《高级路由与交换技术》考试大纲 (2)

《高级路由与交换技术》考试大纲一、VLAN和中继1.创建vlanS1(config)#vlan 10S1(config-vlan)#name fatherS1(config-vlan)#exitS1(config)#vlan 20S1(config-vlan)#name motherS1(config)#exitS1(config)#vlan 30S1(config-vlan)#name babyS1(config)#exit2.配置中继链路(1)带封装的中继链络S1(config)#interface fa0/0S1(config-if)#switchportS1(config-if)#switchport trunk encasulation dot1qS1(config-if)#switchport mode trunkS2(config)#interface range fa0/0 – 3S2(config -if-range)# switchportS2(config -if-range)#switchport trunk encasulation dot1q S2(config -if-range)#switchport mode trunk（2）不带封装的中继链络S1(config)#interface fa0/0S1(config-if)#switchport mode trunkS2(config)#interface range fa0/0S2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk二、VTP和修剪1.配置vtp服务器、vtp客户端及vtp域名、vtp版本S1(config)#vtp domain 管理域的名字（JHW）（配置vtp管理域）S1(config)#vtp mode server(服务器模式)S1(config)#vtp password cisco（配置vtp密码）S2(config)#vtp mode client（客户模式）S1(config)#vtp domain syhS3(config)#vtp mode transparent（透明模式）S1(config)#vtp version 2 (vtp版本配置)S1#show vtp status(现实管理域中vtp参数)S1#show vtp counters（查看vtp消息和错误计数）2.vtp修剪S1(config)#vtp pruning(启用vtp修剪)S1(config)#interface fa0/0S1(config-if)#switchport trunk pruning vlan remove/add/except/10S1#show vtp statusS1# show interface interface-id switchport(显示中继线状态，包括受制于修剪得VLAN)三、聚合交换机链路1.聚合的配置配置Pagp:S2(config)interface range fa0/1 , fa0/4S2(config -if-range)channel-protocol pagpS2(config -if-range)channel-group 1（信息号）mode onS1(config -if-range)interface range fa0/1 , fa0/6S1(config -if-range)channel-protocol pagpS1(config -if-range)channel-group 1 mode on配置lacp 以太信道:S3(config)#lacp system-priority 100S3(config)#interface range fa0/0 – 2, fa1/0 – 2S3(config -if-range)#channel-protocol lacpS3(config -if-range #channl-group 1 mode activeS3(config -if-range)#lacp port-priority 100(配置优先级)S3(config -if-range)#exit2.验证信道1S1#show etherchannel summary四、冗余链路会聚1.根桥定制（性能好的分布层交换机）S2为VLAN 1 10的根桥（直接修改）S2(config)#SPANNING-TREE VLAN 1 primary 4096 优先级S2(config)#SPANNING-TREE VLAN 10 primary 4096 优先级S3为VLAN 20 30的根桥（间接修改）S3 config)#SPANNING-TREE VLAN 20 root primaryS3(config)#SPANNING-TREE VLAN 30 root primary2.STP的会聚（1）调整STP定时器（只在根桥上配置）hello-time 根桥定期发送BPDU的时间间隔1-10s 2sforward-time STP端口状态变化时间间隔4-30s 15smax-age 存储从邻接交换机接收的BPDU的时间6-40s 20s 命令：S2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 hello-time 3S2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 forward-time 10S2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 max-age 30S2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 10 hello-time 3S2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 10 forward-time 10S2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 10 max-age 303.冗余链路会聚portfast接单个主机的交换机端口上启用不会把端口的变化状态通知根桥，而且端口的状态直接变为转发S1(config)#INTERFACE RANGE FA0/3 - 5S1(config -if-range)#SWITCHPORT MODE ACCESSS1(config -if-range)#SPANNING-TREE PORTFASTuplinkfast有两条上行链路的接入层交换机上启用快速完成上行链路故障切换S1(config)#spanning-tree uplinkfastbackbonefast在所有骨干层的交换机上启用快速查询备份链路S4(config)#spanning-tree backbonefastS5(config)#spanning-tree backbonefast五、保护生成树协议拓扑1.启用根防护switch(config)#interface fa0/0switch(config-if)#spanning-tree guard root2.默认禁用BPDU保护，在启用portfast的端口上来启用switch(config-if)#spanning-tree portfastswitch(config-if)#spanning-tree bpduguard enableswitch(config)#spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default(全局启用bpdu防护)注意：根防护和BPDU保护不要同时在一个端口启用防止突然丢失BPDU3.环路防护在全局启用sw(config)#spanning-tree loopguard default4.UDLD在全局启用sw(config)#udld enable5.启用BPDU过滤在全局启用Sw(config)#spanning-tree bpdufilter default在端口启用Sw(config-if)#spanning-tree bpdufilter enable六、MST(多生成树协议)Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst 1 root primary(设置根网桥（宏命令）) Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst 1 priority 150（设置网桥优先级）Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst 1 cost 100（设置端口成本）Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst 1 port-priority 80（设置端口优先级）设置stp定时器Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst hello-time 3Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst forward-time 10Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst max-age 30Sw(config)#spanning-tree mode mst（启用mst）Sw(config)#spanning-tree mst configuration（进入mst配置模式）Sw(config-mst)#name syh（指定区域配置名）Sw(config-mst)#revision 2（指定区域配置修订号）Sw(config-mst)#intance 2 vlan 10 , 20 , 30（将vlan映射到mst实例）Sw(config-mst)#show pending（显示还未提交的修改）Sw(config-mst)#exit （退出mst配置模式，向活动mst区域配置提交修改）七、VLAN间路由1.接口类型和转换switchport //把三层接口转换为二层接口no switchport //把二层接口转换为三层接口S2(config)#interface fa0/2S2(config-if)#no switchportS2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.24.1 255.255.255.252S2(config-if)#interface fa0/3S2(config-if)#no switchportS2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.25.1 255.255.255.252S3(config)#interface fa0/2S3(config-if)#no switchportS3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.34.1 255.255.255.252S3(config-if)#no switchportS3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.35.1 255.255.255.252 2.VLAN之间的通信前提S2:interface range fa0/1 , fa0/4switchport trunk allowed vlan allinterface port-channel 1switchport trunk allowed vlan allS1:interface range fa0/1-2,fa0/ 6switchport trunk allowed vlan allinterface port-channel 1switchport trunk allowed vlan allS3:interface fa0/1switchport trunk allowed vlan all实现不同VLAN的通信S2(config)#interface vlan 10S2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0 S2(config-if)#exiS2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0S2(config-if)#interface vlan 30S2(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0S3(config)#interface vlan 10S3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.253 255.255.255.0S3(config-if)#interface vlan 20S3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.253 255.255.255.0S3(config-if)#interface vlan 30S3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.253 255.255.255.0S2(config)#ip routing //开启路由功能S3(config)#ip routing查看FIB表S2#show ip cef vlan 10八、DHCP和DHCP中继1.DHCPS3(config)#ip dhcp exclude-address 192.168.34.20 192.168.34.30(预留地址，不被分配)S3(config)#ip dhcp pool jhwS3(config-dhcp)#network 192.168.34.0 255.255.255.252S3(config-dhcp)#default-router 192.168.34.2S3(config-dhcp)#lease 30(地址租期)查看命令：S3(config)#show ip dhcp binding2.DHCP中继S3(config)#interface fa0/2S3(config-if)#no switchportS3(config-if)#ip address 192.168.34.1 255.255.255.252S3(config-if)#ip helper-address 192.168.199.1 /*指定dhcp服务器的地址，表示通过fa0/2向该服务器发送DHCP请求包*/S3(config)#exit九、路由器冗余1.HSRP(热备份路由器协议)1）.优先级的更改：（config-if）#standby group priority XXXXX2）.规划VLAN 1和VLAN 10的主网关为S2，备份网关为S3S2(config)#interface vlan 10ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0standby ○10priority 248 (10表示组号)standby 10 ip 192.168.10.252 vlan 10的网关S3(config)#interface vlan 10ip address 192.168.10.253 255.255.255.0 standby ○10priority 150standby 10 ip 192.168.10.252S2(config)#interface vlan 1ip address 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0 standby 1 priority 248standby 1 ip 192.168.1.252S3(config)#interface vlan 1ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0 standby 1 priority 150standby 1 ip 192.168.1.252VLAN 20和30的主网关为S3，备份网关为S2 S2(config)#interface vlan 20ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0 standby 20 priority 150standby 20 ip 192.168.20.252S3(config)#interface vlan 20ip address 192.168.20.253 255.255.255.0 standby 20 priority 248standby 20 ip 192.168.20.252S2(config)#interface vlan 30ip address 192.168.30.254 255.255.255.0 standby 30 priority 150standby 30 ip 192.168.30.252S3(config)#interface vlan 30ip address 192.168.30.253 255.255.255.0 standby 30 priority 248standby 30 ip 192.168.30.252查看命令：Show standby stye-number group briefShow standby briefShow standby2.VRRP1）.配置VRRPinterfcae vlan 10vrrp 10(主号) priority XXX（优先级）vrrp 10（vlan 10）ip 192.168.10.252no vrrp 10 preempt 去掉抢占功能2).实例S2是VLAN 1 10的主网关，S3是VLAN 1 10的备用网关S2(config)#interface vlan 10S2(config-if)#vrrp 10 priority 248S2(config-if)#vrrp 10 ip 192.168.10.252S3(config)#interface vlan 10S3(config-if)#vrrp 10 priority 150S3(config-if)#vrrp 10 ip 192.168.10.252S3是VLAN 20 30的主网关，S2是VLAN 20 30的备用网关S3(config)#interface vlan 20S3(config-if)#vrrp 20 priority 248S3(config-if)#vrrp 20 ip 192.168.20.252S3(config)#interface vlan 30S3(config-if)#vrrp 30 priority 248S3(config-if)#vrrp 30 ip 192.168.30.252S2(config)#interface vlan 20S2(config-if)#vrrp 20 priority 150S2(config-if)#vrrp 20 ip 192.168.20.252S2(config)#interface vlan 30S2(config-if)#vrrp 30 priority 150S2(config-if)#vrrp 30 ip 192.168.20.252 3.GLBP(网关负载均衡协议)配置S2是VLAN 10的AVG，S2，S3是AVFS2(config)#interface vlan 10S2(config-if)#glbp 10 priority 248S2(config-if)#glbp 10 ip 192.168.10.252 S2(config-if)#glbp 10 preemptS3(config)#interface vlan 10S3(config-if)#glbp 10 priority 150S3(config-if)#glbp 10 ip 192.168.10.252 S3(config-if)#glbp 10 preemptS3是VLAN 20 30的AVG，S2，S3是AVF S3(config)#interface vlan 20S3(config-if)#glbp 20 priority 248S3(config-if)#glbp 20 ip 192.168.20.252 S3(config-if)#glbp 20 preemptS3(config)#interface vlan 30S3(config-if)#glbp 30 priority 248S3(config-if)#glbp 30 ip 192.168.30.252 S3(config-if)#glbp 30 preemptS2(config)#interface vlan 20S2(config-if)#glbp 20 priority 150S2(config-if)#glbp 20 ip 192.168.20.252S2(config-if)#glbp 20 preemptS2(config)#interface vlan 30S2(config-if)#glbp 30 priority 150S2(config-if)#glbp 30 ip 192.168.30.252S2(config-if)#glbp 30 preempt4.GLBP的接口追踪目的：跟踪AVF的状态现状：S2S3都是VLAN 1 10的AVF，其中S2是AVGS3(config)#track 1 INterface fa0/2 line-protocolS3(config)#track 2 INterface fa0/3 line-protocolS3(config)#interface vlan 10S3(config-if)#glbp 10 weighting 154 lower 80 upper 100 S3(config-if)#glbp 10 weighting track 1 decrement 40S3(config-if)#glbp 10 weighting track 2 decrement 40 154-x>100 x<54154-y>100 y<54154-x-y<80 x+y>74在AVG上操作S2(config)#interface vlan 10S2(config-if)#glbp 10 load-balancing host-dependentS3(config)#interface VLAN 20S3(config-if)#glbp 20 Load-balancing WEightedS3(config)#interface VLAN 30S3(config-if)#glbp 20 Load-balancing WEighted十、DHCP探测和源IP地址防护1.DHCP探测Sw(config)#ip dhcp snoopingSw(config)#ip dhcp snooping vlan 10 , 20 , 30Sw(config-if)#ip dhcp snooping limit rate 3*/DHCP包的转发速率，超过就Shutdown 端口，默认不限制。