专业八语言学知识归纳

专业八语言学知识归纳
专业八语言学知识归纳

人文

一、语言和语言学

1、语言的区别性特征:Design of features of language

任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系

二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成

创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造

移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点

2、语言的功能(不是很重要)

信息功能informative

人际功能interpersonal

施为功能performative

感情功能emotive function

寒暄功能phatic communication

娱乐功能recreational function

元语言功能metalingual function

3、语言学主要分支

语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程,考查人类语言中的声音

音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列

形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则

句法学syntax 研究句子结构,词、短语组合的规则

语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义,还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义

语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义

4、宏观语言学macrolingustics

心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics

5语言学中的重要区别

规定式和描写式:规定式:prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的

描写式:descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的

共时研究和历时研究:共时:synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言

历时:diachronic 研究语言发展规律

语言和言语:语言:langue指语言系统的整体

言语:parole指具体实际运用的语言

语言能力和语言运用:乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)

能力:competence用语言的人的语言知识储备

运用:performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用

二、语音学

1、语音学分支

发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生

声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性

听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知

2 IPA(国际音标)是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的

三、音位学

1、最小对立体minimal pairs

2、音位phoneme

3 音位变体allophones

4 互补分布complementary distribution

5 自由变体free variation

6 区别特征distinctive features

7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature

音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation

四形态学

1 词的构成

语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morpheme

Root 词根词缀affix 词干stem

屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix

2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper

新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation

首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例:editor—edit

类推构词analogiacal creation 例:work-worked,,slay-slayed

外来词borrowing

五句法学

1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect

一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment

2 结构主义学派the structure approach

组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起

聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起

结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体,而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)

3直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis

指把句子分成直接成分-短语,再把这些短语依次切分,得到下一集直接成分,这样层层切分,直到不能再分

4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions

向心:指一个结构中有中心词,例an old man ,中心为man

离心:指结构中没有明显的中心词。例:on the shelf

5生成学派the generative approach

深层结构deep structure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlying level

表层结构surface structure指结构形成的最后结果阶段final stage

6功能学派the functional approach

主位与述位theme and rheme

主位:谈话中已知的信息,说话者从它谈起known,

述位:与说话者内容有关的内容what the speaker states about

7交际力communicative and dynamism简称CD

指句子成分对交际发展所作的贡献的程度

六、语义学

1 利奇的意义七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning

概念意义conceptual meaning 字面意义

内涵意义connotative meaning 实际交往过程中所指的事物

社会意义

情感意义affective meaning

反射意义reflective meaning 由一个词语联想起来的另外一种意义

搭配意义collocative meaning

主位意义thematic meaning 通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义

2指称论referential theory

指将词的意义和他所指的食物联系起来的意义理论

3语义三角semantic triangle 奥格登和理查兹提出

Symbol或form指语言要素(如词和语素),the linguistic elements

能指thought指概念concept

所指reference指经验世界中的物体the object in the word of experience

涵义sense语言形式的意义

4主要涵义关系

○同义关系synonymy

地域同义词dialectal synonymy

风格同义词stylistic synonyms

感情同义词synonymys that differ in connotation意义相同,但内涵不同,有褒有贬

○反义关系antonymy

等级反义关系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm ;hot-cold

互补反义关系complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B,否定B 就肯定A,例dea d-alive

反向反义关系converse antonymy .reversal of a relationship between 2 en tities.例husband-wife; teacher-student

○上下义关系hyponymy 意义包含关系。例:花-水仙、玫瑰、百合

补充:同音同形异义关系homonymy

一词多义polysemy

七、语用学

1 言语行为理论speech act theory奥斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin

认为人在说话的同时也在进行一定的行为动作

○施为句和叙事句performative and constative

施为句:实施某种行为。

叙事句:描述说话人在说话时所作的动作。

○行事行为理论a theory of the illocutionary act

言内行为:locutionnary act表述字面意思

言外行为:illoutionary act 因为言语本身的习惯力量随之产生的其他一些行为

言后行为:perlocutionnary act 话语在听者身上产生的效果

2会话含义理论the theory of conversational implicature

格赖斯提出Herbert Paul Grice

○合作原则:说话人和听话人为达一定的交际目的,都有一种默契,一种都遵循的原则○四个准则four categories of maxims

数量、质量、关系、方式(manner)准则

3后格赖斯时期的发展

○关联理论:relevance theory:交际应被看做一种表明自身说话意图的行为every act of ostensive(直接表明的) communication communicates the presumption of its ow n optimal relevance

○数量关系和关系原则the Q-and R-principles

由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出

八现代语言学理论和流派

1 索绪尔Saussure瑞士语言学家,―现代语言学之父‖或者―使语言学科走向现代的大师‖

2 布拉格学派Prague School

贡献:共时语言学研究,从―功能‖角度看待语言,强调语言的系统性,把语言看做一种功能

突出贡献:语音学说,及其划分语音学和音位学

突出:Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨柯依:提出语音学属于言语,音位学属于语言,提出音位概念

4伦敦学派the Lundon School:系统语言学和功能语言学

创始人:弗斯Firth.人物:弗斯受马林诺夫斯基影响。韩礼德为新弗斯派领袖三人都强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性

韩礼德和系统功能语法:由系统语法和功能语法构成。把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象

5美国结构主义American Structuralism

共时语言学分支,由博厄斯提出F.Bos.

○撒皮尔-沃尔夫假说Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

语言相对论-语言决定论

○布隆菲尔德Bloomfield《语言论》-20世纪被大西洋两岸同时奉为科学的方法论典范和语言学领域的杰出代表。描述语言学的代表人物

6 转换生成语法transformational–generative grammar

乔姆斯基提出Chomsky.

认为语言是某种天赋,语言习得机制Language Acquisition device

1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.

2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with referenc

e to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中,对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学

3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence str ucture are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法,研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科

4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学,以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学

5. acronym : 首字母组合词,首字母缩略词,比如,NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼,但VOA是Initialism。

6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for an

other with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the Unite d States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻,一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法,如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量,对面来了三个―红领巾‖也是,以红领巾指代少先队员。

7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, o ften in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my abse nce been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法,把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较,通常在由like或as引导的短语中,如―我的离开好象是冬天来临‖或―你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要‖(莎士比亚)

8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designat es one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as i n a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法,通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物,从而暗示它们之间的相似之处,如―忧愁之海‖或―整个世界一台戏‖(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are co mbined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法,如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindne ss

10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, West minster is Big Ben.

11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of E den in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.

12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式,通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。

13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言,基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成,它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果

14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slo gan for a group or movement. 警句,妙句,吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语,尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。

15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.

terminology

16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述,尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的

17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or ef fect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻,使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果,比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重

18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that im itate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构

成或用法,例如buzz或nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.

19. hypotaxis: 从属关系

20. parataxis: 并列结构,指短语或分句间不用连词,如:I came, I saw, I conquered.

21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual re ality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.

超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动,与拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生和玛格丽特?富勒有关,宣称存在一种理想的精神实体,超越于经验和科学之处,通过直觉得以把握

22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国

23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a lan guage, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法,词态学,形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究,包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成

24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音;例如child和joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.

25. Vanity Fair 名利场was written William Makepeace Thackray

26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins

尼尔.阿姆斯特朗、埃德温.奥尔德林、迈克尔.柯林斯

27. The title of the national anthem 国歌of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学

们可自己多找几个国家。

28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpie ce of New England Transcendentalism.

29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学

30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰

31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 19 60s.

32. In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houy hnhnms as the world’s most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马Houyhnhnms are hor ses in fact.

33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.

34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or

a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meanin gful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位,如-ed在单词walked中,不能被划分为更小的有意义单位

35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场in the north of London is Wemble y.

36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)

37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire,

a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉,,面拖烤香肠

38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as a n expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion(强制). 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段

39. Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination agai nst people of color in a predominantly white society. 种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践,如在学校、居住和工业中,尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策

40. Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of So uth Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.

种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策,包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.

41. Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unre stricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中,使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中;取消种族隔离

42. The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.

43. Sir Thomas More coined the word ―Utopia‖, it means nowhere land in Greek.

44. The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.

45. Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a langua ge that distinguish one word from another 音位,音素, 语言中最小的语音单位,如英语里mat中的m和bat中的b

46. polysemy: 一词多义

47. patron saint:保护圣徒, 守护神

48. Parentese: 父母语

49. back formation: 逆构词脱落一词的词缀以构成新词typewriter →typewrite

50. allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式,如语音学的中之s在cats中,z在dogs中,和iz在horses中,还有en在oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.

专八2003-人文知识真题及答案精编版

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