英语语言学导论复习题

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《语言学导论》期末试卷

《语言学导论》期末试卷

1绍兴文理学院 2010 学年 01学期英语 专业 08 级《 英语语言学导论 》试卷 (A)(考试形式:开卷 )I. Define the following terms (共20分,每小题 4 分)conversational implicature; componential analysis; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; minimal pair; design featuresII. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False, T for true and F for false (共10 分,每小题 1分)1. The fact that we use seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationshipbetween people without involving any factual content has mainly to do with the interpersonal function of language.2.The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.3. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voiceless ”, which is afeature of all vowels and some consonants, such as [b], [z], and [m].4. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study ofmeaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.5. The core of linguistics covers phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.6. The major difference between a pidgin and a Creole is that the former usually has its native speakerswhile the latter doesn’t.7. There is no one-one relationship between morphemes and phonemes. A single phoneme mayrepresent a single morpheme, but they are not identical.8. Syntax mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern theformation of sentences.9. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlikeentailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according totheir degree of formality.III. Group the following words according to the sense relations and give out the headterm for each group. Each word can only be used once (共20 分,每小题4分)talent transportation torch attach alienated before rent odd flashlight flat detach even idiot fragmented profound superficial let housing shipping after 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.IV . Draw the two tree diagrams of the following sentence according to Immediate Constituent Analysis (共10 分,每小题5分)Leave the book on the shelf.V . Identify any of the ten cohesive ties employed in the following passage (共10 分,每小题 1分)Chris Baildon, tall and lean, was in his early thirties, and the end-product of an old decayed island family.Chris shared the too large house with his father, an arthritic and difficult man, and a wasp-tongued aunt, whose complaints ended only when she slept.The father and his sister, Chris ’s aunt Agatha, engaged in shrill-voiced arguments over nothing. The continuous exchanges further confused their foolish wits, and yet held off an unendurable loneliness. They held a common grievance against Chris, openly holding him to blame for their miserable existence. He should long ago have lifted them from poverty, for had they not sacrificed everything to send him to England and Oxford University?Driven by creditors or pressing desires, earlier Baildons had long ago cheaply disposed of valuable properties. Brother and sister never ceased to remind each other of the depressing fact that their ancestors had wasted their inheritance. This, in fact, was their only other point of agreement.A few years earlier Agatha had announced that she intended doing something about repairing the family fortunes. The many empty rooms could be rented to selected guests. She would establish, not a boarding-house, but a home for ladies and gentlemen, and make a tidy profit. She threw herself into the venture with a noisy fury. Old furniture was polished; rugs and carpets were beaten, floors painted, long-stored mattresses, pillows and bed-linen aired and sweetened in the sun. The huge kitchen was attacked.VI. Answer the following questions (共 30分,每小题15 分)1. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.2. Of all the theories in general linguistics, which one (ones) do you think help(s) your English learning most?。

英语语言学导论复习题

英语语言学导论复习题

语言学导论复习一.名词解释1.Broad transcription(宽式音标):Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.ponential[.kɔmpə'nenʃəl]analysis(成分分析): Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists[sə'mæntəsist] to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.3.Interlanguage(中介语;过渡语):Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum [kən'tinjuəm]or approximation [ə.prɔksi'meiʃən] n. 接近,近似from his native language to the target language.petence & performance(语言能力和语言行为):Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.5. Context(语境): The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.nguage Acquisition(语言习得):Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.7.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [hai'pɔθisis](萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说):Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters过滤people’s perception感官,观念and the way they categorize分类experiences. This interdependence互相依赖of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.nguage Acquisition Device(语言习得机制):The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically [baiə'lɔdʒikli] 生物学地programmed for language and that the language develops in thechild just as other biological functions such as walking. Originally Chomsky referred to this innate天生的ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD).二.论述题1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory命名论One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The view holds that words are just names or labels称谓for things.(2) The conceptualist view 概念论This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation解释of meaning they arelinked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3)Contextualism语境论The view holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context —elements closely linked with language behaviour.(4)Behaviorism行为主义论Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth唤起,引起in the hearer”.(Bloomfield)2. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts when speaking: locutionary [ləu'kju:ʃənəri]act(言内行为), illocutionaryact(言外行为) , and perlocutionary act. (言后行为)A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.For example:“You have left the door wide open.” The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning: you have left the door open. The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context. The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. It can be the hearer’s closing the door or his refusal to comply with the request.3. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.(1)Arbitrariness(任意性)This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. However, language is not entire arbitrary; certain words are motivated. Some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language.(2)Productivity (能产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Productivity is unique to human language.(3)Duality(二层性)Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. This duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.(4) Displacement(移位性)Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.(5) Cultural transmission(文化传承性)We were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. The process whereby凭借conj. language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural nguage is culturally transmitted. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted基因遗传.。

《英语语言学导论》(第四版Chapter11 Second Language Acquisition

《英语语言学导论》(第四版Chapter11 Second Language Acquisition

11.2.2 Learner’s factors
• Learner’s factors mainly cover the following aspects:
• Motivation • Language aptitude • Age • Learning strategy
11.2.1 Social factors
Discussing Task
Group work: Have a discussion on the following questions.
1. How does (second) language acquisition take place?
2. How is foreign language learning different from second language acquisition?
The Symbolic Function of Words
Teaching Aims
1. To know what SLA is, and how the theories account for SLA. 2. To understand different factors affecting SLA 3. To know how learner’s language is analyzed 4. To cultivate students’ research awareness and innovative spirit in discovering and solving problems by analyzing the different kinds of errors and individual differeneces in SLA.

语言学导论Unit3练习

语言学导论Unit3练习

Unit 3 The Units of EnglishF1. Phon etically, the stress of a compo und always falls on the first eleme nt, while the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress.F2. Words are the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage.T3. Just as a pho neme is the basic unit in the study of pho no logy, so is a morpheme the basic un it in the study of morphology.T4. The smallest meanin gful un its that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.F5. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morphemeT6. I nflectio nal morphemes man ifest various grammatical relati ons or grammatical categories such as nu mber, ten se, degree, and case.F7. Base refers to the part of word that rema ins whe n all in flect ional affixes are removedF8. There are rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.Therefore, words formed accord ing to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T9. In most cases, prefixes cha nge the meaning of the base whereas suffixes cha nge the word-class of the base.F10. All words in En glish have a hierarchical structure.F11. Clippi ng is one of the three most importa nt devices of word-formati on inEn glish.T12. Idioms in En glish are modifiable in some grammatical ways.F13. The prese nee of con struct ions is unique to En glish.F14. Every En glish sentence has a subject.A1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____________A lexical wordsB grammatical wordC fun ctio nD forwardsD2. The compound word “ bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. This in dicates that the meaning of a compo und ________________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its comp onentsB.can always be worked out by look ing at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.B3. The part of speech of the compo unds is gen erally determ ined by the part of speech of .A. the first eleme ntB. the sec ond eleme ntC. either the first or the sec ond eleme ntD. both the first and the sec ond eleme nts.A4. Morphemes that represe nt ten se, nu mber, gen der and case are called morphemeA in flecti onalB freeC fun ctio n wordsD derivati onalC5. ____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the in ternal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.A. Syn taxB.GrammarC. Morphology D MorphemeC6. The meaning carried by the in flect ional morpheme is ____________ .A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. sema nticD7. Bound morphemes are those that ____________________ .A. have to be used in depe nden tlyB. can not be comb ined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. has to be comb ined with other morphemesA8. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not cha nge the part ofspeech of the orig inal word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. AffixesB9. ____________ is ofte n thought to be the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage by thelin guists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. Phon emesD. Senten cesB10. All of them are meanin gful except for __________________A lexemeB phon emeC morphemeD allomorphDiscuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the in depe ndent un its of meaning and can be used freelyall by themselves, for example, -” “theword “ bookish ” . Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as-ish ” in “ bookish ” . BoundMorphemes can be subdivided in to roots and affixes. A root is see n as part of a word; it can n ever sta nd by itself although it has a clear and defi nite meaning, such as “ genen the word“generate ” . Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivatio nal. I nflect ional morphemes mani fest various grammatical relatio ns or grammaticalcategories such as-s” in the word “ books ” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an exist ing form to create a word such as“ m-” in the word “ misinform ” . Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the begi nning of a word such as - ” in “ dis the word “ dislike ” , while suffixes occur at the end of a word sieshBa's in the “word “ friendless ” .。

大学《语言学导论》试题及答案

大学《语言学导论》试题及答案

大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别:网教专业:英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】:语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分:100分(要求:学生必须按各大题的答题要求,完成全部题目)Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。

《语言学导论》期末复习及练习

《语言学导论》期末复习及练习

《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习CHAPTERONEI.Designfeaturesoflanguage:productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacementII.Originoflanguage:•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin•Bow-wow自然模声说•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说•Evolution进化说•Conventionalism约定俗成说•Innatism先天论•After-birthacquisition后天习得说•Gestures手势说•Embodiment体验说(Reality---cognition---language)III.Functionsoflanguage:informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandm etalingualfunctionIV.Linguisticsanditsbranches1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics•Philology传统语文学时期(19世纪前)•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期(19世纪)•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期(20世纪初)•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期(20世纪中)•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期(20世纪中)•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期(20世纪80年代)2.internalbranches:inrea-disciplinarydivisions(内部分支)1)Phonetics(语音学)studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.2)Phonology(音系学)isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.(研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列)3)Morphology(形态学)isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.4)Syntax(句法学)isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterre lationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.5)Semantics(语义学)isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.6)Pragmatics(语用学)isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.3.externalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions(外部分支:跨学科分支,即宏观语言学分支)1)Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.2)Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithi naspeechcommunity.3)Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.4)Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.ChapterTwoPhonetics1.Sub-branchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:theproductionofspeechsoundsAcousticphonetics:thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds2.GroupsofspeechsoundsConsonantsandvowels3.Waystodescribeconsonants1)positionofarticulation2)mannerofarticulation3)voicedorvoiceless4.Waystodescribevowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(xorlongvs.short);4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)ChapterThreePhonologyI.PhonemesandAllophones1.Phoneme:adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature(具有区别意义的最小语音单位)2.Allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme(音位变体)3.Contrastivedistribution(对立分布):thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs(最小对比对)。

《语言学导论》复习思考题

《语言学导论》复习思考题

《语言学导论》复习思考题《语言学导论》复习思考题Ⅰ. In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.1. According to Noam Chomsky, language is the product of_______.A. an innate faculty, unique to humansB. communicationC. environmental conditioningD. all of the above2. Which of the following statements is FALSE ________.A. Language is just for communication.B. Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.^C. Language is a sign system.D. Language is arbitrary and conventional.3. Which one of the following statements about errors in foreign language learning in FALSE _________.A. Errors can not be avoided in foreign language learning.B. Errors tell the teacher how far towards the goal the learner has progressed and consequently what remains for him to learn.C. Errors are something bad that should not be allowed in foreign language learning.D. Errors provide the researcher with evidence of how language is learned or acquired, what strategies or procedures the learner is employing is his discovery of the language.4. The English language has______.【A. morphemesB. syntaxC. number agreementD. all of the above5. “He” and “she” are not examples of gender agreement in English, because_____.A. they are pronounsB. they need not agree with other words in an English sentenceC. they mark biological/social genderD. both b and c above6. A phoneme is_____.A. the smallest meaningful unit in language—B. the smallest unit in languageC. the same as an allophoneD. both b and c above7. Of the following, what are the two types of phonetics______.A. acoustic and electricB. arbitrary and auditoryC. articulatory and acousticD. allophonic and allomorphic8. /Wik/ is a transcription of_______.A. sickB. chickC. chicD. thick、9. The Black English sentence “I don't gotta do nothing” isconsid ered incorrect because________.A. it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectB. it is impossible to understandC. it is not associated with the upper class use of standard EnglishD. both a and b above10. The use of non-standard English persists because_______.A. the working class is incapable of speaking “correctly”【B. English is a complicated and therefore difficult language to masterC. subordinate groups use non-standard English to promote solidarityD. teachers do not properly stress the importance of standard English in schools11. True or false: Chinese has no inflections for grammatical case. ______.A. TrueB. False12. What is defined as 'the study of sentence structure' ______.A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax13. ______ refers to the fact that there is no necessary or logical relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. ______.%A. DisplacementB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. duality14. The study of a language at some point of time is called________.A. computational linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. diachronic linguisticsD. synchronic linguistics15. ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech communityA. LangueB. performanceC. competenceD. parole16. Traditional grammar is ________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. non-Latin-basedD. wrong^17. ______ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.A. PhonologyB. Phonetic alphabetC. Corpus linguisticsD. Phonetics18. _____ is the minimal unit in the sound system of alanguage, which is of distinctive value.A. AllophoneB. PhoneC. PhonemeD. Morpheme19. Which of the following factors does not help to identifya word ______.A. Relative shortness uninterruptibilityC. A minimum free formD. Stability20. Speech act theory was initially developed by _______.~A. HallidayB. AustinC. SearleD. Grice21. The four major modes of semantic change are_______.A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation22. The relation between the two words “husband” and “wife” can be described as____.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymy|C. complementary antonymyD. synonymy23. “friendly” is a _______.A. compoundB. inflectional wordC. derivativeD. morpheme24. The construction “honest people” is _______.A. a coordinate constructionB. an exocentric constructionC. an endocentric constructionD. an immediate constituent25. The word “brunch” and “motel” are _______.-A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back-formationD. clipped words26. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it” is _______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic27. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop ______.A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]28. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless affricate _______.A. [w]B. [f]C. [tF]D. [dV];29. In the sentence “Can I have a bite to drink” the speaker may not have a problem with competence, but with_______.A. performanceB. utteranceC. syntaxD. context30. The phrase “Colorful ideas sleep furiously” is an example of_______.A. rapport talkB. indexical languageC. an ungrammatical but acceptable sentenceD. a grammatical but unacceptable sentence31. There are ______ morphemes in the word “children’s”!A. sixB. twoC. threeD. four32. The words “take” and “table” are called _______ because they can stand asa word by themselves.A. inflectional morphemesB. free morphemesC. stemsD. roots33. Identify the morphemes in the word 'unimaginative':A. un-im-ag-in-at-iveB. un-imaginativeC. un-imagin-ativeD. unimagin-ative34. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity _______.`A. Husband/ WifeB. Alive/DeadC. Hot/ ColdD. White/ Black35. The Whorf Hypothesis claims that________.A. language is full of “rich points”, whose meanings are difficult to translate into another languageB. abstract terms are easily translatableC. accents are part of identityD. language influences culture-specific ways of knowing36. The phrase ‘time is a commodity’ is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric system'C. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point37. The last phoneme in the word “hang” is a _______.A. glottalB. palatalC. dentalD. nasal38. Three places of articulation that involve the teeth and/or the lips are:A. palatal, velar, glottalB. bilabial, labiodental, dentalC. stop, fricative, affricativeD. nasal, lateral, semi vowel39. In the sentence 'I took my big brown cat to the vet yesterday', which of the following does not appear _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction-40. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “plant/grass” ______.A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. HyponymyD. Allomorphs41. The syllabic structure of the word “linguistics” is ______.A. CVCCVCCVCCB. CVCCCVCCVCCC. CVCCVVCCVCCD. CVCVVCCVCC42. The phonetic transcription with diacritics is called _____.A. broad transcriptionB. International Phonetic AlphabetC. American English PronunciationD. narrow transcription(43. The Black English sentence “I don't gotta do nothing” is considered incorrect because:a) it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectb) it is impossible to understandc) it is not associated with the upper class use of standard Englishd) both a and b above44. According to their ______, words can classified into closed-class and open-class words.A. variabilityB. membershipC. similaritiesD. functions45. When language is used to "do things", it serves the _____ function.|A. evocativeB. expressiveC. directiveD. performative46. "Classroom" is a _______.A. free morphemeB. derivativeC. compoundD. root.47. The phrase “time is a commodity” is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric systemC. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point48. _______ is a type of phonological process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.A. AssimilationB. TransformationC. Code-switchingD. interference/49. _______ refers to the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an error or inappropriate form in the target language.A. InterlanguageB. Positive transferC. Negative transferD. Overgeneralization50. In the sentence “I took my big brown cat to the vet yesterday”, which of the following does not appear _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction51. _______ is that part of the meaning of word or phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.A. ConnotationB. Affective meaningC. DenotationD. Sense52. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ______.|A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal53. The semantic components of the word “boy” can be expressed as _____.A. +human, +male, +adultB. +human, -male, +adultC. +human, -male, -adultD. +human, +male, -adult54. Conjunctions, preposition, pronouns and articles can be classified as ____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. pro-formsD. content words55. If two sounds are of no distinctive value, but are varieties of the same phoneme, they are called ______./A. phonesB. speech soundsC. allophonesD. morphs56. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiced stop.A. [b]B. [d]C. [p]D. [k]57. “You stand up” is transformed into “Stand up”. Whichtransformational rule is used according to TG Grammar _____.A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion58. The words such as TOFEL, NATO, UFO are _____.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. clipped words~59. The words such as “brunch”, “motel” are _______.A. formed by blendingB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. clipped words60. ______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then released slowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricatives61. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which of the following transformational rules is used ______.A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion62. “The man put on his hat” is transformed into “The man put his hat on”. Which transformational rule is applied here _______.[A. CopyingB. AdditionC. ReorderingD. Deletion63. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it” is ______.A. directiveB. informativeC. emotiveD. phatic64. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop _____.A. [m]B. [f]C. [p]D. [b]65. Which of the following languages is a tone languageA. RussianB. ChineseC. EnglishD. French66. ________ speaking, no variety of language is better than or superior to others.《A. GenerallyB. SociallyC. PoliticallyD. Linguistically67. Grammar-based language learning and teaching fails partially because _____.A. still no precise information is obtained concerning how grammar can be learnedB. grammar can not be taught at allC. it is useless to teach grammar in language classesD. learners can learn better without grammarforeign language learners to achieve effective learning, the input should_____.A. not be so far beyond their reach that they are overwhelmed@B. be interesting and simpleC. not be so close to their current stage that they are not challenged at allD. Both A and C69. Interlanguage is _____.A. is produced by every foreign language learnersB. a mixture of the learner’s mother tongue and the target languageC. imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner’s native langua geD. Both A and C》70. Error analysis may be carried out in order to______.A. identify strategies which learners use in language learningB. try to identify the causes of learner errors.C. obtain information on common difficulties in language learningD. All of the above.71. Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginn ing stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A. Negative transferB. OvergeneralizationC. Positive transferD. mother tongue interference,72. Which of the following qualities is not the requirement ofa good test _______.A. ObjectivityB. ReliabilityC. ValidityD. Both A and C73. Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong _______.A. Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B. There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C. Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D. In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation.74. Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.;A. get the students familiar with cultural differencesB. help the students transcend their own culture and seethings as the members of the target culture willC. emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesD. All of the above.75. According to Grice’s theory, a conversa tional implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A. strictly observedB. secretly and deliberately violatedC. blatantly or apparently violatedD. Both A and BⅡ. Match each of the following terms in C olumn A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. …Part OneColumn A1. constituent2. complementary distribution3. design features4. diglossia5. displacement6. homonymy)7. language interference8. registers9. selectional restrictions10. semantic anomalyColumn BA. the phenomenon that human language can cope with any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far away the topicof conversation is in time and spaceB. the framework proposed by Hockett, which discusses the defining properties of human language as against animal communicationC. the restrictions on the type of noun that can be selected with each verb【D. the type of language which is selected as appropriate to a type of situationE. the phenomena that allophones occur in different phonetic environmentsF. a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to playG. the case that two, or more meanings may be associated with the same linguistic formH. the case that one of the arguments or the predicate of the main predication is self-contradictoryI. any linguistic form or group of linguistic forms that appears at the bottom of one of the lines in the tree diagram of the syntactic analysisJ. the use of elements from one language while speaking another.Part Two】Column A1. duality of structure2. free morphemes3. endocentric construction4. International Phonetic Alphabet5. Psycholinguistics6. the syntagmatic relation7. derivational morphemes"8. regional dialect9. sequential rules10. presuppositionColumn BA. the study of the relationship between language and mind.B. the bound morphemes which are conjoined to other morphemes (or words) to derive or form a new word \C. the organization of language into two levels: a lower level of sounds which combine to form a higher level of meaningful unitsD. a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.E. linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.F. the rules which govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.G. one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituentsH. the kind of meaning which the speaker doesn't assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentenceI. the morphemes which can constitute words by themselvesJ. the one between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.Part ThreeColumn A2. blending3. compounds4. arbitrariness5. cultural transmission6. diachronic linguistics《7. distinctive features8. standard dialect9. ultimate constituent10. CreoleColumn BA. the study of the language development or change over timeB. the features that a phoneme has and that distinguish it from other phonemesC. the words that are produced by stringing together words>D. the smallest grammatical unit obtained through binary segmentationE. a particular variety of a language, not related to any particular group of language usersF. a language formed when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech communityG. word formed by combining parts of other wordsH. the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speakerI. the oppositeness of meaning between lexemesJ. a design feature of language which refers to the fact that there is no logical connection between the signifier and thesignified of a sign.Part Four|Column A1. a proposition2. a speech community3. an utterance4. bilingualism5. constatives6. performatives7. registers8. sociolect9. the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis10. utterance meaningColumn BA. the suggestion that different languages carve the world up in different ways, and that as a result their speakers think about it differentlyB. something conveyed by a sentence in a context other than its literal meaningC. varieties of language that are related to useD. a piece of language actually used in a particular context:E. the linguistic variety used by people belonging to a particular social classF. a community the members of which have or believe they have at least one common variety of languageG. what is expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statementH. sentences which describe or state something; they are either true or falseI. the situation where at least two languages are used side by side by an individual or by a group of speakers, with each having a different role to playJ. sentences that do not describe things and cannot be said to be true or false Part FiveColumn A】1. an analytic proposition2. binary cutting3. connotation4. derivation5. lexicology6. logical semantics7. reference8. semantic feature<9. the chain relation10. the choice relationColumn BA. the relation holding between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all presentB. the basic unit of meaning in a wordC. the study of the meaning of a sentence in terms of its truth conditionsD. one whose grammatical form and lexical meaning make it necessarily true, without reference to external criteriaE. the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning 。

英语语言学导论练习题

英语语言学导论练习题

英语语言学导论练习题英语语言学导论是一门研究英语语言结构、发展和使用的学科。

以下是一些练习题,旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语语言学的基本概念和理论。

练习题一:语音学1. 描述英语中的元音和辅音的区别。

2. 列举至少五种英语中的双元音,并说明它们的发音特点。

3. 解释“音位”和“音素”的区别,并给出例子。

练习题二:形态学1. 定义“形态学”并解释其在语言学中的重要性。

2. 举例说明英语中的派生词和复合词。

3. 描述英语中的不规则动词变化,并给出几个例子。

练习题三:句法学1. 简述句法研究的主要内容。

2. 用树状图表示一个简单英语句子的结构。

3. 解释“主语”、“谓语”和“宾语”在句子中的作用。

练习题四:语义学1. 定义“语义学”并解释其研究范围。

2. 描述“同义”和“反义”的概念,并给出英语例子。

3. 解释“语境”如何影响语言的意义。

练习题五:语用学1. 什么是语用学?它与语义学有何不同?2. 描述“指示语”、“礼貌原则”和“合作原则”在交际中的作用。

3. 举例说明如何在不同的社交场合中使用不同的语言风格。

练习题六:社会语言学1. 解释社会语言学研究的主要内容。

2. 讨论语言变异与社会身份之间的关系。

3. 描述双语现象及其对语言使用者的影响。

练习题七:心理语言学1. 心理语言学是如何研究语言的?2. 描述“语言习得”的过程及其理论。

3. 讨论“母语”和“第二语言”学习之间的差异。

练习题八:历史语言学1. 定义“历史语言学”并解释其研究目的。

2. 描述英语的发展历史和主要变化。

3. 讨论语言接触和借用对语言发展的影响。

完成这些练习题将有助于加深对英语语言学各个方面的理解,并提高分析和应用语言学理论的能力。

希望这些练习题能对你的学习有所帮助。

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语言学导论复习一.名词解释1.Broad transcription(宽式音标):Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.ponential[.kɔmpə'nenʃəl]analysis(成分分析): Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists[sə'mæntəsist] to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.3.Interlanguage(中介语;过渡语):Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum [kən'tinjuəm]or approximation [ə.prɔksi'meiʃən] n. 接近,近似from his native language to the target language.petence & performance(语言能力和语言行为):Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.5. Context(语境): The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.nguage Acquisition(语言习得):Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.7.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [hai'pɔθisis](萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说):Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters过滤people’s perception感官,观念and the way they categorize分类experiences. This interdependence互相依赖of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.nguage Acquisition Device(语言习得机制):The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically [baiə'lɔdʒikli] 生物学地programmed for language and that the language develops in thechild just as other biological functions such as walking. Originally Chomsky referred to this innate天生的ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD).二.论述题1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory命名论One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The view holds that words are just names or labels称谓for things.(2) The conceptualist view 概念论This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation解释of meaning they arelinked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3)Contextualism语境论The view holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context —elements closely linked with language behaviour.(4)Behaviorism行为主义论Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth唤起,引起in the hearer”.(Bloomfield)2. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts when speaking: locutionary [ləu'kju:ʃənəri]act(言内行为), illocutionaryact(言外行为) , and perlocutionary act. (言后行为)A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.For example:“You have left the door wide open.” The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning: you have left the door open. The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context. The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. It can be the hearer’s closing the door or his refusal to comply with the request.3. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.(1)Arbitrariness(任意性)This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. However, language is not entire arbitrary; certain words are motivated. Some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language.(2)Productivity (能产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Productivity is unique to human language.(3)Duality(二层性)Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. This duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.(4) Displacement(移位性)Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.(5) Cultural transmission(文化传承性)We were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. The process whereby凭借conj. language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural nguage is culturally transmitted. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted基因遗传.。

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