英语语言学试题(5)
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
英语语言学试题
英语语言学试题（5）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a () study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is () phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element …-es‟ indicates is third person singular,??present tense, the element …-ed‟ past tense, and …-in g‟ progressive aspect.??Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ().A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ()theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ().A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the (-) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‟s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar (? ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker,??a speech situation known as (? ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners‟(? ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around (? ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch,??stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language.??This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
大学英语语言学练习试题
Chapter One重点1．language2．creativity3．arbitrariness4．duality5．features of human language6．linguistics7．sociolinguistics8．psycholinguistics9．applied linguistics10．features of modern linguistics难点1．meta-function2．ideational function3．interpersonal function4．textual function练习I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.1. The Swiss scholar, Ferdinand de Saussure, is the founder of Modern Linguistics.2. The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they present in the languages of the world is not arbitrary.3. English is a tone language.4. General linguistics is based on the view that language is a system which iscomposed of three aspects: sound, structure, and meaning.5. Cultural transmission is one of the features of human language.6. The focus of traditional linguistics is on synchronic study of language rather than on diachronic study of language.7. the most frequent word orders found in languages of the world are SVO, SOV, and VSO.8. A number of divisions of linguistics can be put into two categories: intra-disciplinary division and inter-disciplinary division.9. Linguists attempt to discover the universals of human language.10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future because it has the feature of interchangeability.II choose the best answer among a, b, c, d and put the letter you choose in the brackets.1.Morphologically, Chinese is a ___ language.a. analyticb. syntheticc.agglutinatingd. infecting2.___ hold that language is a product of evolutionary development of the humanspecies.a. the Yo-he-ho theoryb. the Pooh-pooh theoryc .the evolution theory d. the Bow-wow theory3.Syntactically, English is an example of __ languagea.SVOb. SOVc. VSOd. VOS4.It is the ___ function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.a. ideationalb. interpersonalc. logicald. textual5.The study of language in general is often termed___.a. modern linguisticsb. general linguisticsc. functional linguisticsd. pragmatics.6. The question of “How do people learn a foreign language?” is explored in ___.a. applied linguisticsb. sociolinguisticsc. psycholinguisticsd. general linguistics7. In modern linguistics___ language is regarded as premier.a. writtenb. spokenc. standardd. formal8. English belongs to ___ branch.a. Latinb. Celticc. Slavicd. Germanic9. Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called___a. Lingua francab. Esperantoc. official languaged. foreign language10. When linguists write grammars or lexicographers compile dictionaries they must use___.a. natural languageb. artificial languagec. meta-languaged. mother languageIII Explain the following termsnguage2.linguistics3.arbitrariness4.meta-functionIV Answer the following questions briefly.1.What features does human language have, which can not be found in animalcommunication system?2.Why is spoken language given priority to written language in modern linguistics?3.What are the features of modern linguistics?练习答案I．1-5 TFFTT 6-10 FTTTFII．1-5 ACAAB 6-10 CBDACIII．1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings. Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.4. The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously. They are the ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.IV.1. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.2. Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:(1) Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists.(2) Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication(3) Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language(4) Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language3. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:(1) Priority is given to spoken language(2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language(3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature(4) Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguistics strives to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.。
《英语语言学概论》配套习题(五)(问答题)
《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics1.What are design features of language?2.What are the characteristics of human language?3.Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationship betweenarbitrariness and convention?4.What does productivity mean for language?5.What functions does language have?6.Explain the metalingual function of language.7.What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?8.What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies oflanguage?Chapter 2 Phonology1.What does phonetics concern?2.How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?3.How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?4.In which two ways may consonants be classified?5.How do phoneticians classify vowels?6.To what extent does phonology differ from phonetics?7.What do minimal pair refer? Give an example to illustrate.8.What kind of phenomenon is complementary distribution?Chapter 3 Morphology1.What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?2.What is the difference between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?3.What is compounding?4.What are the criteria of a compound word?5.What is acronymy?6.What is blending?7.Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.comsatmotellasememonightmareASEANROMbitbabysitcock-a-doodle-dogrunt8.What are closed-class words and open-class words?Chapter4 Syntax1.What is syntax?2.What is a simple, compound, or complex sentence?3.What is the hierarchical structure?4.How to distinguish immediate constituents from ultimate constituents?5.What are subordinate and coordinate constructions?6.What are deep and surface structures?7.Can you describe the syntactic structure of the sentence “The old tree swayed inthe wind” by using a tree diagram?8.How to reveal the differences in sentential meaning in the sentence “The motherof the boy and the girl will arrive soon” by drawing tree diagrams?Chapter 5 Semantics1.What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?2.What are the major types of synonyms in English?3.In what way do the following pairs offer contrast?4.Categorize the following pairs: child-kid, alive-dead, big-small, husband-wife.5.What is hyponymy composed of? Illustrate whether there is always asuperordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate.6.How is meronymy different from hyponymy?7.Why may a sentence be ambiguous?8.What predication analysis? What is a no-place, one-place, two-place, orthree-place predicate? Give examples.Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?2.How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?3.What is contextual meaning?4.Explain the meanings of locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary actthrough examples.5.What is cooperative principle(CP)?6.What is conversational implicature?7.How does the violation of the maxims of CP give rise to conversationalimplicature?8.What is adjacency pair?Chapter 8 Language and Society1.What is sociolinguistics?2.What is speech community?3.What is dialect?4.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?5.What is speech variety?6.What is standard language?7.What is pidgin?8.What is bilingualism?9.What is multilingualism?Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.What is psycholinguistics?2.What is bottom-up processing and what is top-down processing?3.What are the six major types of speech error? Give examples of each.4.What is the critical period for language acquisition?5.What is language acquisition and what is L2 language acquisition? What is learnerlanguage and what is target language?6.What is interlanguage(IL)?7.What are the different views on language transfer?8.What is the difference between input and intake?。
上外英语辅修语言学测试第五章
Class：___________ Name: ____________ Score: _____________ Quiz:I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the sentences. 30%1. _____________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world experience.2. “Charge” and “accuse” are said to be ___________ synonyms.3. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refersto, or stands for, is known as the ______________ theory.4. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____________.5. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents:__________ and _____________.6. _____________ is the technical name for the sameness relation.7. The words “husband” and “wife” are ____________ antonyms.8. There are two aspects of sentence meaning: _______________________and_______________________.II. There are four choices following each statement. Choose the answer that can best complete the statement and put down your answer before each statement: (15%)______1. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a(n) ______________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction______2. “He succeeded” is a case of _______________.A. one-place argumentB. one-place predicationC. two-place argumentD. two-place predication______3. The pair of words __________ are gradable antonyms.A. good and badB. male and femaleC. present and absentD. buy and sell______4. Term s like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are ______________of the term “fruit”.A. hyponymsB. synonymsC. antonymsD. homonyms______5. The sense relation between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is _____________.A. inconsistencyB. synonymyC. entailmentD. anomalyIII. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) 30%1._________The grammatical form of the sentence affects the semantic predicationof the sentence.2._________The two words “borrow” and “lend” are antonyms but the twosentences “Jane lent some money to Jack” and “Jack borrowed some money from Jane” are synonymous.3._________Every word has a sense and a reference.4._________“Bird” and “cuckoo” have the sense relation of polysemy.5._________ Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.6.__________ Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.7.__________ The linguistic context considers the probability of one word’sco-occurrence or collocation with another.8.__________ Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of aword cannot be dissected into meaning components.9.__________ Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.10.__________A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the featurethat the denial of one member implies the assertion of the other.IV. Define the following terms and give one or two examples for each: 10%1.homonymy2. hyponymyV. Question: 15%What are major types of synonyms in English? Offer at least one example for each type.Key:I. 1.Reference2. collocational3. naming/ referential4. co-hyponyms5. argument, predicate6. Synonymy7. converse8. grammatical meaning; semantic meaningII. 1-5 DBAACIII. 1-5 FTFFT 6-10 TTFTTIV. 1. homonymyIt refers to the phenomenon that different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both1) two words identical in sound (homophones) sun, son2) two words identical in spelling (homographs) tear, tear3) two words identical in both sound and spelling (complete homonyms)fast adj. moving quicklyv. eat little or no food for a period of time2. hyponymyIt refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Household appliances include refrigerators, televisions, dishwashers and air conditioners. The relation between household appliance and refrigerator is hyponymy.V. 1) Dialectal synonyms---- synonyms used in different regional dialectse.g. pavement – sidewalk2) Stylistic synonyms----synonyms differing in stylee.g. give sb. the sack, fire, dismiss3）Emotive synonymssynonyms expressing different emotions of the userslender/ slim; skinny4) Collocational synonymsSynonyms differing in collocation, the words they go together withpretty, handsome5) Semantic synonymsSynonyms differing slightly in what they meanamazing, appalling。
