高考英语一轮复习精品语法学案 专题4 形容词与副词

形容词与副词是高考考查的热点，高考英语中单项填空、完形填空、书面表达，任何一项题目中都有可能涉及形容词等级、辨析和在句中的位置。关于形容词与副词这一考点，主要考查以下几个方面：在具体的语境中考查形容词词义辨析；考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。

一、形容词、副词的主要功能

1．形容词在句中主要作定语、表语和补语，但有时也作状语，表示伴随、原因等。如：We find the boy considerate. (宾补)

He walked in the snow, cold and hungry. (伴随状语)

Afraid of difficulties, they took the easy road. (原因状语)

2．副词作状语主要是用作修饰性状语、评注性状语及连接性状语。其中后两种状语是现在考查的重点。如：

He spoke English fairly fluently. (修饰性状语)

Fortunately, none of them was hurt. (评注性状语)

His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. (连接性状语)

注意：

(1) 形容词作状语是形容主语的性质，而副词作状语则修饰动词。如：

He walked home slowly. 他慢慢地步行回家了。

He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他到家时又累又饿。

(2) 有些副词像fortunately, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, actually, personally 等

作评注性状语往往修饰整个句子，对整个句子进行说明或解释，表示说话人对话语的态度与看法。通常位于句首，常用逗号与句子分开。如：

Surprisingly, no one in the class could work out the problem.

Personally, I don't think he will interview you.

(3)还有些副词起连接作用，使前后句构成某种逻辑上的衔接。常见的有：

I am wrong. Similarly, you are to blame. 我错了。同样地，你也该受到谴责。

Seize the chance. Otherwise you'll regret it. 抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。

They are enjoying themselves. (Or) Rather, they appear to be enjoying themselves. 他们正玩得很开心，更精确地说，他们好像正玩得很开心。

He forgot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program. 他忘了打开收音机，因此错过了那个节目。

It may snow, but anyhow I will go to town. 可能下雪，但我无论如何要进城。

He said he would come; he didn't, though.

他说他要来，可是并没有来。

Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.

母亲去买东西；我打扫屋子。

二、形容词的位置

1．形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：

(1) 形容词短语作定语，定语后置。如：

a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high

(2) 表语形容词(alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定语，定语后置。如：a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词，如：well，faint，ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill若作定语意为“bad”。

(3) 用作定语，修饰由不定代词one，any，some和every构成的复合词，如anything，something 等时，通常后置。如：

I have something important to tell you.

(4) else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

2．多个形容词及限定词等修饰同一个名词的顺序：

a beautiful small round old yellow French wooden study room

口诀巧记：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。(1) The husband gave his wife ____________ every month in order to please her.

A．income all his B．his all income

C．his income all D．all his income

【解析】 D 考查多个限定词的词序。all前位限定； his中位限定。

(2) The ___________________ house smells as if it hasn't been lived in for years.

A．little white wooden B．little wooden white

C．white wooden little D．wooden white little

【解析】 A 考查多个形容词修饰同一中心词的词序：大小＋颜色＋材料。

三、副词的分类

英语里的副词分为9类：时间、地点、方式、频率、程度、连接、关系、疑问和句子副词。常见的有：

1．时间副词

常见的时间副词有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, finally, before, early, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately，already, just 等。2．地点副词

常见的地点副词有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, halfway, upstairs, downstairs 等。

3．频率副词

频率副词表示动作发生的次数，常见的有ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually, continually, always 等。

4．程度副词

程度副词用于表示程度，常见的有 fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, awfully, deeply, partly, perfectly, really 等。

5．连接副词

常见的连接副词有therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover，thus, meanwhile, when, why, where, how 等。

6．句子副词

句子副词用于修饰句子(而不是修饰某个单词)，反映说话人的观点和看法，如 actually, certainly, clearly, definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, obviously, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, undoubtedly, unexpectedly 等。四、兼有两种形式的副词

有些副词有两种形式，一种形式是在形容词后加ly，另一种形式同该形容词，即“形、副同形”，但其意义有很大差别，这类词主要有：

1．不加ly表示具体概念，加ly表示抽象概念或用于比喻意义。

high空间高度 The plane was flying high.

highly高度地，非常地 I think highly of your opinion.

