英语语言学试题(5)
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
英语语言学试题
英语语言学试题（5）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a () study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is () phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element …-es‟ indicates is third person singular,??present tense, the element …-ed‟ past tense, and …-in g‟ progressive aspect.??Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ().A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ()theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ().A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the (-) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‟s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar (? ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker,??a speech situation known as (? ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners‟(? ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around (? ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch,??stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language.??This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
大学英语语言学练习试题
Chapter One重点1．language2．creativity3．arbitrariness4．duality5．features of human language6．linguistics7．sociolinguistics8．psycholinguistics9．applied linguistics10．features of modern linguistics难点1．meta-function2．ideational function3．interpersonal function4．textual function练习I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.1. The Swiss scholar, Ferdinand de Saussure, is the founder of Modern Linguistics.2. The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they present in the languages of the world is not arbitrary.3. English is a tone language.4. General linguistics is based on the view that language is a system which iscomposed of three aspects: sound, structure, and meaning.5. Cultural transmission is one of the features of human language.6. The focus of traditional linguistics is on synchronic study of language rather than on diachronic study of language.7. the most frequent word orders found in languages of the world are SVO, SOV, and VSO.8. A number of divisions of linguistics can be put into two categories: intra-disciplinary division and inter-disciplinary division.9. Linguists attempt to discover the universals of human language.10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future because it has the feature of interchangeability.II choose the best answer among a, b, c, d and put the letter you choose in the brackets.1.Morphologically, Chinese is a ___ language.a. analyticb. syntheticc.agglutinatingd. infecting2.___ hold that language is a product of evolutionary development of the humanspecies.a. the Yo-he-ho theoryb. the Pooh-pooh theoryc .the evolution theory d. the Bow-wow theory3.Syntactically, English is an example of __ languagea.SVOb. SOVc. VSOd. VOS4.It is the ___ function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.a. ideationalb. interpersonalc. logicald. textual5.The study of language in general is often termed___.a. modern linguisticsb. general linguisticsc. functional linguisticsd. pragmatics.6. The question of “How do people learn a foreign language?” is explored in ___.a. applied linguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. psycholinguisticsd. general linguistics7. In modern linguistics___ language is regarded as premier.a. writtenb. spokenc. standardd. formal8. English belongs to ___ branch.a. Latinb. Celticc. Slavicd. Germanic9. Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called___a. Lingua francab. Esperantoc. official languaged. foreign language10. When linguists write grammars or lexicographers compile dictionaries they must use___.a. natural languageb. artificial languagec. meta-languaged. mother languageIII Explain the following termsnguage2.linguistics3.arbitrariness4.meta-functionIV Answer the following questions briefly.1.What features does human language have, which can not be found in animalcommunication system?2.Why is spoken language given priority to written language in modern linguistics?3.What are the features of modern linguistics?练习答案I．1-5 TFFTT 6-10 FTTTFII．1-5 ACAAB 6-10 CBDACIII．1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings. Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4. The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously. They are the ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2. Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1) Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists.(2) Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication(3) Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language(4) Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language3. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1) Priority is given to spoken language(2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language(3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature(4) Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguistics strives to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.。
《英语语言学概论》配套习题(五)(问答题)
《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics1.What are design features of language?2.What are the characteristics of human language?3.Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationship betweenarbitrariness and convention?4.What does productivity mean for language?5.What functions does language have?6.Explain the metalingual function of language.7.What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?8.What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies oflanguage?Chapter 2 Phonology1.What does phonetics concern?2.How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?3.How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?4.In which two ways may consonants be classified?5.How do phoneticians classify vowels?6.To what extent does phonology differ from phonetics?7.What do minimal pair refer? Give an example to illustrate.8.What kind of phenomenon is complementary distribution?Chapter 3 Morphology1.What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?2.What is the difference between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?3.What is compounding?4.What are the criteria of a compound word?5.What is acronymy?6.What is blending?7.Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.comsatmotellasememonightmareASEANROMbitbabysitcock-a-doodle-dogrunt8.What are closed-class words and open-class words?Chapter4 Syntax1.What is syntax?2.What is a simple, compound, or complex sentence?3.What is the hierarchical structure?4.How to distinguish immediate constituents from ultimate constituents?5.What are subordinate and coordinate constructions?6.What are deep and surface structures?7.Can you describe the syntactic structure of the sentence “The old tree swayed inthe wind” by using a tree diagram?8.How to reveal the differences in sentential meaning in the sentence “The motherof the boy and the girl will arrive soon” by drawing tree diagrams?Chapter 5 Semantics1.What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?2.What are the major types of synonyms in English?3.In what way do the following pairs offer contrast?4.Categorize the following pairs: child-kid, alive-dead, big-small, husband-wife.5.What is hyponymy composed of? Illustrate whether there is always asuperordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate.6.How is meronymy different from hyponymy?7.Why may a sentence be ambiguous?8.What predication analysis? What is a no-place, one-place, two-place, orthree-place predicate? Give examples.Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?2.How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?3.What is contextual meaning?4.Explain the meanings of locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary actthrough examples.5.What is cooperative principle(CP)?6.What is conversational implicature?7.How does the violation of the maxims of CP give rise to conversationalimplicature?8.What is adjacency pair?Chapter 8 Language and Society1.What is sociolinguistics?2.What is speech community?3.What is dialect?4.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?5.What is speech variety?6.What is standard language?7.What is pidgin?8.What is bilingualism?9.What is multilingualism?Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.What is psycholinguistics?2.What is bottom-up processing and what is top-down processing?3.What are the six major types of speech error? Give examples of each.4.What is the critical period for language acquisition?5.What is language acquisition and what is L2 language acquisition? What is learnerlanguage and what is target language?6.What is interlanguage(IL)?7.What are the different views on language transfer?8.What is the difference between input and intake?。
上外英语辅修语言学测试第五章