英语语言学概论精选试题学生版
《英语语言学概论》精选试题 11. Which of the following statements about language is NOT trueA. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of languageA. SymbolicB. DualityC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3. What is the most important function of languageA. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and ParoleA. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his languageA. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description,classification and transcriptionA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain languageA. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11. Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language12. Usually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllableA. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak三、判断analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used. This is called the prescriptive approach. Ftranscription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. F台州学院考试题1. Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2. English is a typical intonation language.3. Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.4. Linguistic c__________ is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.1. The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.2. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.3. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its mainobject of studyA. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stopA. [w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speakB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed” serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pairA. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find16. What are the dual structures of languageA. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguisticsA. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics6. 應用語言學2. closed class words4. distinctive featuresVI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example. (5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)问答答案 1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable byrules. (4 points) (or: A phoneme is a phonological unit ; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment. (4 points) . [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. (1 point)3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)Chapter 1Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. Community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. Bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade. ”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎(岁岁)平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it performA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and , due to this feature of language,placespeakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situationA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language— A nice day, isn’t it— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7.__________refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. Duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. F16. Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic 历时 study of language. F19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. FIII. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules.This feature is usually termed ___ creativity_______.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ yo-he-ho_______ theory.25. Linguistics is the __ systematic________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature (南开大学， 2004)35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, . words, which are distinct in meaning.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech soundsA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. 12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are producedby moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics (中国人民大学， 2003)36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation (南开大学， 2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学， 1999)(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features;these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another.If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.。
语言学试题及答案英文
语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。
答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。
3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。
答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。
6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。
答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。
8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。
英语语言学PAPER 57.5 Paper 5
PAPER (5)I. Directions: Choose the best answer to fill in the following statements. Write your answers in the Answer Sheet. (1’×30= 30’)1. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ______________ in 1957.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Halliday2. The term ___________ may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronic linguisticsB. comparative linguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. applied linguistics3.The Chinese phrase “茶，上茶，上好茶；坐，请坐，请上座” is an example of _____________ of human language.A. phatic communionB. emotive functionC. interpersonal functionD. metalingual function4. “Luggage” and “baggage”are ______________ synonyms.A. dialecticalB. collocationalC. connotativeD. stylistic5. In the cardinal vowel diagram, ______________ is called schwa.A. [ә]B. [a]C. [i]D. [o]6. In Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which theory focuses discussion on government and bind ing?A. The Classical Theory.B. The Standard Theory.C. The Extended Standard Theory.D. The Revised Extended Standard Theory.7. Of the following sound combination, only _____________ is permissible in English.A. bkilB. kiblC. ilkbD. ilkb8. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A. a clever girlB. an ugly manC. in timeD. fork and knife9. The relation between the determiner a and the noun dog in the phrase a dog is called ____________.A. concordB. governmentC. paradigmaticD. binding10. The fundamental distinction between langue and parole is put forward by _____________.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Leech11. ____________ is a non-productive affix.A. “With-”as in “withhold”B. “-ful” as in “careful”C. “Un-” as in “unnecessary” D “Bi-” as in “bilabial”12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is known as ______________.A. deep structureB. surface structureC. universal grammarD. linguistic universals13. “Motel” is a(n) __________________.A. abbreviationB. coinageC. blendingD. acronym14. Which of the following is the major role played by human language?A. Emotive.B. Interpersonal.C. Performative.D. Informative.15. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are__________.A. gradable antonymsB. converse antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms16. The traditional grammar rules like You should never use a double-negative are technically known as ______________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. connotativeD. denotative17. In predicate logic, CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (～ALIVE (y))))) means “__________”.A. dieB. deadC. killD. murder18. The words “make” and “bus” are called _________because they can occur unattached.A. detivational morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. bound morphemesD. free morphemes19. The two sounds [p=] and [ph] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as ___________ of the phoneme /p/.A. allophonesB. phonesC. symbolsD. signs20. The founder of modern linguistics is ________________.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Halliday21. What is the common feature of the three sounds: [b, p, m]?A. V oiceless.B. V oiced.C. Nasal.D. Bilabial.22. All syllables must have a ______________.A. codaB. onsetC. nucleusD. consonant23.The words “too” and “two” are ______________.A. homographsB. homonymsC. homophonesD. allophones24. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _________.A. ＋animate,＋human,－male,－adultB. ＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adultC. ＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adultD. —animate,＋human,－male,－adult25. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Productivity.C. Creativity.D. Finiteness.26. The word “holiday” originally meant “holy day”; but now the wo rd signifies any day on which we don’t have to work. This is an example of _____________.A. meaning shiftB. widening of meaningC. narrowing of meaningD. loss of meaning27. ____________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /g/C. /d/D. /b/28. Th ere are _______________ inflectional morphemes in “Apple's incautious claim of ‘world's fastest’ was severely criticized by ad watchdogs”.A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 829. In the sentence “The boy broke the window with a stone”, “a stone”is with a(n) _______ case.A. ablativeB. accusativeC. dativeD. nominative30. Words like “open”, “opens”, “opened” and “opening” share the same ___________.A. infixB. suffixC. prefixD. lexeme32. syntagmatic33. phonology34. competence35. syntaxIII. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. Write T if it is true and F if it is false. If the statement is false, explain the reason so and give the correct version.psycholinguistics, anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics, etc. are likely to be discussed under the heading of macrolinguistics.37. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.38. In the phrase “in the near future”, the word “future” is head.39. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.40. Vowels differ from consonants in that pronunciation of the former involves obstruction of airstreams.41. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.42. Words like “actor” and “actress” manifest that grammatical gender strictly corresponds to biological gender.43. There is only one lateral in English.44. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.45. A morphemic shape donates only one meaning.47. Language can change through invention, blending, acronym, back-formation and borrowing. Give two words for each of them. (10’)V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples if necessary.49. What is IC analysis? In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing? What are the problems in IC analysis? (9’)50. Illustr ate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. (12’)implied message in what is said.KEYS TO PAPER (5)I. Directions: Choose the best answer to fill in the following statements. Write your answers in the Answer Sheet. (1’×30= 30’)1-5 CCCAA 6-10 DBCAB 11-15 ABCDB 16-20 BCDAA21-25 DCCBD 26-30 BCAADII. Explain the following terms in English. (2’×5=10’)31. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.32. Syntagmatic is technically known as a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present33. Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called competence.35. Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences.III. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. Write T if it is true and F if it is false. If the statement is false, explain the reason so and give the correct version.(1.5’×10=15’)36. FSciences as psycholinguistics, anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics, etc. are likely to be discussed under the heading of macrolinguistics.37. FThe contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.38. T39. T40. T41. FIt is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and "evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.42. FGrammatical gender differs from biological gender in that words like “le bureau” have no gender at all in natural language.43. T44. T45. FA morphemic shape may donate more than one me aning, e.g. “-er” is interpreted as a person in “reader”, an apparatus in “loud-speaker”, and comparative degree in “bigger”.IV. Answer the following questions briefly in your own words. (6’+10’=16’)46. Exemplify arbitrariness in our human languages. (6’)The arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meaningsand sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word “elephant” and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as “crash”, “bang” in English. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.47. Language can change through invention, blending, acronym, back-formation and borrowing. Give two words for each of them. (10’)Invention: 超女，PKBlending: Chinglish, smogAcronym: flu, adBack-formation: televise, match makeBorrowing: MP3, chinatownV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples if necessary. (8’+9’+12’=29’)48. Discuss types of morp hemes with examples. (8’)Free morphemes are defined as independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, s uch as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are grouped into inflectional and derivational ones. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also divide into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis-” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.49. What is IC analysis? In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing? What are the problems in IC analysis? (9’)IC analysis, abbreviation of Immediate Constituent analysis, is the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents ——word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.In traditional parsing, a sentence is mainly seen as a sequence of individual words, as if it has only a linear structure. IC analysis, however, emphasizes the hierarchical structure of the sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first. In this way the internal structure of a sentence is shown more clearly, hence the reasons of some ambiguities may be revealed.There are some technical problems caused by the binary division and dsicontinuous constituents, but the main problem is that there are structures whose ambiguities cannot be revealed by IC analysis, e.g. “the love of God”. In terms of both tree diagram and the labels, there is only onestructure, but the word “God” is in two different relations with “love”, i.e. either as a subject or object.50. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning. (12’) Suprasegmental features refer to those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments, such as syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.。
(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’ｓof the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used torefer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com municationkn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’ｓowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.。
《英语语言学概论》配套习题(五)(问答题)答案.docx
《英语语言学概论》配套习题（五）（问答题）答案Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics1.What are design features of language?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of anima communication.2.What are the characteristics of human language?The characteristics of human language include arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, discreteness, transferability and linearity.3・Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness・What are the relationship between arbitrariness and convention?Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.4.What does productivity mean for language?It means language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. It refers to the property that language enables language users to produce or understand an indefinite number of sentences including novel sentences by use of finite set of rules.5・ What functions does language have?Language has at least seven funcitons: informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic, recreational and metalingual.6・ Explain the metalingual function of language・The metalingual function of language refers to the fact that language can be used to talk about itself.7・ What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.8・ What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.Chapter 2 Phonology1・ What does phonetics concern?Phonetis is the scientific study of speech sounds of human beings. Phonetics can be suv-classified into articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics. 2・ How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?Articualtory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speeech. Auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.3・ How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulance or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.4.In which two ways may consonants be classified?The categories of consonants are established on two important factors, which are termed as manners of articulation and places of articulation.5.How do phoneticians classify vowels?The di scription of vowels includes four aspects: the height of tongue raising(high, mid, low); the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back); the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs. lax or long vs. short) and lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded).6.T0 what extent does phonology differ from phonetics?Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way wounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds while phonology studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning. 7.What do minimal pair refer? Give an example to illustrate・Certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, whereas other sounds do not. For instance, the word big can be described in a phonetic transcription [big]. If [g] is replaced by [t], there is another word: bit.[g] and [t] are called minimal pairs. Therefore, when sound substitutions cause differences of meaning, these sounds are minimal pairs.8.What kind of phenomenon is complementary distribution?When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after [s], and the unaspirated ones never occur initially. Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme. The allophones of [1], for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The clear[l] occur only before a vowel, the dark [1] occur after a consonant or at the end of a word.Chapter 3 Morphology1・ What is a free morpheme? What is a bound morpheme?Morpheme may be classified into free and bound. A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, it can exist on its own without a bound morpheme.A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense. Man, book, take and red are free morphemes.A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one other morphem, free or bound, like un- in unhappy, past tensemorpheme in worked.2・ What is the difference between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is added. The inflecitonal affixes today are the plural marker, the genetive case, the verbal endings, the comparative degrees and superlative degrees. Inflectional affixes have only their particualr grammatical meanings, so they are also called grammatical meanings, so they are also called grammatical affixes.A derivational affix serves to derive a new word when it is added to another morpheme. Derivational affix has lexical meaning, but less important than the meaning of the root in the same word, like -able in the word workable. Derivaitonal affixes are commonly subdivided into prefixes and suffixes.3・ What is compounding?Compounding or composition is a word-formation process by joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Compounds can be divided into three categories according to parts of the speech: (1) noun compounds (like hearbeat);(2)adjective compounds (like dutyfree); (3) verb compounds (like housekeep).4.What are the criteria of a compound word?(1)Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid (like airmail).hyphenated (like air-conditioning) and open (like air raid).(2)Phonologically, many compounds have a so-called compound accent, that is, asingle stress on the first element, as in "space rocket; or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3)Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be relatedto, but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.5.What is acronymy?Acronymy is a type of shortening by using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase・ If the shortened word is pronounced letter by letter, it is an initialism like BBC; if the shortened word is pronounced as word rather than as a sequence of letters, it is an acronym like SAM(for surface-to-air missile).6.What is blending?Blending is a preocess of word・forniation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news+ broadcast), brunch (breakfast +lunch).7.Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Comsat (from communications + satellite, by blending)Motel (from motor + hotel, by blending)Lase (from laser, by back-formation)Memo (from memorandom, by back clipping)Nightmare (from daymare, by analogy)ASEAN(from the Association for South-East Asian Nations, by acronymy)ROM(from read-only memory, by initialism)Bit(from binary + digit, by blending))Babysit(from babysitter, by back・fonnatioii)cock-a・doodle・do(from the sound produced by cock, by onomatopoeia))grunt (from the sound produced by pig, by onomatopoeia)8・ What are closed-class words and open-class words?A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.With the emergence of new ideas, inventions, etc., new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.Chapter4 Syntax1.What is syntax?Syntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, It is the study of the rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases are joined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between sentential elements.2.What is a simple, compound, or complex sentence?A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause with dependent clause attached. It consists of at least one subject and one predicate. Either the subject or the complement may be compound (consisting of more than one element joined with a coordinating conjunction), and modifiers and phrases may be added as well.A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. The clauses are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction.A complex sentence uses one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.For example, the following five sentences are simple, compound, complex, compound, and complex sentence respectively.(1)He and I understood.(2)Lucy watches football on television, but she never goes to a game.(3)You can borrow my pen if you need one.(4)Paul likes football and David likes chess.(5)We had to go inside when it started raining.3.What is the hierarchical structure?The hierarchical structure is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.4.Howto distinguish immediate constituents from ultimate constituents?An immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constituent a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible.An ultimate constituent is one of the grammatically irreducible units that constitutea construction.For example, the immediate constituents of the sentence You eat bananas are you and eat bananas; the ultimate constituents of the sentence are you. eat. banana, and —s.5.What are subordinate and coordinate constructions?Subordinate and coordinate constructions are two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head, with the head being dominant and the other constituent dependent, are subordinate constructions. For example, the short expression Lovely Lucy is a subordinate construction with Lucy as its head. While coordinate constructions have more than one head. For example, boys and girls, coffee or tea, the city Rome, are coordinate constructions, in which, both the two content constituents, boys and girls, coffee and tea, the city and Rome, are capable of serving as the head. They are of equal syntactic status, and no one is dependent on the other.6・ What are deep and surface structures?Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence一an underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.7. Can you describe the syntactic structure of the sentence “The old tree swayed in the wind” by using a tree diagram?8・ How to reveal the differences in sentential meaning in the sentence “The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon” by drawing tree diagrams?The sentence is an ambiguous sentence, which can be interpreted in two different ways, so it could assigned two tree diagram, as would be shown below: Tree Diagram (1):the wind The old tree swayed in NPDetTree Diagram (2):Chapter 5 Semantics1. What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?It is an organizational principle that the lexicon and groups of words in the lexicon can be semantically related, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary. On a very general and intuitive level, we can say that the words in a semantic field, though not synonymous, are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon, and there is a meaning inclusion relation between the items in the field and the field category itself. Classical examples of semantic fields include color terms (red, green, blue, yellow), kinship terms (mother, father, sister, brother), and cooking terms (boil, fry, broil, steam) as semantic fields.2・ What are the major types of synonyms in English?They are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantic synonyms. Examples are as follows:fond of, keen on (collocational)autumn, fall (dialectal)dad, father (stylistic)thrifty, miserly, economical (emotive) escape, flee (semantic)3・ In what way do the following pairs offer contrast?earth l.our planet. 2. the soil on the surface of our planet.bank l.a financial institution. 2. side of a river, bear 1. a wild animal, bare:naked.bow a. an inclination of the head or body, as in greeting, consent, courtesy, acknowledgement, submission, or veneration.(e) lead a. go in front of a group of people. 2. a soft heavy easily melted grayish-blue metal(f) found: 1. of find. 2. establish or set upThe five entities show different semantic relations of words.(a) is an example of polysemy, and it is different from the next which fall into the category of homography. (b) is an example of perfect homonymy, while “beaf and “bare" in (c) are homophones, those in (d) are homographs, and the words in (e) are homophones. \JZ \)z \)z abed z(\ /(\ /k z(\Swill arrive soonAux VPPolysemy and homonymy both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the senses are judged to be related. Homonymous senses, however, are unrelated. Homonymy can be classified into partial homonymy and perfect homonymy. Words falling under the category of partial homonymy can be homophones or homographs. Perfect homonymy is exemplified by the words which are identical in sound and spelling or both in sound-form and part of speech.4. Categorize the following pairs: child・kid，alive-dead, big-small, husband-wife・Child-kid can be categorized under synonymy, alive-dead complementary antonymy, old-young gradable antonymy, and husband-wife converse antonymy.5・What is hyponymy composed of? Illustrate whether there is always a superordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate・Hyponymy is composed of a superordinate and hyponyms; the hyponyms under the same superordinate are co-hyponyms. there is not always a superordinate to hyponyms, or hyponyms to a superordinate. Sometimes a superordinate may be a superordiante to itself. For example, the word "animal" may only include beasts like “tigef, “lion", "elephant”，"cow”，“horse" and is a co-hyponym of “hum arT. But it is also the superordinate to both “human" and "animal" in contrast to “bircT,"行sh", and “insect”，when it is used in the sense of "mammal". It can further be the superordinate to “bird'',"行sh", "insect”，and "mammal" in contrast to “pbnt". From the hyponym's point of view, “animal" is a hyponym of itself, and may be called autohyponym.6・ How is meronymy different from hyponymy?Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. We can identify this relationship by using sentence frames like "X is part of or 66Y has as in "A page is part of a book", or book has pages". While hyponymy has to do with inclusiveness, we cannot do the same with hyponymy. For example, bird is the superordinate to crow, hawk, duck, and se cannot say that bird has crows, or hawks'：and so on.Meronymy also differs from hyponymy in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive, for example bird is the superordinate to hawk, hawk is the superordinate to sparrowhawk, and thus bird is the superordinate to sparrowhawk. But meronymy may or may not be so. A transitive example is: nail is a meronym of finger, md finger of hand. We can see that nail is a meronym of finger, and finger of hand. We can see that nail is a meronym of hand. A non-transitive example is: pane is a meronym of window, and window of room; but pane is not a meronym of room.7. Why may a sentence be ambiguous?The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from lexical ambiguity or structural ambiguity. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or homonymy which can not be determined by the context. For example,(a)The table is fascinating.(b)She couldn't bear children.Table in (a) is an example of polysemy. It can be a piece of furniture, or the stated kind or quality of food served at a meal here. The ambiguity of (b) lies in the two meanings of the homonym bear一endure or produce children.The following sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.(c)The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.8・ What predication analysis? What is a no-place, one-place，two-place, or three-place predicate? Give examples・Predication analysis is a new approach for sentential meaning analysis which is to break down the sentence into their smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant.A no-place predicate is a predicate which governs no argument; a one-place predicate, one argument; a two-place predicate, two arguments; and a three-place predicate, three arguments. Respective examples are:(a)It is snowing. (SNOW)(b)Baby is sleeping. SLEEP(JOHN, MARY)(c)John loves Mary. LOVE(JOHN, MARY)(d)John gave Mary a book. GIVE(JOHN, MARY, BOOK)Chapter 6 Pragmatics1・ What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. It is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics; its development and establishment in the 1960s an dl970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. Generally it deals with how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The scope of pragmatic study includes “speech act theory'', “context", '"conversational implicature,\ presupposition, etc.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context and traditionally semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use. It may be said that pragmatics studies the meaning that is not accounted by semantics. It can also be expressed in the formula: pragmatics=meaning-semantics. G. Leech, in his principles of pragmatics holds that: Semantics answers the question: What does X mean? Pragmatics answer the question: What did you mean by X?2・ How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ?Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and decontextualized.3・ What is contextual meaning?It is the meaning a linguistic item has in context, for example the meaning a word has within a particular sentence, or a sentence has in a particular paragraph. The question Do you know the meaning of wo厂？For example, may have two different contextual meanings:i.it may mean Do you know the meaning of the word war? , when said by alanguage teacher to a class of students.ii.It may mean war produces death, injury, and suffering, when said by an injured soldier to a politician who favors war.4.Explain the meanings of locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionaryact through examples.A distinction is made by Austin in the theory of Speech Acts between three different types of act involved in or caused by the utterance of a sentence.A locutional act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood. For example, saying the sentence Shoot the snake is a locutionary act is hearers understand the words shoot, the. snake and can identify the particular snake referred to.5.What is cooperative principle(CP)?The "'cooperative principle", proposed and formulated by P Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible to carry on the talk. The principle has the four following maxims:Quantityi.Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the currentpurposes of the exchange).ii.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true.(1)Do not say what you believe to false.(2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.RelationBe relevant.MannerBe perspicuous.(1)Avoid obscurity of expression.(2)Avoid ambiguity.(3)Be brief.(4)Be orderly.6・ What is conversational implicature?It is an additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain the cooperative principle, e.g. if someone says "The President is a mouse", something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.7. How does the violation of the maxims of CP give rise to conversationalimplicature?There are circumstances where speakers may not follow the maxims of the cooperative principle. For example, in conversation, a speaker may violate the maxim expectations by using an expression like "No comment^^ in response to a question. Although it is typically not "as informative as is required?, in the context, it is naturally interpreted as communicating more than is said (i.e. the speaker knows the answer). This typical reaction (i.e. there must be something “special" here) of listeners to any apparent violation of the maxims is actually the key to the notion of conversational implicature.When we violate any of these maxims, our language becomes indirect. In this way, we can convey more than is literally said.8.What is adjacency pair?It refers to a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g. question-answer.Chapter 8 Language and Society1. What is sociolinguistics?Sociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.2・ What is speech community?It is a group of people who form a community, e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common as well as similar linguistic norms.In bilingual and multilingual communities, people would usually have more than one speech variety in commons.3.What is dialect?It is a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country, or by people belonging to a particular social class, which is different in some words, grammar, an/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language.4.