注意短语：aim high 心怀大志，志向高远

deep空间深度 He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

deeply深深地 Even father was deeply moved by the film.

注意搭配：deep into the night到深夜

wide空间宽度 He opened the door wide.

widely广泛地，普遍地 English is widely used in the world.

注意短语：be wide awake 完全清醒

close 接近地，紧紧地 He is sitting close to me.

closely 仔细地，严密地 Watch him closely.

2．两种形式，词义差别较大

late晚，迟 You have come too late.

lately 最近What have you been doing lately(＝recently)？

free免费You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

freely 自由地You may speak freely； say what you like.

most 很，非常，最 He is most kind to me.

mostly 主要地，大部分 She is mostly at home on Sundays.

hard 努力地 Think harder.

hardly 几乎不，简直不 I can hardly understand you.

专题四│ 正面解读

五、形容词和副词比较等级的基本句型

1． as＋adj./adv.原级＋as

not as/ so＋adj./adv.原级＋as

注意：当as…as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。

This is as good an example as the other is.

＝This is an example as good as the other is.

2． adj./adv.比较级＋than

You are taller than I.

注意：

比较级后面跟有名词时，有时需要加适当的冠词。

Tom is the taller of the two brothers.

I have never read a better story.

3． the ＋最高级＋ of/ among＋同类名词/ in ＋范围、地点等名词/定语从句(…have ever…)

This cake is the most delicious of all/ in the shop/ I have ever had.

注意：

(1) 当没有比较的范围时，most表示非常，相当于very，此时没有比较概念。

Steel is most useful / a most useful material in industry.

(2) “否定词语＋比较级”，“否定词语＋so…as”结构表示最高级含义。

Nothing is so easy as this.

＝Nothing is easier than this.

＝This is the easiest thing.

We couldn't feel better.

4． the ＋比较级…， the＋比较级…越……，越……

The more practice you do, the fewer mistakes you will make.

5．比较级＋ and＋比较级越来越……

The weather is getting warmer and warmer.

六、比较级和最高级的修饰词

1． almost, exactly, just, quite, nearly, half, twice 等词可以用来修饰as…as结构。2． much, many(只能在比较级后是可数名词复数时使用)，far, by far, a lot, a great deal, rather, a bit, a little, even, still, yet，no, twice等词可以修饰more than比较级。3． by far, almost, nearly, much，first等词可以修饰最高级。

This problem is exactly as important as that one.

Mike is much / a lot/ far/ a little stronger than John.

He has much more money than me but I have many more books than him.

My father is two inches taller than me/ taller than me by two inches.

Today is even/ still/ yet colder.

I can't go any farther.＝I can go no farther.

This hat is by far the biggest.

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

七、表达倍数的常用句型结构

1．A is three/four…times the size/height/length/width…of B．或The size/height/length/width of A is three/four…times that of…如：

The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.

新扩建的广场是未扩建时的四倍大。

2．A is three/four…times as big/high/long/wide…as B．如：

This tree is three times as tall as that one.

这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。

3．A is three/four…times bigger/higher/longer/wider…than B．如：The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one.

这本字典比那本恰好贵5倍。

注意：用times表示倍数时，一般只限于三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍常用twice或

double。

八、特殊结构和固定搭配

形容词和副词有许多特殊结构和固定搭配，归纳与考点有密切联系的部分如下：

1．too…to句型的两个意义

(1) 表示否定意义，意为“太……而不能”。如：

This question is too hard for me to understand.

这个问题太难，我理解不了。

The flower is too beautiful to last. 花太美，难经久。

(2) 表示肯定意义，意为“非常，很，极”。当too后面接easy, ready, eager, willing, thankful, delighted等形容词时，too表示“很，非常”之意，与very表达“很”的意思相同。当too前有all, but, only等词时，形成only too/all too…to do结构，仍旧表达“非常，很，极”之意。如：

I'm too glad to hear the news.

