河北大学2005博士统考英语真题

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2005年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2005年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: Congratulations! I understand you will be admitted to Peking University. When are you leaving for Beijing?M: You must be thinking of someone else. I’m still waiting to hear.Q: What does the man mean?1．A．He was waiting in the wrong place.B．He won’t have to wait any longer.C．The woman was mistaken.D．The woman should ask somebody else for help.正确答案：C解析：通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。

听力原文：M: Hello, this is Jason Smith. I’m calling to see if my urine test results are in.W: Doctor White just sent them to the lab this morning. So the earliest data will be back in tomorrow’s afternoon.Q: What does the woman mean?2．A．The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B．The results might be ready tomorrow morning.C．The results will be ready this afternoon.D．The results were back this morning.正确答案：A解析：男士想知道自己的尿检结果，女士告诉他数据最早出来的时间是tomorrow’s afternoon。

05年10月考博英语A卷

05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。

河北大学博士统考英语真题

河北大学2005年博士入学考试题二、Structure and Vocabulary （20points）Direction：In each question decide which of the four choices given below will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. 1.When workers are organized in trade unions，employers find it hard lay them______A. OffB. asideC. outD. down2. A man who could ____such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strengthA.bear uponB. insist onC. stand up toD. persist in3. If this method doesn’t ___, we shall have to think of another way.A. come offB. come aboutC. come outD. come on4.The____ of a chemical compound when brought into contact with another gives us clues to its composition.A .deed B. behavior C. characteristics D. correspondence5. The chairman of the committee was delighted by the almost full __of its members at the conference.A. dependenceB. absenceC. attendanceD. enrollment6. The police are supposed to protect the people and their properties, ___evil conducts, guide traffic and so on.A. suppressB. depressC. frustrateD. condemn7. John was proved innocent, for it was just a (n) _____to have found him on the murder spot.A. coincidenceB. accidentC. occasionD. incident8. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____will down the economy.A. knockB. dragC. settleD. put9.It would have taken hours to work the sum out, so I____ my pocket calculatorA.turned overB. turned toC. turned inD. turned out10.The founding of the United Nations ____people’s longing for peace.A.declaredB. announcedC. manifestedD. implied11.The plan was ____when it was discovered just know much the scheme would cost.A.releasedB. desertC. resignedD. abandoned12.Now and then I saw the captain _____the horizon for approaching ships.A.scanningB. scrutinizingC. exploringD. sweeping13.Some economical people take food tins with them and carry the ____of the dinner home after a meal in a restaurant.A.remainsB. remainderC. left-overD. rest14.These classical literary works are ______of his originality as a writer.A.exemptionB. exemplificationC. examinationD. execution15. The neighbors do not consider him quite _____as most evenings he awakes them with his drunken singing.A.respectfulB. respectedC. respectableD. respective16. “They had a quarrel with my brother yesterday” “____come?”A.What B. How C. Why D. Where17. We resumed our work after the break with _____energy.A. relievedB. refinedC. renewedD. reinforced18.The shop lifter ran into the crow and _____from the sight of policemen.A. vanishedB. escapedC. meltedD. periledst year, the West European States had a _____to talk about the political union.A. conventionB. congressC. assemblyD. conference20.There exists in the United States at this time a powerful group of persons who are specializing in ____of crime on an organized scale.A. questB. thirstC. hunterD. excess三、Reading Comprehension (15points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is ofsome 7-8 hours’ sleep alternately with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The case. For example ,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from fives days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping. during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shift are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week. 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spend neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal(夜间发生的) wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a night incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.21.Why is the question” no mere academic one?”A. Because Bonjer’s findings are different from Brown’s.B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C. Because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change theirsleeping habits.22.According to the passage , the main problem about night workis that_____.A.people hate the inconvenience of working on night shiftsB.your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routinesand backC.not all industries work at the same hoursD.it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers23.According to the passage, the best solution to the problemseems to be_____.A.not to change shifts from one week to the nextB.to make periods on each shifts longerC.to employ people who will always work at nightD.to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly24.In Paragraph2.”the third” means_____.A. the third weekB. the third shiftC. a third of the timeD. the third routine25.In the last sentence of Pragraph2, “another” means_____.A. another routineB. another shiftC. another weekD. another personPassage TwoMan has become master of the earth’s surface. He is constantlyprobing into the earth’s depths and into the atmosphere’s upper reaches. Yet it is doubtful whether man, with all of its intelligence and forcefulness, hold his planetary seat with greater assurance than avast tribe of small, many legged animals that pass their lives at his feet–spiders.Spiders are among the marvels of science. They dwell at higheraltitudes than any other creature of their size or larger. On themountain sides of Mount Everest, at an altitude of twenty-twothousand feet ----five hundred feet above the vegetation line-lives aspecies of black spider only a quarter of an inch long. This is anincredible environment for creatures so delicately constructed. Toprotect themselves from the cold of night, they take shelter inopenings where the twenty-four-hour variation in temperature is onlytwelve degrees, as against forty-four on the outside.Spiders inhabit other unlikely places-rabbit burrows, flowers, anthills, and the deserted nests of eagles. They have been found soaring through the air five miles above the earth. One species has been discovered in an African cavern more than two thousand feet underground.26.The author thinks that spiders.A.rival man as master of the earthB.are as firmly established on the earth than manC.are more forceful than manD.are more firmly established on the earth than man27.The writer is amazed by the black spider’s______.A.delicate constructionB.ability to live in such varied environmentsC.unusual intelligenceD.ability to withstand extreme cold28.Spiders “hold their planetary seat with assurance” because they are_____.A.more numerous than any other speciesB.able to adapt to hostile environmentsC.master of the earth’s surfaceD.all of the above29.The species of black spiders discovered on Mount Hverest is_____.A.the smallest species of spidersB.the highest-altitude dweller among creatures of that size or largerC.the only creatures that lives at that altitudeD.capable of surviving in any environment30.From this passage, we may conclude that_____’A.spiders have adapted to many unlikely environmentsB.on the whole spiders are delicate creaturesC.a species of black spiders can live anywhereD.spiders are the greatest marvel of natural sciencePassage ThreeDuring the past few years, scientists the world over havesuddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they oncespent their lives avoiding-writing and kind of writing, but particularlyletter writing. Encourage by electronic mail’s surprising high speed, convenience and economy, people who never before touched thestuff are regularly, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared date, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Anyone with a personal computer, a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five millionscientists have done so with more joining every day, most of them communicating though a bundle of interconnected domestic andforeign routes known collectively as the Internet, or net.E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnightmail and of course, land mail, It shrinks time and distance betweenscientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous(异步的)(writers can type while their colleagues acrosstime zones sleep; their message will be waiting). If it is yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication.Jeremy Bernstein. The physicist and science writer, once called E-mail the physicist’s virtues. Physicist are using it; college students areusing it, everybody is using it, and as a sign that it has come of age, theNew Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon- an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard, saying happily, “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”31.The reason given below about the popularity of E-mail can befound in the passage except_______.A. direct and reliableB. time-saving in deliveryC. money-savingD. available at any time32.How is the Internet or net explained in the passage?A.Electronic routes used to read home and international journals.B.Electronic routes used to fax or correspond overnight.C.Electronic routes waiting for correspondence while one issleeping.D.Electronic routines connected among millions of users, home and abroad.33.What does the sentence “If is it not yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication” most probably mean?A.The quick speed of correspondence may have ill-effects on discoveries.B.Although it does not speed up correspondence, it helps make discoveries.C.It quickens mutual communication even if it does not accelerate discoveries.D.It shrinks time for communication and accelerates discoveries.34.What does the sentence “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog,” imply in the last paragraph?A.Even dogs are interested in the computer.B.E-mail has become very popular.C.Dogs are liberated from their usual duties.D.E-mail deprives dogs of their owners’ love.35.What will happen to fax, land mail, overnight mail, etc. according to the writer?A.Their functions cannot be replaced by E-mail.B.They will co-exist with E-mail for a long time.C.Less and less people will use them.D.They will play a supplementary function to E-mail.四、Translate the following passage into Chinese (10 points)The clusters of graceful palms, reflected deep in the placid expanse of the backwater, were silhouetted inky black against the sunset sky, aflame with clouds that were the color of gold and fire, and blood.A slow breeze caused gentle ripples in the otherwise mirror like perfection of the island sea. The distant melodies of a fisherman’s flute—now a clear, shrill bird-like note, now a mere whisper—seemed to enhance, rather than shatter, the all-pervading stillness.五、Writing（15 points）Direction：For this part, you are asked to write a composition on thetopic How to Keep Balance between Economic Development and Environmental Protection You should write at least 200 words.How to Keep Balance between Economic Development andEnvironmental Protection。

2005年真题及参考答案

2005年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试Paper OnePartⅠ Dialogue Communication (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A Dialogue Completion1.A: Why don‟t you have dinner with me tonight?B:A.Because I have an appointment.B.Sorry about that, but I have to go to a party.C.The reason is that I have to work overtime tonight.D.I‟d love to, but I have to finish my paper.2.A: I‟m afraid I have spilled some coffee on the tablecloth.B:A. Oh, don‟t worry about that.B. You needn‟t apologize.C. I feel sorry for that.D. Oh, you shouldn‟t have done that.3. A: You seem to have a lot of work to do in your office. You‟ve always been working overtime. B:A. You are right, but don‟t you know the meaning of work?B. Sorry, I don‟t think so. I get overpaid for overwork, you know.C. That‟s right. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.D. That‟s right, but the work is interesting. I don‟t mind some extra hours at all.4. A: George, I would like to introduce a friend of mine, if I may: Albert Snow. Albert, this is George Smith. B:A. How have you been?B. Pleased to meet you, George.C. Mind if call you George?D. The pleasure‟s mine.5. A: Excuse me. I don‟t want to interrupt you…B:A. No, no. It‟s quite all right.B. Well, never mind.C. It won‟t bother me.D. Of course not.Section B Dialogue Comprehension6. Man: I saw John yesterday. You know what? He was driving a luxurious car.Woman: He rented it. He often makes believe that he is a millionaire.Question: What does the woman mean?A. Everyone believes that John is a millionaire.B. John dreams of becoming a millionaire.C. John dreams of having a luxurious car.D. John pretends to be a millionaire.7. Woman: I can hardly go on. The work is so tough.Man: Don‟t lose heart. I‟ll back you up all the time.Question: What does the man mean?A. He will help the woman with her work.B. He will support the woman.C. He will do the work for the woman.D. He will encourage the woman.8. Man: I didn‟t know you got a promotion. Why didn‟t you tell me earlier so that we could have celebrated it? Woman: I guess it slipped my mind. My mind was lost to other things because of work.Question: What does the woman mean?A. She felt lost with her work.B. She had a poor memory.C. She forgot to tell him.D. She had to go to work.9. Man: The new Chevy Chase film was terrific!Woman: Oh, come off it, Al. Chevy Chase is a great comedian, but he sure didn‟t show it in that movie. Question: What does the woman think of the movie?A. It‟s great comedy.B. It‟s typical Chevy Chase film.10. Woman: You haven‟t said a word about my dress, Dave. Don‟t you like it?Man: I‟m sorry I didn‟t say anything about it sooner. I don‟t think I‟ve seen anything like is before.Question: What does the man probably think of the dress?A. It is in fashion.B. It surely is unique.C. It is a bit old-fashioned.D. It surely suits her.Part Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A11.Should English classes be compulsory at the elementary or primary school level in countrieswhere it is not the native language?A. requiredB. necessaryC. selectedD. permanent讲义3．Next semester, Susan must take three compulsory courses.A. formalB. voluntaryC. practicalD. required12.In the end, both attacks and defenses of the free market and conventional economics haveimmense philosophical implications.A. traditionalB. novelC. capital-centeredD. consumption-centered 讲义9. Tiny atomic electric batteries have certain advantages over the ______ storage batteries.A. universalB. inclusiveC. indefinite22. The girl of ten has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.A. regularB. specificC. extraordinary13.Applicant will be asked to provide information on how they will disseminate information toother students at their university or college.A. discloseB. deliverC. spreadD. analyze14.In general, the British people belong to one of the more affluent countries of Europe and enjoy ahigh standard of living compared to the rest of the world.A. plentifulB. powerfulC. friendlyD. wealthy15.To absorb a younger work force, many companies offered retirement plans as incentives forolder workers to retire and make way for the younger ones who earned lower salaries.A. rewardsB. opportunitiesC. motivesD. stimuli讲义2. The fun of playing the game was a greater incentive than the prize.A. motiveB. initiativeC. excitementD. entertainment16.Their business flourished at its new location a year later owing to their joint efforts and hardwork.A. prevailedB. failedC. boomedD. shrank讲义：11. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ______.A. thrivedB. swelledC. prospered17.The pressure on her from her family caused her to resort to the drastic measures.A. turn toB. keep toC. stick toD. lead to18.I shall never forget the look of intense anguish on the face of his parents when they heard thenews.A. stressB. dilemmaC. miseryD. surprise19.If minor disputes are left unsettled, tough ones will pile up sooner or later.A. accumulateB. vanishC. lingerD. emerge20.The police tried in vain to break up the protest crowds in front of the government building.A. unskillfullyB. violentlyC. ineffectivelyD. eventuallyyour department.A. satisfactionB. gratitude D. sincerity讲义：1. I' d like to take this opportunity to extend my heart-felt gratitude to the host.A. increaseB. prolongC. intensifyD. express22.The objective of this popular consultation is to determine, , the final political status of theregion, whether to remain part of the country as a special district, or to part from it.A. once upon a timeB. once and againC. all at onceD. once and for all从前一而再，屡次断然地, 坚决地23.The two countries will assign counter-drug officials to their respective embassies ona basis.A. fundamentalB. similarC. reciprocal 互惠的D. reasonable24.Tennessee‟s population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group ofcities the state.A. dominatesB. managesC. manipulatesD. controls25.We all know that in a situation like this a cool head is .A. called forB. called offC. called onD. called up讲义：9. A well-written composition ______ good choice of words and clear organization among other things.A. calls onB. calls forC. calls upD. calls off26.The destruction an earthquake causes depends on its and duration, or the amount ofshaking that occurs.A. altitudeB. magnitudeC. multitudeD. aptitude讲义：35. In my opinion, you can widen the ______ of these improvements through your active participation.A. dimensionB. volume D. scope27.The El Nino has affected the regional weather and temperature over much of the tropics,sub-tropics and some mid-latitude areas.A. externallyB. consistentlyC. insistentlyD. internally28.During all these years of absence he had a tender feeling for his mother and the family.A. enclosedB. huggedC. enrichedD. cherished29.The choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that willenable him or her to maximize utility.A. optimalB. optionalC. opticalD. optimistic30.Mrs. Smith tears when she heard her daughter had died in the road accident.A. broke inB. broke upC. broke throughD. broke intoPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 25 points)Passage OneIt was Friday, the day of the field trip on which Miss Joan would take her class to pick apples.Miss Joan enjoyed picking apples with her students. She smiled as she led her students to the bus that would take them to the Greenly Apple Orchard（果园）.The bus ride was bumpy and the kids were a little noisy, but still Miss Joan was smiling.The bus stopped in front of the Greenly Orchard Store and the class got off quickly and quietly. Miss Joan made sure everyone was there. “What a glorious,sunny, apple picking day,” Miss Joan announced with her grandest smile.Mr. Greenly was there to greet them. “Let see, there are eighteen children and two adults atMiss Joan held u p the brochure in her hand. “It says that the price is two dollars each,”she pointed ort. “That‟s what I collected from everyone.”“We‟ve had to raise the price,” Mr. Greenly stated.“You sent me this brochure after we made our reservation,” Miss Joan complained, “and it says two dollars!”“Miss Joan, if you look at the bottom of this brochure,” Mr. Greenly said, “you‟ll notice a very important statement.”Sure enough, in very tiny letters, it said, “Prices are subject to change without notice.”Miss Joan was determined to keep her good mood. She took a twenty dollars bill out of her own purse and handed it to Mr. Greenly with the forty dollars she had in an envelope.“Now children, do you all have your baskets?” Miss Joan called out. “Remember, you can pic k as many apples six apples each.”“I beg your pardon!”Miss Joan was not smiling now. “The brochure says,…ALL YOU CAN PICK‟!”Mr. Greenly pointed to the tiniest letters Miss Joan had ever almost seen. It also says, “Terms and conditions of group reservat ions are subject to change without notice.”Miss Joan‟s good mood was now history. She didn‟t want to set a bad example for her students, so she said in a calm and quiet voice, “We‟re going home, give me our money back, please.”31.How many dollars did Miss Joan hand to Mr. Greenly?A. 20.B. 40.C. 60.D. 1832.The phrase “subject to change without notice” suggests .A.Mr. Greenly could change the terms at will.B.the customers should read the brochure carefullyC.Mr. Greenly could determine what apples to be picked.D.the customers should be informed beforehand.33.The students could not pick as many apples as they would like because .A.they were children.B. there were not enough apples.C. they had made a group reservation.D. they would eat up too many apples.34.“Miss Joan‟s good mood was now history?”(the last paragraph) means .A.Miss Joan had been happy until that moment.B.Miss Joan was no longer interested in history.C.Miss Joan taught her students the history of the orchard.D.Miss Joan was good at concealing her feelings35.What can we learn about Miss Joan from the story?A. She did not read the brochure carefully.B. She made a reservation after seeing the brochure.C. She lost her temper in the end.D. She didn‟t know h ow to complain.Passage TwoBoth civilization and culture are fairly modern words, having come into prominent use during the 19th century by anthropologists(人类学家), historians, and literary figures. There has been a strong tendency to use them interchangeably as though they mean the same thing, but they are not the same.Although modern in their usage, the two words derived from ancient Latin. The word civilization is based on the Latin civis, of a city. Thus civilization, in its most essential meaning, isit would seem that certain insects, such as ants or bees, are also civilized. They live and work together in social groups. So do some microorganisms. But there is more to civilization, and that is what culture brings to it. So, civilization is inseparable from culture.The word culture is derived from the Latin verb colere, till the soil. But colere also has a wider range of meanings. It may, like civis, mean inhabiting a town or village. But most of its definitions suggest a process of starting and promoting growth and development. One may cultivate a garden; one may also cultivate one‟s interests, mind, and abilities. In its modern use the word culture refers to all the positive aspects and achievements of humanity that make mankind different from the rest of the animal world. Culture has grown out of creativity, a characteristic that seems to be unique to human beings.One of the basic and best-know features of civilization and culture is the presence of tools. But more important than their simple existence is that the tools are always being improved and enlarged upon, a result of creativity. It took thousands of years to get from the first wheel to the latest, most advanced model of automobile.It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and improvers that differentiates them from other animals. A monkey may use a stick to knock a banana from a tree, but that stick will never, through a monkey‟s clevernes s, be modified into a hook or a ladder. Monkeys have never devised a spoken language, written a book, composed a melody, built a house, or painted a portrait. To say that birds build nests and beavers(海狸)their dens is to miss the point. People once lived in caves, but their cleverness, imagination, and creativity led them to progress beyond caves to buildings.36. What does the author think of the words “civilization”and “culture”?A. They are identical.B. They are different concepts.C. They can often be used interchangeably.D. They are defined differently by different people.37. According to the author the word “civilization” originally refers to .A. people‟s way of life in citiesB. people‟s ability to live together in citiesC. a type of social organizationsD. an advanced level of social life38. The Latin verb colere originally means “”.A. live in a cityB. develop oneselfC. promote growthD. cultivate the land39. The author believes that creativity .A. is a unique feature of civilized beingsB. brings forth the improvement of toolsC. is the result of human developmentD. helps the advance of culture40. The author mentions monkeys in the last paragraph to show that .A. monkeys are the same as birdsB. people once lived in caves like monkeysC. monkeys can never develop into human beingsD. man is different from other animals such as monkeysPassage ThreeThe huge growth of global “ecotourism”industry is becoming an increasing concern for conservationists with mounting evidence that many wild species do not respond well to contact with human beings. Overexposure to tourists has been linked to stress, abnormal behaviour and adverse health effects in species such as polar bears, dolphins and gorillas(大猩猩)，says a report in New Scientist.While regulated ecotourism can help conservation efforts by encouraging people to manage endangered species and their habitats, many projects are poorly designed and unregulated, it says.environmentally friendly policies and operations.”While regulated ecotourism can help conservation efforts by encouraging people to manage endangered species and their habitats, “many projects are p oorly designed and hint they are based on environmentally friendly policies and operations.”Ecotourism is growing by 10 to 30 percent a year and an estimated 20 percent of tourists are thought to visit a conservation-based project. Philip Seddon, of the University of Otago in New Zealand, said that although most tourist projects conformed to basic guidelines on land use and not scaring wildlife, their full impact was rarely considered.“Transmission of disease to wildlife, or subtle changes to wildlife health through disturbance of daily routines or increased stress levels may translate to lowered survival and breeding,” he said. Research at the University of Auckland has shown that dolphins become restless and overactive when many tourist boats are present. When three or more boats are near, the dolphins rest for 0.5 percent of the time, compared with 68 percent when they are accompanied by a single boat. The findings are backed up by studies of dolphins in Britain. Researchers at the University of Manitoba in Canada have found that male polar bears easily disturbed by tourist vehicles, with a possible effect on their heart rate and metabolism(新陈代谢). That could reduce body fat levels and fitness, critical for survival.In Africa, gorillas have picked up parasites introduced to their habitat by tourists and mongooses(蠓)have caught lung diseases from human beings. Experts said that the answer to the problems was better regulation and supervision of ecotourism. The Galapagos Islands, where visitor numbers are strictly controlled, is a good model.41. Ecotourism is meant to .A. have tourists help in the conservation of wildlifeB. have wild species respond well to contact with humansC. make wild species reduce stress and abnormal behaviourD. make conservationists more concerned with wildlife42. According to New Scientist, many ecotourist projects .A. really encourage people to protect wildlife and its habitatB. strictly follow environmentally friendly policiesC. actually lack proper examination and official approvalD. seriously damage the habitats of endangered species43. What will happen to wildlife ul timately if the present “ecotourism” practice goes on?A. It will disturb their life.B. It will affect their health.C. It will increase their stress.D. It will threaten their survival.44. According to the passage, the growth in the global “ecotourism” industry .A. reflects an increasing concern for conservationB. arouses a growing concern for conservationC. coincides with a mounting concern for conservationD. originates from a grater concern for conservation45. According to the passage, a solution to the “ecotourism” problem is to .A. encourage people to manage endangered speciesB. reduce the exposure of wildlife to human beingsC. help wild animals increase their fitnessD. prevent wildlife from catching human diseasesComputers can beat chess champion Gary Kasparov at his game, count all the atoms in a nuclear explosion, and calculate complex figures in a fraction of a second, but they still fail at the slight differences in language translation. Artificial Intelligence computers have large amounts of memory, capable of storing huge translating dictionaries and extensive lists of grammar rules. Yet, today‟s best computer language translators have just a 60 percent accuracy rate. Scientist s are still unable to program the computer with human-like common sense reasoning power.Computer language translation is called Machine Translation, or MT. While not perfect, MT is surprisingly good. MT was designed to process dry, technical language that people find tedious to translate. Computers can translate basic phrases, such as “You foot bone‟s connected to your ankle bone, your ankle bone‟s connected to your leg bone.” They can translate more difficult phrases, such as “Which witch is which?” Computers can also accurately translate “Wild thing, you make my heart sing!” into other languages because they can understand individual words, as long as the words are pre-programmed in their dictionary.But highly sensitive types of translating, such as important diplomatic conversations, are beyond the scope of computer translating programs. Human translators use intuitional meaning, not logic, to process words and phrases into other languages. A human can properly translate the phrase, “The pen is in the pe n(围养禽畜的圈),” because most humans know that it means that a writing instrument is in a small enclosed space. Many times, computers do not have the ability to determine in which way two identical words in one sentence are to be used.In addition to using massive rule-programmed machines, computer programmers are also trying to teach computers to learn how to think for themselves through the “experience” of translating. Even with these efforts, programmers admit that a “thinking” computer might not ever be invented in the future.46. Computers today are capable of .A. defeating the best chess player in the worldB. telling subtle differences between languagesC. translating over 60 percent of difficult textsD. doing human-like common sense reasoning47. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Computers can translate dry and difficult phrases.B. Computers can understand sensitive language.C. Computers can translate technical language.D. Computers can understand pre-programmed words.48. The major problem with computer translating programs is that computers .A. can not translate illogical sentencesB. do not have a large enough capacity of memoryC. can not understand grammatical rulesD. do not have intuition to process language49. To improve machine translation, computer programmers are trying to .A. use powerful rule-programmed computersB. teach computers to think by practiceC. have computers compile translating dictionariesD. add explanations of words in computer programs50. The passage suggests that .A. the accuracy rate of machine translation cannot be raisedB. it is impossible for computers to think as humans doC. only technical language is suitable for machine translationD. it is impossible to determine of identical wordsSeveral years ago during the dot-com passion, Manhattan lawyer John Kennedy sometimes wore a dark blue suit to meet potential Internet clients. But he soon realized that his conservative clothes were a strike against him before he even shook hands. So he began to do business in casual, open-shirt clothes.But now the tables have turned. Today Silicon Valley executives are the ones often coming out in suits. No wonder that Fortune 500 executives are dusting off their silk ties and pants.” I would say there is a trend now toward a little more business dress,” said Kennedy. “I find myself wearing suits more.”While there isn‟t a rush toward formal office wear, clothiers and executives say the workplace uniform is heading that way. In many offices, men are wearing jackets, ties and pants more frequently than a year age. Top women executives never went as casual as men, so the shift doesn‟t affect them as dramatically.“Business casual” took several years to catch on. It started with casual Fridays, evolved to casual summers, then became casual everyday. A return to the button-down look also will take time, observers say. Lehman Brothers is one of the few major firms that has officially returned to a formal dress policy, at least for offices that clients visit. Men were told to wear suits and ties and women to wear suits or dresses. The shift is due to a rethinking of work environments and more contacts with clients as the firm has grown.Observers mention many factors driving the trend. Internet companies helped lead the dress-down movement and other industries followed suit to attract workers. But with the collapse of many dot-coms, the relaxed look is becoming a style to avoid. Moreover, as the economy stumbles, more people are hunting for jobs or trying to keep the ones they have, and appearance counts.US President Bush wears a coat and tie in the White House office and expects his staff to dress “professionally,” which some say sets a tome for the nation.Chuck Wardell, managing director of a recruiting firm, believes a lot of employees like a stiffer uniform. “They‟re going to work. They don‟t want to feel like they‟re going to a picnic.”51.”Business casual” was prevalent several years ago because _____.A. the Manhattan law business grew very quicklyB. shaking hands with clients became popularC. the country was fighting the conservativesD. the Internet companies boomed then52. When the “bu siness ca sual” prevailed, _____.A. businessmen wore ties only in workplaceB. businessmen didn‟t wear ties at allC. businesswomen didn‟t wear formally in workplaceD. businesswomen still wore formally everywhere53. The Fortune 500 executives__________.A. set the trend toward more casual wearB. are particular about what they wearC. begin to wear suits more often than beforeD. are usually indifferent to fashion trend54. At the beginning of the “business casual” trend, business people wore casually___________.A. when meeting clientsB. on weekendsC. in summerD. almost every day55. It is implied in the passage that the change of business dress from the casual to the formalreflects_____.A. the changed of people‟s taste in fashionB. the ups and downs of the fashion industryC. the ups and downs of the Internet companiesD. people‟s different preference in business dressPart IV CloseThe United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 in the United States ---about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people ---is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 _ form 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002.This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts_ 63 that about the same proportion of today‟s young adults will eventually marry.The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25.The average age of men was about 27.Men and women in the United States marry for the first time at an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 ,young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 in U.S. history. Today‟s later age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent)during the 1950s than at any time before 68 .Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful life and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic 70 and war.56. A. rate B. ratio C. percentage D. poll57. A. potentially B. intentionally C. randomly D. substantially相当大的58. A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more59. A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D. A number60. A. declined B. deteriorated C. deduced D. demolished61. A. past B. passing C. throughout D. through62. A. period B. level C. point D. respect63. A. project B. plan C. promise D. propose64. A . unexpectedly B. irregularly C. flexibly D. consistently65. A. Besides B. However C. Whereas D. Nevertheless66. A. descendants B. ascendants C. population D. generation67. A. according to B. in line with C. based on D. caused by68. A. and after B. or after C. or since D. ever since69. A. refusal B. realization C. response D. reality70. A. repression B. aggression C. restriction D. depressionPart V Error Detection71. It is an accepted custom for guests to take their gifts to the wedding reception when the coupleinvited them to attend.72. Some international students use a cassette recorder to make tapes of their classes so that theycan repeat the lectures again.73. Despite of diligent efforts to promote domestic production during the war years, the ContinentalArmy had to rely primarily on captures and imports for much of its military hardware and even for clothing.74. In a sense, farmers began primitive genetic engineering at the dawn of agriculture, which theykept seeds from their best plants, gradually improving the quality of successive generations.。

05年英语考研真题阅读理解部分

2005年passage 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one。

Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking，you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too h uman”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys。

They look cute. They are good—natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily。

Above all, like their female human counterparts，they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males。

2005年12月研究生英语学位统考真题及答案

2005.12 研究生英语学位课统考真题Part II Vocabulary (10minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. The vast crowd bust into spontaneous cheering at the skillful play.A earnestB volcanicC heartyD automatic22. Not everyone in the intelligence community was convinced the document was genuine.A standardB validC neatD lucid23. They found substantial evidence that exposures to nerve gas was responsible for the veterans’ symptoms.A contactB betrayalC exhibitionD publication24 The majority of prospective adoptive parents use an adoption agency, while others consult adoption facilitators in the United States.A confidentB justifiedC sensibleD potential25. This patient must on no account be left unattended, even for one minute.A not repeatedlyB not in any circumstancesC without any reasonD with no explanation.26. Only a few Furgans remain alive today, a fading anthropological link with the first native Americans.A condescendingB amplifyingC prosperousD vanishing27. He was as deliberate in his speech as he was in his work, weighing his words momentously, even if they were only going to add up to a casual remark.A a wittyB an indifferentC an offendingD a humorous28. Embarrassed, he slung her over his shoulder and made a hasty exit.A turnB leapC speechD leave29. Eighty-five percent of people polled recently had not a clue what is meant by InfoTech, although 53% of those polled said they thought it sounded pretty important.A inspectedB registeredC votedD nominated30. It would be a way of preserving animals that are dying out because their habitat is being destroyed.A mateB prayC territoryD enemySection B (0.5point each)31. Mourinho is a young and ___coach who is prepared to lead his team to win the championship in his first season.A clumsyB humorousC ambitiousD intimate32. Just wait for one second, I am ____ready.A all butB all overC at allD at any moment33. If you can’t think of anywhere to go on Saturday, we ___as well stay home.A shouldB mightC canD need34. A nation that does not know history is ___ to repeat it.A discouragedB characterizedC linkedD fated35. They preferred a British Commonwealth or European arrangement, because this was substantially ____their British thinking.A in touch withB in line withC with relation toD with reference to36. The traffic accident that delayed our bus gave us a ___ reason for being late.A promptB vagueC irritableD legitimate37. The United States has 10 percent of the total petroleum _____of the world in its own territory, and has beena major producer for decades.A reservoirsB reservationsC reservesD reproductions38. This is the world’s first accurate ___ model of human heart in computer.A settingB laboringC showingD working39. In 2000 I visited Berkeley, where I began my long ___ with this world famous university.A interactionB nominationC reconstructionD association40. ___, ads for phony business opportunities appear in the classified pages of daily and weekly newspapers and magazines , and online.A SpeciallyB TypicallyC EspeciallyD CommonlyPart IIICloze Test ( 10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Earthquakes have never really affected Hong Kong, but this has not been the case on the mainland, where their effects through history have often been devastating, causing widespread destruction and loss of life.In ancient China, earthquakes were occasionally followed by riots and rebellions, so it was important for the emperor to find out about quakes in remote parts of the country as soon 41 occurred. This was 42 far from easy in an age before modern telecommunications.In the year 132 AD, however, the scientist and inventor, Zhang Heng, devised a forerunner of the modern seismograph ( an instrument used by scientists to detect earthquakes). 43 only could it detect a distant earthquake as it happened, but it could 44 in which direction the epicenter of the quake lay.The machine, was from metal, was almost two meters 445, and shaped like a vase. There were dragons’heads around the rim, each with a metal ball in its mouth. The ball were balanced 46 when the earth moved slightly, one of them would fall into the mouth of a metal toad at the base of the vase. 47 creating a loud noise to raise the alarm. The direction of the earthquake was indicated by 48 ball fell, and a special mechanism ensured that only one ball could fall.The device was viewed with considerable suspicion and doubt 49 especially since the first time it dropped a ball, no shock could be felt. But people changed their minds a few days later, when a messenger 50 news of an earthquake 700km away.41. A as it B if they C as they D that it42. A naturally B obvious C clear D hardly43. A But B Not C Yet D If44. A show besides B have to show C also indicate D also displaying45. A across B through C length D width46. A in order to B carefully if C delicately D so that47. A besides B thereby C resulting D furthermore48. A whichever B how C whenever D the49. A to begin B besides C initially D first50. A would bring B brought C carrying D had carriedPart IVReading Comprehension ( 45minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage 1In a new book published this month called Gray Dawn, Peter G. Peterson predicts that in less than 25 years, senior citizens will comprise more than 18 percent of the entire U.S. population ----the same proportion as in Florida today. Put another way, that means that early in the 21st century, there will be more grandparents than grandchildren. Peterson, a former secretary of Commerce under Nixon, is primarily concerned with what the aging of America---a product of both longer life spans and falling birthrates---means for Social Security and Medicare. But the social ramifications will be at least as profound as the economic ones. Will all those seniors shift the balance of political power? How will Hollywood executives, funeral directors and the auto industry change their products to meet the demands of a markedly older public? Because women tend to outlive men, will an older America also be significantly more female? In short, what will America be like when we all become a Senior Nation?Anyone who has visited West Palm Beach or Tucson knows part of the answer, lots of people driving very slowly in big cars on their way to early-bird dinners. But that’s only the most broad-brush observation. The political changes alone will be enough to bury all those stereotypes about the feeble elderly. Peterson estimates that by 2038, people 64 and older will make up 34 percent of the electorate-up from only 16 percent in 1966. you think Social Security is a sacred cow now? And the battle over entitlements may get uglier. The 65-plus population is about 85 percent white. The younger generations---the ones footing the seniors’ bills---are much more racially mixed. “What you’ve got is an overwhelmingly white generation with enormous influence, asking African-Americans, Hispanics and Asians to support them for decades,” says Ken Dychtwald, president of Age Wave, a consulting firm that focuses on the maturing marketplace. “The tension becomes not only generational but racial.”51. What is true of American population?A Florida’s population is 18% of the entire U.S. population.B American people will represent 18% of the world’s population.C American population will increase by 18% early in the next century.D Senior citizens will outnumber teenagers in less than 25 years in the U.S.52. According to Peterson, the aging of America is caused by ___A social security and medicareB shift in the balance of political powerC longer life spans and falling birthratesD social ramifications as well as economic ones53. Who is Peter G. Peterson?A a funeral director.B A Hollywood executiveC A secretary of CommerceD The author of G ray Daw n.54. Gray Dawn probably refers to the fact that ____A the younger generations are much more racially mixed.B the U.S will be significantly more female in the next century.C the stereotypes about the feeble elderly are being dispersed by political changes.D the U.S is entering a stage when they are more grandparents than grandchildren.55. What is the best title for the passage?A The U.S--- A Senior NationB The Senior Boom is ComingC A Book Called Gray DawnD Generational and Racial TensionPassage 2Weary after centuries of fighting the surging North Sea from gushing into this low-lying nation, the Netherlands is rethinking how to keep Dutch feet dry.The traditional method of stopping flood water has been to build dikes. But at the Second World Water Forum, a five-day conference that was to start today in The Hague, Dutch water experts were to explain that the best way to handle the water may be to let it in.In the Netherlands---half of which lies below sea level---the Ministry of Water Management has designated several low-lying regions as “calamity flood plains” that would be used in emergencies to divert floodwaters from populated areas, spokesman Hans Scholoten said.Referring to the fable of a Dutch boy named Hans Brinker who saved the nation from disaster by plugging a hole in the sea barrier, Undersecretary for Water Management Monique de Vries said: Hans Brinker will have to take his finer out of the dike and pull on his galoshes.”Although the country has built dikes and reclaimed land since the Middle Ages, repeated flooding of farmland in recent years and high maintenance costs have led to a rethinking about the old methods.“Sometimes it doesn’t make sense to ignore the processes of nature,”said Bert Blasé, spokesman for an association of regional water boards. “Flooding certain nature reserve areas every few years would be good for the environment.” Part of the plan involves widening river beds to allow larger volumes of water to flow to the sea. Although it is still unclear how much land could eventually be allocated to the project--- some inhabitants wouldhave to be relocated---large areas of the eastern Dutch province of Gelderland have been labeled as suitable.While flooding is a serious threat to the Dutch, global warming could expose many more in this country of 15 million to drought and water pollution if governments do not take drastic measures, conference organizers have warned.More than 3,5000 delegates from 150 countries will attend the conference, the follow-up to the first global water congress, which was held in Marrakech, Morocco, two years ago.With one-sixth of the world’s population lacking clean drinking water, forum organizers have called for annual global spending on water problems to be more than doubled from about $70 billion or $80 billion to $180 billion.In the closing stages of the conference, ministers from more than 100 countries will meet to discuss sustainable water for the world’s growing population and farmers who grows crops for mass consumption.56. What is the new idea the experts put forward to keep Dutch feet dry?A To build more powerful dams.B To let the sea water in the inside.C To ignore the process of natureD To flood certain nature reserves.57. Hans Brinker is known as a national hero____.A In Dutch history who succeeded in diverting floodwater from the populated areas.B who took his finger out of the dike and built a sea barrier.C who pulled his finger on his galoshes and saved the nation from being drowned.D a legend who saved the nation by stopping the sea flood in58. Which of the following is NOT included in the forth-coming Dutch project in saving the nation from possible sea floods?A To designate some low-lying regions as “calamity flood plains”.B To let the sea flood certain nature reserve areas every few years.C To broaden some river beds to allow more river water to flow to the sea.D To expose many more areas of the country to drought or flood.59. All the following are the topics to be discussed in the Second World Water Forum EXCEPT_____A how to diver floodwaters from the populated areas of Holland.B how to reduce water pollution and provide more healthy drinking water for the growing population.C how to help farmers to keep on the sustainable agriculture by watering their crops timely.D how to take measures to slow down the ever-accelerating global warming up tendency.60. The best way to paraphrase the sentence “Sometimes it doesn’t make sense to ignore the process of nature”is ____A Sometimes it’s no use ignoring the process of nature.B In some cases man can and must neglect the law of nature.C It would often be harmful for Man to go against the process of natureD Man must always follow the way of how things are going onPassage 3“Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4million units in 1985 to 10.6million in 1998,” according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC( echlorofluorocabon含氯氟烃)free, energy, efficient refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will beinvolved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed.“Market transformation,” Fridley explains, “is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient product.”“Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufacturers interested in developing CFC free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk,”Fridley says.In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. “It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s,”says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an advisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. “The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.”“The Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We are Berkeley Lab are graceful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants,” adds Levine.61. The main idea of this passage is about _____A the refrigerator production in China supported by UN and USA.B the energy-efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UN.C the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protection.D the tremendous increase of China’s refrigerator production.62. From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that ____A the America experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed at China’s refrigerator production.B the American researchers are particularly worried about China’s over-emission of CCFC into the air.C the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in China.D the American experts see China as the best place to increase their export of refrigerator technology.63. According to the Fridley, “Market transformation” means ____A giving a practical guide to the consumers’ needs as which products are better.B strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish right products from the fake ones.C producing high-quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protection.D trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively.64 The pronoun “it” in the sentence “It is not widely known in the United States” (paragraph 5) may refer to ____A an International Climate Protection Award.B the EPA, that is, the U.S Environmental Protection AgencyC The refrigerator project that won the award.D The mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies.65. Why is the Energy-Efficient Refrigerator Project of great significance to China’s further development?A Because the project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions.B Because the Chinese government is eager to improve its people’s living conditions.C Because the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrial pollution.D Because the Chinese government is eager to up-to-date the production of its electronic industry.Passage 4By the mid-nineteenth century, in addition to its natural resources, the United States had accumulated enough capital in the form of factories to productively employ a large amount of labor, or human resources. A nation that still consisted largely of independent farmers could not provide an adequate labor supply for heavy industrialization. But millions of new workers came to the United States from abroad.As we are all aware, not all these workers arrived voluntarily. Slaves were brought from Africa to the South; they were put to work on plantations to extract maximum harvests from the cotton fields. But in the North, the machines that turned that cotton into textiles were worked by massive waves of immigrants who came willingly from one part of Europe after another. This vastly expanded pool of labor allowed from large leaps in our national output.A nation can’t grow forever by finding more natural resources and attracting more workers; thus, a country’s extensive growth will eventually slow. But intensive growth gradually appears as better use is made of the labor force. In the United States, in the mid-nineteenth century many of the newly arrived immigrants were unskilled and illiterate, but the education policy of their new land meant that their children all received an education, and many were trained in a skill. If a society gives workers more knowledge, they will be able to use machines in a more complex way and to follow more complex instructions, yielding manufactured goods of greater value; this process is often known as investing in human capital. In the late twentieth century, our physical capital is so abundant and our natural resources so limited that we are beginning to appreciate the importance of improving our human resources if we are to continue to grow.66. This passage mainly discuss the national output in terms of ________A the labor forceB natural resourcesC factoriesD immigration67. We can infer from the passage (paragraph 2) that the South’s contribution to the growth of industry in the mid-nineteenth century was mainly ________A raw materialsB skilled laborC manufactured goodsD industrial sites68. The phrase “massive waves of immigrants” in line 9 of the passage means that ____A many immigrants came by ship.B immigrant families stayed together.C groups of immigrants came at different times.D groups of immigrants were greeted enthusiastically.69. From the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century?A It was producing large amounts of manufactured goods.B It was largely agricultural.C It was fully industrializedD It was low in natural resources70. We can infer from the passage that intensive growth of a nation’s economy requires ____A expansion of resourcesB better use of the labor forceC attracting unskilled laborD limiting the human resources.71.According to the passage, what is the end goal of an investment in human capital?A Providing more valuable manufactured goods.B Educating immigrant families.C Training in use of complex machines.D Developing literacy for all.72. We can infer from the passage (paragraph 3) that in the mid-nineteenth century the United States placed a high value to ___A European tradeB educationC agricultureD development of natural resources.Passage 5Economists have received the unfair reputation of being unable to agree on anything. The image of economists in disagreement is part of our folklore. An English commentator wrote: “If parliament were to ask six economists for an opinion, seven answers could come back---two no doubt from the volatile Mr. Keynes.” The London Times laments the “rise in skepticism about what economists can tell us,” and Business week complains about “the intellectual bankruptcy of economics profession.”The image of widespread disagreement among economists is overrated. The result of a survey of 100professional economists confirm that there is considerable agreement among economists about what can be done (positive economics), especially in a microeconomic context. However, there is more disagreement over what ought to be done . Questions of what ought to be done (Should we equalize the distribution of income? Should we increase defense spending?) require moral and political value judgments on which individuals naturally differ. Finally , disagreement among professional economists receives more publicity than other scientific professions, which contributes to the false image of economists in disaccord.While disagreements in other sciences are as strong or even stronger than in economics, these disagreements are less visible to the public eye. Theoretical physicists have disagreed about the physical nature of the universe since the foundations of physics, but this scientific controversy is understood by only a few theoretical physicists.It does not require much disagreement to bring disputes to the public’s attention. Everyone is interested in economic questions: Will inflation accelerate? Will I lose my job? Why is the price of gasoline rising so fast? Why are home mortgages so hard to come by? Economists do disagree, particularly on some big macroeconomic issues. But often what the public perceives as disagreements over positive economics are really disagreements over what ought to be. In general, there is more agreement than disagreement among economists.73. According to the passage, the commentator mentions Mr. Keynes as noted for his ____A good senseB inconsistency of opinionsC predictabilityD greediness74. According to the passage, positive economics is ____A an attempt to convince disgruntled economistsB statements in microeconomics about what is possible.C financial statements showing againD results of economic surveys75. The author believes that disagreement between economists is all of the following EXCEPT _____A naturalB exaggeratedC publicizedD nonexistent76. According to the passage, which of the following statements describes disagreements between theoretical physicists?A They are fairly recent situations.B They are not easily understood by non-physicists.C The public follows them intently.D They are not worthy of publication.77. The phrase “hard to come by” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ____A badly advertisedB difficult to obtainC far awayD plentiful78. It can be inferred from the passage that economists find macroeconomic issues ___A more controversial than microeconomic issues.B easier to understand than positive economicsC similar to issues in theoretical physicsD not concerned with reality.79. The purpose of the author in this passage is to ___A point out a misconceptionB support a generalizationC elaborate on a mythD compare two views80. The author’s attitude toward economists in this passage is ____A sympatheticB criticalC indifferentD skepticalPaper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)The wise man knows the place of these things in the scheme of life as a whole. He knows that money and possessions are means, not ends. He knows the difference between pleasures of the moment and enduring satisfactions, between being great and being famous, between reverence and superstition, between solidity and show in literature, art and life. He knows that in the human lot some evils are unavoidable, that loss and disease and old age are bound to come; and he has made his peace with their coming.Section B ( 15minutes, 10 points)没有盼头的日子是苍白而且不可想象的人得天天有点什么盼头，生活才不至于暗淡．有了盼头，会觉得太阳每天都是新的．土地去掉水分，就成了沙漠；人没了盼，还剩什么？小盼头支撑人的一天，大盼头支撑人的一生．Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of “Man’s Best Friend Is A Dog.” Your composition should be based on the following outline:1.Dogs play an important part in many people’s lives2.There are some unpleasant aspects of dogs in society.答案：21—30：A C B A D C A B C D 31—40：B D A C A C D C B A41—50：B D C A C B A D B D 51—60：A D B C D C B A B D61—70：A D B A C D C D C D 71—80：C A A C A D C B C C五、英译汉聪明的人懂得整个人生布局中的一切事物各归其位。

河北大学博士

010100 哲学(4)
002 马列主义教学研究 030505 思想政治教育(5) 部(5 李赶顺(1) 020105 世界经济(7) 02 世界经济理论李惠茹（备注：往届考生需要以第一 (4) 作者身份发表经济管理类论顾六宝(1) 文 3 篇，其中核心 1 篇）王金营(1) 03 中外金融制度康书生(1) 与政策比较(1) 鲍静海 04 中外财政制度孙健夫(1) 与政策比较(1) 01 西方教育史（现当代美国教傅松涛(1) 育史）(1) 004 教育学院(4) 040103 教育史(4) 02 西方教育史 (1) 03 日本教育史 (2) 郭健(1)
①1001 英语②2009 新闻传播综合③3022 新闻史论 ①1001 英语②2009 新闻传播综合③3023 新闻传播业务 ①1001 英语②2009 新闻传播综合③3024 编辑出版 ①1001 英语②2009 新闻传播综合③3025 文化传播 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2010 中国古代史 ③3026 宋辽金史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2010 中国古代史 ③3026 宋辽金史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2010 中国古代史 ③3026 宋辽金史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2010 中国古代史 ③3027 中国古代经济史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2010 中国古代史 ③3027 中国古代经济史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2011 中国近现代史③3028 中国近代社会经济史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2011 中国近现代史③3029 中国近现代社会史 ①1001 英语、1002 日语选一②2011 中国近现代
2016 高等数学选一③3033 高分子化学、3034 高分子物理、 3035 高等有机化学、 3036 统计力学选一 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2012 高等光学③3031 激光光谱 ①1001 英语②2017 普通动物学、2018 普通昆虫学选一③3037 动物分类原理与方法 ①1001 英语②2017 普通动物学、2018 普通昆虫学选一③3037 动物分类原理与方法 ①1001 英语②2020 遗传学③3039 分子生物学 ①1001 英语②2017 普通动物学、2018 普通昆虫学选一③3039 分子生物学 ①1001 英语②2017 普通动物学、2018 普通昆虫学

2005年03月考博英语试题及答案

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。

河北大学考博英语真题试题试卷2005

河北大学2005年博士入学考试试题类别：A 学科、专业研究方向考试科目考试吋间外英语I.Listening Comprehension(10points)Directions:In this section you will hear10short conversations.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.Each conversation and question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four suggested answers.Then choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.A.2days B.Saturday C.3days D.Friday2.A.At a museum B.In a classroom C.In a store D.In a library3.A.His roommate stays awake all night B.He wants to play his recorder at nightC.The present room is too expensiveD.He needs a quieter place to live in4.A.English people like to wear blue clothes at ChristmasB.Christmas is a family reunion for the British peopleC.An Englishman does not get homesick if he is away from homeD.An Englishman feels very unhappy if he is away from home at Christmas5.A.He had chosen a ski area beyond his abilityB.He knew that he could easily ski down the slopeC.He had his mouth full of foodD.He looked down his ski coach6.A.The car repair B.A car order C.An insurance claim D.A bank loan7.A.The model B.The lens C.The price D.The flash attachment8.A.Mail an invitation to the Smiths B.Obtain clothing for the SmithsC.Have a party for the SmithsD.Ask the Smiths to tell where they live9.A.He cannot tell the truth B.He cannot driveC.He has to search for his compartmentD.He has not yet found a room to rent10.A.Go to the party B.Review her lessonC.Ride with GeorgeD.Go to the marketII.Structure and Vocabulary(20points)Directions:In each question decide which of the four choices given below will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.1.When workers are organized in trade unions,employers find it hard to lay them______.A.offB.asideC.outD.down2.A man who could______such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength.A.bear uponB.insist onC.stand up toD.persist in3.It this method doesn't______,we shall have to think of another way.e offe aboute oute on4.The______of a chemical compound when brought into contact with another gives us clues to its composition.A.deedB.behaviorC.characteristicsD.correspondence5.The chairman of the committee was delighted by the almost full______of its members at the conference.A.dependenceB.absence C attendance D.enrollment6.The police are supposed to protect the people and their properties,______evil conducts,guide traffic and so on.A.suppressB.depressC.frustrateD.condemn7.John was proved innocent,for it was just a(n)______to have found him on the murder spot.A.coincidenceB.accidentC.occasionD.incident8.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will_____down the economy.A.knockB.dragC.settleD.put9.It would have taken hours to work the sum out,so I______my pocket calculator.A.turned overB.turned toC.turned inD.turned out10.The founding of the United Nations______people's longing for peace.A.declaredB.announcedC.manifestedD.implied11.The plan was______when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A.releasedB.desertC.resignedD.abandoned12.Now and then I saw the captain______the horizon for approaching ships.A.scanningB.scrutinizingC.exploringD.sweeping13.Some economical people take food tins with them and carry the______of the dinner home after a meal in arestaurant.A.remainsB.remainderC.left-overD.rest14.These classical literary works are______of his originality as a writer.A.exemptionB.exemplificationC.examinationD.execution15.The neighbors do not consider him quite______as most evenings he awakes them with his drunken singing.A.respectfulB.respectedC.respectableD.respective16.“They had a quarrel with my brother yesterday.”“______come?”A.WhatB.HowC.WhyD.Where17.We resumed our work after the break whit______energy.A.relievedB.refinedC.renewedD.reinforced18.The shop lifter ran into the crowd anti______from the sight of policemen.A.vanishedB.escapedC.meltedD.periledst year,the West European States had a______to talk a be ut the political union.A.convention b.congress C.assembly D.conference20.There exists in the United Stales at this time a powerful group of persons who are specializing in______of crimeon an organized scale.A.questB.thirstC.hunterD.excessIII.Reading Comprehension(15points)Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some7-8hours’sleep alternately with some 16-17hours’wakefulness and that,broadly speaking,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one.The ease,for example,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines.It normally takes from fives days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping,during the day and working at night.Unfortunately,it is often the case in industry that shifts arc changed every week;a person may work from12midnight to8a.m.one week.8a.m.to4p.m, the next,and4p.m.m12midnight the third and so on.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spend neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift,a month,or even three months.Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands,however,has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal(夜间发生的)wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays.An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown.She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep,digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts,but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.1.Why is the question“no mere academic one”？A.Because Bonjer’s findings are different from Brown's.B.Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C.Because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits2.According to the passage,the main problem about night work is that______.A.people hate the inconvenience of working on night shiftsB.your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and backC.not all industries work at the same hoursD.it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers3.According to the passage,the best solution to the problem seems to be______.A.not to change shifts from one week to the nextB.to make periods on each shifts longerC.to employ people who will always work at nightD.to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly4.In Paragraph2.“the third”means______A.the third weekB.the third shiftC.a third of the timeD.the third routine5.In the last sentence of Paragraph2,“another”means______.A.another routineB.another shiftC.another weekD.another personPassage TwoMan has become master of the earth’s surface.He is constantly probing into the earth’s depths and into the atmosphere’s upper reaches.Yet it is doubtful whether man,with all of its intelligence and forcefulness,holds his planetary seat with greater assurance than a vast tribe of small,many legged animals that pass their lives at his feet—the spiders.Spiders are among the marvels of science.They dwell at higher altitudes than any other creature of their size cr larger.On the mountain sides of Mount Everest,at an altitude of twenty-two thousand feet—five hundred feet above the vegetation line—lives a species of black spider only a quarter of an inch long.This is an incredible environment for creatures so delicately constructed.To protect themselves from the cold of night,they take shelter in openings where the twenty-four-hour variation in temperature is only twelve degrees,as against forty-four on The outside.Spiders inhabit other unlikely places—rabbit burrows,flowers,anthills,and the deserted nests of eagles.They have been found soaring through the air five miles above the earth.One species has been discovered in an African cavern more than two thousand feet underground.6.The author thinks that spiders______.A.rival man as master of the earthB.are as firmly established on the earth as manC.are more forceful than manD.are more firmly established on the earth than man7.The writer is amazed by the black spider’s______.A.delicate constructionB.ability to live in such varied environmentsC.unusual intelligenceD ability to withstand extreme cold8.Spiders"hold their planetary seat with assurance''because they are______.A.more numerous than any other speciesB.able to adapt to hostile environmentsC.masters of the earth's surfaceD.all of the above9.The species of black spiders discovered on Mount Everest is______.A.the smallest species of spidersB.the highest-altitude dweller among creatures of that size or largerC.the only creature that lives at that altitudeD.capable of surviving in any environment10.From this passage,we may conclude that______.A.spiders have adapted to many unlikely environmentsB.on the whole spiders are delicate creaturesC.a species of black spiders can live anywhereD.spiders are the greatest marvel of natural sciencePassage ThreeDuring the past few years,scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding—writing.any kind of writing,but particularly letter writing.Encouraged by electronic mail's surprising high speed,convenience and economy,people who never before Touched the stuff are regularly,skillfully,even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.Electronic networks,woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days,are the route to colleagues in distant countries,shared data,bulletin boards and electronic journals.Anyone with a personal computer,a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on.An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day,most of them communicating through a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the Internet,or net.E-mail is starting to edge out the fax,the telephone.overnight mail and of course,land mail.It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators,in part because it is conveniently asynchronous(异步的)(writers can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep;their message will be waiting).If it is yet speeding discoveries,it is certainly accelerating communication.Jeremy Bernstei.the physicist and science writer,once called E-mail the physicist's umbilical tely other people,too,have been discovering its connective virtues.Physicists are using it;college students are using it, everybody is using it,and as a sign that it has come of age,the New Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence witha cartoon-an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard,saying happily,“On the Internet,nobody knows you’re a dog.”11.The reason given below about the popularity of E-mail can be found in the passage except______.A.direct and reliableB.time-saving in deliveryC.money savingD.available at any time12.How is the Internet or net explained in the passage?A.Electronic routes used to read home and international journals.B.Electronic routes used to fax or correspond overnight.C.Electronic routes waiting for correspondence while one is sleeping.D.Electronic routines connected among millions of users,home and abroad.13.What does the sentence“If it is not yet speeding discoveries,it is certainly accelerating communication”mostprobably mean?A.The quick speed of correspondence may have ill-effects on discoveries.B.Although it does not speed up correspondence,it helps make discoveries.C.It quickens mutual communication even if it does not accelerate discoveries.D.It shrinks time for communication and accelerates discoveries.14.What does the sentence“On the Internet,nobody knows you're a dog.”imply,in the last paragraph?A.Even dogs are interested in the computer.B.E-mail has become very popular.C.Dogs are liberated from their usual duties.D.E-mail deprives dogs of their owners’love.15.What will happen to fax,land mail,overnight mail,etc.according to the writer?A.Their functions cannot be replaced by E-mail.B.Their will co-exist with E-mail for a long time.C.Less and less people will use them.D.They will play a supplementary function to E-mail.IV.Translate the following passage into Chinese(10points)The clusters of graceful palms,reflected deep in the placid expanse of the backwater,were silhouetted inky black against the sunset sky,aflame with clouds that were the color of gold and fire and blood!A slow breeze caused gentle ripples in the otherwise mirrorlike perfection of the inland sea.The distant melody of a fisherman’s flute——now a clear,shrill bird-like note,now a mere whisper—seemed to enhance,rather than shatter,the all-pervading stillness.V.Writing(15points)Directions:For this part,you are asked to write a composition on the topic How to Keep Balance betweenEconomic Development and Environmental Protection.You should write at least200words.How to Keep Balance between Economic Developmentand Environmental Protection。

全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年-育明考博

全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年31、There was no________ but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32. I_______ when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fellB.fell awayC.fell outD.fell back33. I’m_____ passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.lookong up toD.taking hold of34. In front of the platform, the students were talking with the professor overthe quizzes of their________ subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominants35. The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire ______ in a foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36. The teacher explained the new lesson ______ to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八有售各院校真题）37. I shall _____ the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a rewardfor the finder.A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38. The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ____ adult growth.A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident, but ______she wasn’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.his weak chest _____ him to winter illness.A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money, so they had to lay off some of its employeesfor three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The northy American states agreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradiction D,confrontation43.The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, John was startlingly pale.A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company. You must comply with the regulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praisedB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leader are making every effort to tackle the problemof poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be no problemfor them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III Cloze (10%)In Mr. Allen’s high school class, all the students have to “get married”. However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 . These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the “minister”. Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that53 take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr. Allen doesn’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment, He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face everday . He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can straina marriage to the breaking point. He even 57 this students with the problemsof divorce and fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems thata married couple often faces. 58 they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feelthat Mr. Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again.51.A. duplications B.imitations C.assumptions D.fantasies52.A. noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53.A.might B.would C.must D.need54.A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55.A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56.A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdictsrms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58.A.Until B.Before C.After D.As59.A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.approached60.A.confirmed B.convinced promised D.conceivedPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embedded in every culture---that dancingis a ‘cultural universal’. A researcher in Manchester thinks the impulse maybe even more deeply rooted than that. He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd, a psychologist at the University of Manchester, told the BA thathe first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people danceto deafeningly loud music. ‘There is a compulsion about it’, he says. He reckoned there might be a more direct, biological, explanation for the desireto dance, so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for instance, do not have an acoustic function. But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus, which is part of the balance-----regulating vestibular system, has retained some sensitivity to sound . The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise, above 70 decibels.‘There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment, the sacculuswill be stimulated.’ Says Todd. The average rave, he says, blares music ata painful 110 to 140 decibels. But no one really knows what acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of‘vestibular self-stimulation’ it gives a heightened sensation of motion. ‘We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.’ he says. ‘But we know that peoplego to extraordinary lengths to get it’ He lists bungee jumping, playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other examples of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us getup and dance as well, says Todd. Loud music sends signals to inner ear whichmay prompt reflex movement. ‘The typical pulse rate of dance music is aroundthe rate of locomotion,’ he says. ‘It’s quite possible you’re triggeringa spinal reflex.’61. The passage begins with_______.A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movements62. What intrigued Todd was_____.A. human instinct reflexesB. people’s biological heritagesC. people’s compulsion about loud musicD. the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing.63.Todd’a biological explanation for the desire to dance refers to______.A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated , according to Todd.____.A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibels will shoot upD.hearing will occur65. What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expected.B.Dancing is capable of heightening the sensation of hearing.C.Loud music stinulates the inner ear and generates the urge to dance.D.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance. Passage TwoHave you switched off your computer? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off, not just pressed the button on some control panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t, you are one of the guilty people who are helping to pollute the planed. It doesn’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme, conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work. You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy, even though they are doing absolutely nothing. Some electronic products ------such as CD players -------can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running. Others may use a lot less, but as your video player spends far more hours on stand-by than playing anything, the wastage soon adds up.In the US alone, idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London---costing consumers around $1 billion a year. Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responsible for the waste. But manufacturers onlyget away with designing products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue. Indeed, while recycling has caught the public imagination, reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”, as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use, offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds. With a little intelligent shopping, you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain. One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world, rather than produced locally, is the huge amount of packaging needed to transport them safety. In the US, a third of the solid waste collected from city homes is packaging. To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufactures the simplest trick is to to look for ultra-light packaging.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives, thin-walled aluminum cans, and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package. There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler--- filling up, naturally, your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup. But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents. There are limits to source correctness.66.From the first two paragraphs, the author implies that____A． hitech has made life easy everywhereB． B .nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC． C. recycling can potentially control environmental deterioration D． Everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another.67. The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seems to ___.A. be a long-standing indoor problemB. cause nothing but troubleC. get exaggeratedD. go unnoticed68. By idle electronic devices, the author means those appliances___A. left on stand-by modeB. filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideC. used by those who are not energy consciousD. used by those whose words speak louder than actions69. Ultra-light packaging________.A. is expected to reduce American waste by one-third.B, is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C. can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD. is a villain of what the garbage experts call “source reduction”70. The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that__________.A. One person cannot win the battle against pollutionB. anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC. nobody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD. anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not needed.71.Schallert issued a warning to those who__________.A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for brain damage is one week after injuryC.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery73. The results from Schallert’s research________.A.reinforced the significance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppositeDverified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that_______.A.glutamate can have toxic effects on healthy nerve sellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD.all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians________.A.to administer drugs to block the effects of glutamate.B.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke victims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of physiotherapy to brain damagePassage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time. This is the easiest way to begin, for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time, and in any case, our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting. Even where physical change is very rapid, this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequently, after years away. Most of our urban theory, whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering, is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures changes slowly, and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies. In recent years, these assumptions have come to be challenged, and in previous editorials I have argued the needfor a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models, where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change. Even these views, however, imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization, where the functions determining such change are very largely routine, accomplished over months or years, rather than any lesser cycle of time. There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to day or hour-basis, which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around. Transportation modeling, for example, is fashioned from this standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study, its explanation being central to the notion that spatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We, according to the passage, tend to observe cities.A.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC. sporadicallyD. horizontally77. We think about a city as ______.A. a spatial eventB. a symbolical worldC. a social environmentD. an interrelated system78. Cross-sectional studies show that cities ________.A. are structured in three dimensionsB. are transformed rapidly in any aspectC. are resilient and long lasting through timeD. change slowly in spatial and social structures79. The author is drawing our attention to_______.A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB. the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD. all of the above80. The conventional notion, the author contends,_________.A. presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD. hinders the physical change of urban structurePassage FiveWhen it is sunny in June, my father gets in his first cutting of hay. He starts on the creek meadows, which are flat, sandy, and hot. They are his driest land. This year, vacationing from my medical practice, I returned to Vermont to help him with the haying.The heft of a bale(大捆)through my leather gloves is familiar: the tautness of the twine, the heave of the bale, the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms. This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze. I walk behind the chug and clack of baler, moving the bales into piles so my brothercan do the real work of picking them up later. As hot as the air is, my face is hotter. I am surprised at how soon I get tired. I take a break and sit in the shade, watching my father bale, trying not to think about how old he is, how the heat affects his heart, what might happen.This is not my usual work, of course. My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them. Occasionally I touch them, and am glad that my hands are soft. I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots. Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles, hidden swellings of organs and joints, and probe all the painful places in my patients’ lives. There are many. Perhaps I am too soft, could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work, as if all my patients were inside me, letting me carry them, I don’t mean to. But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings, ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression, fears, illness? These are not my experiences, yet I feel them and carry them with me. Try to find healthier meanings, I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized. Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field. They will be easy to pick up. Dad climbs, tired and lame, from the tractor. I hand him a jar of ice water, and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done. I’ll stack a few more bales and maybe drive the truck for my brother. My father will have some appreciative customers this winter, as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles, the heat on my face. I an taunted by the simplicity of this work, the purpose and results, the definite boundaries of the fields, the dimensions of the bales, for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies; it spills into families, homes, schools and my office, like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar. I feel the rough stubble left in its wake. I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape, new meanings stacked against the despair of pain. I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81. Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A. The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B. The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C. It is the first time for the narrator to do haying.D. The narrator is as physician.82. In retrospection, the narrator___________.A. feels guilty before his father and brotherB. defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC. hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD. is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83. As a physician, the narrator is ________.A. empathicB. arrogantC. callousD. fragile84. His associations punctuate___________.A. the similarities between medicine and agricultureB. the simplicity of muscular workC. the hardship of life every where D .the nature of medical practice85. The narrator would say that________.A. it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB. everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC. he is a shame to his fatherD. his trip is worth it.Passage SixEveryone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited, involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow or his or her former self. Or , a person who has been an beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening .And organization‘s most valuable resource ------the energy, dedication and creativity of its employees----is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned—out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-worker .While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It’s especially scary some of the most talented. If they can’t maintain their fire, others ask.Who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and , more important, there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.The passage begins with_______.A. a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC. a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustion.B.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishment.D.All of the above.88. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, which will result in_______.A.apersonal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countyD. a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89. Burnout can be________.A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-our, according to the passage, are potentially able________.A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD. to challenge their organization本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

英语B级历年真题答案详解(2005-2009)

2005年6月高等学校英语应用能力考试（B级）真题答案与详解Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A1. B) 本题考查对邀请的回答。

Would you like to…? 是典型的提出邀请的句型，一般的肯定回答为Yes, I’d like to; 很委婉的否定回答为I’d like to, but…, 因此选B)。

本题的其他选项中A)“是的，我知道。

”一般用于回答Do you know…?一类的提问；C)“是的，我很好。

”常用于回答Are you OK? 一类的提问；D)“是的，我确定。

”则用于回答Are you sure…? 之类的提问。

2. D) 本题考查对询问时间的回答。

time 一词是解本题的关键，考生如果抓住了该词，则马上就可知道该问题与时间有关，可很快断定答案为D)。

A)“让我来处理吧。

”；B)“这是个不错的主意。

”和C)“太好了。

”都是表达说话者观点态度的方式，不用于回答对时间的提问。

3. A) 本题考查对询问学习科目的回答。

根据句意“你在大学学什么？”，询问的是在大学学习（study）的科目，因此A) “中国历史”是最佳答案。

B)“我今年20岁”用于回答有关年龄的问题；C)“太难了。

”和D)“我喜欢足球”都与学习科目无关。

4. C) 本题考查对询问价格的回答。

只要听到了疑问词how much，同时了解这个疑问词一般用于询问价格，就不难判断只有选项C)“鞋子是30美元”和数字有关，是正确答案。

A)“鞋子太大了。

”是对鞋子尺码大小的评价；B)“它们是同一个尺寸的”和尺码有关；D)“这种鞋正流行”和款式有关。

5. B) 本题考查对提出邀请的回答。

Would you like some…是邀请对方喝饮料或吃东西的典型用语，肯定回答是Yes, please （行，请来点吧）；否定回答是No, thanks（不用，谢谢）。

因此本题的答案是B)。

A)“听到这个消息我很难过。

05年考研英语真题(题目选项版)

05Text 121. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 226. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 331. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 436. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china”as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”__。

【考研必备】2005年考研英语真题及解析

[日期] 2 005 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11to the brain. However, it has been found that even peopleinsensitive to a certain smell12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells —we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house, but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 .[A] although .[A] above [B] as [C] but [D] while[B] unlike [B] committed [B] ignoring [B] though [B] if only [C] excluding [C] dedicated [C] missing [C] instead [C] only if [D] besides[D] confined[D] tracking[D] therefore[D] as if.[A] limited .[A] catching .[A] anyway .[A] even if .[A]distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting.[A] diluted .[A] when [B] dissolved [B] since [C] dispersed [C] for [D] diffused[D] whereas[D] typical0.[A] unusual 1.[A] signs [B] particular [B] stimuli [B] at all [C] unique [C] messages [C] at large [C] drawn [D] impulses[D] at times[D] exposed[D] insufficient2.[A] at first3.[A] subjected [B] left4.[A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient1 1 1 27.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[C]neglect[D]tired[D]notice8.[A]tolerate9.[A]available0.[A]similar to[B]repel[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,andthey share their food readily.Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnan’s and Dr.de Waal’s study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.In the wild,they are a co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by________.[ [ [ [A]posing a contrastB]justifying an assumptionC]making a comparisonD]explaining a phenomenon22.The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line,Paragraph l)implies that________.[ [ [ [A]monkeys are also outraged by slack rivalsB]resenting unfairness is also monkeys’natureC]monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each otherD]no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are________.[A]more inclined to weigh what they get[B]attentive to researchers’instructions[C]nice in both appearance and temperament[D]more generous than their male companions24.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys________.[ [ [ [A]prefer grapes to cucumbersB]can be taught to exchange thingsC]will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD]are unhappy when separated from others25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latestwas a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the worldbase important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the time100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research—a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research.But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia,which would offer financial incentives for private industry,is a promising start.Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that________.[ [ [ [A]there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and deathB]the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificantC]people had the freedom to choose their own way of lifeD]antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27.According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as________.[ [ [ [A]a protectorB]a judgeC]a criticD]a guide28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line,Paragraph4)?[ [ [ [A]Endless studies kill action.B]Careful investigation reveals truth.C]Prudent planning hinders progress.D]Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do about global warming?[A]Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B]Raise public awareness of conservation.[C]Press for further scientific research.[D]Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because______.[A]they both suffered from the government’s negligenceB]a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[[C]the outcome of the latter aggravates the formerD]both of them have turned from bad to worse[Text3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;by the late 1970s,neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.Now researcherssuspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brain is“off-line.”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better.“It’s your dream,”says Rosalind Cartwright,chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center.“If you don’t like it,change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake,says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.But not all parts of the brain are equally involved;the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active,while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet.“We wake up from dreams happy or depressed,and those feelings can stay with us all day.”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr.William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,progressing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events—until,it appears,we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.As soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream.Visualize how you would like it to end instead;the next time it occurs,try to wake up just enough to control its course.With much practice people can learn to,literally,do it in their sleep.At the end of the day,there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or“we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says.Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams________.[ [ [A]can be modified in their coursesB]are susceptible to emotional changesC]reflect our innermost desires and fears[D]are a random outcome of neural repairs32.By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to show________.[ [ [ [A]its function in our dreamsB]the mechanism of REM sleepC]the relation of dreams to emotionsD]its difference from the prefrontal cortex33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to________.[ [ [ [A]aggravate in our unconscious mindB]develop into happy dreamsC]persist till the time we fall asleepD]show up in dreams early at night34.Cartwright seems to suggest that________.[A]waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B]visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C]dreams should be left to their natural progression[D]dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[ [ [ [A]Lead your life as usual.B]Seek professional help.C]Exercise conscious control.D]Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text4Americans no longer expect public figures,whether in speech or in writing,to command the Englishlanguage with skill and gift.Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.In his latest book,Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and Why We Should Like,Care,John McWhorter,a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views,sees the triumph of1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive1960s is nothing new,but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change,and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal,“doing our own thing”,has spelt the death of formal speech, writing,poetry and music.While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.Equally,in poetry,the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English,talking is triumphing over speaking,spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture,the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable.But it is less clear,to take the question of his subtitle,why we should, like,care.As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.He is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary,and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”.A shame,perhaps,but probably an inevitable one.6.According to McWhorter,the decline of formal English________.3[ [ [ [A]is inevitable in radical education reformsB]is but all too natural in language developmentC]has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD]brought about changes in public attitudes in the1960s37.The word“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes________.[ [ [ [A]modestyB]personalityC]livelinessD]informality38.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A]Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B]Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C]Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D]Of all the varieties,standard English can best convey complex ideas.39.The description of Russians’love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s________.[ [ [ [A]interest in their languageB]appreciation of their effortsC]admiration for their memoryD]contempt for their old-fashionedness40.According to the last paragraph,“paper plates”is to“china”as________.[A]“temporary”is to“permanent”[B]“radical”is to“conservative”[C]“functional”is to“artistic”[D]“humble”is to“noble”Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Canada’s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.(41)____________What to do?Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources, work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.(42)_____________But“national”doesn’t have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincial—provinces combining effortsto create one body.Either way,one benefit of a“national”organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of31million people.Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.(43)_____________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included.Predictably,and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any,strings attached.That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere,while drug costskeep rising fast.(44)_____________Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanow’s report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”(45)_____________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![ B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at [ [ [ twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one provinceincludes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others toinclude it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed —and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 5 0% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.(49)Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market,whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news, documentary services and training.This also involves the agreements between European countries for thecreation of a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of the European Investments Bank,will handle the finances necessary for production costs.(50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand,divided we fall”—and if I had to choose a slogan it would be“Unity in our diversity.”A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs&Fashions.But now you find that the work is not what you expected.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your boss,Mr.Wang,telling him your decision,stating your reason(s),and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than100words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should first describe the drawing,then interpret its meaning,and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析这是一篇科普性说明文，文章主要介绍了人类嗅觉的特点及原因。

05年北师考博英语真题

English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 26,2005Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking thecorresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single linethrough the centre.1.A.？？？？？The researcher was careless in performing this experiment.B.？？？？？The researcher tried to think of problems before they happened.C.？？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very nervous.D.？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very tired.2.A.？？？？？The speaker used a soft, low voice.B.？？？？？The speaker didn’t seem to care much about what he was saying.C.？？？？？The speaker was focused and spoke with great passion.D.？？？？The speaker used long. Complicated sentences.3.A.？？？？？Language changes very slowly.B.？？？？？Language changes very quickly.C.？？？？？Language changes over fifty year periods.D.？？？？Language changes over ten year periods.4.A.？？？？？Southern France has never known severe winters.B.？？？？？In northern France, one can live in comfort all the year round.C.？？？？？In general, the French people enjoy a mild climate.D.？？？？People in southern France often experience severe winters.5.A.？？？？？Fiona is not afraid to give a presentation now.B.？？？？？Fiona’s fever is gone just before the presentation.C.？？？？？Fiona will hear about the final speech.D.？？？？Fiona will come over to the conference.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D on your test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERR SHEET with a single line through the centre.6.A.？？？？？Korean food.B.？？？？？Chinese food.C.？？？？？Italian food.D.？？？？Indian food.7.A.？？？？？Both of them have overcome their fear of heights.B.？？？？？The woman is still afraid of high places. But the man is not.C.？？？？？They are both afraid of high places.D.？？？？Both of them like to stand on high places.8.A.？？？？？She can’t wear them any more.B.？？？？？She doesn’t like them any more.C.？？？？？She can’t wash them in machine any more.D.？？？？She doesn’t like casual dress any more.9.A.？？？？？March 3td.B.？？？？？March 12th.C.？？？？？March 29th.D.？？？？March 30th.10.A.？？？？？Being private versus being alone.B.？？？？？Being alone versus being with friends.C.？？？？？Being a guest versus being a host.D.？？？？Being lonely versus being alone.11.A.？？？？？She liked it.B.？？？？？She disliked it.C.？？？？？She had no idea about it.D.？？？？She hadn’t heard about it.12.A.？？？？？The insurance company is worried that they might have to pay a lot of money.B.？？？？？The insurance company sees a chance to give the man lots of physical tests.C.？？？？？The insurance company is the first to pay for a man’s genetic diseases.D.？？？？The insurance company does not know how many children the man will have.13.A.？？？？？A long and difficult trip through poor countries.B.？？？？？A chance to learn new language and make money.C.？？？？？An adventure in learning about a different culture.D.？？？？An adventure that combines a vacation with a rest.14.A.？？？？？He will not accept a late paper from her.B.？？？？？Her is interested only in her ideas.C.？？？？？He wants her to correct her paper.D.？？？？He will accept a late paper from her.15.A.？？？？？He will have his operation at 9 o’clock.B.？？？？？He is under operation now.C.？？？？？He already had his operation.D.？？？？He is all right now.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a talk about moving to a new campus. Look at statements 16 through 20 for this part on your test paper and decide if eachstatement is correct. While you are listening, if you think the statement is correctbased on the talk, mark letter A on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre. If you think it is not correct, mark letter B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.16. All agriculture science students will stay where they are.17. Some history teachers will move immediately to the new campus.18. Engineering staff has already made their move.19. Part of the Faculty of Law is in its new building.20. The former Law building may become an art gallery.Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Chose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps present a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain？an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of abservation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, droughts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air level which often set the stage for the development of air masses fronts and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for？weather modification studies.21. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage is？？？？？.A. fronts？？？？？？？B. changes in temperature？？？C. frost？？？？？？D. wind speed22. The 30-day forecast is determined by examining ？？？？？？.A. daily weather maps？？？？？？？？？？B. upper air levelsC. satellite reports？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. changing fronts23. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous becauseit？？？？？.A.？？？？？is modern and profitable for the companies involvedB.？？？？？uses electronic instruments to measure the weather on a daily basisC.？？？？？enables man to easily alter the weather to his advantage and profitD.？？？？gives the scientists information not obtained readily otherwise24. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in？？？？？.A. manipulating weather？？？？B. determining density of pressure groupsC. satellites？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. controlling storms25. A weather map is synoptic because it？？？？？？.A.？？？？？summarizes a great deal of informationB.？？？？？appears dailyC.？？？？？shows changing frontsD.？？？？can be interpreted accurately2With only a bout 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. That’s a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, said hesalutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. It’s aworthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A&M---to save animals from extinction.”Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct,Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda. Native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells froma dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white while rabbit. They are nowtrying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eg gs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They willprobably h ave to do sevcral hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a？long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not put ting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” addsKraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this very simi lar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they areattempting to do. It’s a rescarch that is very much needed.”26. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasB.？？？？？implant embryo into a host animalC.？？？？？introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese whiterabbitD.？？？？save endangered animals from extinction27. How long will the Chinese panda-cloning project take according to the passage?A. 3 to 5 years.？？？？B. 1 year.？？？？？？C. 25 years.？？？？？D. 2years.28. The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpretedas？？？？？？？？？.A. pioneering？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？B. essentially newC. epoch-making？？？？？？？？？？？？D. evolutionary29. What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to ProfessorKraemer?A.？？？？？Lack of host animals.B.？？？？？Lack of available panda eggs.C.？？？？？Lack of funds.D.？？？？Lack of qualified researchers.30. The best title for the passage may be？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？China’s Efforts to Clone PandasB.？？？？？China---the Native Place of Pandas ForeverC.？？？？？Exploring the Possibility to Clone PandasD.？？？？China’s First Cloned Panda3St. Paul has transformed soaring energy costs into a golden opportunity for economic development by putting the final touches on plans to: 1.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Build the nation’s first system that will heat all major downtownbuildings with waste heat now being dumped into the Mississippi River by electricutilities.2.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Create a &9-million “energy bank” to lend money to improve theenergy efficiency of homes at low 9-to-11-percent interest rates. 3.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Construct the nation’s first“energy park”. The area will includeonly those commercial, residential, and industrial facilities that are doing something energy-related. More than & 150-million worth of commitments has already beenlined up.These developments did not just happen. They resulted when Mayor George Latimer asked volunteers to chart a new future for a city that is twice as cold as New York.“We cannot any longer look to foreign nations, old companies or the federalgovernment to solve our energy crisis,” Latimer told his constituents. “We must look to ourselves to find the answers.”31. The reason why these developments did not happen before was(that)？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？the city imported enough foreign oil for its major downtown buildingsB.？？？？？the federal government didn’t approve the necessary money for theconstructionC.？？？？？not givenD.？？？？St. Paul is colder than New York32. St. Paul？？？？？ .A.？？？？？is located on the bank of the Mississippi RiverB.？？？？？has got a new mayor recentlyC.？？？？？is looking for the best approaches to solving its energy shortageD.？？？？is lending money for commercial, residential and industrial purposes33. The plans？？？？？.A.？？？？？were drawn by Mayor George LatimerB.？？？？？were only for St. Paul’s major downtown buildingsC.？？？？？were created by volunteers when they were asked to offer their ideasD.？？？？were turning a golden opportunity into economic development34. Which of the following facilities are/is NOT energy-related?A.？？？？？Shops or supermarkets.B.？？？？？A computer center or a factory.C.？？？？？Private homes.D.？？？？Advertisement boards.35. Judging from what Mayor Latimer said, we are sure that？？？？？？.A.？？？？？these developments will some day become trueB.？？？？？foreign nations and oil companies are not reliableC.？？？？？the future of St. Paul is quite uncertainD.？？？？high energy costs will soon be eliminated4Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child. Haw does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling;they h ave always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.The many mothers of the 1820s who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideals about child raising that had been prevalent in the 18th century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the FrenchProtestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As onemother wrote. “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition---however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, bywhich was meant the child’s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted completely to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama” so the toddler was left alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again.This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonlyreported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive.In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No” period might havemoderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the saying “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and sobriety. These moral principles, fixed in the child’s character, were to govern itthroughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.36. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, hedoes not include the？？？？？.A.？？？？？nature of a childB.？？？？？reasons why spoiling occursC.？？？？？images of an ideal adult and childD.？？？？attitudes of spoiled children when they become adults37. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” means？？？？？.A.？？？？？spoiling children is not as evil as it seemsB.？？？？？eliminating physical punishment is a sound policyC.？？？？？if you do not inflict physical punishment, you will spoil your childD.？？？？“spoiling children” is a matter of definition38. The author suggests that nineteenth century parents were chiefly interested in achild’s？？？？？.A.？？？？？growing up to be industriousB.？？？？？acquiring good character traitsC.？？？？？learning to compete successfullyD.？？？？respecting his parents slavishly39. People in the 19th century be believed their society to be based on allbut？？？？？.A.？？？？？free enterpriseB.？？？？？competitive endeavorC.？？？？？individualismD.？？？？honesty40. The purpose of this passage is to？？？？？.A.？？？？？informB.？？？？？persuadeC.？？？？？inciteD.？？？？change an attitude5The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now anexceptionally large group of married couples.It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women’s liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly to seemimpossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.These circumstances---women working outside the home and the instability of marriage--- tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19thcentury.Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1998 and 1999 have been consumed Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and theyincidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrialsociety will spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.41. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the UnitedStates？？？？？？.A.？？？？？increasedB.？？？？？was reducedC.？？？？？experienced both falls and risesD.？？？？remained stable42. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is？？？？？.A.？？？？？highly paid jobsB.？？？？？women’s desire for independenceC.？？？？？expenses of child raisingD.？？？？high divorce rate43. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossiblyexpensive” implies that？？？？？.A.？？？？？food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensiveB.？？？？？prices are going up dramatically all the timeC.？？？？？to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobsD.？？？？social development has made child-raising inexpensive44. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th centuryis？？？？？？.A.？？？？？birth controlB.？？？？？the desire to seek fortune in citiesC.？？？？？the instability of marriageD.？？？？the changed place of women45. The population in the new century, according to the writer.？？？？？.A.？？？？？will be smaller than a few years agoB.？？？？？will not be as small as people expectC.？？？？？will prove to be a threat to the worldD.？？？？will not continue as serious a problem as expectedⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (25 points):？？？1. Natural disasters during the 1980s were 94% more frequent than in the 1970s. While it is possible that such a jump falls within normal climatic variation, insurance executives realize that it also conforms with patterns predicted for global warming.2. The history of New England is written imperishably on the face of a continent. In the Old World national pride feeds itself with the record of battles and conquests; ---battles which proved nothing and settled nothing; conquests which shifted a boundary on the map, and put one ugly head instead of another on the coin which the people paid to the tax-gatherer. But wherever the New-Englander travels among the sturdy commonwealths which have sprung from the seed of the Mayflower. Churches, schools, colleges, tell him where the men of his race have been, or their influence penetrated; and an intelligent freedom is the monument of conquests whose results are not to be measured in the square miles. Next to the fugitives whom Moses (摩西) led out of Egypt, the little ship-load of outcasts who landed at Plymouth two centuries and a half ago are destined to influence the future of the world.Translate the following into English (15 points):在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。

05英语考研真题

05英语考研真题2020年中国研究生入学考试（英语）真题(Translated Title: 2020 Chinese Graduate Entrance Examination (English) Real Questions)Introduction:The Chinese Graduate Entrance Examination is a highly competitive test that assesses candidates' English language proficiency and comprehension skills. In this article, we will analyze and discuss the 2020 English exam's real questions to better understand the exam format and offer insightful tips on how to approach similar questions in the future.Section I: Multiple-choice QuestionsThe multiple-choice section of the exam tests candidates' vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension skills. It is crucial to approach these questions strategically to maximize accuracy and efficiency. Let's look at a sample question:Question 1:She was very disappointed when they decided to cancel the event____________.A. in spite of her contributionsB. regardless of her numerous contributionsC. because of the event's cancellationD. due to her numerous contributionsExplanation:To answer this question correctly, we need to carefully consider the context and choose the most appropriate option. Option B, "regardless of her numerous contributions," seems to fit the context best, indicating that the person's contributions were disregarded when canceling the event.Section II: Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension is a vital aspect of the English exam, demanding candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze extended texts. Let's examine a snippet of a reading passage:Passage 1:The concept of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed various industries, from healthcare to finance. AI has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work, challenging traditional norms and opening up new possibilities. However, along with these advancements come ethical considerations and potential risks.Analysis:This portion of the passage introduces the broad impact of AI on different sectors. While emphasizing its potential benefits, it also alludes to the need for ethical deliberation and the associated risks. Understanding the main idea of each paragraph is crucial for answering related questions and developing a comprehensive understanding of the passage.Section III: TranslationThe translation section examines candidates' ability to convey the meaning of Chinese sentences into English accurately. Let's see an example:Sentence to Translate:他们正在大厅等候。

2005年10月B中科院考博英语真题单词

2005年10月B卷词汇1. soar effortlessly 自由翱翔| 自在翱翔| 自在飞翔2. reckless ['reklɪs]adj. 鲁莽的，不顾后果的；粗心大意的3. reckless driving 鲁莽驾驶；驾驶疏忽4. lenient ['liːnɪənt]adj. 宽大的；仁慈的5. not lenient 严格的6. lenient sentence 轻判7. tender ['tendə]adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；是…变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软8. tender for 投标9. open tender [经] 公开招标10. tender offer 投标报价；招标11. tender feeling 柔情12. invitation to tender [经] 招标13. adjourn [ə'dʒɜːn]vi. 休会；延期；换地方vt. 推迟；使…中止；使…延期14. adjourn examination 延期审理15. adjourn with让步16. hearing ['hɪərɪŋ]n. 听力；审讯，听讯v. 听见（hear的ing形式）17. price hearing 价格听证18. hearing loss 听觉损耗；听觉损失19. hearing aid 助听器20. court hearing [法] 庭审21. hold a hearing 举行听证会22. sue [s(j)uː]vt. 控告；请求vi. 控告；提出请求23. sue for 控告24. sue out 向法院请求得到25. Sue out a pardon 求得宽赦26. suspicious [sə'spɪʃəs]adj. 可疑的；怀疑的；多疑的27. suspicious of 对起疑28. mischievous ['mɪstʃɪvəs]adj. 淘气的；（人、行为等）恶作剧的；有害的29. Mischievous Instinct 淘气天性30. spoil [spɒɪl]vt. 溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺vi. 掠夺；变坏；腐败n. 次品；奖品31. the spoils of war 战利品32. spoil child 放纵的孩子33. spoil dump [矿业] 废石堆34. seam [siːm]n. 缝；接缝vt. 缝合；接合；使留下伤痕vi. 裂开；产生裂缝35. coal seam [地质] 煤层36. welding seam [机] 焊缝；对接焊缝37. seam line 接缝线；模缝线38. weld [weld]n. 焊接；焊接点vt. 焊接；使结合；使成整体vi. 焊牢39. weld metal 焊缝金属40. weld line 熔接线；焊接纹41. weld strength 焊接强度42. rim [rɪm]n. 边，边缘；轮辋；圆圈vi. 作…的边，装边于vt. 作…的边，装边于43. Pacific Rim 太平洋沿岸地区；泛太平洋44. wheel rim 轮辋；钢圈；轮箍；[车辆] 轮缘45. allusion [ə'luːʒ(ə)n; -'ljuː-]n. 暗示；提及46. in allusion to 针对；引喻47. classical allusion 古典48. Literary allusion 文学典故49. make an allusion to 暗指，间接提到50. allude [ə'l(j)uːd]vi. 暗指，转弯抹角地说到；略为提及，顺便提到51. allude to 暗指，提到52. inflammation [ɪnflə'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. [病理] 炎症；[医] 发炎；燃烧；发火53. chronic inflammation 慢性炎症54. diminish inflammation 消炎55. inflammation point 着火点56. inflame [ɪn'fleɪm]vt. 激怒；使燃烧；使发炎vi. 燃烧；发炎；激动57. assuage inflame 缓和| 激怒58. assuage [ə'sweɪdʒ]vt. 平息；缓和；减轻59. assuage hunger 减缓饥饿60. assuage pain 镇痛61. assuage sorrow 减轻悲痛62. flagrant ['fleɪgr(ə)nt]adj. 公然的；不能容忍的；非常的；恶名昭著的（名词flagrancy，副词flagrantly）63. flagrant foul 恶意犯规，恶性犯规64. flagrant violation 公然侵犯重大违反65. Flagrant Disregard 公然不顾66. disregard [dɪsrɪ'gɑːd]vt. 忽视；不理；漠视；不顾n. 忽视；不尊重67. at length 最后，终于；详细地68. solemn ['sɒləm]adj. 庄严的，严肃的；隆重的，郑重的69. solemn promise 庄严承诺；誓言70. solemn ceremony 隆重的典礼71. presumptive [prɪ'zʌm(p)tɪv]adj. 假定的；根据推定的72. presumptive instruction 推测指令| 基本指令| 假定指令73. presumptuous [prɪ'zʌm(p)tʃʊəs]adj. 专横的；放肆的；冒昧的74. presumptuous demands 非分的要求75. set aside 留出；驳回，撤销；不顾76. leave off 停止77. leave out 遗漏，省去；不考虑78. on leave 休假；在休假中79. leave room for 留下的余地；为留余地；留出空间80. leave it at that 暂时停止争论81. sign away 签字放弃82. hold up 举起；阻挡；拦截83. vocal ['vəʊk(ə)l]adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的n. 声乐作品；元音84. vocal tract 声道85. vocal music 声乐；通过口头传唱的音乐86. vocal concert 演唱会87. litter ['lɪtə]n. 垃圾；轿，担架；一窝（动物的幼崽）；凌乱vt. 乱丢；给…垫褥草；把…弄得乱七八糟vi. 产仔；乱扔废弃物88. leaf litter 落叶层89. litter size 同胎生仔数；每窝仔畜数90. no litter 不许到垃圾；禁止扔垃圾91. come to one’s rescue: 来援救某人93. come to the rescue of 营救94. at large 详尽的；未被捕的，整个的95. at heart 本质上，内心里96. at best 最多97. at most 至多98. successive [sək'sesɪv]adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的99. successive steps 逐步100. successive elimination 逐次消元101. attached [ə'tætʃt]adj. 附加的；依恋的，充满爱心的v. 附上（attach的过去分词）102. attached file 附加文件103. no strings attached 没有附加条件；无附带限制104. attached list 附表105. attached sheet 附件，附页106. attached document 附属资料107. precedent ['presɪd(ə)nt]n. 先例；前例adj. 在前的；在先的108. condition precedent 先决条件109. lay in 贮存110. lay down 放下；制定；铺设；主张111. lay a foundation 奠定基础；奠基；打下基础112. lay eggs 产蛋113. lay out 展示；安排；花钱；为划样；提议114. lay stress on 注意，重视；把重点放在115. lay off 解雇；休息；停止工作116. lay claim to 要求；自以为117. lay at 攻击；将放置在前面118. lay up v. 贮存；搁置；卧床不起119. lay asleep 使入睡；埋葬，使永眠地下120. on the lay [黑话、行话]做(违法)买卖；干活(如偷、扒、抢等) 121. lay upon 随而定；把重点放在122. lay over 覆盖；胜过，压倒123. lay hands on 得到；找到；攻击124. menace ['menəs]n. 威胁；恐吓vi. 恐吓；进行威胁vt. 威胁；恐吓125. serious menace 重大威胁126. invisible menace 看不见的威胁127. dismissal [dɪs'mɪsl]n. 解雇；免职128. unfair dismissal 不公平解雇129. dismissal wage 遣散费；解雇工资130. wrongful dismissal 非法解雇131. dismissal reason 解雇理由132. forced dismissal 勒令退学133. promising ['prɔmisiŋ]adj. 有希望的，有前途的v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）134. promising future 发展前景；光明的前途135. promising market 发展潜力大的市场；有销路的市场136. feverish ['fiːv(ə)rɪʃ]adj. 发热的；极度兴奋的137. feverish market 变动不定的证券市场138. feverish activity 兴奋的活动139. pretentious [prɪ'tenʃəs]adj. 自命不凡的；炫耀的；做作的140. pretentious flourish 比喻虚假的141. pretentious language 似以欺惑性的语言142. fiendish ['fiːndɪʃ]adj. 恶魔似的，残忍的；极坏的143. fiendish terrible 极坏的144. venerate ['venəreɪt]vt. 崇敬，尊敬145. To venerate very reverently 恭恭敬敬146. numerate ['njuːm(ə)rət]vt. 数，列举；读（数）adj. 识数的，会计算的147. Literate and numerate 阅读写作计算能力148. transcend [træn'send; trɑːn-]vt. 胜过，超越149. Transcend Self 超越自我150. philosophy transcend 理念超越151. apprehend [æprɪ'hend]vt. 理解；逮捕；忧虑vi. 理解；担心152. apprehend criminal 逮捕罪犯153. feeble ['fiːb(ə)l]adj. 微弱的，无力的；虚弱的；薄弱的154. feeble breathing 奄奄一息155. feeble signal 微弱信号156. strenuous ['strenjʊəs]adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的157. strenuous exercise 剧烈运动158. constable ['kʌnstəb(ə)l; 'kɒn-]n. 治安官，巡警；警察159. police constable 警员，警察160. constable patrolman 巡警161. patrol [pə'trəʊl]n. 巡逻；巡逻队；侦察队vt. 巡逻；巡查vi. 巡逻；巡查162. on patrol 在巡逻；巡逻中163. police patrol 公安巡逻艇；警察巡逻164. patrol car 巡逻警车165. patrol inspection 巡回检查166. rogue [rəʊg]n. 流氓；小淘气；凶猛的离群兽；（尤指植物的）劣种vi. 游手好闲；去劣；流浪vt. 欺诈；去劣adj. （野兽）凶猛的167. rogue software 流氓软件恶意软件168. rogue germs 顽劣的病菌169. Rogue Racing 野蛮赛车170. brigade [brɪ'geɪd]n. 旅；大部队；队列vt. 把…编成旅；把…编成队171. fire brigade n. 消防队172. construction brigade 工程队173. pilfer ['pɪlfə]vi. 偷窃；小偷小摸vt. 窃；偷窃；小偷小摸174. sloop [sluːp]n. [船] 单桅帆船175. patrol sloop 护卫舰| 巡逻炮舰176. magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət; -streɪt]n. 地方法官；文职官员；治安推事177. magistrate court 治安法院| 裁判法庭| 原本由英国的推事庭178. burglary ['bɜːglərɪ]n. 盗窃，夜盗；盗窃行为v. 入室行窃179. auto burglary 偷汽车里的东西180. unwanted ['ʌn'wɑntɪd]adj. 不需要的；有害的；讨厌的；空闲的181. Unwanted Intrusion 不速之客182. precision [prɪ'sɪʒ(ə)n]n. 精度，[数] 精密度；精确adj. 精密的，精确的183. high precision 高精度184. precision machinery 精密机械；精密机械学185. measurement precision [机] 测量精度186. sculpture ['skʌlptʃə]n. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀vt. 雕塑；雕刻；刻蚀vi. 从事雕刻187. ice sculpture 冰雕188. stone sculpture 石雕189. sculpture crafts 雕塑工艺品| 工艺品雕塑| 木制工艺品190. fluidity [flʊ'ɪdəti]n. [流] 流动性；流质；易变性191. membrane fluidity [生物物理] 膜流动性192. thin fluidity 易流动性193. evaporate [ɪ'væpəreɪt]vt. 使……蒸发；使……脱水；使……消失vi. 蒸发，挥发；消失，失踪194. boiling evaporate 沸腾蒸发195. evaporation [ɪ,væpə'reʃən]n. 蒸发；消失196. evaporation loss 蒸气损失197. evaporation rate [气象][物] 蒸发率；[气象] 蒸发速度198. evaporation temperature 蒸发温度199. evaporation capacity 蒸发（容）量，[气象][化工] 蒸发能力；蒸发率200. mirror ['mɪrə]n. 镜子；真实的写照；榜样vt. 反射；反映201. mirror image [数][光] 镜像202. mirror surface 镜面；镜像曲面203. rearview mirror （车辆）后视镜204. mirror effect 镜象效应205. effortless ['efətlɪs]adj. 容易的；不费力气的206. effortlessly ['efətlisli]adv. 轻松地；毫不费劲地207. Almost Effortlessly 几乎毫不费力208. massive ['mæsɪv]adj. 大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的209. massive data 海量数据210. prescription [prɪ'skrɪpʃ(ə)n]n. 药方；指示；惯例adj. 凭处方方可购买的211. folk prescription 偏方；民间药方212. prescription drug 须医师处方才可买的药品213. prescription medicine 处方药214. on prescription 凭处方(的)，根据药方(的)215. medication [medɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 药物；药物治疗；药物处理216. oral medication 内服；口服法217. diabete n. 糖尿病218. tout [taʊt]vt. 兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报vi. 兜售；招徕顾客；拉选票n. 侦查者；兜售者219. ticket tout 票贩子220. scary ['skeərɪ]adj. 提心吊胆的；引起惊慌的；胆小的221. scary costs 吓人的支出222. scary animals 可怕的动物223. insure [ɪn'ʃɔː; ɪn'ʃʊə]vt. 确保，保证；给…保险vi. 确保；投保224. insure against 给保险以防225. insurance [ɪn'ʃʊər(ə)ns]n. 保险；保险费；保险契约；赔偿金226. insurance company 保险公司227. medical insurance 医疗保险228. unemployment insurance 失业保险229. swing [swɪŋ]n. 摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落vi. 摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走vt. 使旋转；挥舞；悬挂adj. 旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的230. in full swing 活跃；正在全力进行中231. go with a swing 顺利进行；节奏轻快232. swing by 用吊挂；路经；短暂拜访233. swing one's weight 发挥个人的影响(或权势)；施展个人权势(或影响) 234. pharmacy ['fɑːməsɪ]n. 药房；配药学，药剂学；制药业；一批备用药品235. College of Pharmacy 药学院；药剂学院236. pharmacy equipment 药房设备237. downside ['daʊnsaɪd]n. 下降趋势；底侧adj. 底侧的238. downside risk 跌价风险；下跌风险239. on the downside 下降中，衰落中，衰减中240. pharmacist ['fɑːməsɪst]n. 药剂师241. chief pharmacist 主任药师| 总药剂师242. associate chief pharmacist 副主任药师243. overhead [əʊvə'hed]adv. 在头顶上；在空中；在高处adj. 高架的；在头上的；在头顶上的n. 天花板；[会计] 经常费用244. overhead crane 桥式吊车，高架起重机245. overhead line 架空线路；架空管道246. overhead light 顶灯，高架照明灯247. overhead expense 营业费用；企业管理费用248. general overhead 一般间接费用249. No Overhead 不准超车250. trial ['traɪəl]n. 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼adj. 试验的；审讯的251. on trial 在试验中；在受审252. trial and error 反复试验；尝试错误法253. trial period 试用期254. first trial 初审；初次试验255. criminal trial 刑事审判256. civil trial 民事审判257. by trial and error 反复试验，不断摸索258. court trial 法庭审判259. stand trial 在受审260. protest ['prəʊtest]vi. 抗议；断言vt. 抗议；断言n. 抗议adj. 表示抗议的；抗议性的261. protest against 反对，对提出抗议262. without protest 心甘情愿地；不反对地；在不保留异议的情况下263. under protest 抗议着；极不乐意地264. protest about 对...提出抗议265. bullpen ['bʊlpen]n. 牛栏；大房间；（棒球）候补队员区266. brokerage ['brəʊk(ə)rɪdʒ]n. 佣金；回扣；中间人业务267. brokerage firm 经济商行；经纪行；经纪商（号）268. brokerage industry 中介业269. stock brokerage 证券经纪业，股票经纪业；股票经纪业务270. brokerage house 经纪行271. spill [spɪl]vt. 使溢出，使流出；使摔下vi. 溢出，流出；摔下；涌流n. 溢出，溅出；溢出量；摔下；小塞子272. oil spill 漏油；浮油273. spill over 溢出274. spill the beans 泄密；说漏嘴275. spill out （使）溢出，（使）溅出；突然涌出；说出（真相、内情）276. chemical spill 化学溢出物；化学品溢漏277. metallic [mɪ'tælɪk]adj. 金属的，含金属的278. metallic element [化学] 金属元素279. metallic material [材] 金属材料280. metallic glass 金属玻璃，玻璃合金281. shackle ['ʃæk(ə)l]n. 束缚；桎梏；脚镣vt. 束缚；加枷锁282. heart shackle 心形卸扣283. hook shackle 吊钩卸扣284. captor ['kæptə]n. 捕获者；俘虏者285. pile [paɪl]n. 堆；大量；建筑群vt. 累积；打桩于vi. 挤；堆积；积累286. a pile of 一堆；很多287. pile in 塞进；挤入288. pile up 积累，堆放起来289. pile on 堆在之上；使堆积在290. mattress ['mætrɪs]n. 床垫；褥子；空气垫291. spring mattress [家具] 弹簧床垫；弹簧褥子292. air mattress 空气垫；橡胶气垫293. dictate [dɪk'teɪt]vt. 命令；口述；使听写vi. 口述；听写n. 命令；指示294. figure dictate 图形表达295. sensibility [,sensɪ'bɪlɪtɪ]n. 情感；敏感性；感觉；识别力296. musical sensibility 乐感297. tracking sensibility 跟踪灵敏度298. superficial [,suːpə'fɪʃ(ə)l; ,sjuː-]adj. 表面的；肤浅的n. 表面文章；外表；浅薄的人299. superficial layer [解剖] 浅层；[流] 表面层300. superficial area 表面积301. superficial fascia [解剖] 浅筋膜302. cement [sɪ'ment]vt. 巩固，加强；用水泥涂；接合vi. 粘牢n. 水泥；接合剂303. in cement [美国口语]坚定不移的，不妥协的304. cement concrete 水泥混凝土305. cement industry 水泥工业306. heathen ['hiːð(ə)n]n. 异教徒；粗野的人adj. 异教的；野蛮的307. blameless ['bleɪmlɪs]adj. 清白的；无可责备的；无过失的308. blameless cycle 良性循环309. Legally Blameless 按照法律无罪310. gospel ['gɒsp(ə)l]n. 真理；信条adj. 传播福音的；福音赞美诗的311. gospel musicn. 福音音乐（美国黑人的一种宗教音乐）312. damnation [dæm'neɪʃ(ə)n]n. 诅咒；非难；被罚下地狱int. 糟了；该死313. forgivable [fɚ'ɡɪvəbl]adj. 可宽恕的；可原谅的314. resent [rɪ'zent]vt. 怨恨；愤恨；厌恶315. resent society 憎恨社会316. bring into line 使排齐；使一致317. to bring into line with 使一致318. heartless ['hɑːtlɪs]adj. 无情的；无勇气的319. Heartless Betrayal 无情背叛320. victim ['vɪktɪm]n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者321. fall victim to 成为的牺牲品；成为的受害者；屈服于；被降服322. prestige [pre'stiː(d)ʒ]n. 威望，声望；声誉323. occupational prestige 职业声望324. high prestige 崇高威望325. stake [steɪk]n. 桩，棍子；赌注；火刑；奖金vt. 资助，支持；系…于桩上；把…押下打赌vi. 打赌326. at stake 危如累卵；处于危险中；在紧要关头327. stake someone to something为某人取得某物而提供金钱(或援助)，资助某人取得某物328. equity stake 股权329. go to the stake (被绑在火刑柱上)受火刑；为自己的行为或信仰而受苦难赴汤蹈火330. have a stake in 与利害攸关331. stake out 监视；立桩标出；派警察监视332. stake on 在...上打赌；把赌注押在...上面333. wholesale ['həʊlseɪl]adj. 批发的；大规模的n. 批发adv. 大规模地；以批发方式vt. 批发vi. 批发；经营批发业334. wholesale market [贸易] 批发市场335. wholesale price 批发价格336. wholesale business 批发业务，批发生意337. wholesale trade 批发贸易338. wholesaler ['həul,seilə] n. 批发商339. preacher ['priːtʃə]n. 牧师；传教士；鼓吹者340. sermon ['sɜːmən]n. 布道；训诫；启示；冗长的讲话vt. 对…布道；对…说教vi. 布道341. Sermon Outline 讲道大纲| 讲题和大纲342. plead [pliːd]vt. 借口；为...辩护；托称vi. 恳求；辩护343. plead guilty 服罪；被告服罪344. plead for 请求；为辩护345. plead with 向恳求；恳求346. plead against sb 反驳某人347. pleader ['plidɚ]n. 答辩人；辩论者348. codify ['kəʊdɪfaɪ]vt. 编纂；将...编成法典；编成法典349. Codify laws 编纂法律350. normative ['nɔːmətɪv]adj. 规范的，标准的351. normative economics [经] 规范经济学352. normative mineral [矿物] 标准矿物353. regard [rɪ'gɑːd]vi. 注意，注重；注视vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把看作；与有关n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视354. with regard to 关于；至于356. in regard to 关于355. in this regard 就这一点而言357. regard as 把……认作358. without regard to 不考虑；不顾及359. pay regard to 重视；注意到360. in regard of 关于361. prescriptive [prɪ'skrɪptɪv]adj. 规定的，规范的；指定的362. prescriptive right [法] 因时效而取得的权利；法定期限权363. Prescriptive Period 时效期364. bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要365. the bulk of 大多数，大部366. in bulk 整批，散装；大批，大量367. bulk density 容积密度，[物] 体积密度；单位体积重量368. bulk cement 散装水泥369. bulk production 批量生产370. sweep [swiːp]vt. 扫除；猛拉；掸去vi. 扫，打扫；席卷；扫视；袭击n. 打扫，扫除；范围；全胜371. sweep the floor 扫地；清洁地面；清扫地板，拖地板372. sweep away 清除；一扫而空373. clean sweep 全胜；快速整理374. frequency sweep 频率扫描375. sweep up 大扫除；收拾干净376. sweep out 清除；扫除377. sweep down 突袭378. sweep rate [电子] 扫描频率；扫描速度379. downtime ['daʊntaɪm]n. （工厂等由于检修，待料等的）停工期；[电子] 故障停机时间380. maintenance downtime 停机检修时间381. spectator [spek'teɪtə]n. 观众；旁观者382. spectator sport 吸引大量观众的体育运动383. Media Spectator 新闻观察384. sibling ['sɪblɪŋ]n. 兄弟姊妹；民族成员385. sibling rivalry 同胞争宠；手足之争386. sibling species [遗] 同胞种；两似种387. culprit ['kʌlprɪt]n. 犯人，罪犯；被控犯罪的人388. prime culprit 主犯，首犯389. accessory culprit 从犯390. demoralize [dɪ'mɔrəlaɪz]vt. 使道德败坏；使堕落；使士气低落391. demoralize cheer 士气受挫392. divide and demoralize 分化瓦解393. rivalry['raɪv(ə)lrɪ]n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛394. business rivalry 商业竞争395. rivalry behavior争偶行为。

2005医博统考听力题解析原文

2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day,Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample 3answerA DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. He was waiting in the wrong place.B. He won’t have to wait any longer.C. The woman was mistaken.D. The woman should ask somebody else for help.2. A. The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B. The results might be ready tomorrow morning,C. The results will be ready this afternoon.D. The results were back this morning.3. A. Buy a purse. B. Buy the AIDS patients medicine.C. Make a donation.D. Lend the man some money.4. A. He failed to defend his paper. B. He had got a bleeding finger.C. He cut his finger with a knife.D. He had a paper cut.5. A. He can’t afford a digital camera now.B. He’s not sure how much a digital camera costs.C. He’ll buy a digital camera that fits his pocket.D. He’s lost the money he saved.6. A. Join the student Union.B. Persuade the other members of the Student Union not to quit.C. Keep an eye on the other members of the Student Union.D. Help the man find someone to fill the vacancy.7. A. The dentist will be back this afternoon.B. The dentist will have a full schedule this afternoon.C. He’s already had the dentist check his teeth.D. He plans to see the dentist this afternoon.8. A. Large and bulky. B. Lightweight and compact.C. Fancy and sophisticated.D. Appealing and amazing.9. A Use less shampoo, B. Stop using shampoo.C. Switch to the man’s brand.D. Rinse off the shampoo thoroughly.10. A. The fitness center doesn’t open until tomorrow.B. She is too busy to go to the fitness center.C. The fitness center is not for kids.D. The project of the fitness center will be finished tomorrow.11. A. Look in the library catalogue.B. Borrow the man’s computer.C. Seek the information from the Internet.D. Seek the information from Drama Society.12. A. He has changed his schedule. B. He was sick last Monday.C. He works less than he used to.D. He started his vacation last Monday.13. A. Because she has to pay a home visit to an emergency case.B. Because she dislikes teaching and wants to quit.C. Because her father has just been sent to the hospital and needs her care.D. Because her father is leaving the hospital and needs her help.14. A. Discontinue all the medications.B. Try new medicine and then have a CT scan.C. Take a CT scan before medication.D. Have a CT scan right away.15. A. Annoyed. B. Scared. C. Puzzled. D. Anxious.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passages One16. A. Common insomnia. B. Sleep-including activities.C. Foods to help people sleep better.D. Causes of insomnia and ways to deal with it.17. A. Asthma. B. Aches. C. Ulcer. D. Anemia.18. A. Go to bed earlier the next night. B. Go to bed as usual the next night.C. Take a nap the next day.D. Sleep late the next few days.19. A. Because tryptophan can balance their diet.B. Because tryptophan is an amino acid found in certain foods.C. Because tryptophan is crucial to the sleep process.D. Because tryptophan can cure insomnia altogether.20. A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent.Passage Two21. A. The difference between the couple in their view of time.B. The difference between the couple in their view of religion.C. The difference between the couple in their view of loyalty.D. The difference between the couple in their view of responsibility.22. A. He likes to be late. B. He likes to be early.C. He likes to be just on time.D. He likes to be just in time.23. A. 2 pm. B. 1:40 pm. C. 2:03 pm. D. 2:30 pm.24. A. Cancel the wedding immediately. B. Find a substitute immediately.C. Wait patiently till the groom to come finally.D. Find a lawyer to sue the groom.25. A. Cultural difference. B. Gender-related difference.C. Ethnical difference.D. Social rank.Passage Three26. A. She is a dentist. B. She is an orthopedist.C. She is a physiotherapist.D. She is a pharmacist.27. A. She is examining the man.B. She is taking a history.C. She is explaining the man’s condition.D. She is discussing a case with her colleague.28. A. Sliding over the stairs. B. Straightening his spine.C. Bending his knee too hard.D. Lifting heavy loads in the wrong way.29. A. In the lower part of his back. B. In the upper part of his back.C. In the middle part of his back.D. Not mentioned.30. A. Stay in bed to let the disc rest. B. Take some drugs to relieve the pain.C. Have some physiotherapy.D. Undergo an operation right away.2005全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。

04年河海博士英语试卷

河海大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡV ocabulary (10%)Part A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.21. The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that recommendations are properly implemented.A. made up ofB. carried outC. put into operationD. charged with22. The head of the navy heaped scornon both the methods and motives of the conspirators.A. admirationB. passionC. contemptD. offense23. One of the most provocativeideas of modern physics was initiated by the British theorist P.Dirao.A. stimulatingB. popularC. enduringD. powerful24. The story of Peter Pan is so fascinatingthat all the children like it.A. interestingB. adventurousC. entrancingD. extraordinary25. The young girl showed wonderful facilityfor learning languages.A. likingB. imaginationC. delightD. aptitude26. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevailin the forests.A. dominateB. reproduceC. rebuildD. invade27. Although the work needs to be done more exhaustively, efforts have been made to collect the songs and ballads of the American Revolution.A. preciselyB. selectivelyC. franticallyD. thoroughly28. There are still some outdated prejudices lurkingin the minds of individuals.A. existingB. hidingC. remainingD. emerging29. In buying a suit, a difference often cents in price is negligible.A. negligentB. negotiableC. insignificantD. consequential30. Modern nursing practices not only hastenthe recovery of the sick but also promote better health through preventive medicine.A. permitB. accelerateC. determineD. accompanyPart B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.31. She considered herself always in the right, and anybody s suggestion.A. skimpedB. sent downC. sneered atD. submitted to32. He was present in his role of school manager, church warden and donor.A. dedicatedB. tripleC. providentialD. religious33. Since you are so weak, you should take every precaution against catching cold.A. criticalB. comparableC. distinctD. conceivable34. An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of that produces it.A. causalityB. marginC. persistenceD. purpose35. Mr. Li is the present of the presidential chair of the company.A. transactionB. prescriptionC. professorD. incumbent36. Agreement made by the President with other countries the approval of the Senate.A. is subjected toB. is subject toC. draws outD. substitute for37. The economy is showing signs of .A. haltingB. overflowingC. outbreakingD. faltering38. Their experiments show that the strain of wheat grows more quickly and is resistant to disease.A. newly plantedB. newly cultivatedC. hybridD. imported39. In that country the coins are so that one has to carry great quantities to make a single purchase.A. diminishedB. debasedC. degradedD. defaced40. Richard Cramer was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his on the effects of war on individuals in the Middle East.A. commentaryB. communicationC. assertionD. declarationPartⅢUse of English (15%)Part A (10%)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to 41and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of 42the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to 43employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions 44which many of us can work for ourselves, 45for an employer?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people s work has taken the 46of jobs. The industrial age may now be 47to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. 48, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment as its history shows, has not meant 49freedom.Employment became widespread 50the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them 51the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living 52themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from the people s homes.53, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, 54, many people s work lost all connection 55their home lives and the places in which they lived.56, employment put women 57a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to58employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to 59some effort and resources away from the 60goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.41. A. be blamedB. have been blamedC. blameD. blaming42. A. sharingB. makingC. takingD. looking43. A. makeB. treatC. findD. get44. A. onB. atC. toD. in45. A. thereforeB. rather thanC. asD. other than46. A. sizeB. shapeC. formD. format47. A. takingB. makingC. comingD. becoming48. A. ButB. AndC. ThereforeD. For49. A. economicalB. economicC. economyD. economics50. A. duringB. sinceC. beforeD. when51. A. forB. ofC. toD. until52. A. forB. ofC. withD. to53. A. So thatB. After thatC. LaterD. So54. A. actuallyB. naturallyC. correctlyD. eventually55. A. toB. withC. forD. of56. A. MeanwhileB. Generally speakingC. ThereforeD. Actually57. A. intoB. inC. onD. at58. A. payingB. paidC. payD. being paid59. A. makeB. takeC. switchD. get60. A. possibleB. impossibleC. practicalD. impracticalPart B (5%)Directions: Each of the following sentences has 4 underlined parts marked A, B, C, and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and correct it. Then transfer your answers onto the ANSWER SHEET.61. WereAthe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it couldBdramatically transform a family ranCenterprise that still gets 90% of itsDrevenues from newspapers.62. Conversation calls for aAwillingness to alternate the role of speaker with oneBof listenerC, and calls for occasional digestive pauses byDboth.63. As long asApoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflictBwith richer people, who in general are lighterC skinD, there s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.64. All those left undoneAmay sound greatlyBin theory, but even the truest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.65. Even ifAautomakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternative fuelsC, the cars won t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at the gas station.PartⅣReading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D, and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do: what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk, a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.66. The best title for the passage could be .A. Work, Labor and PlayB. Ways Leading to HappinessC. The Most Desirable Job in the WorldD. The Necessity of Leisure67. If a person wishes to be happy,.A. he must have something to doB. he must realize the essential difference between work and laborC. he must feel free first of allD. he must do something valuable to society68. A man is a laborer if .A. what he likes to do is not recognized by societyB. he has to make a living or supporting his familyC. he cannot get paid for what he doesD. he is forced to do what he doesn t enjoy69. According to the passage, what is society s attitude toward the game we play?A. Society regards play as another kind of labor.B. Society doesn t care what we play at all.C. Society forbids us to play any game.D. Society cares for private games very much.70. Which of the following kinds of person is a worker?A. A teacher who enjoys working with students.B. A white collar employee who is well paid.C. A man who doesn t mix work with play.D. A man who has good appetite and enjoys good health.71. What does the laborer think of leisure?A. He thinks he has no time for it since he has to support his family.B. He wishes to have as little leisure as possible.C. He hopes to have more leisure to play.D. He thinks it more important than health and family.Passage 2Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insect when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer, Jean Jacquesd “Ortous de Mairan”, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that man s biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area. The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on June 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.72. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in .A. the regulation of body temperatureB. the secretion of hormonesC. animal reproductionD. many aspects of plant and animal physiology73. In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening and closing cycles .A. even when it was kept in a murky place all dayB. even if it was placed in the moonlightC. even when he was observing it from a dark placeD. even during the night time74. The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.” (Paragraph 2, Line 9) probably means .A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man made clockB. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to themC. They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythmsD. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life75. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day .A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different timesB. so as not to be recognized by the peopleC. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts workD. so as to leave the people s circadian rhythms in disorder76. What is Mr. Weitzman s ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory?A. He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers.B. People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.C. He wanted to find a way to treat people s diseases.D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian.77. Miss Sobol left the laboratory .A. on June 13thB. on June 25thC. at the end of JuneD. on July 7thPassage 3There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here s one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1,000 kilometer wide strip of forest running through Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of CO2and further boosting global warming.There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflecte d by the earth s surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is thatsome of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 per cent of all the world s energy is consumed by a quarter of the world s population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just seven per cent of the global population, is responsible for 22 per cent of global warming.78. “Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to .A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factorsB. how plants and animals interact with the changing climateC. how climate changesD. how climate zones shift79. We can learn from the passage that .A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warmingB. the basic facts of global warming are unknownC. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuelsD. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption80. The word “emission” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .A. admissionB. entranceC. ejectionD. agitation81. James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by .A. the cutting of many treesB. desirable environmental changesC. successful migration of speciesD. unsuccessful migration of trees82. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumptionB. a third world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2yearly to the atmosphereC. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse gas emissionsD. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels83. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A. Impact of global warming on climateB. Prosperity and cheap fossil fuelsC. Material progress and energy consumptionD. Plants and animals in the changing climatePassage 4Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines: the Bug Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of humanlife that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for no other literary form does quite the same things.The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness；it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary sub genre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure.The first point that science fiction is a literary sub genre is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek s RUR (Rossum s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known；the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a sub genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, character, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.84. Science fiction is called a literary sub genre because .A. it is not important enough to be a literary genreB. it cannot be made into a dramatic presentationC. it shares characteristics with other types of prose fictionD. to call it a “genre” would subject it to literary jargon85. Which of the following does not usually contribute to the theme in a piece of science fiction?A. narratorB. settingC. characterD. rhyme86. The view of science fiction encouraged by pulp magazines, while wrong, is nevertheless .A. popularB. derangedC. elegantD. fashionable87. An appropriate title for this passage would be .A. On the Inaccuracies of Pulp MagazinesB. Toward a Definition of Science FictionC. A Type of Prose FictionD. Beyond the Bug Eyed Monster88. The author s definition suggests that all science fiction deals with .A. the same topics addressed by novels and short storiesB. the unfamiliar or unusualC. Karel Capek s well known postulateD. the conflict between science and fiction89. One implication of the final sentence in the passage is that .A. the reader should turn next to commentaries on general fictionB. there is no reason for any reader not to like science fictionC. there are reasons for enjoying science fictionD. those who can read and analyze fiction can also do so with science fictionPassage 5“Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in 1985 to 10. 6 million in 1998,”according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free, energy efficient refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed.“Market transformation,”Fridley explains, “is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient produce.”“Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufactures interested in developing CFC free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk,” Fridley says.In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. “It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s,” says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an a dvisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. “The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.”“The Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants,” adds Levine.90. The main idea of this passage is .A. about refrigerator production in ChinaB. about the energy efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UNC. about the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protectionD. about the tremendous increase of China s refrigerator production91. From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that .A. the American experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed China s refrigerator productionB. the American researchers are particularly worried about China s over emission of CFC into the airC. the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in ChinaD. the American experts sees China as the best place to increase their export of refrigerator technology92. According to Fridley, “Market transformation” means .A. giving a practical guide to the consumers needs as which products are betterB. strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish right products from the fake onesC. producing high quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protectionD. trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively93. The following statements about Berkeley Lab are true EXCEPT .A. It began a project with the government of China in 1989 to assist in the development of CFC free, efficient refrigeratorsB. It provided technical assistance and training for Chinese refrigerator manufacturersC. It helped to develop a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agenciesD. It cooperated with the government of China on several refrigerator projects94. The pronoun “it” in the sentence “It is not widely known in the United States” (paragraph 5) may refer to .A. an International Climate Protection AwardB. the EPA, that is, the U. S. Environmental Protection AgencyC. the refrigerator project mentioned in the passageD. the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies95. The reason why the Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project is important to China s further development is that .A. the project will have a direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissionsB. the Chinese government is eager to improve its people s living conditionsC. the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrial pollutionD. the Chinese government is eager to up to date the production of its electronic industry PartⅤTranslation (20 %)Part A (10%)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Virtue and intelligence belong to human beings as individuals freely associating with other individuals in small groups. So do sin and stupidity. But the subhuman mindlessness to which the demagogue makes his appeal, the moral imbecility on which he relies when he goads his victims。

05年大学英语试题

05年大学英语试题Part I Listening Comprehension ( 20% )Section A ( 10 %)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Example:Y ou will hear:M: Is it possible for you to work late, Miss Grey?W: Work lateI suppose so, if you really think it's necessary.Q: Where do you think this conversation most probably took place?You will read:A.At the office.B. In the waiting room.C.At the airport.D.In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore A) "At the office" is the best answer. You should choose [A] and mark it with a single line through the center.1. A. In a bus. B. In a restaurant C. In a hospital. D. In a shop.2. A. By car. B. By bus. C. By walking D. By rushing.3. A. Get to the grocery store.B. Give the man directions to the bus station.C. Get directions to the bus station.D. Find out where the stoplight is.4. A. The red wallet cost two dollars. B. He has been to church.C. The broom was on the bottom.D. He has searched there carefully.5. A. At a doctor's. B. At a store. C. At a bank. D. At a library.6. A. The story of a novel. B. A report of an accident.C. Looking for a job.D. The whereabouts of a book.7. A. To go along to meet her friend with her.B. To go along to meet her friend with Tony.C. To occupy himself with the woman's work.D. To meet her friend for her.8. A. He will take a cab. B. He will drive.C. He will walk.D. He will take a bus.9. A. To spend the weekend with her motherB. To try to get a driving license.C. To go to the hospital for a medical check.D. To renew her passport.10. A. He has promised to keep smoking cigarettes.B. He's gained a profit from his business.C. Cigarettes become cheaper recently.D. He guesses that smoking releases anxiety.Section B Compound Dictation ( 10 %) (Please transfer your answers onto the Answer Sheet attached to this test paper.)Directions: I n this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from S1 to S7 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from S8 to Sl0 you are required to fill in the missing information. You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you havewritten.When John (S1) that morning, he remembered that his mother was going (S2) hospital. He hadn't (S3) worked out what was wrong with her. He knew, ( S4 ) , that she hadn't been well for some time now, and it had become almost (S5) to him to see her eyes narrowed in a sudden attack of pain, and her hand (S6) against her heart. Their own doctor, who she had finally gone to for (S7) , had sent her to a specialist who knew all about these things. (S8).During the weeks since then the pains had come even more often, and the narrowed eyes became an almost permanent part of her expression. (S9) _____________________________________ . John, a considerate person, tried to think what it would be like to have toothache all the time and how bad-tempered that would make you.So when his mother went into hospital, John was going to stay with his aunt and his father would stay on at home by himself. However, John didn't feel much happier . (S10).Part II Reading Comprehension （40% ）Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 11～15 are based on the following passage.If an animal is moved from its home in the tropics to a cold climate, it will die if it is not kept warm. And animals accustomed to cold climates will die if they are moved to the tropics. Many plants, too, will die if they are removed from the place where they normally grow and are transplanted into an unfamiliar soil. Almost every species is adapted to life in a particular place by its organs and their functions and by permanent habits. The specialized adaptation has great advantages, for it enables many organisms to survive under different conditions. It also has disadvantages, for it means that the life of most species is controlled by local conditions.Living things are not scattered over the earth at random; most species have definite habits for living places. Ecology is the study of how organisms live in their environment. This means finding out how an organism survives and reproduces in certain surroundings. By environment we mean not only the soil and the climate but the living things of the same species and other species, plant or animal. Most living things are slaves to their environment. Some can alter certain features of their environment to suit themselves; a beaver, for example, can make ponds by building dams, many birds and insects can build elaborate nests to provide shelter for their young. But these skills are restricted and highly specialized. Most organisms mustadapt their bodies to fit in with their surroundings, and since they can adapt only to particular surroundings, they are found only in places where they can live successfully with the least effort.Plants find these favorable places by trial and errors. The wind carries their seeds and spores great distances. If the seeds land in a favorable environment, they grow and reproduce. If they are deposited in an unfavorable environment, they die. Animals, on the other hand, search until they find a favorable environment.11. The main idea of this passage can be summarized as: _______.A. different habits of animals and plantsB. living things and their surroundingsC. plants and animals: slaves of their surroundings’ ability to adapt themselves to their surroundings12. What is meant by adaptation?ability of living things to survive in a particular place under difficult conditions.control of most species of living things by local conditions.ability of living things to find out some kind of specific surroundings for their survival.permanent habits of most living things.13. Living things can adapt themselves to their surroundings mainly through____.A. their organs and the organ s’ specific functionsspecialized permanent habitslocal living conditionsD. both A and B14. Animals are different from plants mainly in that _____.A. they can more or less alter their surroundingsB. their organs are highly specialized to their surroundingsC. they are looking for a favorable environment for their survivalD. they usually have their own specialized habits15. What information is implied but not stated in the passage?A. Animals are not completely restricted or confined to their surroundings.B. Plants are completely confined to their surroundings.C. Human beings are the only animals who can alter their surroundings.specialized adaptation is very important for living things to survive under different conditions.Passage 2Questions 16～20 are based on the following passage.Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tellmore serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of fulfilling. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.Research has also been done into the way people’s behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer, they are saying, “I wish I were somewhere else now”. They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itchy.Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Manwatching calls “the mouth cover”. He says there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers, touching the upper lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such a gesture can be interpreted as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying. Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or squirming about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and in particular the context in which the lie is told.16. According to Professor Jellison, a “white lie” appears to be a lie _______.A. that is told to mean the oppositeB. that a liar tells unconsciouslyC. that the teller tends to profit or gain some advantage from itharmlessly to avoid offending people17. Research on lying suggests that women_______.A. are more skilled at telling less serious lies than menB .tell more lies than menC. end to flatter people more often than men doD. are better at telling lies at parties than men do18. When people lie, they tend to rub their noses in order to _____.A. stop themselves from lyingB. get rid of itchC. avoid offensive smellD. give a hint of lying19. One reason people sometimes cover their mouths while lying is that ______.A. they wish those words had not come out of their mouthsB. mouth is very sensitive to physical changes caused by lyingC. they are trying unconsciously to stop themselves from telling liesD. they regret that their lies might hurt other people’s feelings20. We can know from the passage that ______.A. certain gestures can be used as proofs to judge whether a speaker is lying or notB. politicians and businessmen lie more often than ordinary peopleC. some gestures are proofs of lying only if they occur frequentlyD. there is no simple way to judge if people tell lies or notPassage 3Questions 21～25 are based on the following passage.After too long on the Net, even a phone call can be a shock. My boyfriend’s Liverpudlian accent suddenly becomes indecipherable (难识别的) after the clarity of his words on screen; a secretary’s tone seems more rejecting than I’d imagined it would be. Time itself becomes fluid—hours become minutes, and alternately seconds stretch into days. Weekends, once a highlight of my week, are now just two ordinary days.For the last three years, since I stopped working as a producer for Charlie Rose, I have done much of my work as a telecommuter. I submit articles and edit them via E-mail and communicate with colleagues on Internet mailing lists.My boyfriend lives in England, so much of our relationship is computer-mediated. If I desired, I could stay inside for weeks without wanting anything. I can order food, and manage my money, love and work. In fact, at times I have spent as long as three weeks alone at home, going out only to get mails and buy newspapers and groceries. I watched most of the blizzard (暴风雪) of 2002 on TV.But after a while, life itself begins to feel unreal. I start to feel as though I’ve merged with my machines, taking data in, spitting them back out, just another mode on the Net. Others on line report the same symptoms. We start to strongly dislike the outside forms of socializing. It’s like attending an . meeting in a bar with everyone holding a half-sipped drink. We have become the Net opponents’ worst nightmare.What first seemed like a luxury, crawling from bed to computer, not worrying about hair, and clothes and face, has become an avoidance, a lack of discipline. And once you start replacing real human contact with cyber-interaction, coming back out of the cave can be quite difficult.At times, I turn on the television and just leave it to chatter in the background, something that I’d never done previously. The voices of the programs soothe me, but then I’m jarred by the commercials. I find myself sucked in by soap operas, or compulsively needing to keep up with the latest news and the weather. “Dateline”, “Frontline”, “Nightline”, CNN, New York 1, every possible angle of every story over and over and over, even when they are of no possible use to us. Work moves from foreground to background.21. Compared to her boyfriend’s clear words on screen, his accent becomes ____.B. unbearableC. unrealD. misleading22. The passage implies that the author and her boyfriend live in _____.A. different cities in EnglandB. different countriesC. the same cityD. the same country23. What does the last paragraph mean?A. She is so absorbed in the TV programs that she often forgets her work.B. In order to keep up with the latest news and the weather, she watches TV a lot.C. In order to get some comfort from TV programs, she, sometimes, turns on the television.D. Having worked on the computer for too long, she becomes a bit odd.24. What is the author’s attitude toward computer?A. She dislikes it because TV programs are more attractive.B. She dislikes it because it cuts off her relationships with the outside world.C. She has become bored with it.D. She likes it because it is very convenient.25. The phrase “coming back out of the cave”in the fifth paragraph means _____.A. coming back homeB. going back homeC. living a luxurious lifeD. restoring direct human contactPassage 4Questions 26~30 are based on the following passage.In the United States there are two major political parties, the Democratic and the Republican. The Democratic party is the older of the two, tracing its history back to the time of Andrew Jackson in 1820s. The Republican party, which followed the Federalist party and the Whigs, was organized in the 1850s primarily as an antislavery party. Since antislavery sentiment was strongest in the manufacturing area of the North and East, the Republican party logically adopted the protective tariff and other ideas furthering the growth of manufacturing in the United States. In 1860 the Democratic party was split into two factions, the northern and the southern Democrats, each putting up its own candidate for president. While the two factions together polled more votes than did the Republican ticket, the Republicans received a total higher than that of either faction of the Democrats, and Abraham Lincoln was elected president.From 1860 to the present day there have been many attempts to found new parties. But whenever a third party has had considerable appeal at the polls, one of both of the major parties in the next election has embraced the platform accounting for its appeal, and the third party has faded away.Over the years, therefore, the positions of the two major parties have been changing and adapting themselves to the currently important problems of publicpolicy. At one time the Democratic party was considered to be a party standing up for state rights, and the Republican party a party representing the interests of business and industry. A clearcut difference between the two parties, however, has not existed for more than half a century. If one reads the platforms of the two parties, one finds that there is very little difference between them. Each party seems to be appealing to practically every group of voters. Unlike the political parties of Europe, and unlike the Conservatives and Laborites in England, the political parties in the United States are the collections of many disparate (不同的) elements.26. At first, the platform of the Republican party was centered around __________ .A. antislavery policiesB. developing manufacturingC. settling the disputes between factionsD. solving social problems27. According to the passage, Lincoln was elected because ___________ .A. his antislavery policiesB. the Democratic party was split upC. his penetrating speechesD. the Democratic party was for him 28．The third parties cannot survive in America because ____________ .A. they don't have appealing policiesB. the two major parties always adapt their policies to the public's interestC. they lack of fundsD. they are not allowed to take part in the election29. Nowadays, the two major parties____________.A. have quite similar platformsB. don't' have any conflictsC. appeal to different groups of peopleD. have strayed away from the values they cherished in the past30. The two major parties in Britain are_________.A. similar with those in AmericaB. similar with those in EuropeC. the collection of many different elementsD. different from those in AmericaPart III Vocabulary and Structure ( 15% )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B) ,C) and D) . Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. There is a lot of __________ that stress is partly responsible for disease.A. proofsB. evidentC. evidences32. The training program has been _________ to the benefits of the sutdents.A. classifiedB. intereferedC. modifiedD. modifyed33. I don’t want to lend any more money to him; he’s already in debt me.A. toB. forC. ofD. with34. John his father very much in all his ways.A. reactsB. respondsC. resemblesD. remembers35. Aluminum offers higher to corrosion than many other metals.A. resistanceB. refusalC. rejectionD. replay36. Although cats can’t see in complete darkness, their eyes are much moreto light than are human eyes.A. glowingB. brilliantC. sensitiveD. sensible37. This word is _________ from Latin, which carries the same meaning.A. comeB. derivedC. deprivedD. made38. There is a special for calculating distance, if speed and time are known.A. formationB. informationC. formalityD. formula39. Not until yesterday _______ something about it.A. do I knowB. did I knowC. I did knowD. had I known40. Most people _________ travel in the course of their work are giving traveling allowances .B. whoC. which41. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge; it is thinking thatmakes what we read ours.A. givesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes42. Figures in 1998 showed that crimes had decreased in the previous years.A. polishedB. deliveredC. releasedD. relieved43. We are __________ from drinking alcohol during working hours.A. subtractedB. prohibitedC. providedD. blocked44. Jim walked slowly to the corner of the street, his face __________.A. was covered with tearsB. was tearingC. covered with tearsD. with tears covered45. I bought a washing-machine and asked to have it sent to my house. The managerof the store promised to make a prompt __________.A. deliveryB. relayC. supplyD. transport46. A new spaceship was _________ at Cape Kennedy yesterday.A. motivatedB. releasedC. transmittedD. launched47. There was a per cent rise in the cost-of-living _________.A. markB. gradeC. indicationD. index48. The tension _____ as the guest of honor was about to announce the winner.A. mountedB. accentedC. climbedD. raised49. The boy cycling in the street was knocked down by a minibus and received _____ injuries.A. fatalB. excessiveC. radicalD. exaggerated50. The plan _________ when it proved too costly.A. fell throughB. fell downC. came downD. was fallen51. The chairman made a few conventional remarks, ________ are quite familiar to the audience.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. as52. The pupil of the eye expands and ________ in respond to light.A. pactsB. reducesC. contractsD. compresses53. Thousands died or emigrated during the Irish ________ .A. famousB. familiarityC. famineD. families54. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ________ the speakersstopped for refreshments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random55. After several nuclear disasters, a ________ has been evoked over the safety of nuclear energy.A. quarrelB. suspicionC. argumentD. controversy56. There is no easy solution to Japan’s labour ________ .A. declineB. vacancyC. shortageD. rarity57. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ to last a hundred years.A. too spaciousB. enough substantialC. substantial enoughD. so substantial58. The ________ for the destruction of the woods done by man ultimately lies in thehands of the young, who will start doing something about it.A. methodB. remedyC. replacementD. substitute59. There was a long ________ in Parliament on the question of capital punishment.A. debateB. talkC. debatingD. arguing60. The company went ________ because of its poor management.A. insolventB. bankruptC. destituteD. impoverishmentPart IV Translation (10 % )Directions:Read the following passage and put it into decent Chinese.The Kingdom of England has been trying to conquer, or defend itself from, Europe for 1000 years. If not for the channel, England or France surely would have swallowed the other. “A whole generation still remembers when only 21 miles stood between Hitler and the conquest of England,” says a professor of English history.Although Britain and France both use the metric system and the same electrical voltage (220 volts), it sometimes seems as if they have little else in common. The British and the French rarely marry each other. The French remain afraid that their language will die out. The British think a sick animal will drag itself through the tunnel and introduce the island nation to new diseases.Part V Writing (15%)Directions:For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic Friendship with no less than 120 words. Remember your composition should be based on the following Chinese requirements. (15%)。

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河北大学2005年博士入学考试题二、Structure and Vocabulary （20points）Direction：In each question decide which of the four choices given below will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. 1.When workers are organized in trade unions，employers find it hard lay them______A. OffB. asideC. outD. down2. A man who could ____such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strengthA.bear uponB. insist onC. stand up toD. persist in3. If this method doesn’t ___, we shall have to think of another way.A. come offB. come aboutC. come outD. come on4.The____ of a chemical compound when brought into contact with another gives us clues to its composition.A .deed B. behavior C. characteristics D. correspondence5. The chairman of the committee was delighted by the almost full __of its members at the conference.A. dependenceB. absenceC. attendanceD. enrollment6. The police are supposed to protect the people and their properties, ___evil conducts, guide traffic and so on.A. suppressB. depressC. frustrateD. condemn7. John was proved innocent, for it was just a (n) _____to have found him on the murder spot.A. coincidenceB. accidentC. occasionD. incident8. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____will down the economy.A. knockB. dragC. settleD. put9.It would have taken hours to work the sum out, so I____ my pocket calculatorA.turned overB. turned toC. turned inD. turned out10.The founding of the United Nations ____people’s longing for peace.A.declaredB. announcedC. manifestedD. implied11.The plan was ____when it was discovered just know much the scheme would cost.A.releasedB. desertC. resignedD. abandoned12.Now and then I saw the captain _____the horizon for approaching ships.A.scanningB. scrutinizingC. exploringD. sweeping13.Some economical people take food tins with them and carry the ____of the dinner home after a meal in a restaurant.A.remainsB. remainderC. left-overD. rest14.These classical literary works are ______of his originality as a writer.A.exemptionB. exemplificationC. examinationD. execution15. The neighbors do not consider him quite _____as most evenings he awakes them with his drunken singing.A.respectfulB. respectedC. respectableD. respective16. “They had a quarrel with my brother yesterday”“____come?”A.What B. How C. Why D. Where17. We resumed our work after the break with _____energy.A. relievedB. refinedC. renewedD. reinforced18.The shop lifter ran into the crow and _____from the sight of policemen.A. vanishedB. escapedC. meltedD. periledst year, the West European States had a _____to talk about the political union.A. conventionB. congressC. assemblyD. conference20.There exists in the United States at this time a powerful group of persons who are specializing in ____of crime on an organized scale.A. questB. thirstC. hunterD. excess三、Reading Comprehension (15points)Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep alternately with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The case. For example ,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from fives days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping. during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shift are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week. 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spend neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal(夜间发生的)wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a night incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.21.Why is the question” no mere academic one?”A. Because Bonjer’s findings are different from Brown’s.B. Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C. Because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.22.According to the passage , the main problem about night work is that_____.A.people hate the inconvenience of working on night shiftsB.your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and backC.not all industries work at the same hoursD.it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers23.According to the passage, the best solution to the problem seems to be_____.A.not to change shifts from one week to the nextB.to make periods on each shifts longerC.to employ people who will always work at nightD.to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly24.In Paragraph2.”the third” means_____.A. the third weekB. the third shiftC. a third of the timeD. the third routine25.In the last sentence of Pragraph2, “another” means_____.A. another routineB. another shiftC. another weekD. another personPassage TwoMan has become master of the earth’s surface. He is constantly probing into the earth’s depths and into the atmosphere’s upper reaches. Yet it is doubtful whether man, with all of its intelligence and forcefulness, hold his planetary seat with greater assurance than a vast tribe of small, many legged animals that pass their lives at his feet –spiders.Spiders are among the marvels of science. They dwell at higher altitudes than any other creature of their size or larger. On the mountain sides of Mount Everest, at an altitude of twenty-two thousand feet ----five hundred feet above the vegetation line-lives a species of black spider only a quarter of an inch long. This is an incredible environment for creatures so delicately constructed. To protect themselves from the cold of night, they take shelter inopenings where the twenty-four-hour variation in temperature is only twelve degrees, as against forty-four on the outside.Spiders inhabit other unlikely places-rabbit burrows, flowers, anthills, and the deserted nests of eagles. They have been found soaring through the air five miles above the earth. One species has been discovered in an African cavern more than two thousand feet underground.26.The author thinks that spiders.A.rival man as master of the earthB.are as firmly established on the earth than manC.are more forceful than manD.are more firmly established on the earth than man27.The writer is amazed by the black spider’s______.A.delicate constructionB.ability to live in such varied environmentsC.unusual intelligenceD.ability to withstand extreme cold28.Spiders “hold their planetary seat with assurance”because they are_____.A.more numerous than any other speciesB.able to adapt to hostile environmentsC.master of the earth’s surfaceD.all of the above29.The species of black spiders discovered on Mount Hverest is_____.A.the smallest species of spidersB.the highest-altitude dweller among creatures of that size or largerC.the only creatures that lives at that altitudeD.capable of surviving in any environment30.From this passage, we may conclude that_____’A.spiders have adapted to many unlikely environmentsB.on the whole spiders are delicate creaturesC.a species of black spiders can live anywhereD.spiders are the greatest marvel of natural sciencePassage ThreeDuring the past few years, scientists the world over have suddenly found themselves productively engaged in task they once spent their lives avoiding-writing and kind of writing, but particularly letter writing. Encourage by electronic mail’s surprising high speed, convenience and economy, people who never before touched the stuff are regularly, skillfully, even cheerfully tapping out a great deal of correspondence.Electronic networks, woven into the fabric of scientific communication these days, are the route to colleagues in distant countries, shared date, bulletin boards and electronic journals. Any one with a personal computer, a modern and the software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. An estimated five million scientists have done so with more joining every day, most of them communicating though a bundle of interconnected domestic and foreign routes known collectively as the Internet, or net.E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, overnight mail and of course, land mail, It shrinks time and distance between scientific collaborators, in part because it is conveniently asynchronous(异步的)(writers can type while their colleagues across time zones sleep; their message will be waiting). If it is yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication.Jeremy Bernstein. The physicist and science writer, once called E-mail the physicist’s virtues. Physicist are using it; college students are using it, everybody is using it, and as a sign that it has come of age, the New Yorker has celebrated its liberating presence with a cartoon- an appreciative dog seated at a keyboard, saying happily, “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”31.The reason given below about the popularity of E-mail can be found in the passage except_______.A. direct and reliableB. time-saving in deliveryC. money-savingD. available at any time32.How is the Internet or net explained in the passage?A.Electronic routes used to read home and international journals.B.Electronic routes used to fax or correspond overnight.C.Electronic routes waiting for correspondence while one is sleeping.D.Electronic routines connected among millions of users, home and abroad.33.What does the sentence “If is it not yet speeding discoveries, it is certainly accelerating communication” most probably mean?A.The quick speed of correspondence may have ill-effects on discoveries.B.Although it does not speed up correspondence, it helps make discoveries.C.It quickens mutual communication even if it does not accelerate discoveries.D.It shrinks time for communication and accelerates discoveries.34.What does the sentence “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog,” imply in the last paragraph?A.Even dogs are interested in the computer.B.E-mail has become very popular.C.Dogs are liberated from their usual duties.D.E-mail deprives dogs of their owners’ love.35.What will happen to fax, land mail, overnight mail, etc. according to the writer?A.Their functions cannot be replaced by E-mail.B.They will co-exist with E-mail for a long time.C.Less and less people will use them.D.They will play a supplementary function to E-mail.四、Translate the following passage into Chinese (10 points)The clusters of graceful palms, reflected deep in the placid expanse of the backwater, were silhouetted inky black against the sunset sky, aflame with clouds that were the color of gold and fire, and blood.A slow breeze caused gentle ripples in the otherwise mirror like perfection of the island sea. The distant melodies of a fisherman’s flute—now a clear, shrill bird-like note, now a mere whisper—seemed to enhance, rather than shatter, the all-pervading stillness.五、Writing（15 points）Direction：For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic How to Keep Balance between Economic Development and Environmental Protection You should write at least 200 words.How to Keep Balance between Economic Development andEnvironmental Protection。