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?It is a belief that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the one hand, language may determine out thinking patterns; one the other hand, similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. As this hypothesis was strongly put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, it has often been called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.5.What is speech variety?It is a term sometimes used instead of language, dialect, sociolect, pidgin, creole, etc. because it is considered more neutral than such terms. It may also be used for different varieties of one language, e.g. American English, Australian English, Indian English.6.What is standard language?It is also called standard variety. It is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.7.What is pidgin?It is a language which develops as a contact language when groups of people who speak different languages try to communicate with one another on a regular basis. For example, this might occur where foreign traders have to communicate with the local population or groups of workers from different language backgrounds on plantations or in factories. A pidgin usually has a limited vocabulary and a reduced grammaticalstructure which may expand when a pidgin is used over a long period and for many purposes.8.What is bilingualism?It is the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of speakers.A bilingual is a person who knows and uses two languages.9.What is multilingualism?It refers to the use of three or more languages by an individual or by a group of speakers such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. Multilingualism is common in, for example, some countries of west Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, and Israel.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.What is psycholinguistics?It is the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language comprehension, production and acquisition. It takes upon itself the job of exploring the biological basis of human language, critical periods for child language acquisition, and the relationship between the language and thought.2.What is bottom-up processing and what is top-down processing?We may define bottom-up processing as that which proceeds from the lowest level to the highest level of processing in such a way that all of levels. That is, the identification operate without influence from the higher levels. That is, the identification of phonemes is not affected by the lexical, syntactic, or discourse levels; the retrieval of words is not affected by syntactic or discourse levels; and so on.A top-down processing model, in contrast, states that information at the higher levels may influence processing at the lower levels. For instance, a sentence context may affect the identification of words within that sentence.3.What are the six major types of speech error? Give examples of each・Six major types of speech error are:i.Exchange errors: hissed all my mystery lectures (missed all my historylectures)ii.Anticipation errors: a leading list (reading list)iii.Perseveration errors: a phonological fool (phonological rule)iv.Blends: moinly(mostly, mainly), impostinatiorfimposteE impersonator)v.Shifts: Mermaid_moves (mermaids move) their legs togethervi.Substitutions: sympathy for symphony (form), finger for toe (meaning) 4.What is the critical period for language acquisition?Language development takes place during a very specific maturational stage of human development. Sometime during the second year of life (at roughly anywhere from 12 to 18 months), children begin uttering their first words. During the following 4 to 5 years, linguistic development occurs quite rapidly. By the time children enter school, they have mastered the major structural features of their language. Refinements of the major features continue to appear, and the ability to learn language (one's native language or foreign languages) continues to be strong until the onset of puberty. At this point, for reasons that are not fully understood, the '"knack for languages95 begins to decline, to a。
英语语言学概论第五章习题及答案
2017级语言学概论第五章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。
每次答题仅第一次提交有效。
个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Semantics)12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：direct)13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Reference)14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：synonyms)15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：homophones)16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Relational)17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Componential)18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：selectional)19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：argument)20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：naming)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The naming theory is advanced by （）. [单选题] *A. Plato(正确答案)B. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents （）. [单选题] *A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalism(正确答案)C. the naming theoryD. behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true? （） [单选题] *A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.(正确答案)24. “Can I borrow your bike?”（）“ You have a bike.” [单选题] *A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes(正确答案)25. （） is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. [单选题] *A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysis(正确答案)C. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are （）. [单选题] *A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonyms(正确答案)D. None of the above27. （） deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. [单选题] *A. Reference(正确答案)B. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. （） refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. [单选题] *A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. Homonymy(正确答案)D. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called （）. [单选题] *A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms(正确答案)30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by （）. [单选题] *A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictions(正确答案)C. semantic rulesD. semantic features31. Which of the following is the concern of "reference"? （） [单选题] *A. It is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form.B. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.(正确答案)D. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.32. "Flat" and "apartment" are （）. [单选题] *A. dialectal synonyms(正确答案)B. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms33. Which of the following are collocational synonyms? （） [单选题] *A. "lorry" and "truck"B. "start" and "commence"C. "rotten" and "addled"(正确答案)D. "amaze" and "astound"34. "Bow" (v) and "bow" (n) are （）. [单选题] *A. homophonesB. homographs(正确答案)C. complete homonymsD. partial homonyms35. X: John's bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike. The relationship of X and Y is （）. [单选题] *A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD. X presupposing Y(正确答案)36. According to the componential analysis, the words "boy" and "man" differ in the feature of （）. [单选题] *A. HUMANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT(正确答案)37. According to predication analysis, the predications of "Tom hates soup." and "It is cool." are respectively （）. [单选题] *A. no-place predication, two-place predicationB. two-place predication, one-place predicationC. two-place predication, no-place predication(正确答案)D. no-place predication, one-place predication38. Which of the following is correct? （） [单选题] *A. Superordinate is the word more specific in meaning.B. Hyponym is the word more general in meaning.C. Co-hyponyms are the hyponyms of the same superordinate.(正确答案)D. "Flower" is the co-hyponym of "rose", "morning glory", "carmination".39.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as （）. [单选题] *A. +animate,+male,+human,-adultB. +animate,+male,+human,+adult(正确答案)C. +animate,-male,+human,-adultD. +animate,-male,+human,+adult40. One way to analyze lexical meaning is （）. [单选题] *A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysis(正确答案)D. proposition analysisIV. Define the following terms.41. sense [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.)42 . reference [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience)43. homonymy [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different mean¬ings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.)44 componential analysis [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：42. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro¬posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.)45. predication [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.)。
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学2007研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP drinking in)(NP the air)b.(VP drinking(PP in the air)))解析：(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes(PP on the street)))b.(vp sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes)(pp on the street)))(5).Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(Vp exchanged the money)and(Vp fell around the corner)b.(VP exchanged the money and fell)(PP around the corner))解析：1.What is Halliday"s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In Halliday"s point of view, there are three general functions of language: ideational(which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual. And they are related to the three grammatical systems; transitivity, mood and theme. Specifically, the ideational function is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal function is realized as the mood system in the clause as an exchange, which is divided into the two major parts of Mood and Reside. And Subject is one of the two parts of Mood, the other part being the finite verbal operator. The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause as a message. The two main constituents here are theme and rheme, the former being the point of departure of the message, or the concern of the clause, while the latter is the part in which the theme is developed.)2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence—an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.)解析：3.In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to chomsky"s Generative and Functional Grammar, there is an underlying representation for any sentence. Then the underlying form is transformed into the surface form through sometransformational rules. The same underlyilyng form may result in different surface representation by undertaking different operation. Sometimes, the same surface form is likely to be transformed from different deep structure because of various movement. "Stand sb. up" means that sb. fails to show up in a date though he has promised to appear, and let the other wait for him in vain. The underlying form of the above three sentences have the same underlying form, that is " She stood the man up who offered her a diamond". The reason why they finally have the different form is that they have undertaken different operation. Because "up" is an adjunct in the three sentences, it is more convenient to put it since it will not change the property of the sentence. Therefore, finally we get the three kinds of surface forms. Sentence one, "up" is moved upward to the front of the man for the purpose of banlancing the sentence. Sentence two, "up" is moved upwards to the front of the attrubutive clause to the front of the attributive clause in order to achieve coherence. And the last sentence is the underlying form. Consequently, we can say that it is very flexible to position the adjunct in a sentence for various purposes.)解析：4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外2008研) （分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotive content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notionof reference. But the term "connotative" is used in daily conversation, refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning. This type of meaning and the following four types, namely, social meaning, affective meaning , reflected meaning and collocative meaning, are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use. The last type, thematic meaning, is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：A term which is subordinate to another in that its extension is contained in the extension of another, e. g. "lion" or "tiger" is a hyponym of "animal".)