听到这个消息我非常高兴。

He's only too pleased to pick her up.

他非常高兴去接她。

They are but too glad to see me.

他们非常高兴来看我。

2． A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对于B就如C对于D。”如：

Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals.

发动机对于机器就如心脏对于动物。

3． than的习惯短语

(1) more than意为“超过，多于；十分，非常；不仅仅”。如：

I was more than surprised at his sudden arrival.

对他的突然到来我非常吃惊。

(2) more…than意为“与其……不如”。如：

He was more frightened than hurt.

与其说他受到伤害不如说他受到了惊吓。

(3) rather than意为“而非，不，宁愿……也不”(would/had rather…than)。如：

Rather than take a bus to school, I'd prefer to walk.

我宁愿步行上学也不愿乘车。

(4) other than常意为“除……之外，不同于”；在否定结构中，形成no/not/nothing other than 的结构搭配，常意为“正是，恰好是，除了……别无”。如：

It was no other than my old friend Jones.

就是我的老朋友琼斯。

1．要避免重复使用比较级。

【误】 He is more cleverer than his brother.

【正】 He is more clever than his brother.

【正】 He is cleverer than his brother.

2．要避免将主语含在比较对象中。

【误】 China is larger than any country in Asia.

【正】 China is larger than any other country in Asia.

3．比较的对象要一致。

【误】 The weather in China is different from America.

【正】 The weather in China is different from that in America.

【解析】句意为：中国的天气与美国的天气不同。比较的是天气而不是国家，比较的主体要一致，因此用that代替前面的weather。

4．要避免表语形容词用作定语。

【误】 Entering the room, I saw an afraid girl crouching in the corner.

【正】 Entering the room, I saw a frightened girl crouching in the corner.

【解析】 afraid是表语形容词不能作定语，而frightened是过去分词变来的普通形容词，可以作定语。

5．不要把连接性副词当连词使用。

(1) 【误】 He takes no interest in studies, instead, he plays tennis all day.

【正】 He takes no interest in studies; instead, he plays tennis all day.

【正】 He takes no interest in studies. Instead, he plays tennis all day. (2) 【误】 The house is not big enough for us, besides, it is too far from town.

【正】 The house is not big enough for us, and besides, it is too far from town.

【正】 The house is not big enough for us. Besides, it is too far from town.

【解析】 instead, besides等很多词是起连接作用的副词，不能当连词使用，因此它们所在的句子和前面的句子之间只有语义上的逻辑关系，而句子之间在语法上是独立的，因此前面的句子要用句号或分号或用and并列。

1．[2010·全国卷Ⅱ] Mr. Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been ____________.

A．popular B．more popular

C．most popular D．the most popular

【解析】 B 考查形容词比较级的用法。形容词比较级用于否定句表示隐含的最高级，表示“没有比……更……的”。

2． Much to his surprise，he invited only twenty friends to the dinner，but ________________ came.

A．twice as many as B．as many as twice

C．twice as many D．twice more than

【解析】 C 考查倍数的表达。很显然这里要表达的意思是：来的客人人数是他邀请的客人数的两倍，所以要用“倍数＋as many as”结构。第二个as及其后的内容省略。

3． Food safety is __________ important, so the government spares no effort to prevent food pollution.

A．highly B．reasonably C．strongly D．naturally

【解析】 A highly表示程度“非常，极度”。

4． In that case, there is nothing you can do __________ than wait.

A．more B．other C．better D．any

【解析】 B “nothing…other than wait” 只好等待。

5．[2010·全国卷Ⅰ] I have seldom seen my mother _______ pleased with my progress as she is now.

A．so B．very C．too D．rather

【解析】 A 易混副词用法辨析。as…as…句型在否定句中可以替换为so…as…如本句。

6．[2010·福建卷] —Volunteering is becoming popular in China.

—Yeah，people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves.

A．naturally B．successfully

C．splendidly D．increasingly

【解析】 D 考查副词辨析。根据第一句句意：志愿工作在中国正越来越受到欢迎，可知D项正确。

7．[2010·湖北卷] I wasn't blaming anyone；I __________ said errors like this could be avoided.