Class：___________ Name: ____________ Score: _____________ Quiz:I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the sentences. 30%1. _____________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world experience.2. “Charge” and “accuse” are said to be ___________ synonyms.3. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refersto, or stands for, is known as the ______________ theory.4. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____________.5. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents:__________ and _____________.6. _____________ is the technical name for the sameness relation.7. The words “husband” and “wife” are ____________ antonyms.8. There are two aspects of sentence meaning: _______________________and_______________________.II. There are four choices following each statement. Choose the answer that can best complete the statement and put down your answer before each statement: (15%)______1. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a(n) ______________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction______2. “He succeeded” is a case of _______________.A. one-place argumentB. one-place predicationC. two-place argumentD. two-place predication______3. The pair of words __________ are gradable antonyms.A. good and badB. male and femaleC. present and absentD. buy and sell______4. Term s like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are ______________of the term “fruit”.A. hyponymsB. synonymsC. antonymsD. homonyms______5. The sense relation between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is _____________.A. inconsistencyB. synonymyC. entailmentD. anomalyIII. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) 30%1._________The grammatical form of the sentence affects the semantic predicationof the sentence.2._________The two words “borrow” and “lend” are antonyms but the twosentences “Jane lent some money to Jack” and “Jack borrowed some money from Jane” are synonymous.3._________Every word has a sense and a reference.4._________“Bird” and “cuckoo” have the sense relation of polysemy.5._________ Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.6.__________ Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.7.__________ The linguistic context considers the probability of one word’sco-occurrence or collocation with another.8.__________ Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of aword cannot be dissected into meaning components.9.__________ Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.10.__________A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the featurethat the denial of one member implies the assertion of the other.IV. Define the following terms and give one or two examples for each: 10%1.homonymy2. hyponymyV. Question: 15%What are major types of synonyms in English? Offer at least one example for each type.Key:I. 1.Reference2. collocational3. naming/ referential4. co-hyponyms5. argument, predicate6. Synonymy7. converse8. grammatical meaning; semantic meaningII. 1-5 DBAACIII. 1-5 FTFFT 6-10 TTFTTIV. 1. homonymyIt refers to the phenomenon that different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both1) two words identical in sound (homophones) sun, son2) two words identical in spelling (homographs) tear, tear3) two words identical in both sound and spelling (complete homonyms)fast adj. moving quicklyv. eat little or no food for a period of time2. hyponymyIt refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Household appliances include refrigerators, televisions, dishwashers and air conditioners. The relation between household appliance and refrigerator is hyponymy.V. 1) Dialectal synonyms---- synonyms used in different regional dialectse.g. pavement – sidewalk2) Stylistic synonyms----synonyms differing in stylee.g. give sb. the sack, fire, dismiss3）Emotive synonymssynonyms expressing different emotions of the userslender/ slim; skinny4) Collocational synonymsSynonyms differing in collocation, the words they go together withpretty, handsome5) Semantic synonymsSynonyms differing slightly in what they meanamazing, appalling。
英语语言学概论精选试题学生版
《英语语言学概论》精选试题 11. Which of the following statements about language is NOT trueA. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of languageA. SymbolicB. DualityC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3. What is the most important function of languageA. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and ParoleA. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his languageA. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description,classification and transcriptionA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain languageA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11. Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllableA. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak三、判断analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used. This is called the prescriptive approach. Ftranscription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. F台州学院考试题1. Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2. English is a typical intonation language.3. Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.4. Linguistic c__________ is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.1. The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.2. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.3. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its mainobject of studyA. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stopA. [w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speakB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed” serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pairA. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find16. What are the dual structures of languageA. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguisticsA. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics6. 應用語言學2. closed class words4. distinctive featuresVI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example. (5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)问答答案 1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable byrules. (4 points) (or: A phoneme is a phonological unit ; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment. (4 points) . [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. (1 point)3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)Chapter 1Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. Community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. Bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. ”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎(岁岁)平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it performA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and , due to this feature of language,placespeakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situationA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language— A nice day, isn’t it— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7.__________refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. Duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. F16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic 历时 study of language. F19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules.This feature is usually termed ___ creativity_______.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ yo-he-ho_______ theory.25. Linguistics is the __ systematic________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature (南开大学， 2004)35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, . words, which are distinct in meaning.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech soundsA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. 12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are producedby moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics (中国人民大学， 2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation (南开大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学， 1999)(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features;these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another.If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.。
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英语语言学试题（5）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) s tudy.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element …-es‟ indicates is third person singular, present tens e, the element …-ed‟ past tense, and …-ing‟ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists prop osed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) b ecause this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‟s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a co nversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners‟( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-spe aking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided int o two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may havea set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and cla ssify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to r econstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that ha s ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular s peech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a se cond language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to wh ich learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
每小题2分，共20分)21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transforma tional rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation ofa sentence. ( )25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semantic ists to analyze meaning. ( )26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate descrip tion of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsider ed. ( )27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is di vided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism e merge. ( )29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for la nguage is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual con trastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)31. competence and performance32. minimal pair33. morphology34. finite clause35. sense and reference36. Cooperative Principle37. semantic broadening38. language planning39. the critical period hypothesis40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same pho neme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underly ing structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare‟s HAMLET below carefull y and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and M odern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i‟ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii。