢再想下去,并面对这宏图大业自惭德薄能鲜。确实,若不是在这里见到许多先生们在场,使我想起无论遇到什么困难,都可以向宪法规定的另一高级机构寻找智慧、美德和热忱的源泉,我一定会完全心灰意懒。因此,负有神圣的立法职责的先生们和各位有关人士,我鼓起勇气期望你们给予指引和支持,使我们能够在乱世纷争中同舟共济,安然航行。
公民们,我即将履行职责,这些职责包括你们所珍爱的一切,因此,你们应当了解我所认为的政府基本原则是什么,确定其行政依据的原则又是什么。我将尽量扼要地加以叙述,只讲一般原则,不讲其种种限制。实行人人平等和真正的公平,而不论其宗教或政治上的地位或派别;同所有国家和平相处、商务往来、真诚友好,而下与任何国家结盟,维护备州政府的一切权利,将它们作为我国最有权能的内政机构,和抵御反共和趋势的最可靠屏障;维持全国政府在宪制上的全部活力,将其作为国内安定和国际安全的最后依靠;忠实地维护人民的选举仅——将它作为一种温和而稳妥的矫正手段,对革命留下的、尚无和平补救办法的种种弊端予以矫正;绝对同意多数人的决定,因为这是共和制的主要原则,反之,不诉诸舆论而诉诸武力乃是专制的主要原则和直接根源;建立一支训练有来的民兵,作为平时和战争初期的最好依靠,直到正规军来接替;实行文职权高于军职权;节约政府开支,减轻劳工负担;诚实地偿还债务,庄严地维护政府信誉;鼓励农业,辅之以商业;传播信息,以公众理智力准绳补偏救弊;实行宗教自由;实行出版自由和人身自由,根据人身保护法和公正选出陪审团进行审判来保证人身自由。这些原则构成了明亮的星座,它在我们的前方照闸,指引我们经历了革命和改革时朗,先皙的智慧和英雄的鲜血都曾为实现这些原则作出过奉献,这些原则应当是我们的政治信条,公民教育的课本,检验我们所信曹的人的工作的试金石,如果我们因一时错误或惊恐而背日这些原则,那就让我们赶紧回头,重返这唯一通向和平、自由和安全的大道。
Wednesday, March 4, 1801
Friends and Fellow-Citizens:
Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious and awful presentiments which the greatness of the charge and the weakness of my powers so justly inspire. A rising nation, spread over a wide and fruitful land, traversing all the seas with the rich productions of their industry, engaged in commerce with nations who feel power and forget right, advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of mortal eyewhen I contemplate these transcendent objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the hopes of this beloved country committed to the issue, and the auspices of this day, I shrink from the contemplation, and humble myself before the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly, indeed, should I despair did not the presence of many whom I here see remind me that in the other high authorities provided by our Constitution I shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue, and of zeal on which to rely under all difficulties. To you, then, gentlemen, who are charged with the sovereign functions of legislation, and to those associated with you, I look with encouragement for that guidance and support which may enable us to steer with safety the vessel in which we are all embarked amidst the conflicting elements of a troubled world.
During the contest of opinion through which we have passed the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect which might impose on strangers unused to think freely and to speak and to write what they think; but this being now decided by the voice of the nation, announced according to the rules of the Constitution, all will, of course, arrange themselves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression. Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. During the throes and convulsions of the ancient world, during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, seeking through blood and slaughter his long-lost liberty, it was not wonderful that the agitation of the billows should reach even this distant and peaceful shore; that this should be more felt and feared by some and less by others, and should divide opinions as to measures of safety. But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government can not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough; but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet invasions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes it is said that man can not be trusted with the government of himself. Can he, then, be trusted with the government of others? Or have we found angels in the forms of kings to govern him? Let history answer this question.