A．merely B．mostly C．rarely D．nearly

【解析】 A 考查副词词义辨析。句意为：我没有责备任何人，我仅仅是说像这样的错误是可以避免的。这里表示“仅仅，只有”，所以用merely。

8． After watching the movie Avatar, Mary lay in bed with her eyes ________ open while all her family were ________ asleep.

A．widely; soundly B．wider; soundly

C．widely; sound D．wide; sound

【解析】 D 表示眼睛睁得大、嘴张得大等时，要用wide修饰open；表示“酣睡”时，常用be sound/fast/deep asleep来表达。

9． Boris has brains. In fact，I doubt whether anyone in the class has __________ IQ.

A．a high B．a higher C．the higher D．the highest

【解析】 B 考查形容词比较级的用法。根据题干内容可知，这里是将Boris的智商与班级里其他同学的智商进行比较，因此应该用比较级，排除A、D两项；另外，这里是表泛指，

因此用不定冠词，故B项正确。

10．—How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

—It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ____________________ days at the seaside.

A．few last sunny B．last few sunny

C．last sunny few D．few sunny last

【答案】 B

11．Everyone was on time for the meeting __________ Mike, who's usually ten minutes late for everything.

A．even B．only C．but D．yet

【解析】 A 本题考查副词。句意为：每个人都按时到会，甚至连那个通常什么时候都会迟到十分钟的麦克也按时到会了。选A。

12．People go out with masks, ____________________.

A．fear of the sandstorm

B．afraid of the sandstorm

C．feared of the sandstorm

D．being afraid of the sandstorm

【解析】 B 考查形容词短语作状语的用法。句意为：人们因害怕沙尘暴，外出时都戴着口罩。

13．Mrs. White bought a __________ wallet for her husband.

A．black leather small B．small leather black

C．black small leather D．small black leather

【解析】 D 考查名词前多个形容词的排列顺序。其排列顺序为：大小形状、颜色、出处、材料、用途。选D。

14．—Let me help you, Tom!

—Thank you. I can do it. Here's __________ to hold all these things.

A．a case big enough B．an enough big case

C．a case enough big D．a big case enough

【答案】 A

15．The economic impact study was conducted by a group of selected MBA students at the University of Kansas.

A．especially B．specially

C．regularly D．potentially

【解析】 B 考查副词辨析。句意为：经济影响调查是由几个来自堪萨斯州大学的、特别挑选的硕士研究生进行的。especially尤其是；regularly有规律地；potentially潜在地。specially特别地，符合题意。

1．(2011·青岛市第一次模拟)Thinking that her daughter was doing homework，the mother left the room，________.

A．quickly and gentle B．quick and gentle

C．quickly and gently D．quick and gently

解析：quick and gentle 在句中是形容词短语作伴随状语，往往用逗号隔开。

答案： B

2．(2011·青岛市第一次模拟)My grandfather is as ________as a young man and hates sitting around doing nothing all day.

A．enthusiastic B．energetic

C．talkative D．sensitive

解析：依据后半句hates sitting around doing nothing all day 可知这里表示“精力充沛的”，故选B项。enthusiastic热情的；talkative 健谈的；sensitive 敏感的。

答案： B

3．(2011·福建毕业班检查)Even students with ________intelligence can be excellent students after bettering their study habits.

A．average B．unusual

C．splendid D．popular

解析：考查形容词辨析。average 表示“一般的，平常的”；unusual 表示“异乎寻常的”；splendid 表示“极好的，壮丽的”；popular 则表示“流行的”。根据语意，此处表示“智力一般的学生在改进学习习惯之后也能变得很出色”，所以选A项。

答案： A

4．(2011·东城练习二)Young people go to college with the expectation that________educated people get a higher pay.

A．good B．better

C．best D．the best

解析：本题考查形容词、副词的比较级。句意为：年轻人上大学，带着这样的期望——得到更好教育的人会得到更高的工资报酬。所以本题应该选择B项。

答案： B

5．(2011·黑龙江检测)I was sleepy.I decided to make myself some________coffee so I could work________.

