法律英语专题侵权法toraw

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Tort Law 侵权法

在美国，侵权法主要属于各州的法律范畴，而且主要由判例法组成。

在联邦法律中1946年的Federal Tort Claims Act (联邦侵权索赔法）是最主要的一个法律。

侵权行为可分为故意侵权行为（intentional tort)、过失侵权行为（negligence or negligent tort)和严格责任侵权行为(strict liability tort). 对侵权行为的一般救济方法是对侵权行为所造成的损害予以一定的金钱补偿，在涉及交通事故等领域的侵权赔偿已广范采用了保险赔偿的方式。

Text 课文Part One: Introduction第一部分基本概念1. The law of tort is still the source of most civil suits in the United States, with damage claims for automobile accidents taking first place. Many circumstances contribute to this: (a) the plaintiff in an American civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often--and understandably--rely more on human than on legal considerations, for instance when a child has been injured in an automobile accident or through a defective product of a large enterprise; (b) Compensation and damages include not only the actual loss but also the intangible damage. A plaintiff can therefore often play on the human reaction of the jury: for instance, what is appropriate compensation for a permanent disability such as the loss of a limb? (c) American law permits the participation of the attorney in the plaintiff’s recovery (contingent fee) which not uncommonly amounts to 25 to 33 percent of the verdict. As a result of all of these factors, a tort action may be a lengthy proceeding, result in large expenses, for instance through honoraria for experts (which may deter the "small "plaintiff from suing at all), and may end in the award of a very large verdict. It is no linger uncommon that a jury will aware a verdict in excess of＄100,000. These conditions have been the touchstone for several reform endeavors which will be discussed in more detail below.1．在美国，侵权行为法产生的诉讼仍是大多民事诉讼案件的主要来源，其中基于交通事故产生的损害赔偿案件居于首位。

Tort Law侵权法英文版

侵权责任法Tort Liability Law第一章一般规定General Provisions第一条为保护民事主体的合法权益，明确侵权责任，预防并制裁侵权行为，促进社会和谐稳定，制定本法。

In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of civil subjects, clarify the tort lability, prevent and punishtortious conduct, and promote the social harmony and stability, this Law is formulated.第二条侵害民事权益，应当依照本法承担侵权责任。

本法所称民事权益，包括生命权、健康权、姓名权、名誉权、荣誉权、肖像权、隐私权、婚姻自主权、监护权、所有权、用益物权、担保物权、著作权、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、股权、继承权等人身、财产权益。

Those who infringe upon civil rights and interests shall be subject to the tort liability according to this Law.“Civil rights and interests” in this Law include the right to life, right to health, right to name, right to reputation, right to honor, right to portrait, right of privacy, marital autonomy, guardianship, ownership, usufruct, security interest, copyright, patent right, exclusive right to use a trademark, right to discover, equities, right of succession, and other personal and property rights and interests.第三条被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。

法律英语侵权法案例对话(3篇)

第1篇Characters:1. John Doe (attorney for XYZ Co.)2. Jane Smith (attorney for ABC Inc.)3. Judge Johnson---John Doe: Good morning, Your Honor. My name is John Doe, and I represent XYZ Co. in this case of copyright infringement. We believe that ABC Inc. has willfully and intentionally infringed upon XYZ Co.'s copyright in their latest product, the SmartGadget.Jane Smith: Good morning, Your Honor. I am Jane Smith, representing ABC Inc. We respectfully disagree with the allegations of copyright infringement. We believe that our product, the SmartGadget, is not substantially similar to XYZ Co.'s product and does not infringe upon their copyright.Judge Johnson: Thank you both for your presence here today. Let's begin with the facts of the case. Mr. Doe, please summarize the allegations against ABC Inc.John Doe: Absolutely, Your Honor. XYZ Co. is the owner of a copyrightfor the SmartGadget, which was created and developed by our engineers. The SmartGadget is a portable electronic device that provides users with various features, including GPS navigation, mobile payments, and health monitoring. In June 2020, XYZ Co. released the SmartGadget to the public, and it has since gained significant popularity and commercial success.ABC Inc., on the other hand, released a product called the SmartDevicein August 2020, which we believe is substantially similar to the SmartGadget. The SmartDevice offers many of the same features as the SmartGadget, including GPS navigation, mobile payments, and health monitoring. However, ABC Inc. did not obtain a license to use the copyrighted elements of the SmartGadget.Jane Smith: Your Honor, we respectfully disagree with the assertion that the SmartDevice is substantially similar to the SmartGadget. While both products share some features, the overall design, functionality, and user interface of the SmartDevice are distinct and unique. We have conducted a thorough investigation, and we can provide evidence to support our position.Judge Johnson: I appreciate your input, Ms. Smith. Mr. Doe, how does XYZ Co. establish that the SmartDevice infringes upon their copyright?John Doe: Your Honor, we have presented evidence that demonstrates the substantial similarity between the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice. This evidence includes a side-by-side comparison of the two products, which shows that they share a strikingly similar design, functionality, and user interface. Additionally, we have gathered testimonies from experts in the field who confirm that the SmartDevice is a direct copy of the SmartGadget.Jane Smith: Your Honor, while we understand the concerns of XYZ Co., we believe that the similarity between the two products is merely coincidental. Our company has always been committed to innovation and creating unique products. We have also conducted a thoroughinvestigation and have evidence to show that our engineers developed the SmartDevice independently, without any knowledge of the SmartGadget.Judge Johnson: Thank you, both counsel. Let's delve deeper into the similarities between the two products. Mr. Doe, please provide adetailed comparison of the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice.John Doe: Of course, Your Honor. We have identified several key similarities between the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice:1. Design: Both products have a sleek, modern design with a similar color scheme and button placement. The overall look and feel of the SmartDevice is almost identical to the SmartGadget.2. Functionality: Both devices offer GPS navigation, mobile payments, and health monitoring features. The layout and user interface for these features are nearly identical in both products.3. User Interface: The SmartDevice's user interface is almost a direct copy of the SmartGadget's user interface. The icons, menu options, and navigation paths are all very similar.4. Branding: The SmartDevice bears a striking resemblance to the SmartGadget's branding, including the logo, typography, and color scheme.Jane Smith: Your Honor, while we acknowledge some similarities, we believe that these are not enough to establish copyright infringement. We have evidence to show that our engineers developed the SmartDevice independently, without any knowledge of the SmartGadget. Furthermore, we have presented expert testimonies to support our position.Judge Johnson: I appreciate your arguments, Ms. Smith. However, the substantial similarity between the two products is a matter of concern. In order to determine whether copyright infringement has occurred, we must consider the following factors:1. Originality: Does the SmartGadget have originality?2. Access: Did ABC Inc. have access to the SmartGadget's copyrighted elements?3. Substantial Similarity: Is the SmartDevice substantially similar to the SmartGadget?4. Intent: Did ABC Inc. intend to infringe upon XYZ Co.'s copyright?John Doe: Your Honor, based on the evidence we have presented, we believe that the SmartGadget meets the criteria for originality. It is a unique product with distinct features and design elements. Additionally, ABC Inc. had access to the SmartGadget's copyrighted elements as it was publicly available when the SmartDevice was developed. The substantial similarity between the two products is evident from our comparison, and we believe that ABC Inc. intended to infringe upon our client's copyright.Jane Smith: Your Honor, we respectfully disagree with the claim of intent. We have evidence to show that our engineers developed the SmartDevice independently, without any knowledge of the SmartGadget.Furthermore, we have presented expert testimonies to support our position.Judge Johnson: After carefully considering the arguments and evidence presented by both parties, I find that XYZ Co. has established a prima facie case of copyright infringement against ABC Inc. While I acknowledge that some similarities exist between the SmartGadget and the SmartDevice, I believe that the substantial similarity between the two products is enough to support a finding of infringement.Therefore, I order ABC Inc. to cease and desist from manufacturing, distributing, or selling the SmartDevice. Additionally, XYZ Co. is entitled to damages for the infringement, which will be determined at a later hearing.John Doe: Thank you, Your Honor. We appreciate your decision.Jane Smith: We respectfully disagree with the decision, but we will comply with the court's orders.Judge Johnson: This concludes the hearing. Good day to both of you.---The above dialogue provides a simplified representation of a legal English copyright infringement case. In reality, the process would involve more detailed evidence, expert testimonies, and legal arguments.第2篇Court: United States District Court for the Southern District of New YorkDate: March 15, 2023Attorneys:- For the Plaintiff (Smith): Robert Thompson, Esq.- For the Defendant (Johnson): Emily Davis, Esq.---Judge: Thank you, Counsel. Let's proceed with the opening statements.Robert Thompson (Plaintiff's Attorney): Good morning, Your Honor. My client, Mr. Smith, is here today to seek redress for copyright infringement. On May 1, 2022, Mr. Johnson released a novel titled "Echoes of Time," which Mr. Smith believes infringes upon his own copyrighted work, "Chronicles of the Future," which was published in 2019.Emily Davis (Defendant's Attorney): Good morning, Your Honor. We respectfully disagree with the plaintiff's claim. "Echoes of Time" is an original work with no substantial similarity to "Chronicles of the Future." The alleged infringement is merely a coincidence, and the defendant did not copy any part of the plaintiff's work.Judge: Thank you, Counsel. Let's move on to the pre-trial motions. Have either party filed any motions that the court should consider?Robert Thompson: Yes, Your Honor. We have filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the defendant's work is a verbatim copy of our client's copyrighted material.Emily Davis: We have also filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the plaintiff's work is not copyrightable due to lack of originality, and that even if it were, there is no substantialsimilarity between the two works.Judge: Thank you, Counsel. The court will consider both motions and rule on them before the trial. Now, let's move on to the discovery phase. Have either party identified any relevant documents or witnesses?Robert Thompson: Yes, Your Honor. We have identified several witnesses, including the plaintiff himself, who can testify about the similarities between the two works. Additionally, we have discovered several internal documents from the defendant's publisher that suggest he was aware of our client's work prior to publication.Emily Davis: We have also identified relevant documents, including the defendant's own notes and research materials. However, we dispute the relevance of these documents and argue that they do not support the plaintiff's claim.Judge: The court will review the relevance and admissibility of these documents. Moving on to the trial, Counsel, please present your opening statements.Robert Thompson: Thank you, Your Honor. As I mentioned earlier, Mr. Smith's novel, "Chronicles of the Future," is a copyrighted work that tells the story of a futuristic civilization and its struggles with time travel. The novel is filled with unique characters, complex plotlines, and original ideas.Emily Davis: That is true, Your Honor. However, "Echoes of Time" is a standalone novel that explores a different genre entirely. It is a science fiction thriller about a group of scientists who discover a way to manipulate time and use it to their advantage. The works are fundamentally different in their themes and execution.Robert Thompson: Yet, the similarities are striking. The protagonist of "Echoes of Time," Dr. Michael Carter, shares a striking resemblance to Mr. Smith's protagonist, Dr. Ethan Winters. The premise of time manipulation is central to both novels, and the characters' personal struggles and motivations are eerily similar.Emily Davis: That is a matter of opinion, Mr. Thompson. The characters are developed independently, and the premise of time manipulation is a common theme in science fiction literature. The defendant's work is not a verbatim copy of "Chronicles of the Future."Robert Thompson: But the evidence shows otherwise. Our expert witness, Dr. Helen Taylor, a professor of literature, has compared the two works and concluded that they share a substantial amount of protectable expression. She has identified numerous direct and indirect quotations from "Chronicles of the Future" that appear in "Echoes of Time."Emily Davis: Dr. Taylor's conclusions are flawed. She has failed to consider the transformative nature of the defendant's work. "Echoes of Time" builds upon the plaintiff's novel but adds new elements and perspectives. It is not a derivative work, as the plaintiff claims.Robert Thompson: The defendant's claim of originality is a red herring. The similarities in plot, character, and setting are too great to be mere coincidence. The defendant must have had access to "Chronicles of the Future" and copied its protected elements.Emily Davis: Access is not a requirement for copyright infringement. Moreover, the plaintiff's work is not original. The concept of timetravel is not protected by copyright, and the plaintiff has not demonstrated that his work contains any original elements.Robert Thompson: We have. The unique narrative structure of "Chronicles of the Future," the depth of the characters' development, and the originality of the thematic elements are all protected by copyright law.Emily Davis: The court must consider the totality of the circumstances. The defendant's work, while inspired by the plaintiff's novel, is a new and distinct creation. The similarities are superficial and do not rise to the level of copyright infringement.---Judge: Thank you, Counsel. The court has heard your arguments. The trial will proceed with the presentation of evidence and witness testimony. Both parties are reminded to adhere to the rules of evidence and tofocus on the relevant issues in this case.---[The trial continues with the presentation of evidence, expert testimony, and witness statements. After several days of testimony, the court will issue a decision.]Judge: After careful consideration of the evidence and arguments presented, the court finds that there is substantial similarity between the plaintiff's copyrighted work, "Chronicles of the Future," and thedefendant's novel, "Echoes of Time." The defendant's work is not transformative and does not provide a new interpretation of theplaintiff's original ideas. Therefore, the court holds that the defendant's work constitutes copyright infringement.Emily Davis (Defendant's Attorney): We respectfully disagree with the court's decision and will file an appeal.Robert Thompson (Plaintiff's Attorney): We are satisfied with thecourt's decision and will seek appropriate remedies, including damages and an injunction to prevent further infringement.Judge: The court will issue its final judgment within the next few weeks. Thank you, Counsel, for your attention to this matter.---End of Case Dialogue第3篇Court: Superior Court of New York, County of ManhattanDate: January 15, 2023Jurisdiction: New YorkPlaintiff: John Smith, Esq. (on behalf of himself and as an agent forthe copyright holders)Defendant: Jane JohnsonCounsel for Plaintiff: Robert Brown, Esq.Counsel for Defendant: Lisa White, Esq.---The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Good morning, Counsel. Please call the case to order.Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Thank you, Your Honor. May it please the Court, I call this case Smith v. Johnson. My client, John Smith, is the plaintiff and represents himself as an agent for the copyright holders. We are here today to bring forth a claim of copyright infringement against the defendant, Jane Johnson.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Yes, Your Honor. I represent Jane Johnson, the defendant. I acknowledge the plaintiff's claim of copyright infringement and look forward to presenting our defense.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Thank you, Counsel. Mr. Brown, please proceed with your opening statement.Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Thank you, Your Honor. In this case, the plaintiff, John Smith, is a renowned author of historical fiction. He has written a novel titled "The Legacy of Time," which was published in 2018. The novel is protected by United States copyright law.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: And how does the defendant come into this case?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Your Honor, the defendant, Jane Johnson, is a self-published author. In 2020, she released her novel, "Echoes of the Past," which is substantially similar to Mr. Smith's work, "The Legacy of Time." This similarity is not due to any legitimate research or independent creation on her part.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Is there evidence of direct copying or similarity between the two works?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Yes, Your Honor. We have presented several exhibits to the Court that show the similarity between the plot, characters, and significant portions of the text from both novels. Our expert witness, Dr. Emily Green, a literary scholar, has also analyzed the works and confirmed the substantial similarity.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Your Honor, I object to the introduction of this expert testimony. The plaintiff has not provided sufficient foundation for Dr. Green's qualifications as an expert in literary analysis. Additionally, the methodology she used is flawed and subjective.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Sustained. Counsel, we will allow the expert testimony, but it will be subject to rigorous cross-examination. Please proceed with your opening statement, Mr. Brown.Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Thank you, Your Honor. Dr. Green's analysis is based on the literary analysis of the works and the principles of copyright law. She has compared various elements of the two novels, including the plot, character development, and thematic elements.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: What is the nature of the infringement, Mr. Brown?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: The infringement is clear, Your Honor. The defendant's novel, "Echoes of the Past," has been copied from my client's work, "The Legacy of Time," without permission. This constitutes a violation of the plaintiff's exclusive rights under the Copyright Act of 1976.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Your Honor, my client did not copy the work. She claims that her novel was inspired by the themes of time travel and historicalevents, which are not original to the plaintiff's work. Furthermore, the defendant's novel contains significant differences in style andnarrative structure.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: And how does the defendant respond to the claim ofsubstantial similarity?Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: We argue that the themes of time travel and historical events are common in the genre of historical fiction and cannot be protected by copyright. Additionally, our expert, Dr. Michael Thompson, a literary critic, will testify that the defendant's novel is not substantially similar to the plaintiff's work.The Honorable Judge John Doe:The Court: Thank you, Counsel. We will hear from Dr. Thompson next. Mr. Brown, do you wish to call your expert witness, Dr. Green, to the stand?Robert Brown, Esq. (Plaintiff's Counsel):Mr. Brown: Yes, Your Honor. We will call Dr. Emily Green to the stand.---Dr. Emily Green (Expert Witness for the Plaintiff):Dr. Green: Thank you, Counsel. I am Dr. Emily Green, a professor of English literature with a focus on copyright law and literary analysis.I have reviewed the works of the plaintiff and the defendant and can confirm that there is a substantial similarity between the two novels.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, are you qualified to offer an opinion on the issue of substantial similarity?Dr. Green: Yes, I am qualified. I have extensive experience in analyzing literary works for copyright purposes.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, how do you define "substantial similarity"?Dr. Green: Substantial similarity refers to the extent to which two works share common elements, such as plot, characters, dialogue, and setting. If a substantial number of these elements are similar, the works are substantially similar.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, how did you arrive at your conclusion that the works are substantially similar?Dr. Green: I compared the two novels in detail, looking at various elements. For example, the main characters in both novels are time travelers who are involved in historical events. The narrative structure and some of the dialogue are also similar.Lisa White, Esq. (Defendant's Counsel):Ms. White: Dr. Green, are you aware that the themes of time travel and historical events are common in the genre of historical fiction?Dr. Green: Yes, I am aware of that. However, the specific way in which these themes are presented in the plaintiff's novel is original and unique. The defendant's novel shares many of these elements, indicating that there was copying.---The hearing continues with the examination of other witnesses, the presentation of additional evidence, and the cross-examination of both experts. The case is set for trial, and the Court will make a decision based on the evidence presented.。

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)资料讲解

The plaintiff must have a reasonable apprehension of such contact.
Actual fear on the plaintiff’s part is not required.
Examples
Assault
swinging a baseball bat at someone holding a rock and threatening to throw
Subcategories
torts against the person
assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction of emotional distress
General
property torts
trespass to land trespass to chattels (personal property) conversion
dignitary torts
defamation invasion of privacy
Torts Against the Person
Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)
General
to deter others from committing the same act
US tort law
Tort law in the U. S. is largely common law.

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort-law)

was riding, causing him to fall and be injured mixing something offensive in food that he knows another will eat—the other does in fact eat the offensive matter
Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Many judges utilize the Restatement of Torts (2nd) as an influential guide.
The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute, which summarizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.
With the tort of assault, a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.
Assault
＊A defendant who throws a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault, since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.

《侵权责任法》英语

《侵权责任法》英语一、单词1. Tort [tɔːt]- 释义：侵权行为（不包括违约等行为的民事过错）。

- 用法：常与“liability”（责任）搭配使用，如“tort liability”（侵权责任）。

- 双语例句：A tort is a civil wrong for which the law provides a remedy.（侵权行为是一种民事过错，法律为此提供救济。

）2. Liability [ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti]- 释义：责任；债务；倾向。

- 用法：可用于表达法律上的各种责任，如“tort liability”（侵权责任），“limited liability”（有限责任）。

- 双语例句：Thepany denies any liability for the accident.（公司否认对事故负有任何责任。

）3. Compensation [ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn]- 释义：补偿；赔偿金；报酬。

- 用法：在侵权法中，常表示对受害人的赔偿，如pensation for damages”（损害赔偿）。

- 双语例句：The victim is entitled to receivepensation for his injuries.（受害人有权就其受伤获得赔偿。

）4. Damages [ˈdæmɪdʒɪz]- 释义：损害赔偿金；损害；损失。

- 用法：通常复数形式使用，如“claim damages”（要求损害赔偿）。

- 双语例句：The court awarded him substantial damages.（法院判给他巨额损害赔偿金。

）5. Negligence [ˈneɡlɪdʒəns]- 释义：疏忽；过失；粗心大意。

- 用法：是侵权责任的一个重要概念，如“negligence liability”（过失责任）。

- 双语例句：The accident was caused by his negligence.（事故是由他的疏忽造成的。

法律英语专题：侵权法

dignitary torts
defamation invasion of privacy
8
Torts Against the Person
9
Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
it at someone pointing a gun at someone pointing a realistic toy gun at someone
Criminal assault and tortious assault
Criminal assault can occur even when no threat is perceived by the victim.
★Apprehension is not the same as fear— here it means awareness that an injury or offensive contact is imminent.
Requirements
The act must be overt.
Mere words do not constitute an assault.
10
Assault
There must be an accompanying act.
The defendant must have the apparent ability to carry out the contact.
Actual ability to carry out the contact is not necessary.

法律英语专题：侵权法(tort-law)教学提纲

With the tort of assault, a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.
Assault
＊A defendant who throws a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault, since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.
The plaintiff must have a reasonable apprehension of such contact.
Actual fear on the plaintiff’s part is not required.
Examples
Assault
swinging a baseball bat at someone holding a rock and threatening to throw
Assault
There must be an accompanying act.
The defendant must have the apparent ability to carry out the contact.
Actual ability to carry out the contact is not necessary.
Many judges utilize the Restatement of Torts (2nd) as an influential guide.
The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute, which summarizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.

法律英语第十课侵权法

2013-7-11 法律英语 9
American law permits
the participation of the attorney in the plaintiff’s recovery (contingent fee) 美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金） Amount to 25 to 33% of the verdict 酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。
2013-7-11
法律英语
10
A tort action 侵权诉讼
A lengthy proceeding –诉讼程序时间长 Large expenses — honoraria for experts –代价大（专家证人的酬金） A very large verdict （ in excess of $100000） –判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）
2013-7-11 法律英语 18
Part 3: Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任
Negligent act
Causality
Injury
2013-7-11
法律英语
19
A person is negligent
if he has not complied with his ―duty of care‖ and ,has not acted as ―a reasonable and prudent man‖.
2013-7-11
法律英语
23
No claim for compensation不能要求赔偿
The injured party has been guilty of contributory negligence – 共同过失 has assumed the risk – 预计到有危险

法律英语口语：法律术语解读侵权与犯罪

法律英语口语：法律术语解读侵权与犯罪原文：Simply stated, a tort is a wrong. It is a private wrong (civil as opposed to criminal) resulting from a breach of a legal duty derived from society's expectations regardingproper and improper interpersonal conduct.A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual, for which a court will grant monetary damages or an equitable remedy to compensate an individual for his/her injury. The rights and duties involved in a tort case mayarise from either statute or common law.While, a crime is an offense against the public, and criminal law does not seek to compensate the victim. Tort includes both deliberate wrongs (intentional torts) and inadvertent or accidental wrongs (negligent torts), as wellas wrongs for which the offender is held liable regardless of motivation or ability to prevent the injury (strictliability). Torts that are specifically related to businessare grouped separately. Tort law is perhaps the broadest and most volatile area of civil law.Conduct that is a tort may also be a crime. Conduct that unreasonably interferes with someone else's interest is frequently both a tort and a crime.1. Most crimes involve socially unacceptable conduct that unreasonably interferes with another's interests, e.g., arson, burglary, manslaughter, murder, rape, and robbery.2. The burden of proof in a tort action (a preponderance of the evidence) is much lighter than the state's burden in a criminal action (beyond a reasonable doubt).3. Because the burden of proof is much lighter in a tort action, it is possible to prevail in a tort case while the state does not succeed in its related criminal prosecution.4. Thus, differentiating between a tort and a crime is essential.a. A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual.b. A crime is an offense against the public and has little, if anything, to do with compensating the victim of the crime.c. In a tort action, an injured party sues to obtain compensation for the damages that (s)he sustained as a result of the defendant's wrongful conduct.The fundamental purpose of tort law is to compensate the injured party, not necessarily to punish the wrongdoer as in criminal law. However, punitive damages (compensation in excess of actual damages) may be awarded if the defendant's conduct was willful, malicious, or particularly repugnant.译文：侵权与犯罪简单来讲，侵权就是不法行为。

法律英语专题侵权法toraw

it at someone pointing a gun at someone pointing a realistic toy gun at someone
Criminal assault and tortious assault
Criminal assault can occur even when no threat is perceived by the victim.
★The essence of the tort is the natural mental harm that results when one’s freedom is restricted without justification.
Elements
intent to confine a person within a certain area
was riding, causing him to fall and be injured mixing something offensive in food that he knows another will eat—the other does in fact eat the offensive matter
Battery
Definition
an intentional act that causes a harmful or offensive contact
‘Harmful’ contact
contact that objectively intends to injure, disfigure, impair, or cause pain
Categories of torts
intentional torts

法律英语专题侵权法toraw

Tort Law 侵权法

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