解析：6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学2004研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(a)The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as(+ ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:(- ANIMATE). That"s why such a collocation results in oddness. (b)The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as(+ HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as(-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.) 解析：What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says:（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Where did he buy the beer" should be " He has some beer".)解析：(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Your watch is broken" should be "You have a watch".)解析：Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北二外2007研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a entails b) 解析：(2).a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：b presupposes a) 解析：7.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly. A phoneme is considered a collection of distinctive sound features;a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.)8.Are utterances, sentences, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：No. These three terms are used to describe different levels of language. The most concrete is utterance which is created by speaking(or writing)a piece of language. Sentences, on the other hand, are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterances. For example, an utterance has a tone, or perhaps some accent due to regional or social variation, and phonetic details which identify individual speakers, etc. But at the level of sentence, these kinds of information are ignored. Propositions are the result of a further abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example , the two sentences " Caesar invaded Gaul" and " Gaul was invaded by Caesar" hold the same preposition.)解析：9.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?（厦门大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another. When you consider the meaning of a word, you need to consider both its denotation and its connotation. The denotation is the primary, literal meaning of a word. The connotation is the suggested or implied meaning of a word. Connotations usually come from experience or associations. Seeing a word used repeatedly in certain contexts gives the word a different color than it gets in the dictionary. There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: (1)in shade of meaning(finish, complete, close, conclude); (2)in stylistic meaning(father, dad); (3)in emotive(or affective)meaning(smart, crafty); (4)in range of use or collocative meaning(accuse, charge);(5)in British and American English usages(autumn, fall). For example, they may differ in style. In the context "Little T om______a toy bear" , here buy is more appropriate than purchase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.)解析：10.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a listener(or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.)解析：11.How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?(浙江大学2005研)Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system. Mechanic: I"ll be busy with this other car all day.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In the motorist"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed, namely representative and directive, and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system, the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him. Similarly, in the mechanic"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed; one is representative, the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through theperformance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.) 解析：12.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or " 言外之意" in Chinese.（中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force, on other hand, refers to speaker"s meaning, contextual meaning , or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say "What does he mean by saying that?" In this sense, implica-ture is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or "言外之意" in Chinese.)解析：13.Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.（厦门大学2006研)(1)A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2)A: Let"s go to the movies. B: I"ll bring the Kleenex.(3)A: Would you drive a Mercedes? B: I wouldn"t drive ANY expensive car.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the exchanges, the maxim of relation has been flouted. As to instance(1), A will assume that if B is cooperative, his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In(2), the answer of B seems irrelevant to A"s utterance. By doing so, A will likely derive the implicature that B has accepted his suggestion , and is going to get prepared. In(3), by violating the maxim of relation, B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes.)解析：。
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
自考英语语言学试题及答案
自考英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language is known as:A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. PsychologyD. Anthropology答案：B2. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of language?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B3. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：B4. The process of a language changing over time is called:A. Language acquisitionB. Language evolutionC. Language shiftD. Language decay答案：B5. In linguistics, what is the term for the study of the meaning of words in a sentence?A. SemanticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Pragmatics答案：A6. What is the name for the systematic use of variations in pitch, tone, and rhythm in spoken language?A. PhonologyB. IntonationC. AccentD. Dialect答案：B7. The study of language in relation to culture is known as:A. SociolinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. Cultural linguisticsD. Ethnolinguistics答案：A8. Which of the following is not a component of a phoneme?A. Voice onset timeB. Place of articulationC. Stress patternD. Manner of articulation答案：C9. The use of language in specific social situations is the focus of:A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A10. What is the term for a group of words that form acomplete thought?A. ClauseB. PhraseC. SentenceD. Lexeme答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The __________ is the systematic study of language sounds.答案：Phonetics12. In linguistics, the term __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.答案：Morpheme13. The study of language in relation to the brain and cognitive processes is known as __________.答案：Neurolinguistics14. __________ is the branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of sentences.答案：Syntax15. A language that develops among a group of people who frequently communicate is known as a __________.答案：Dialect16. The study of language change over time is known as__________.答案：Diachronic linguistics17. The __________ is the study of the way language is used by a particular community or group.答案：Sociolinguistics18. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning is called a __________.答案：Phoneme19. The study of language universals, which are features common to all human languages, is known as __________.答案：Universal grammar20. The process of a child acquiring the ability to understand and use a language is called __________.答案：Language acquisition三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language.答案：A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterized by its specific phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, and is typically associated with a particular geographical region or social group. A language, on the other hand, is a complex and distinct system of communication used by a community of people, which may include multiple dialects. While dialects are mutually intelligible to some degree within a language community, languages are often not mutually intelligible and require translation.22. Describe the concept of language death.答案：Language death occurs when a language ceases to be spoken by a community and has no fluent speakers left. This can happen for various reasons, including the displacement of a community, the assimilation into a dominant culture, or the shift to a more widely used language for economic or social reasons. Language death can lead to a loss of cultural heritage and diversity, as languages are often closely tied to the identity and traditions of the communities that speak them.23. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and what are its implications for linguistics?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the theory that the structure of a language determines the way its speakers perceive and conceptual。
英语语言学各章节题目
1.Introduction1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness4. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user‟s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole5. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD. Applied linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.7. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.8. Only human beings are able to communicate.9. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.10. The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear‟s play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.11. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.III. Fill in the blanks.12. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.13. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.14. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.15. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.16. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.17. Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure‟s langue and Chomsky‟s __________.Explain the following terms:syntaxanthropological linguisticsExplain Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language.2.Speech Sounds1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above3. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]4. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]5. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.7. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.8. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.9. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into long vs. short or tense vs. lax.10. In English, all the back vowels are rounded.11. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.III. Fill in the blanks.12. According to the feature of voicing, consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.13. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.14. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.15. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.16.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.17. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative3.Morphology1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. content wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word DINK is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. compoundingD. blending8. The words like smog and motel are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymyII. Fill in the blanks.9. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.10. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.11. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.12. A word formed by derivation is called a __________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a __________ .13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________ .Explain the following term, using examples.AllomorphInflectionBound root4.Syntax1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical4. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator5. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.6. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.Explain the term "IC analysis".Explain the three types of syntactic relationsDistinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”37. Draw a tree diagram of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.5.Semantics1. According to the “semantic triangle” presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol or ________ refers to the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.), the ___________ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or reference refers to concept.2. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.3. The semantic component of the word _________ are +Human, +Adult, +male, -Married.4. ________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.5. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as___________.A. polysemyB. antonymyC. homophonyD. hyponymy6. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__________.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites7. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “rose/tulip”?A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homophonyD. co-hyponyms8. A word with several meaning is called___________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemic wordC. a synonymous wordD. None of the above9. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory. A. mentalism B. conceptualism C. naming theory D. contexualism10. The pair of words “borrow/lend” are called __________.A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementariesD. gradable opposites11. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right?A. +human, -adult, -maleB. +human, +adult, -maleC. +human, +adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male12. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy13. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as________.A. +human, +male, -adultB. +human, -male, -adultC. +human, +male, +adultD. +human, -male, +adultExplain the following term, using examples.1) Componential analysis2) Semantic triangleExplain the three kinds of antonymy.6.Pragmatics1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something‟s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about7. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.8. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.9. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.11. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.12. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.13. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences14. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.15. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.16. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.17. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.18. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker‟s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.19. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.20. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.21. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.IV Analyze the implicatures in the dialogues1) A: Can you answer the phone?B: I‟m in the bath.2) A: I have to leave now.B: It‟s raining hard outside.V . What type of illocutionary act do the following utterances involve?1)…I suggest that you see a dentist as soon as possible.‟2) …I will pay you the money I owe you next time.‟3) …Passengers are reminded that flight No. 2284 leaves here at 7:00 sharp.‟4)…Shut up! Leave me alone!‟5)…I‟m very sorry to hear that you‟ve just lost your pet dog.‟1.The study of _ is Syntax.A textual organizationB sentence structuresC word formationD language functions2.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A arbitrarinessB productivityC cultural transmissionD finiteness3.The speech act theory was first put forward by_.A John ScarlB Johan AustinC Noam ChomskyD M.A.K Halliday4.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in condition is_.A morphologyB general linguisticsC phonologyD semantics5.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A LandladyB GreenhouseC UpliftD Unacceptable6.The word holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies any which we don’t have to work. This is an example ofA meaning shiftB widening of meaningC narrowing of meaningD loss of meaning7.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of___A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context8.The words "kid, child, offspring” are examples of___A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms9.The distinction between parole and langue was made by____A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure10.___ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics11.The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic12.The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning13.Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.14.What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called___A. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.16. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ____A. corpus linguistics.B. sociolinguistics.C. theoretical linguistics.D. psycholinguistics.17.A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called( )A. dialect.B. idiolect.C. pidgin.D. register.18.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing____A. an illocutionary act.B. a perlocutionary act.C. a locutionary act.D. none of the above.19. _____ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instruction20.The word “' Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of_____ in morphology. A. backformation B. conversion C. blending D. acronymnguage is the tool of communication. The symbol “' Highway Closed” on a highway serves( ) A. an expressive function. B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.22. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics23. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because ofA. absence of obstructionB. presence of obstructionC. manner of articulationD. place of articulation24. The definition ”the act of using , or promoting the use of, several languages ,either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refer toA. PidginB. CreoleC. MultilingualismD. Bilingualism25. ____ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. OnomatopoeiaB. CollocationC. DenotationD. Assimilation26.The sentence "Close your book and listen to me carefully!" performs a(n) _____ function.A. interrogativeB. informativeC. performativeD. directive27. Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.) / suspect (n.)C. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)D. convict (v.) /convict (n.)28.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)( ) A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. grammar rule29.Which of the following is an example of clipping? A. APEC B. Motel C. Xerox D. Disco30. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called A. register B. dialect C. slang. D. variety31. Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?A. unlockB. government.C. goes D off-stage32. Which of the following sentences has the "S + V + O" structure?A. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. She became angry.D. Mary enjoyed parties.33. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverb?A. Heart and soul.B. The lion's share.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.BDBCD BDBDB DADBD DCAAC BCACA DCBDA CDB。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix twoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）!Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme？42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius？Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exampleshow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）《五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been？B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）{语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.(语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added toa noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involvesthe insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle ofa word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced / ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十六、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
英语专业语言学考试
Chapter 11．What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication2. Design features of language ？a) Arbitrariness:It refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.b) Duality:the property of having two levels of structures. Such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organizationc) Productivity/creativity:Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness. Language has its potential to create endless sentences.d) Displacement:Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3. Functions of language1) Informative: The speakers use language to talk about their thoughts, ideas, beliefs or what they believe, they see, they hear.e.g. Water boils at 212 degree Fahrenheit.2) Interpersonal function: people use language to establish and maintain theirstatus in society.e.g. It includes forms of address, speech function, modality, etc.3) Performative: Language is used to “do things”, to perform actions.4) Emotive function: It is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.5) Phatic communion: The speaker will use seemingly meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.6) Recreational function: The language is used for the sheer joy.7) Metalingual function: Language can be used to talk about language. Language is self-reflexive.E.g. paraphrase: (order change, similar expressions)definition: (/a:/ is a vowel and /b/ is a consonant.)4. Main branches of linguistics1) Phonetics----speech soundsIt studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how the speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, etc.2) Phonology ---phonemeIt studies the rules governing of the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Simply put it, it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.3) Morphology---morphemeIt is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning---morphemes and word-formation process.4) SyntaxIt studies the rules in the formation, organization of a sentence. Or specifically, it studies the word order of a sentence.5) SemanticsIt concerns the study of meaning in a language.6) PragmaticsIt is the study of meaning in a context, in a particular situation.5.Macrolinguistics:Linguistics is a discipline. It has relationships with other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, computer science and so on.1)Psycholinguistics: It investigates the interrelation of language and mind.2) Sociolinguistics:It concerns the relationship between language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users.3) Anthropological linguistics:It uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.6. Important distinctions in linguistics1)Descriptive vs. prescriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Descriptive linguistics describes and analyzes the facts observed. Prescriptive linguist ics tries to lay down rules for “correct” behavior.2) Synchronic and DiachronicA synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.That is, if we study language at some point in time, it is synchronic study.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. That is, if we study language as it exists in different historical periods, it is diachronic study.3) Langue and paroleLangue is the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, including rules, conventions; It is stable and systemic.Parole is the concrete use of rules. Parole is subject to personal and situational constraints4) Competence and performanceCompetence refers to the language user’s underlying know ledge about the system of rules.Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.Chapter 21.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, andperceived.Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.2.Consonants and vowelsConsonants are produced with some form of obstruction of the air passage, with or without the vibration of the vocal cords.A vowel is produced without any obstruction of the air stream in the mouth,The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.Place of articulation(1).Bilabial (双唇音): [p], [b], [m], [w](2). Labial-dental（唇齿音: [f], [v](3). Dental（齿音）: [ð], [θ](4). Alveolar（齿龈音）: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l](5). Post-alveolar（后齿龈音）:[ſ], [3](7). Palatal（硬腭音）: [j](8). Velar（软腭音）: [k], [g], [η](11). Glottal（声门音）: [h]3.What is minimal pair?two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place.4.Allophones[p, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.complementary distribution: they never occur in the same context: Phonetic similarity: the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.5.Assimilation:Nasalization, dentalization, and velarization are allinstances of assimilation, a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.6.Suprasegmentals features are those aspects of speech that involvemore than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmentals arestress, tone, and intonation.7.The syllable structure: All syllables must have a nucleus but allsyllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda iscalled an open syllable while a syllable with coda is a closed syllable.8.Tone: languages like Chinese are known as tone languages.Chapter 31. Morpheme（词素）: the smallest meaningful unit in composition of words.Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure ofwords, and the rules by which words are formed from smaller components --- morphemes.1.types of morphemes1)free morpheme and bound morpheme（自由词素和粘附词素）Free morphemes ---morphemes which may occur alone or mayconstitute words by themselves, e.g. dog, nation, desk, close.Bound morphemes --- morphemes which can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme, e.g. dis-, un-, -ed, -ment.2)root, affix and stem(词根、词缀和词干)Root--- the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. All words contain a root.Affix--- the morphemes that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). There are three subtypes: Prefixes, Suffixes & Infixes. Stem--- any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. Or it is the part of word form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3).inflectional affix and derivational affix（屈折词缀和派生词缀）Inflectional affix--- affixes which often only add a grammaticalmeaning to the stem.Derivational affix--- affixes which change the lexical meaning.•Two fields of Morphology:Inflectional morphology- the study of inflections.•Derivational morphology (派生形态学): the study of word-formation.2.what is word1)stability2)relative uninterruptbility3)a minimum free form(A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.)3.classification of words1) Variable & invariable wordsVariable: words with ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms. Part of the word remains relatively constant.Invariable: words without inflective endings.e.g. since, when, seldom, through, etc.2) Grammatical words and Lexical wordsGrammatical / Function words: words which express grammatical meaning; to link different parts together.Lexical / Content words: words which have lexical meaning, or which carry the main content of a language3) Closed-class & open-class wordsClosed-class: whose membership is fixed or limited, i.e., new members cannot normally be added, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries.Open-class: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, i.e., new members can be added, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs4)Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar, which establishes nine word classes, such as noun, verb, adjectives, adverbs, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection and article.Pro-form: substitutes for other terms.●Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his.●Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he does.●Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.●Pro-locative: He went there, under the tree.4.Lexical Change1) Invention/Coinage 发明法2) Blending混成法:3) Back-formation逆构词法4) Clipping /Abbreviations缩写词5) Acronym缩略语6) Analogical creation类推构词7) Borrowing借词pound refers to a word that is composed of more than one morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. Derivation shows a relationship between roots and affixes. New derivational words are created by attaching prefixes or suffixes to already existing words.Chapter 41.Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language, or (a relation between one item and others in a sequence or between elements which are all present). Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure.2.The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of wordssubstitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure, (or relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, between one element present and the others absent).3.The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by makingsuccessive binary cutting is called Immediate Constituent (IC) Analysis.4.Immediate constituents: constituents immediately, directly, below thelevel of construction, or, the two parts that are yielded after each cut. An immediate constituent can be further segmented until we obtain thesmallest grammatical unitAdvantage of IC analysis⏹On one hand, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstratedclearly in IC analysis.⏹On the other hand, if some ambiguities exist, they will also be revealed.5.Endocentric: Endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., aword or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.6.Exocentric: Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntacticallyrelated words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “Centre”or “Head”inside the group,7.Category: It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun,verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of these general units:Categories of the noun: number, gender, case and countabilityCategories of the verb: tense, aspect, voice8.Agreement: Agreement (or Concord) may be defined as the requirementthat the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also, becharacterized by the same paradigmaticlly marked category (orcategories).Chapter51.Semantics:It refers to the study of meaning in language. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentencesin particular2.The word “meaning” itself has different meanings. In this lecture The Meaning of Meaning written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards presented a “representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of mea ning have favored”.3.Seven types of meaning:*Conceptual/denotative meaning Connotative meaningSocial meaningAffective meaning Reflected meaning Collocative meaning Thematic meaning4.“Semantic triangle” theory （语义三角理论）⏹a) Proposed by Ogden and Richards in the book The Meaning ofMeaning.⏹b) They argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refersto is not direct. It is mediated by concept, mental image. In other words, the link between words and things can be made only through the use of mind.For every word, there is an associated concept.⏹Concept--- is the mental image, the abstraction or generalization ofobjects of the same kind. It is abstracted from the object which is referred to.5. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualised.Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.6.Sense relations:a)Synonymy:1)Dialectal synonymy: regional dialects2)Stylistic synonymy (Register)3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonymy:5)Semantically different synonymsUsage of Synonymy:1. Paraphrase2. Cohesion in textual analysisb)Antonymy1)Gradable antonymy2)Complementary antonymy3)Converse antonymyc)Hyponymy⏹Superordinate/hypernym: the more general term⏹Hyponym: the more specific term⏹Co-hyponyms: members of the same classponential analysis: It is an approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its semantic features.Chapter61.Six subjects of research⏹Language acquisition (L1 / L2) ⏹Language comprehension⏹Language production ⏹Language disorders⏹Language and Thought ⏹Neurocognitionnguage Acquisition1)Holophrastic stage (独词句阶段)2)Two-word stage: around 18m3)Three-word-utterance stage4)Fluent grammatical conversation stageChapter61.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis1)Two points in his theory:⏹Language determines our thinking patterns⏹Similarity between languages is relative. The greater their structuraldifferentiations, the more diverse their conceptualization of theworld will be.2)Linguistic determinism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguistic relativity (语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。
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英语语言学试题（5）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) s tudy.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element …-es‟ indicates is third person singular, present tens e, the element …-ed‟ past tense, and …-ing‟ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists prop osed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) b ecause this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker‟s intention. A. locutionary act B. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a co nversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners‟( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-spe aking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided int o two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may havea set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and cla ssify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to r econstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that ha s ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular s peech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a se cond language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to wh ich learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
每小题2分，共20分)21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transforma tional rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation ofa sentence. ( )25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semantic ists to analyze meaning. ( )26. Linguists found that it would be possible to give an adequate descrip tion of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsider ed. ( )27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is di vided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. ( )28. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism e merge. ( )29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric dominance for la nguage is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )30. In order to identify the areas of learning difficulty, an interlingual con trastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was developed. ( )四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)31. competence and performance32. minimal pair33. morphology34. finite clause35. sense and reference36. Cooperative Principle37. semantic broadening38. language planning39. the critical period hypothesis40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same pho neme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underly ing structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare‟s HAMLET below carefull y and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and M odern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i‟ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii。