土木 建筑 外文文献翻译 中英文：地下建筑结构

Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues.

Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the

expansion of green space, reduce urban pollution and improve the quality of urban life, etc., can play an important role. Underground construction also has shortcomings, such as construction costs are high, the construction complicated.

A Brief History of the development of underground ancient times, humans have been anti-years use of natural caves, and shelter to escape the beast. Zhoukoudian in China found that more than 50 million years ago, Peking Man lived in caves in the natural. According to Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture found in archaeological sites, to prove that since 7000 ~ 5000 years ago, began living dug caves, from the simple bag-shaped to round or square semi-crypt, above the roof of a simple. Later, the beginning of the construction of housing on the ground, cave gradually ceased to be the main mode of living human beings. However, the ancient tombs on the ground in accordance with the construction method in underground construction. Some grain is also built in the ground, such as the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang warehouse containing Kerry. Northwest China, North China Loess Plateau region, as a result of excavation loess and climate-friendly dry cave tradition continues to this day. Estimated that there are still more than 35 million population live in the cave.

After the industrial revolution, as a result of mining and the development of transport, mines, roadways, highways, tunnels, railway tunnels have been built. London, England in 1863 into a city of the world's first underground railway. During World War II, the protection of underground construction in the superiority of attention, some veterans of the important military installations and arms factories, warehouses, etc., built in the ground, and the construction of the air-raid shelter for the residents. Since the late 50s, as a result of economic development and scientific and technological progress, the rapid increase in urban population, the increasingly serious environmental pollution, energy crisis