A．weak；better B．strong；well

C．strong；better D．weak；well

解析：根据语意，第一空用strong coffee，浓咖啡才能提神；第二空表示比较，意为“比现在工作得更好”，故用well的比较级。

答案： C

6．(2011·南昌一模)The increase of the number of the students makes the limited computers not________to each student.

A．available B．affordable

C．helpful D．acceptable

解析：考查形容词词义辨析。语境为：学生数量的增加使有限的电脑不够每个学生都使用。固定短语be available to意为“可享受的，可得到的，可使用的”。be helpful to 对……有帮助的，有益的，有用的；affordable付得起的，不太昂贵的；acceptable可接受的，合意的，可承受的，可忍受的。语境暗示学生多，电脑少，因此应是不够用。

答案： A

7．(2011·杭州教学检测)Though many extra planes and trains are used to carry passengers，traffic tools are still________needed during the “May Day” holidays.

A．eagerly B．badly

C．equally D．slightly

解析：考查副词。尽管增加了许多航班和火车班次以便运送旅客，但是在五一假期里交通工具还很急需。eagerly 热切地；badly很，非常；equally 平等地；slightly略微，稍微。只有B项符合语意。

答案： B

8．(2010·山东济南3月模拟)On snowy days，you have to drive very ________to avoid traffic accidents.

A．cautiously B．neatly

C．smoothly D．properly

解析：句意为：在下雪天，你必须谨慎驾车以避免交通事故。cautiously 谨慎地；neatly 整洁地；smoothly平滑地；properly适当地。

答案： A

9．(2010·江苏南京调研)He was robbed last night，but________he didn’t have much on him then.

A．fortunately B．eventually

C．certainly D．surprisingly

解析：fortunately幸运地；eventually最终；certainly当然；surprisingly惊讶地。句意为：他昨晚被抢劫了，但幸运的是那时他身上没有多少钱。

答案： A

10．(2010·山东潍坊质检)Sorry.Somebody borrowed the book last week，but I’ll let you know once it is________.

A．possible B．probable

C．available D．punctual

解析：句意为：对不起，上周有人把书借走了，但一旦有的话，我会让你知道。available 可得到的，probable 可能的；punctual 准时的。

答案： C

11．(2010·东北三校一模)This new kind of chemicals will help keep the air，soil and water________from pollution.

A．free B．empty

C．loose D．short

解析：句意为：这种新的化学物质将有助于使空气、土壤和水免受污染。此处free表示“免于，不受……影响的”，和from 搭配。

答案： A

12．(2010·合肥第三次检测)—Jack is really a brave guy.

—So he is.And we can’t admire his courage________.

A．too much B．a lot

C．very much D．a little

解析：考查固定结构。从语意看，答话人也认为Jack是个勇敢的男孩，用can’t ...too

much 表示“再……也不为过”。语意：我们非常欣赏他的勇气。

答案： A

13．(2010·海淀区第二学期期中练习)—Our women athletes achieved great success in the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games.

—Yes.No one could perform________，I think.

A．well B．better

C．best D．the best

解析：考查副词的用法。否定词no 和比较级better 连用，表达的是最高级的意思。语意为：——我们的女运动员在温哥华冬奥会上取得了巨大的成功。——是的，我认为没有人能比她们表现得更好。

答案： B

14．(2010·合肥第三次教学检测)My mom once worked in a very small village school，which is________only on foot.

A．acceptable B．adequate

C．accessible D．appropriate

解析：考查形容词辨析。句意为：我妈妈曾经在一个小村庄的学校教书，这所学校只有步行才能到达。这里用accessible 表示“可进入的，可接近的”。acceptable 可接受的；adequate 适当的，充分的；appropriate 合适的，适当的。

答案： C

15．(2010·湖南十二校第二次联考)—Do you like the place of interest?

—On the contrary，it’s the________place that I want to visit.

A．worst B．last

C．best D．latest

解析：考查形容词辨析。根据答语中的On the contrary 可知，答话者对这个地方不满意。B项的last 表示“最不可能的”，即那是我最不想参观的地方。

答案： B