最新英语语言学试题B卷

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2023年自考专业英语-现代语言学考试题库答案

2023年自考专业英语-现代语言学考试题库答案

2023年自考专业(英语)-现代语言学考试题库+答案第I卷一.综合能力测验(共15题)1.单选题 The volunteers would rather go by train than ________.A. to driveB.driveC.drivenD.to be driven2.单选题 The conclusion from the study is not definite; it is just ________.A. tentativeB.validC.technicalD.thorough3.单选题 This is an important problem _______ too few social scientists have researched.A. whichB.thatC.into thatD.into which4.判断题 According to the "principles-and-parameters" theory, "principles" refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while "parameters" allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.5.单选题 There is a deadlock(僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the other.A.a wayB.wayC.the way6.单选题 Children have a natural ________ about the world around them.A. certaintyB.capabilityC.clevernessD.curiosity7.判断题 Linguists can concentrate on all the aspects of language at once.8.单选题 Country life is better than city life ________ it offers fresh air and noiseless environmentA. in thatB.as thatC.as forD.in which9.判断题 Searle's classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.10.单选题 ______ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.A.Sentence meaningB.Utterance meaningC.The referenceD.The meaning11.判断题 A compound is the combination of only two words.12.判断题 Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated ina single area of the left hemisphere.13.单选题 The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks,which,left ________,would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm.A.behindB.aloneC.outD.aside14.单选题 The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.A. the internal structureB.morphemeC.the rules by which words are formedD.wordA. being seenB.seeingC.him seeingD.seeing him第II卷一.综合能力测验(共15题)1.单选题 Younger children are curious ________ how things work ,and many of them want to take apart everything within their reach.A.ofB.aboutC.atD.with2.判断题 Well-arranged sentences are considered grammatical sentences that are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.单选题 _______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It4.判断题 In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.5.单选题 It was a small place then compared to _______ it is now.A. whatB.whichC.littleD.few6.单选题 Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.A.nerve fibersB.nervesC.neurons7.单选题 Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A.contextualB.conceptualistC.behavioristD.naming8.单选题 If you are walking away from a clock tower ,you will hear the ticking of the clock fade to a point ________ it cannot be heard.A. whichB.whatC.whereD.how9.单选题 The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.rgeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite10.单选题 Johnson was ________ unknown before running for the presidency.A. visiblyB.visuallyC.verticallyD.virtually11.单选题 By "language acquisition is primarily the acquistion of the grammatical system of language", linguists mean that ______.A.every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquiredB.the phonological rules must be acquiredC.the syntactic rules must be acquiredD.the general principles that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech must be acquired12.单选题―________ fine day it is today!A. How, suchB.What a, veryC.How, soD.What a, so13.单选题 If payment is not received, legal action will be our only ________.B.advantageC.alternativeD.ambition14.单选题 Weather _______, we ’ll go out for a walk.A. permittedB.permittingC.permitsD.for permitting15.单选题 I was writing a report last night; ________ I would not have stayed up late.A. howeverB.otherwiseC.thereforeD.furthermore第I卷参考答案一.综合能力测验1.正确答案:B本题解析:would rather 或 would sooner 的意思都是“宁愿” ,其后要求直接用动词原形。

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究语言的科学,其主要研究对象是:A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案:B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支,它主要研究:A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案:B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴?A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案:B4. 语言的语法规则包括:A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案:B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与:A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案:B6. 心理语言学研究的是:A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案:B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关?A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案:D8. 语言的方言是指:A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案:A9. 语言的标准化是指:A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案:C10. 语言的借词是指:A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。

答案:社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案:语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。

答案:语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。

答案:派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。

答案:句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。

答案:使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。

英语语言学试题(3)

英语语言学试题(3)

英语语言学试题(3)第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=2 0%)1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.A. arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC. logicalD.non-productive2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed t he ______.A.phrase structureB.surface structureC.syntactic structureD.deep structure4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object po sitions.A.Case ConditionB.Adjacent ConditionC.parameterD.Adjacent parameters5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.A.polysemyB.hyponymyC.antonymyD.homonymy6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the max im of ______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.eB.acceptC.generalizeD.reconstruct8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.nguage interpretationnguage identificationnguage choicenguage planning9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?______.A.Cerebral cortexB.NeuronsC.EyesD.Angular gyrus10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A.the copula verb "be"B.inflectional morphemesC.function wordsD.content words第二部分非选择题Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lun gs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of D et,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the do ctor" should fall into the category of _d________.16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word th at is more general in meaning is called _s________.17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rule is an _a________ rule,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.18.One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.19.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _h________, one on the right and one on the left.20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t___ _____ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F f or false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish m eaning.23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.24.( )Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.26.( )According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives.27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "peddle" was derived from "peddler" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.28.( )Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variables.29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.30.( )Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31.narrow transcription32.stem33.derivational affixes34.grammatical relation35.predication36.semantic narrowing37.nonstandard languages38.linguistic taboo39.angular gyrus40.interlanguageⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.。

英语专业语言学概论B卷参考答案

英语专业语言学概论B卷参考答案

期末考试试卷年级:15级专业(学科):英语17 — 18 学年第二学期语言学概论B卷参考答案I.Multiple Choice. (15%)1-5:ACCCB 6—10:DBADCII.True or False Questions. (15%)1—5:TTFTT6—10:TFFTTIII.Define the following terms. (25%)1.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.2.According to the theory of the illocutionary act, illocutionary force refers to speaker’s meaning, contextua l meaning, or extra meaning.3. Free morphemes refer to those which can occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves. For example, dog, boy and close are all free morphemes.4. Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning.5.Morphology is one branch of linguistics and it studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes.IV.Short answer questions. (20%)1.To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness. Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. (6%)2.Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle” as manifested in the following diagram, in which the “symbol” refers to the linguist elements (word,sentence, etc.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and the “thought” or “reference” refers to concept or notion. Thus the symbol of a word signifies “things” by virtue of the “concept,” a ssociated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the language. The concept thus considered is the meaning of the word. The connection (represented with a dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through “concept.”(7%)3.A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development..(7%)V.Short Essay writing (25%)1.Women register takes on the following features:(1) women use more “fancy” color terms such as “mauve” and “beige”.(2) Women use less powerful curse words.(3) Women use more intensifiers such as “terrible” and “awful”.(4)Women use more tag questions.(5) women use more statement questions like “Dinner will be ready at seven o’clock?” (with a rising intonation at the end).(6) Women’s linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than men’s. More importantly, it is argued that these differences in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society. More cogently, the linguistic differences between men and women are culturally and socially governed.(13%)2.Semantics and pragmatics are both linguistic studies of meaning. What essentiallydistinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is carried out in the area of pragmatics.Semantics studies sentences as units of the abstract linguistic system while pragmatics studies utterances as instances of the system. The former stops at the sentence level; the latter looks at bigger chunks of conversation. The former regards sentences as stable products; the latter treats utterances as dynamic processes. The former analyses sentences in isolation; the latter analyses utterances in close connection with their contexts of situation.(12%)。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(Word最新版)

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(Word最新版)

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案通过整理的英语语言学试卷精粹及答案相关文档,渴望对大家有所扶植,感谢观看!有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct“ linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme “vision“ in the common word “television“ is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator主从连词5、“Can I borrow your bike?“ ___ “You have a bike.“ A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化. A、elaboration B、simplification精简C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca通用语B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition 其次部分非选择题II. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines “competence“ as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of “be“. 19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition. 20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) ()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. ()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. ()23、The compound word “bookstore“ is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. ()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers'perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life. ()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%) 31、duality 32、diachronic linguistics 33、broad transcription 34、morphological rules 35、phrase structure rule 36、relational opposites 37、componential analysis 38、context 39、euphemism 40、brain lateralization V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%) 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题(2)一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中,选出一个正确答案,并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案:C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案:B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案:A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案:B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案:C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案:D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案:C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案:A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案:A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案:neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念,并给出一个英语例子。

(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))

(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))

Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’sof the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used torefer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com municationkn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’sowledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.。

语言学能力测试模拟题参考答案

语言学能力测试模拟题参考答案

语言学能力测试模拟题参考答案第一部分:多项选择题1. A) vocabulary2. B) syntax3. A) phonetics4. D) pragmatics5. C) semantics6. B) morpheme7. D) syntax8. C) phonetics9. B) morphology10. A) phonology第二部分:填空题11. linguistic12. bilingual13. acquisition14. dialect15. communicative16. morphology17. syntax18. phonetics19. semantics20. sociolinguistics第三部分:简答题21. 语音学 (phonetics) 是研究语音的学科,主要研究语音的产生、传播和听觉感知等方面。

22. 句法学 (syntax) 研究的是句子的结构和组成成分之间的关系,包括短语结构和句子结构的分析。

23. 词汇学 (lexicology) 是研究词汇及其形成规律的学科,包括形态学和词义学等内容。

24. 语义学 (semantics) 是研究语言中词义、句义及其逻辑关系的学科,关注词汇、短语和句子的意义。

25. 韵律学 (prosody) 是研究语音流动的韵律、重音、音调等方面的学科,涉及到语音的音高、音乐和语调等方面。

第四部分:论述题语言学是对语言现象进行深入研究的学科。

它探究着语言的起源、发展和使用等多个方面,通过使用不同的分析方法和理论来解释语言在个体和社会层面上的运作规律。

语言学的核心领域包括语音学、句法学、词汇学、语义学等,以及与语言相关的学科,如社会语言学、历史语言学、比较语言学等。

语音学是语言学中的一个重要分支,它研究的是语音的产生、传播和听觉感知等方面。

通过对语音的音素、音位、音调、语调等进行系统分析,语音学家能够揭示语言中的音系规律以及不同语言之间的差异。

(最新整理)大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)

(最新整理)大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)

(完整)大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题)编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望((完整)大学英语语言学练习题(考试必考题))的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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I. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue。

Note that you are to fill in ONE word only.1. Clear [1] and dark [ł] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution。

(P24)2。

M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32)3. Consonant sounds can be either voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced。

(P16)4。

In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative principle proposed by J。

英语语言学试题3及答案

英语语言学试题3及答案

英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a wordC. The way a language is writtenD. The study of language in relation to culture2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. MorphologyD. Astronomy3. The process of analyzing the structure of sentences is known as:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Lexicology4. The study of word formation is called:A. EtymologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Lexicology5. In linguistics, "pragmatics" is concerned with:A. The meaning of wordsB. The meaning of sentences in contextC. The structure of wordsD. The sounds of a language6. The change of a word's form to express different grammatical relationships is known as:A. InflectionB. DerivationC. CompoundingD. Conversion7. "Morpheme" is defined as:A. The smallest meaningful unit in a languageB. A group of letters that form a wordC. A word that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful partsD. The smallest unit of sound8. Which of the following is an example of a sociolect?A. A dialect spoken in a particular regionB. A language variety used by a social groupC. A language used in formal situationsD. A language used in informal situations9. The study of language change over time is known as:A. Historical linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Computational linguistics10. The concept of "register" refers to:A. A language variety associated with a particularactivityB. A language variety associated with a particular regionC. A language variety associated with a particular social groupD. A language variety associated with a particular time period二、填空题(每题1分,共10分)11. The study of language in its social context is known as __________.12. A language that develops from a common ancestral language is called a __________.13. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is a(n)__________.14. The systematic use of language to convey information is known as __________.15. The process of creating new words by combining existing words is called __________.16. The study of language in relation to the brain is known as __________.17. The change of a word's form to show grammatical relationships is known as __________.18. The study of the history of individual words is called__________.19. The study of language universals is a part of __________.20. The systematic study of meaning in language is known as __________.三、简答题(每题5分,共30分)21. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.22. Describe the role of morphology in language acquisition.23. What is the significance of syntax in language comprehension?24. Discuss the concept of language variation and its implications for linguistic analysis.四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)25. Discuss the impact of language on thought and culture, referring to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.26. Analyze the role of language in identity formation and social interaction, with reference to sociolinguistic theories.五、案例分析题(每题10分,共10分)27. Given a scenario where two speakers of different dialects have difficulty understanding each other, analyze the factors that contribute to this communication barrier.答案:一、选择题1. B2. D3. A4. B5. B6. A7. A8. B9. A 10. A二、填空题11. Sociolinguistics 12. Language family 13. Morpheme 14. Pragmatics 15. Compounding 16. Neurolinguistics 17.Inflection 18. Etymology 19. Typology 20. Semantics三、简答题21. Phonetics is the study of the physical properties ofspeech sounds, while phonology is the study of the abstract system of sounds in a language.22. Morphology plays a crucial role in language acquisition as it helps learners understand how words are formed and how they can be broken down into smaller units.。

自考英语语言学试题及答案

自考英语语言学试题及答案

自考英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The study of language is known as:A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. PsychologyD. Anthropology答案:B2. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of language?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案:B3. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案:B4. The process of a language changing over time is called:A. Language acquisitionB. Language evolutionC. Language shiftD. Language decay答案:B5. In linguistics, what is the term for the study of the meaning of words in a sentence?A. SemanticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Pragmatics答案:A6. What is the name for the systematic use of variations in pitch, tone, and rhythm in spoken language?A. PhonologyB. IntonationC. AccentD. Dialect答案:B7. The study of language in relation to culture is known as:A. SociolinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. Cultural linguisticsD. Ethnolinguistics答案:A8. Which of the following is not a component of a phoneme?A. Voice onset timeB. Place of articulationC. Stress patternD. Manner of articulation答案:C9. The use of language in specific social situations is the focus of:A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案:A10. What is the term for a group of words that form acomplete thought?A. ClauseB. PhraseC. SentenceD. Lexeme答案:C二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)11. The __________ is the systematic study of language sounds.答案:Phonetics12. In linguistics, the term __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.答案:Morpheme13. The study of language in relation to the brain and cognitive processes is known as __________.答案:Neurolinguistics14. __________ is the branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of sentences.答案:Syntax15. A language that develops among a group of people who frequently communicate is known as a __________.答案:Dialect16. The study of language change over time is known as__________.答案:Diachronic linguistics17. The __________ is the study of the way language is used by a particular community or group.答案:Sociolinguistics18. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning is called a __________.答案:Phoneme19. The study of language universals, which are features common to all human languages, is known as __________.答案:Universal grammar20. The process of a child acquiring the ability to understand and use a language is called __________.答案:Language acquisition三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)21. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language.答案:A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterized by its specific phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, and is typically associated with a particular geographical region or social group. A language, on the other hand, is a complex and distinct system of communication used by a community of people, which may include multiple dialects. While dialects are mutually intelligible to some degree within a language community, languages are often not mutually intelligible and require translation.22. Describe the concept of language death.答案:Language death occurs when a language ceases to be spoken by a community and has no fluent speakers left. This can happen for various reasons, including the displacement of a community, the assimilation into a dominant culture, or the shift to a more widely used language for economic or social reasons. Language death can lead to a loss of cultural heritage and diversity, as languages are often closely tied to the identity and traditions of the communities that speak them.23. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and what are its implications for linguistics?答案:The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the theory that the structure of a language determines the way its speakers perceive and conceptual。

《英语语言学》试题.docx

《英语语言学》试题.docx

L Fill in each of the following blanks (1% X 20=20%)I .Language is a system of arbitrary vocal __________________ used for humancommunication. Language is consisting of two sets of structures, or two levels, that is, sound and ______________ .2.Of all the speech organs, the _________ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such condition are .3. ______ is voiced alveolar fricative, while ________ is back, close long vowel.4. There are _______ phones, _________ p honemes in word “start :5. Complementary distribution means that the ___________ of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environments.6. Generally speaking, we can divide phonetics into at least three branches: articulatory phonetics, _________ phonetics and acoustic phonetics-7. Chomsky defines __________ as the ideal speaker^ knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance is the actual realization of this knowledge. 8. ________ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply the study of the formation of sentences.9.In Engllish, nouns, verbs adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary, they are called ________ c lass words ,while conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns are regarded as close class words.10. Morphology is the study of the internal ____________ o f words and the way in which words are formed.II • __________means that language can be used to refer to things which presentor not present, real or imagined matters in past, present, or future, or in far-away places. 12. __________ are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.13.In English, ________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.14. A lingustic study is ________ if it describes and analyses the language people《英语语言学》试题15考试吋量:120分钟题号—•二三四五合分合分人得分复查人得分评卷人苹 -------考试类型:actually use; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct"5 behavi0匚15.Suprasegmental features include _________ tone and intonation.16. “Accuse.• .of,and "charge.••with" are _______ synonyms.IL Read and decide the best one that completes the 得分评卷人statement. (1.5% X 20=30%)L Linguists give priority to the spoken language not on the written languagebecause _________ •A.vocal sounds are drived from writing systemsB.speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC.we have reading devices to study speechD.spoken language preceded writtten language only in Indo-Europeanlanguae2.According to E de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistics.A.paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language3. ________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worldslanguage.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics.4.The word “boyish,,contains two ____ •A. morphemesB. morphsC. phonemesD. allophones5.Noun, verb, ____ and preposition are major lexical cateogries.A. adverbB. pronounC. adjectiveD. conjunction6.Which of the following sounds is voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [mlC. [b]D. [t]7.The study of language to psychology is ____________ •A. sociolinguisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. pragmatics8- Which of the following sounds is central vowel?A. [elB. [i]C.[八]D.[a:]9.In English, 4t un J, and "dis" are called ___________ ..A. prefixesB. infixesC. suffixesD. grammatical words10. _____ are produced by moving from one vowel position to anotherthrough interventing position.A. DiphthongsB. ConsonantsC. Vowels D> Individual vowels11 .The phrase “ men and women " belongs to the __________ c ontruction.A. predicateB. coordinateC. subordinateD. exocentric 12.In English, all thefront vowels and the central vowels are __________________________ vowels.A. unroundedB. closeC. openD. rounded13.Which is the meaning relationship between the two words "flowei7rose”?A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. PolysemyD. Hyponymy14.The words such as "lab", “doc" are_________ ・A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back-formationD. clipped words15.In English if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of aword, the first phoneme must be /s/ and the second phoneme must be /p/ or III or /k/, then the third phoneme can not be ___________ .A. /f/B. /I/C. /r/D. /w/16.The words "make,,and “bus,,are called ____ because they can occurunattached.A.derivational morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC.bound morphemesD. free morphemes17.The semantic component of the word “ man” can be expressed asA.+animate, +human, +male, -adultB.+animate, +human,・male, +adultC.+animate, +human, +male, +adultD.+animate, +human, -adult18. _____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular socialclass.A. IdiolectB. SociolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Standard dialect19.The phenomenon “ holiday meant a day of religious significance before,but today it signifies any day on which we don^t have to work,,is ______A. widening of the meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD.loss of the meaning20.All of the following are American English EXCEPT ________ .A. fallB. elevatorC. petrolD. aparmentIII. True or false: ( T for True and F for得分评卷人Fam)・(l・5%X 20=30%)1 .Language is human specific.2.English is a typical tone language.3.A synchronic study of language is a historical study.4.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articultion and place of articulation.5.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by E de Saussure.6.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in the human history.7.The word "ungentlemanliness^ has five morphemes.8.Deep Structure is the same as Surface Structure.9. There is only one type of affixes in the English language.10・ Syntax is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. 11. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.12. Modern English is roughly from 499 to the present.13. The standard language and non-standard language are both socially prestigious. 14. The assumption that Black English is "genetically inferior^, "deficient^ and "incomplete" is quite unreasonable.15. One of the recent trends of language change is moving towards greater formality.16. Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.17.In a pair of gradable antonyms, the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the othe 匚18. There is only one argument in the sentence “ Kids like apples.” 19. Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes- 20・ IPA stands for International Phonetic Alphabet.IV・ Draw tree structures of the following sentences. (2.5%x4=10%)1. The apple might hit the man.2. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.3. The children argued over whether bats had wings.4. What are you doing now?VPlease answer the following questions. (5%X2=10%)1. Please list out the design features of language and illustrate them.2. Who put forward the Cooperative Principle? What is it about?得分评卷人得分评卷人Answer Sheetn| n得分评卷人I.Fill in each of the following blanks(1 % X 20=20%)1. _________ , _________2. _________ , _________3. _________ , __________4. _________ , _________5. ___________6. _________ ,7. _________ & _________ 9. ___________ 10. _____________ 11. _____________ 12. ____________13. ___________ .14. ____________15. ___________ 16. _____________得分评卷人II ・ Read and decide the best one that completesthe statement. (1.5% X 20=30%)1( )2( ) 3( )4( ) 5( ) 6( ) 7( ) 8( ) 9( ) 10() 得分评卷人11( ) 12( ) 13(1.( ) 2( ) 3(IK ) 12( ) 13(得分评卷人)14( ) 15( ) 16( ) 17( ) 18( ) 19( ) 20()III. True or false: ( T for True and F for False).(1.5% X 20=30%))4( ) 5( ) 6( ) 7( ) 8( )9( ) 10())14( ) 15( ) 16( ) 1(7 ) 18( ) 19( )20()IV. Draw tree structures of the followingsentences. (2.5%x4=10%)1. The apple might hit the man.2. Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.3.The children argued over whether bats had wings-4. What are you doing now?VPlease answer the following questions.得分评卷人(5%X2=10%)。

英语语言学试题3及答案

英语语言学试题3及答案

英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 在语言学中,研究语言结构的学科被称为:A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案:C2. 语言中最小的意义单位是:A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C3. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征?A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的稳定性答案:C4. 英语中,单词“cat”的词根是:A. catB. -catC. -cattD. ca-答案:A5. 语言的“经济性原则”指的是:A. 用最少的音位表达最多的意义B. 用最少的词汇表达最多的意义C. 用最少的句型表达最多的意义D. 用最少的语法规则表达最多的意义答案:A6. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for communication.” 这句话中,“arbitrary”一词的意思是:A. 任意的B. 必然的C. 相关的D. 必要的答案:A7. 语言学家乔姆斯基认为,人类天生具有:A. 语言能力B. 语言知识C. 语言习惯D. 语言技巧答案:A8. 语言的“双重艺术性”指的是:A. 语言的创造性和规范性B. 语言的任意性和规约性C. 语言的表达性和接收性D. 语言的描述性和规定性答案:B9. 下列哪个选项不是语言的功能?A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会控制D. 艺术创作答案:D10. 在英语中,单词“university”的词缀“uni-”表示:A. 一B. 多C. 不D. 再答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的三个主要分支是语音学、__________和句法学。

答案:语法学2. 根据语言的起源,语言学可以分为历史语言学和__________语言学。

答案:比较3. 语言的“规约性”指的是语言符号的__________。

答案:约定性4. 在语言学中,研究语言在社会中的功能和影响的学科被称为__________语言学。

语言学试题(9)

语言学试题(9)

英语语言学试题(9)英语语言学试题(9)I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC. reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizingexperiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes 35. syntax 36. language transfer37. hyponymy 38. sentence meaning 39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortexⅤ. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.一、1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C二、11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、21、(T)22、(F)As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification. 23、(F)We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、(T)25、(F)The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 26、(T)27、(F)In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、(T)29、(T)30、(F)Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.四、31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g./pit/ and /bit/.34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEA VY).39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.五、论述题41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准:满分10分,其中定义占3分,典型例子占5分,例词占2分。

英语语言学试题B卷及答案jueban

英语语言学试题B卷及答案jueban

英语语言学试题B卷及答案jueban英语语言学试题B卷及答案(III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)1) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive2)Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “fall” and “autumn” b elong is called _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational3) The sentence “John likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. context5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration,semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content6) Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. none of the above8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B11)As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal13) A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with17)The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ____________ construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric18) Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 19) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20)Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization of a language us er’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performanceIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%×15=15%)1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.3) The open-class words include prepositions.4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels,the same criteria can be applied.5) According to semantic triangle,there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.6)Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.7)By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.8)The IC analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.9)The relationship of “flower”,“violet”,“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.10)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combinedto form compounds.15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)1)The modern linguistics is d____________ ,not prescriptive,and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.2)M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3)Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p________ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..4)The transformational component has transformational rules,which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure.5)In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated by c___________..6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b____________ transcription.7)In the cooperative principle,Grice introduced four categories of maxims.They are maxim of quality,maxim of quatity, maxim of r__________ and maxim of manner.8)The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that language d___________s our thinking pattern.9)There are two major approaches to error analysis:c____________ and non-contrastive analysis.10)P_________ is the study of language in use.VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression.(2.5%×2=5%)1)Smoking cigar is very harmful.2)The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English. (4%×5=20%)1)What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?2)What are the design features of language?3)What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar?4)Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?5)What do you know about linguistics.参考答案III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)1-5 ABBBB 6-10 CCABD 11-15 CDBCC 16-20 ABDCDIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%×15=15%)1)-5): TTFFT 6)-10): FFTTF 11)-15): FFFFFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. (1%×10=10%)1)descriptive 2)Morpheme 3)parole 4)surface 5)concept6)broad 7)relation 8)determines 9)contrastive 10)PragmaticsVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.(2.5%×2=5%)1)The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.2)The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English. (4%×5=20%)1)A. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange) .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.D. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4. Be orderly.2)Arbitrariness;Productivity;Duality;Displacement;Cultural transmission;3)A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4)The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example;(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning:grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions thatrelate one word syntagmatically to another.英语语言学试题A卷及答案(I. Define the following linguistic terms:(2%×10=20%)1) duality 2) displacement 3) phonology4) morphology 5) concord 6) endocentric construction7) hyponymy 8) pragmatics 9) illocutionary force10) error analysisII. Translation (0.5%×20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese:(0.5%×10=5%)1) affricate 2)distinctive feature 3) parole 4) generative grammar5) bilingualism 6) felicity condition 7)design feature 8)denotation 9) labiodental 10) linguistic relativityTranslate the following terms into English:(0.5%×10=5%)11)人际功能 12)真值条件 13)女性语域 14)音节划分 15)结构主义16)社会语言学17)论元18)单元音19)衔接20)对比分析III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet.(1%×20=20%)1). language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2). A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3). There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4). The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5). “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6). Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner7)“Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 8) The study of language at onepoint of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9) Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10) Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above11)In terms of the place of articulation,the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental12) Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13)Which of the following is a correct description of reference?A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14)What is function of the sentence “How do you do’?A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15) In the following sounds, ________is a central vowel.A. /?/B. /u/C. /?/D. /з/16)Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?A. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17) Which description of the meaning components of the word “father” is right?A. [+human, +adult,-male]B. [+human, -adult, +male]C. [–human, +adult, -male]D. [+human, +adult, +male]18) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration,semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20)“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed m eans _________.A. an overheated animalB. a kind of foodC. a barking dogD. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(15 pts, 1 point for each)Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:(1%×15=15%)1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.2) According to N. Chomsky,“competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by allthe members of a speech community.5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.9) According to semantic triangle,there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.14) Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics,auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning of a word can be divided into meaning components.5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative,the greater their structureal differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.(2.5%×2=5%)1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English. (4%×5=20%)1) What functions does language have?Give some examples. (5 points)2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. (5 points)3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?(2.5 points)4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics?(3.5 points)5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning?(4 points)参考答案I. Define the following linguistic terms:(2%×10=20%)1) duality:The property of having two levels of structures,such that the units of the primary levelare composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2) displacement: It means that humanlanguages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3) phonology: A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4)morphology: A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5) concord:The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.6)endocentric construction:A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approachingequivalence to one of its constituents.7) hyponymy: It refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is,the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.8) pragmatics: It refers to the study of language in use.9) illocutionary force:It refers to the speaker’s meaning,contextual meaning, or extra meaning.11) error analysis: It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.II.Translate the following terms:(0.5%×20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese:(0.5%×10=5%)1)塞擦音 2)区别性特征 3)言语 4)生成语法 5)双语现象6)适切条件 7)结构特征 8)外延 9)唇齿音 10)语言相对论Translate the following terms into English:(0.5%×10=5%)11)interpersonal function 12) truth condition 13)women register 14)syllabification 15)structuralism 16)sociolinguistics 17)argument 18)monophthong 19)cohesion 20) contrastive analysisIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)1-5 DBCCA 6-10 CDABB 11-15 BBCBA 16-20 BDBDBIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. (1%×15=15%)1-5 FFFFF 6-10 FFFTT 11-15 FTFTFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements withone word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue. (1%×10=10%)1)articulatory 2)writing 3)syntax 4)contituent 5)homograph6)broad 7)context 8)receiver 9)hypothesis 10)SpeechVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.(2.5%×2=5%)1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English. (4%×5=20%)6) (5 points)Language functions include informative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.Examples: omitted.7) (5 points) The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized,while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply ina context.8) (2.5 points)Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs,called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign,on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics,etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.9) (3.5 points)Conceptual meaning;connotative meaning;social meaning;affective meaning;reflected meaning; collocative meaning; thematic meaning;10) (4 points) Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides, applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案:A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案:C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案:A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案:A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案:A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案:A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案:A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案:B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案:D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案:Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案:Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案:Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案:Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案:Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案:Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案:Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案:Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案:Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案:Neurolinguistics三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案:A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案:Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案:Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案:Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案:Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。

英语语言学概论试卷B优选

英语语言学概论试卷B优选

2013-2014学年第2学期期末考试(B)卷课程名称《英语语言学概论》任课教师签名程建山出题教师签名程建山审题教师签名王婉华考试方式(闭)卷适用专业2011级英语专业考试时间(120)分钟I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.A. languageB. langueC. paroleD. competence2. Vowels can be classified in terms of each of the following ways EXCEPT _______.A. position of the tongueB. openness of the mouthC. manner of articulationD. shape of the lips3. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants [s] and [z] are classified as ______.A. liquids B. affricatesC. stopsD. fricatives4. There are _______ morphemes in the word “frightening.”A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. Semantically, the sentence “I regret stepping on your book” ______ the sentence “I stepped on your book.”A. presupposesB. entailsC. contradictsD. is synonymous with6. According to John Austin’s speech act theory, a(n) ______ act is the act performed by saying something.A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. All the following words EXCEPT ______ are the examples which can be used to illustrate semantic narrowing.A. auntB. wifeC. houndD. fowl 8. In many cultures, words relating to sex, sex organs, and natural bodily functions make up a larger part of ______ vocabulary.A. genderB. euphemismC. slangD. taboo9. Speaker A: I’m out of petrol.Speaker B: There’s a garage round the corner.Speaker B is violating the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. A typical example of a _______ community is an ethnic ghetto where most, if not all, of its inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.A. diglossicB. bilingualC. pidginizedD. creolizedII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Cultural t refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker, and they are not simply biologically passed on from generation to generation.12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s features, which are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.13. D affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very common way to create new words in English.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.15. If we say “The baby is crying,” we must be talking about a certain baby crying in a certain situation; the word “baby” means a baby known to both the speaker and the hearer, which is the r of the word “baby” in this particular situation.16. The relationship between the words in such pairs as “buy” and “by,” “stationary” and“stationery” can be labeled as h_____.17. In an a process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.18. In sociolinguistic studies, a pidginized dialect may expand and eventually become the native language of a certain population, which is known as c .19. A linguistic t ______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society f rom general use.20. Speech v_________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the Answer Sheet. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then givethe correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. In linguistic evolution, however, speech is prior to writing, therefore, the spoken language rather than the written should be given priority in modern linguistics.22. There are two ways now available to transcribe speech sounds: broad transcription and narrow transcription, of which the really required and used by popular textbook and dictionary writers is the latter.23. Prefixes are added to the beginning of stems; they modify the meaning of the stem, but do not change the part of speech of the original word.24. Compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequences. In general, the stress of a compound always falls on the second word, while the first word receives secondary stress.25. Sentence is usually conceived as the largest unit of grammar. Normally, a sentence contains at least a subject and a finite verb or a verb phrase as its predicate.26. The pair of words, “husband” and “wife,” are complementary antonyms.27. One linguistic symbol can have different referenceswhile bearing the same sense. There are also occasions, though less frequent, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.28. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.30. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. arbitrariness 32. parole33. consonants 34. bound morpheme35. back-formation 36. syntax37. sense 38. pragmatics39. hyponymy 40. sociolectV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Draw a tree diagram of constituent structure for each of the following two sentences.(1) A boy found the book.(2) The guide suggested the tourists take a rest.42. State briefly Cooperative Principle and its four maxims and then use it to explain the following conversation:(1) A: How do you like my painting? B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I’m afraid. (2) He is made of iron.参考答案Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (2%×10=20%)1-5 BCDBA 6-10 BADCBII. Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. transmission 12.suprasegmental 13. derivational 14. complex 15. reference 16. homonymy 17. assimilation18. Creole 19. taboo 20. varietyⅢ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write a “T” for true or “F” for false on the Answer Sheet. (2 % ×10=20% )21-25 TFTFT 26-30 FTTTFⅣ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.(3%×10=30%) 31.arbitrariness: there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with.32. parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.33. consonants: consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.34. bound morpheme: it refers to those morphemes which cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme.35. back-formation: It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.36. syntax: It refer to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply the study of the formation of sentences.37. sense: sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of linguistic form; it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contexualized.38. pragmatics: The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.39. hyponymy: Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the class name, is called superordinate, and the lower term, the members, hyponyms.40. sociolect: it is a kind of social variation of language which can reflect a person’s socioeconomic, educational, occupational and ethnic background, as well as their sex and age.Ⅴ. Directions:Answer the following questions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Omitted.42. Speech act theory tells us that a speaker can meana lot more than what is said. The problem is to explain how the speaker can manager to convey more than what is said and how the hearer can understand the speaker’s meaning. H.P. Grice believes that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of these utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls Cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged.There are four maxims of CP:1.The maxim of Quality2.The maxim of Quantity3.The maxim of Relation4.The maxim of MannerSimply speaking, we assume that people are normally goingto provide an appropriate amount of information, and that they are telling the truth, being relevant, and trying to be as clear as they can.(1)The conversation violates the maxim of relation andthe conversational implicature is “I don’t like your painting at all”.(2)This utterance violates the maxim of quality. At asuperficial level, it is uninformative because a man cannot be made of iron. At a deeper level, it has implication. The implication of this sentence is “He has the characteristics of iron. He is strong, just like iron.”。

资料] 英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案 - 副本

资料] 英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案 - 副本

资料] 英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案 -副本B。

but the details of any language system are learned through experienceC。

and the details of any language system are XXXD。

but the details of any language system are XXX4.The study of language in its social context is known as____________.A。

linguisticsB。

psycholinguisticsXXX linguistics5.The smallest unit of sound in a language is called a____________.A。

XXXXXX XXX6.The study of the meaning of words and phrases is known as ____________.A。

XXXXXX7.The study of the structure of words is known as____________.A。

XXXXXX8.The study of the structure of sentences is known as ____________.A。

XXXXXX9.The idea that language shapes the way we think and perceive the world is known as ____________.A。

XXXC。

cognitive linguisticsD。

XXX linguistics10.The theory that language is XXX ____________.A。

XXXC。

Edward SapirD。

12-13-1 语言学概论期末考试题B (内附标准答案)

12-13-1 语言学概论期末考试题B (内附标准答案)

东北林业大学2012-2013学年第一学期2010级英语专业期末考试试题B 考试科目:英语语言学概论考试时间:120分钟试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points) Directions: Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.2. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation,but in context.3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful units of sounds.4. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.5. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categoriessuch as number, tense, degree, and case.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.9. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not assystematic as standard English.10. The figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion moredomestic and acceptable.Part II Multiple Choices (40 points) Directions: There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative4. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal6. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar8. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic9. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.10. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root11. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical12. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes13. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy14. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense15. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis16. Syntax is the study of ______.A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation17. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act东北林业大学2012-2013学年第一学期2010级英语专业期末考试试题B18. The positional relations can also be called ________.A. paradigmatic relationB. vertical relationsC. associative relationsD. syntagmatic relations19. A sentence which is used to describe something and can be said to be true or false is a________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive20. “hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dogPart III Definitions (20 points) Directions: Define the following terms.1. duality2. consonant3. grammatical subject & logical subject4. gradable antonymyPart ⅣAnswering Questions (30 points) Directions: Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for your illustration if necessary.1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.2.Differentiate phone, phoneme and allophone by citing examples.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?标准答案及评分标准考试科目:英语语言学概论考试时间:120分钟试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points) 标准答案:1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T评分标准:本题共10小题,每答对一题得1分,共计10分。

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英语语言学试题B卷I.Define the following linguistic terms: (2%×10=20%)1)government:It is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.2) exocentric construction(离心结构): It is an construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents.3) complementary antonym(互补反义关系):It is a form of antonym that the assertion of one means the denial of the other, or vice versa.4) perlocutionary force (取效行为): It is an act which is performed by means of a locutionary act.5) applied linguistics: It is a discipline that links the theories of linguistics with the practice of foreign language teaching.6) allophone(音位变体): Variants of a phoneme are called its allophones.7) bound morpheme(粘着语素): The morphemes that do not occur alone.8) interlanguage(中介语): It is formed when the learner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.9) arbitrariness(任意性): The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.10) assimilation:A process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.II. Translation (0.5%×20=10%)Translate the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%×10=5%)1) lateral 边音2) linguistic determinism 语言决定论3)anthropological linguistics 人类语言学4) locutionary act发话行为5) transformation 转换 6) co-hyponym同下义词7) context of situation情景语境8) allomorph语素变体 9) theme主位10) primary stress主重音Translate the following terms into English: (0.5%×10=5%)11) 语篇功能textual function 12) 意义潜势meaning potential13) 直接成分分析法immediate component analysis14) 最大节首辅音原则maximal onset principle 15) 聚合关系paradigmatic relation16) 音位规则phonological structure 17) 前缀prefix 18) 语境context19) 皮钦语/洋泾浜语pidgin 20) 历时语言学historical linguisticsIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (1%×20=20%)1)The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronic(共时)B. historicC. diachronic(历时)D. descriptive2) Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “fall” and “autumn” belong is called _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational (搭配)3) The sentence “Joh n likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments (论元).A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. context5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content6) Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _______.A. locutionary act (发话行为)B. perlocutionary act(取效行为)C. illocutionary act (行事行为)D. none of the above7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. none of the above8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B11) As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal13) A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with17) The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ____________ construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric18) Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes19) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20) Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langue (语言)B. competence (语言能力)C. parole (言语)D. performance (语言表现)IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: (1%×15=15%)T 1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.T 2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.F 3) The open-class (开放类) words include prepositions.F 4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.T 5) According to semantic triangle (语义三角), there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.F 6) Syntactic categories (句法范畴) refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.F 7) By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.T 8) The IC analysis (直接成分分析法) is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.T 9) The relationship of “flower”, “violet”, “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy (上下义关系).F 10) A syllable without a coda(结尾) is a closed syllable.F 11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.F 12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.F 13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.F 14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.F 15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)1) The modern linguistics is d escriptive, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.2) M orpheme_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3) Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p arole contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..4) The transformational component has transformational rules, which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s urface structure.5) In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it is mediated byc oncept..6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b road transcription.7) In the cooperative principle, Grice introduced four categories of maxims (准则). They are maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of r elation and maxim of manner.8) The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language d etermine s our thinking pattern.9) There are two major approaches to error analysis: c ontrastive and non-contrastive analysis.10) P ragmatics is the study of language in use.VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression. (2.5%×2=5%)1) Smoking cigar is very harmful.The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English.(4%×5=20%)1) What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle ?A. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange) .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.D. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).4. Be orderly.2) What are the design features of language ?Arbitrariness; Productivity; Duality; Displacement; Cultural transmission;3) What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar ?A. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4) Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components ? The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example;(A) The dog bit the man.(B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in(A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. Itis the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.5) What do you know about linguistics.Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. It is bound to be an academically and economically favored pursuit. Contemporary linguistics still has a long way to go to enjoy a “boom”. As a science, linguistics no w has a set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.。

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