2005医学博士英语真题及答案

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2005年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2005年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: Congratulations! I understand you will be admitted to Peking University. When are you leaving for Beijing?M: You must be thinking of someone else. I’m still waiting to hear.Q: What does the man mean?1．A．He was waiting in the wrong place.B．He won’t have to wait any longer.C．The woman was mistaken.D．The woman should ask somebody else for help.正确答案：C解析：通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。

听力原文：M: Hello, this is Jason Smith. I’m calling to see if my urine test results are in.W: Doctor White just sent them to the lab this morning. So the earliest data will be back in tomorrow’s afternoon.Q: What does the woman mean?2．A．The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B．The results might be ready tomorrow morning.C．The results will be ready this afternoon.D．The results were back this morning.正确答案：A解析：男士想知道自己的尿检结果，女士告诉他数据最早出来的时间是tomorrow’s afternoon。

05年10月考博英语A卷

05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。

2005年湖北大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2005年湖北大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionToday, a high-level finance manager is just as likely to be a casual-looking 21-year-old as a balding executive. They have all either started their own companies or head a division within an existing firm. Most are under 30. Many of them share a tendency to think, speak and act fast. A detailed psychological study carried out recently on young business start-uppers aged over 25 revealed some common characteristics. The head psychologist at the University of Northumbria, Dr. Martyn Dyer-Smith, says “We found that they are opportunists. They have that entrepreneurial ability to take whatever is in front of them and turn it to their advantage. Any fool can make US $ 2 if they are in the right place at the right time, what is much harder is to actually plan their business. Originally I had a hypothesis that they planned a long time ahead, but I was wrong. What came across was a surprisingly short planning time. They took the opportunities as and when they came up.”What cannot be underestimated, though, is self-confidence. “There is an amazing, almost abnormal, belief in themselves and (they) go very much on intuition.”Says Dyer-Smith. While there is no typical pattern to what puts someone in the fast lane, there are some common threads: living up to the expectations of parents, channeling excessive amounts of energy into business, or finding a way to overcome personal barriers such as dyslexia (a reading disability) or learning difficulties, for example. The biggest surprise was the lack of young women. This was particularly unexpected, given the recent publicity about how girls are performing better than boys at school and becoming more confident and ambitious. But young women are opting for more secure careers rather than gambling with their future. With only a handful of female role models, some girls are not even considering being their own boss, let alone working on a concept fresh out of school, according to Dr Susan Vinnicombe, director of the center for the Development of Women Business Leader. “Women are going more into the corporate structure and doing well there. But perhaps the reason that they are not doing business for themselves at an earlier age is because women’s attitudes are different. They perceive risk in a different way to men, who are not worried about borrowing huge amounts of money if it’s going to help their business in the long term. Women are more cautious and more hesitant ,”she says. Vinnicombe sees the lack of female entrepreneurs as part of a larger problem about women and the IT industry. Given that the computer world is one of the key areas for growth, where youth is an asset, it is “remarkable” that so many women are missing out on it. “The number of women in IT has actually dropped in the past 10 years. There is a real problem with attracting them to the IT industry, as girls don’t seem to want to do it at university. It’s become such a worrying issue that I know thegovernment is looking into ways to attract them.”1．What is the passage mainly about?A．Lack of young managers all over the world.B．Features of high-level finance managers.C．Origins of the decline in female-dominated industry.D．Aims of a young woman fresh out of school.正确答案：B解析：本文主要涉及高层金融管理人员的特征。

2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2005年中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature ______ to protect the dolphins.A．reservationB．rescueC．reserveD．refugee正确答案：A解析：考形近词与同义词的辨析。

reservation是“保留地，专用地，禁猎地”，指动物保护区；rescue是“援救，营救”；reserve是“储备物，收藏；自我克制”，如：reserve of food(食物储备)；refugee指“逃亡者，难民”。

根据句子大意，要发展一个海洋自然______来保护海豚，应该选择reservation。

句子大意是：“海洋生物学家正在呼吁要将Cardigan海湾重新发展成一个海洋自然保护区来保护海豚。

”2．Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will ______ the memory of the passers-by.A．keepB．easeC．jogD．enhance正确答案：C解析：考动词搭配。

难点在于熟悉动词的不熟悉用法。

keep是“保持”，ease 是“使悠闲；减轻，放松”；jog做不及物动词是“慢跑”，做及物动词是“摇动；唤起，提醒”，这是一个不太熟悉的用法；enhance是“提高，增强”。

2005年03月考博英语试题及答案

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试卷2005年3月考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用普通答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：Ⅰ听力20分钟20分Ⅱ词汇15分钟10分Ⅲ完形填空15分钟15分Ⅳ阅读60分钟30分小计110分钟75分试卷二：Ⅴ英译汉30分钟10分Ⅵ写作40分钟15分小计70分钟25分CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air. B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friemts. B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket. B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information. B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium. B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each. B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman. B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10. A. The man has caught a cold. B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Directions:In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel. B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class. B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It‟s a wonderful idea.B. It‟s not a smart thing to do.C. It‟s too difficult to put into practice.D. It‟s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART ⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD. credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing‟s budget-cutting move might its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your invitation, and I‟d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomed to eating, but I beg you to grant my and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular ach ievement was not just about Korea‟s arrival as a football force but as a self-confident mature nation to be seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help, or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would , for he cannot endure to be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists, but theycouldn‟t any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on more favorable than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD. specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, which could eventually lead to coastal flooding, weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, to discuss the implication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during which the need to be accepted by peers great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives inPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (is minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate ofmedical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs(心电图)are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41. A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42. A. why B. how C. if D. what43. A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44. A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D. indication45. A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46. A. good B. well C. much D. far47. A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48. A. however B. because C. but D. so49. A. at B. to C. for D. in50. A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doing with51. A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52. A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53. A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54. A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55. A. having B. had C. having been D. havePART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed some unusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old manappeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leavinga trace.56. Samarkand lies .A. in a desertB. high in the mountainsC. in front of DamascusD. between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by .A. the beauty of the sceneB. the sight of DamascusC. the age of the placeD. the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because .A. it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB. it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC. the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD. the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to .A. the ones his ancestors had keptB. the ones that lived in his own countryC. those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD. those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because .A. he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB. he did not think there would be any callsC. the calls came from the mosquesD. the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now .A. it does sell jewelleryB. the holy men do not sell thereC. it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD. the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child‟s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.”Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected.It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that children first perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered. In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment‟s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers‟ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children‟s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when .A. the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults‟ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD. the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children .A. to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB. to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothers during infancyC. to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD. to support the point that trust is an early formed and important element of a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if .A. they did not receive food when they were hungryB. they mastered their body movements too quicklyC. someone came too close to themD. they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs .A. before maternal affection is providedB. when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC. when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD. as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that .A. the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB. the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC. the child‟s sense of trust is destroyedD. no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a sense of trust is .A. the type of techniques used by the motherB. the sensitivity of the childC. maternal loveD. the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A. By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B. By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C. By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D. By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others aresatisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering—and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don‟t recommend this—and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably—and, usually, utterly benignly—a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don‟t make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don‟t worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning—and found to be essentially thesame. A ccording to Dr. Gerba‟s research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage？A. We don‟t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B. Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C. The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D. The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that .A. healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC. unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD. our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoning bacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “... manage this” means “to manage the process of .A. killing the bacteria in your bodyB. multiplying to a significantly large numberC. raising the room temperatureD. sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better .A. make the room dryB. keep the food in the refrigeratorC. wash your hands as much as possibleD. clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes .A. the danger of virusesB. the common existence of virus particlesC. the short life span of virusesD. the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means .A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsive .A. if he washes his hands every time he touches a surfaceB. if he only washes his hands with soap and waterC. if he could not win over the bacteria in his homeD. if he does not fight against the bacteria at homePassage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North‟s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North‟s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. “We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine,” says Bass. “We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop.” The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $ 4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They‟re now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become …cool.‟”North‟s suc cess demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She‟s impressed with North‟s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategiesthroughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids,and we‟ve got to do more.”How to do mo re was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine‟s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University‟s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General‟s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is .A. encouragedB. allowedC. unlawfulD. unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapol is school district partly because .A. water is provided freeB. most kids can afford nothing but waterC. water machines are put in noticeable positionsD. children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French and some other experts are .A. confident about children‟s choicesB. pessimistic about the futureC. puzzled about which approach to takeD. worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that .A. more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB. both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C. the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D. obesity and smoking are both health problems.80. The primary purpose of this passage is to .。

同济大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(有答案)

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/ C)Neglectingsymptomosf illness. m D) Ignoiingcommonheahhrules. co 12. d) Guidancefor everyoneto becomorich. n. B) kwuctionsro remainashealtrrayspossiblbeycroirrsguitabrexercises. a C) Diterrion.to horvto do someexercisews eh oy D) Direction-tohowto enjoyoneself. ka 13'A) Knowingwhatyov bodyneedsiscruciarl oyourgoodhealth. r B) Everyonecanbecorr^r1.g. fo C) If you changeyour badrr.:.itsanditnproveconditionsaround you. you can redtrugthe . chanceofgeflingsick_. ww D) Youcansecuregoodhealthifyou k€brnnoushexercisc. w PassagTewo // Question1s4to l6 arebasedonthepassagyeouhavejusltrc.ng. : 14. A) TheyareLrsr_racllleyverel tp B) Theygetrir.edeasily. ht C) Theyaremorelikelyto makemincrrncntael rrors.

医学博士英语试题及答案

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年-育明考博

全国医学考博英语真题整理2005年31、There was no________ but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32. I_______ when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fellB.fell awayC.fell outD.fell back33. I’m_____ passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.lookong up toD.taking hold of34. In front of the platform, the students were talking with the professor overthe quizzes of their________ subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominants35. The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire ______ in a foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36. The teacher explained the new lesson ______ to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八有售各院校真题）37. I shall _____ the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a rewardfor the finder.A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38. The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ____ adult growth.A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident, but ______she wasn’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.his weak chest _____ him to winter illness.A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money, so they had to lay off some of its employeesfor three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The northy American states agreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradiction D,confrontation43.The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, John was startlingly pale.A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company. You must comply with the regulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praisedB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leader are making every effort to tackle the problemof poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be no problemfor them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III Cloze (10%)In Mr. Allen’s high school class, all the students have to “get married”. However, the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 . These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voice of the “minister”. Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher, Mr. Allen, believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business. He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that53 take place after marriage. He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr. Allen doesn’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment, He also exposes them to nitty-gritty problems they will face everday . He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can straina marriage to the breaking point. He even 57 this students with the problemsof divorce and fact that divorced men must pay child support money for their children and sometimes pay monthly alimony to their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems thata married couple often faces. 58 they took the course, they had not worried much about the problems of marriage. However, both students and parents feelthat Mr. Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly. Their statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again.51.A. duplications B.imitations C.assumptions D.fantasies52.A. noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53.A.might B.would C.must D.need54.A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55.A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56.A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdictsrms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58.A.Until B.Before C.After D.As59.A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.approached60.A.confirmed B.convinced promised D.conceivedPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embedded in every culture---that dancingis a ‘cultural universal’. A researcher in Manchester thinks the impulse maybe even more deeply rooted than that. He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd, a psychologist at the University of Manchester, told the BA thathe first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people danceto deafeningly loud music. ‘There is a compulsion about it’, he says. He reckoned there might be a more direct, biological, explanation for the desireto dance, so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for instance, do not have an acoustic function. But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus, which is part of the balance-----regulating vestibular system, has retained some sensitivity to sound . The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise, above 70 decibels.‘There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment, the sacculuswill be stimulated.’ Says Todd. The average rave, he says, blares music ata painful 110 to 140 decibels. But no one really knows what acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of‘vestibular self-stimulation’ it gives a heightened sensation of motion. ‘We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.’ he says. ‘But we know that peoplego to extraordinary lengths to get it’ He lists bungee jumping, playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other examples of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us getup and dance as well, says Todd. Loud music sends signals to inner ear whichmay prompt reflex movement. ‘The typical pulse rate of dance music is aroundthe rate of locomotion,’ he says. ‘It’s quite possible you’re triggeringa spinal reflex.’61. The passage begins with_______.A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movements62. What intrigued Todd was_____.A. human instinct reflexesB. people’s biological heritagesC. people’s compulsion about loud musicD. the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing.63.Todd’a biological explanation for the desire to dance refers to______.A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated , according to Todd.____.A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibels will shoot upD.hearing will occur65. What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expected.B.Dancing is capable of heightening the sensation of hearing.C.Loud music stinulates the inner ear and generates the urge to dance.D.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance. Passage TwoHave you switched off your computer? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off, not just pressed the button on some control panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t, you are one of the guilty people who are helping to pollute the planed. It doesn’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme, conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work. You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy, even though they are doing absolutely nothing. Some electronic products ------such as CD players -------can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running. Others may use a lot less, but as your video player spends far more hours on stand-by than playing anything, the wastage soon adds up.In the US alone, idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London---costing consumers around $1 billion a year. Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responsible for the waste. But manufacturers onlyget away with designing products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue. Indeed, while recycling has caught the public imagination, reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”, as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use, offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds. With a little intelligent shopping, you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain. One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world, rather than produced locally, is the huge amount of packaging needed to transport them safety. In the US, a third of the solid waste collected from city homes is packaging. To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufactures the simplest trick is to to look for ultra-light packaging.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives, thin-walled aluminum cans, and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package. There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler--- filling up, naturally, your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup. But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents. There are limits to source correctness.66.From the first two paragraphs, the author implies that____A． hitech has made life easy everywhereB． B .nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC． C. recycling can potentially control environmental deterioration D． Everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another.67. The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seems to ___.A. be a long-standing indoor problemB. cause nothing but troubleC. get exaggeratedD. go unnoticed68. By idle electronic devices, the author means those appliances___A. left on stand-by modeB. filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideC. used by those who are not energy consciousD. used by those whose words speak louder than actions69. Ultra-light packaging________.A. is expected to reduce American waste by one-third.B, is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C. can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD. is a villain of what the garbage experts call “source reduction”70. The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that__________.A. One person cannot win the battle against pollutionB. anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC. nobody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD. anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not needed.71.Schallert issued a warning to those who__________.A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for brain damage is one week after injuryC.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery73. The results from Schallert’s research________.A.reinforced the significance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppositeDverified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that_______.A.glutamate can have toxic effects on healthy nerve sellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD.all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians________.A.to administer drugs to block the effects of glutamate.B.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke victims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of physiotherapy to brain damagePassage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time. This is the easiest way to begin, for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time, and in any case, our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting. Even where physical change is very rapid, this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequently, after years away. Most of our urban theory, whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering, is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures changes slowly, and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies. In recent years, these assumptions have come to be challenged, and in previous editorials I have argued the needfor a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models, where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change. Even these views, however, imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization, where the functions determining such change are very largely routine, accomplished over months or years, rather than any lesser cycle of time. There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to day or hour-basis, which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around. Transportation modeling, for example, is fashioned from this standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study, its explanation being central to the notion that spatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We, according to the passage, tend to observe cities.A.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC. sporadicallyD. horizontally77. We think about a city as ______.A. a spatial eventB. a symbolical worldC. a social environmentD. an interrelated system78. Cross-sectional studies show that cities ________.A. are structured in three dimensionsB. are transformed rapidly in any aspectC. are resilient and long lasting through timeD. change slowly in spatial and social structures79. The author is drawing our attention to_______.A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB. the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD. all of the above80. The conventional notion, the author contends,_________.A. presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD. hinders the physical change of urban structurePassage FiveWhen it is sunny in June, my father gets in his first cutting of hay. He starts on the creek meadows, which are flat, sandy, and hot. They are his driest land. This year, vacationing from my medical practice, I returned to Vermont to help him with the haying.The heft of a bale(大捆)through my leather gloves is familiar: the tautness of the twine, the heave of the bale, the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms. This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze. I walk behind the chug and clack of baler, moving the bales into piles so my brothercan do the real work of picking them up later. As hot as the air is, my face is hotter. I am surprised at how soon I get tired. I take a break and sit in the shade, watching my father bale, trying not to think about how old he is, how the heat affects his heart, what might happen.This is not my usual work, of course. My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them. Occasionally I touch them, and am glad that my hands are soft. I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots. Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles, hidden swellings of organs and joints, and probe all the painful places in my patients’ lives. There are many. Perhaps I am too soft, could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work, as if all my patients were inside me, letting me carry them, I don’t mean to. But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings, ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression, fears, illness? These are not my experiences, yet I feel them and carry them with me. Try to find healthier meanings, I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized. Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field. They will be easy to pick up. Dad climbs, tired and lame, from the tractor. I hand him a jar of ice water, and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done. I’ll stack a few more bales and maybe drive the truck for my brother. My father will have some appreciative customers this winter, as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles, the heat on my face. I an taunted by the simplicity of this work, the purpose and results, the definite boundaries of the fields, the dimensions of the bales, for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies; it spills into families, homes, schools and my office, like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar. I feel the rough stubble left in its wake. I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape, new meanings stacked against the despair of pain. I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81. Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A. The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B. The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C. It is the first time for the narrator to do haying.D. The narrator is as physician.82. In retrospection, the narrator___________.A. feels guilty before his father and brotherB. defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC. hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD. is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83. As a physician, the narrator is ________.A. empathicB. arrogantC. callousD. fragile84. His associations punctuate___________.A. the similarities between medicine and agricultureB. the simplicity of muscular workC. the hardship of life every where D .the nature of medical practice85. The narrator would say that________.A. it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB. everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC. he is a shame to his fatherD. his trip is worth it.Passage SixEveryone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited, involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow or his or her former self. Or , a person who has been an beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening .And organization‘s most valuable resource ------the energy, dedication and creativity of its employees----is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned—out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-worker .While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It’s especially scary some of the most talented. If they can’t maintain their fire, others ask.Who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and , more important, there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.The passage begins with_______.A. a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC. a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustion.B.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishment.D.All of the above.88. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, which will result in_______.A.apersonal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countyD. a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89. Burnout can be________.A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-our, according to the passage, are potentially able________.A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD. to challenge their organization本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2005年福建医大考博英语真题(可直接编辑打印).doc

2005年福建医大考博英语真题Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: Read the following five passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMost American women know regular Pap smears cut the risk of cervical cancer, but that doesn’t mean they go in to get the test. Half the women who develop the disease haven’t had a Pap test for three years. But a new test may one day offer a user—friendlier alternative. Two studies in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association report that a DNA test detects cervical cancer just as well as Pap smears do. Better yet, women can collect samples for the test themselves. The Pap smear has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since 1960s. But since a doctor must take the smear during a pelvic exam, women who don’t have access to gynecologists aren’t screened. So a self-collected test could be good news for patients, like the 1,365 South Africans in one of the JAMA studies. They collected their own vaginal samples on swabs. Samples were sent to the United States, where a DNA test caught 66 percent of the women’s cervical cancers; 68 percent were detected by Pap smears. And when doctors collected the samples, that study, and a second one of Costa Rican women, found that DNA tests actually caught more cancers than Pap smears.Does this mean women can bid farewell to the Pap test? Probably not. Doctors think cervical cancer is caused by the transmitted human papilloma virus. The DNA test detects genetic material from 13 forms of it, which are found in 96 percents who have cervical cancer. But most young women who have papilloma virus don’t actually develop cancer. So the test can cause false alarms. DNA tests could prove useful for older women, though. Most women fight off the virus before they turn 40. If they don’t, they’re more likely to get cervical cancer. But they’re also less likely to get Pap smears because many stop visiting gynecologists after childbearing age, and the test gets more uncomfortable. So a quick, self-collected test could cut cervical cancer rates: “If we could make screening as easy as a urine test at the doctor’s office, we would get more coverage,” says Thomas Wright, lead author of the South African study and associate professor of Pathology at Columbia. Though true home testing awaits FDA approval and could be years away, general practitioners could administer the test, too.Detection is one thing; treating cervical cancer is another. Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can cut the risk of death 30 to 50 percent. And researchers hope to someday prevent papilloma infections: “Ultimately, vaccines will be the best way we prevent cervical cancer worldwide,” Wright predicts. But for now, the DNA test could help mainly in countries that can afford the $6 billion the United States spends on Pap screening every year. But there’s one important caveat: a new test will be useful only if patients can get medical treatment afterward.1. The Pap smear __________________________.A)has caused a fivefold drop in cervical cancer since the 1960sB)caught 66 percent of the women’s cervical cancersC)Caught more cancers than the DNA TestD)Is very convenient for women to do self-examination2. Why the DNA test cannot replace Pap smear?A)Doctors think cervical cancer is caused by the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus.B)The DNA test detects genetic material from 12 forms of papillooma virus, which arefound in 96 percent of patients who have cervical cancer.C)Most young women who have papilloma virus don’t actually develop cancer.D)The DNA test can cause false alarms.3. Which of the following statement is not correct?A)Home DNA test has not yet been approved by DNA.B)DNA tests could prove useful for older women. Most women fight off the virus beforethey turn 40.C)Doctors recently announced that a combination of radiation and chemotherapy can curecervical cancer.D)The DNA test could help mainly in countries that can’t afford the $6 billion theUnited States spends on Pap screening every year.Passage TwoAlthough language is used to transmit information, the informative functions of language are fused with older and deeper functions so that only a small portion of our everyday speech can be described as purely informative. The ability to use language for strictly informative purposes was probably developed relatively late in the course of linguistic evolution. Long before that time, our ancestral species probably made the sorts of cries animals do to express feelings of hunger, fear, loneliness, and the like. Gradually these noises seem to have become more differentiated, transforming the cries into language as we know it today.Although we have developed language in which accurate reports may be given, we still use language as vocal equivalents of gestures such as crying in pain. When words are used as the vocal equivalent of expressive gestures, language is functioning in pre-symbolic ways. These pre-symbolic uses of language coexist with our symbolic system, so that the talking we do in everyday life is a thorough blending of symbolic and pre-symbolic language.What we call social conversation is mainly pre-symbolic in character. When we are at a large social gathering, for example, we all have to talk. It is typical of these conversations that, except among very good friends, few of the remarks made have any informative value. We talk together about nothing at all and thereby establish a relationship.There is a principle at work in the selection of the subject matter we deem appropriate for social conversation. Since the purpose of this kind of talk is the establishment of communion, we are careful to select subjects about which agreement is immediately possible. With each new agreement, no matter how commonplace, the fear and suspicion of the stranger wear away, and the possibility of friendship emerges. When further conversation reveals that we have friends or political views orartistic values or hobbies in common, a friend is made, and genuine communication and cooperation can begin.4. The author uses the term “pre-symbolic language” to mean ______________________.A)language used between friendsB)language that lacks an elaborate grammatical structureC)nonverbal expressions used in communicatingD)language that does not convey specific information5. The primary value of pre-symbolic language for humans is that it ___________________.A)Is common to all languages rather than unique to any one languageB)Permits and aids the smooth functioning of interpersonal relationshipsC)Helps us understand and express our emotionsD)Allows for a desirable amount of social mobility6. The most crucial difference between pre-symbolic and symbolic language lies in the____________.A)origin and developmental path of each mode in linguistic evolutionB)degree to which each mode may be accompanied by expressive gesturesC)purposes served by each modeD)clarity each mode makes possiblePassage ThreeIn the ultrasound clinic, Suzie Woods stared at the screen in front of her. The sonographer pressed the foetal probe over her abdomen, already stretched into a taught little mound by months of pregnancy. “There are two embryos on the screen,” he told her. “No, no, there should only be one,” Suzie insisted, her eyes now fixed intently on his. “Look, I’ll show you,” he said. “There are two hearts beating on the screen.”“That moment,” recalls Suzie, “would have to have been the most electric of my life. I was absolutely ecstatic that these two gorgeous little people were all mine. “Suzie and the twins—Simon and Sabrina, now seven months—are part of an international population explosion, a twin boom in Western developed societies.Reluctant to interrupt satisfying careers, women are having babies later in life and increasingly using fertility treatments. These two factors mean Australian mothers are having more twins than ever before. In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on the figure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier. This is despite static figures for the total number of births in 1988 and 1998. And the trend to multiple births shows no sign of abating. King George V hospital in the inner Sydney suburb of Camperdown, for instance, has just beaten its own record: 68 twins were born in the past six months—an increase of 40 percent on the previous six months, says the director of obstetrics, Dr. Andrew Child. Overseas, the number of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980 and a similar, though more moderate, trend is evident in Britain, where twins as a proportion of all births are up a third since 1982.A twin industry has been spawned, especially in the U.S., where you can now have your baby delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and looked after by specialist nannies. There are 10 US magazine title aimed at the parents of twins and at least three dozen books, along with twin strollers ans a whole range of other specialized goods. In Australia, there is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, and mothers of twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services. The NSW Multiple Birth Association has mushroomed from one support group of three mothers to 34 clubs across the State in just 10 years.Most are bristling with activity, regularly sending newsletters and social calendars to parents, holding information evenings and support groups, and offering hotlines, a library service and even advice on what brand of twin stroller mothers should buy. More importantly, these groups are as generous with camaraderie as practical advice. “Often it was quicker to ring the Multiple Birth Association than look up the baby manual,” says Suzie, who soon discovered that the euphoria at having twins was followed by a whole caravan of complications after they arrived.7. Why the Australian mothers are having more chances to have twins than ever before?A)Career women do not want to have babies early because they enjoy satisfying professionsor they have to work for a living.B)Australian women are born to have genetic capabilities to bear twins.C)Australian women are strong and fertile comparatively.D)Australian women prefer to use fertilizer in pregnancy.8. The author mentioned Suzie Woods at the beginning of the article to __________________.A)make his article sound catchyB)express how ecstatic Suzie was when she knew she had two embryosC)portray the following topic of the articleD)condemn the twin boost in the western countries9. What is the fact of Australia’s twin boom, according to the passage?A)In 1998, 3,592 sets of twins were born in Australia, a 25 percent increase on thefigure of 2,871 just 10 years earlier.B)The trend to multiple births shows no sign of declining.C)68 twins were born in the past six-months in King George V Hospital in the inner Sydneysuburb of Camperdown, which is an increase of 40 percent on the previous six months.D)All of the above.10.Which of the following statement is NOT true about U.S. according to the passage?A)There are many magazines and books aimed at the parents of twins in U.S.B)There is a new acceptance of the problems confronting the parents of twins, and mothersof twins leaving hospital have access to an ever-widening circle of support and services.C)Parents can have their babies delivered by a specialist twin obstetrician and lookedafter by specialist nannies.D)The number of twins born in the United States has doubled since 1980.Passage FourUntil recently doctors were taught that the human body lives in homeostasis, changing little during the day. The science of chronobiology—the study of how time affects life —is sparking a medical revolution by revealing how much our bodies change through circadian (daily) rhythms.These natural biological rhythms are as vital as our heart beat. By learning their secrets, we are discovering new ways to prevent and cure illness. There isn’t a function in your body that doesn’t have its own rhythm.While you sleep, your blood pressure falls, our temperature drops more than a degree from its daily afternoon high, and some blood pools in your body’s extremities. Come morning, the body has to “jump start” itself from its sleeping to waking stages with a surge of excitation chemicals calls catecholamines. Heart rate increases and blood vessels constrict, raising blood pressure and reducing blood flow to heart muscle; this might cause ischemia, or angina, as well as sudden death from myocardial infarction. If hardened plaques of cholesterol coat arteries, fragments may break loose, causing the clots that lead to heart attacks.When a leap from bed and a surge of catecholamines combine to “get your blood moving”, your blood is near its daily peak in thickness and tendency to clot. Packing kids off to school and rushing to get ready for work add emotional tension to the physical stress.This circadian cardiovascular risk comes not from your bedside clock but from your interior biological clock. Whatever hour you get up, your peak risk of myocardial infarction will come within two to three hours after awakening.The master timekeepers in our bodies help synchronize us with such outside cycles asday and night. Like orchestra conductors, they coordinate hundreds of functions inside us. Our body dances through the day to complex inner rhythms of rising and falling tides of hormones, immune cells, electrolytes and amino acids.Most people enjoy a peak in short-term memory and mental quickness in the late-morning hours until shortly afternoon. Then a measurable dip in energy and efficiency begins around 1 p.m. In some Mediterranean cultures, shops close during the afternoon for a period of siesta.In the afternoon, exercise endurance, reaction time and manual dexterity are at their highest. Some research indicates that from then until early evening, athletes put in their best performances. From 6:30 p.m. until 8:30 p.m. is the sharpest time of day for long-term memory, an optimal time to study.Our daily rhythms can bring a dark side to the evening, however. These hours include a second daily peak in heart attacks, although smaller than the morning’s. Around 7 p.m., alcohol takes longer to be cleared by your liver, and hence can be more intoxicating and performance-impairing than at other times of day—except 11 p.m. which brings a second peak of high ethanol susceptibility.Students often cram during late-night and early-morning hours. Research, however, shows this is the time of the circadian cycle when long-term memory, comprehension and learning are at their worst.Sensitivity to pain has generally increased throughout the day; it reaches its peak late at night. But by early morning the body may have doubled its night time levels of beta endorphins, which help relieve pain. Researchers theorize that this is what increases the body’s pain tolerance during the hours after awakening.For most of us, sleep is a time of life renewal. Within the first 90 minutes or so of sleep, we reach our daily peak of growth hormone, which may help regenerate our bodies.By understanding our body clocks, we can improve our health and continue to foster our survival. Without grasping, for instance, that our natural temperature rises one to two degrees from morning until evening, we could misjudge thermometer readings, A temperature of 99 degrees might signal perfect health at 5 p.m. but augur illness at 7 a.m.The effects of drugs are also subject to our rhythms. For instance, many doctors are learning to give powerful cancer drugs with the patient’s biological clocks in mind. A given chemotherapy drug may be highly toxic to the kidneys at one time of day, for example, and far less harmful at another.By turning the cycles of your biological clock in your favor, you may reduce your daily danger and increase your days of life.11.No matter what hours you get up, sudden rise from bed ___________________.A)brings energy to one’s morning workB)should help form a good habitC)may cause heat attacksD)increases heart rate to normal action12.The passage advises that to improve our health, it is essential to ___________________.A)avoid sitting up lateB)do the right thing at the right timeC)get up as soon as the bedside clock gives alarmD)understand our body clock13.In the author’s opinion, physical stress should be avoided _________________________.A)as soon as you awakeB)two to three hours after awakeningC)around 1 p.m.D)in the late evening14.If you want to take some pills to kill your pain, you’d better take them____________________.A)after lunchB)before going to bedC)in the early morningD)late at night15.According to the passage, it is harmful to ______________________.A)do morning exercise at about 6 o’clockB)neglect the doctor’s advice about the time to take drugsC)go to sleep again after awakeningD)do memory work in the late-morning hoursPassage FiveAs a person now publicly identified with the movement to reform our drug laws through the use of some form of decriminalization, I consider it very important to say that I am not soft on either drug use or drug dealers. I’m a soldier in the war against drugs. I spent years prosecuting and jailing drug dealers, and had one of the highest rates of imprisonment for drug convictions in the country. And if I were still State’s Attorney, I would be enforcing the law as vigorously as ever. My experience as a prosecutor did not in any way alter my passionate dislike for drug dealers, it simply convinced me that the present system doesn’t work and can’t be made to work.As State’s Attorney, I was confronted daily with the victims of our drug crimes, who for the most part are ignored by the opponents of drug decriminalization. One of my most painful duties as State’s Attorney was prosecuting drug dealers who injured and sometimes killed police officers. In Baltimore, as in so many other cities, our police officers and plan-clothes agents serve with distinction and uncommon bravery. Their work is dangerous and needs to be highly commended. But that is no reason to ignore common sense. The end-game in the war on drugs is not less supply or mo0re jails, or even the death penalty. It’s less profit and less demand—and that will only come about through increased efforts at treatment and prevention.A good general does not pursue a strategy in the face of overwhelming evidence of failure. Instead, a good general changes from a losing strategy to one that exploits his enemy’s weakness while exposing his own troops to only as much danger as is required to win. The drug dealers can be beaten and the public health of the United States can be improved if we’re willing to substitute common sense for myth and blind persistence.16. The central argument of the passage about the drug problem is weather _____________________.A) decriminalization will be accepted by the publicB) the authorities are firm and determined on drug useC) the police officers are dedicated to their dutiesD) a reform in policy should be enforced17. Throughout the passage the author shows his concern over ______________________.A) the appeal to the lawfulness of drug additionB) the lives of those who fight at the forefront against drug dealersC) his reputation as an experienced soldier in the war against drugsD) drug dealers at large who are prosecuted and jailed18. The end-game (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ___________________________.A) the end purposeB) the final endeavorC) the decisive strategyD) the last moment decision19. According to the passage, the aim to be achieved in the fight against drugs is ___________________.A) to cut off the supply of drugs and severely punish drug dealersB) to take every measure to prevent people from taking drugsC) to make drugs less demanded and less profitableD) to offer medical treatment to the victims of drug crimes20. It can be inferred from the passage that drug decriminalization ______________________.A) will encourage drugs abuseB) has caused much controversyC) has proved to be a happy solutionD) will encounter attacks from drug dealersPart II Vocabulary ( 15% )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. Choose the one that best complete the sentence. And write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.21. The effort ___________ skepticism from psychologists who find it frivolous.A) protests B) proportions C) provokes D) proposes22. As my father is not ___________ with the language, he has asked me to assume the roleof private secretary and meet you on his behalf.A) lounged B) logged C) acquainted D) omitted23. He had an ___________ habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto ourdoor step.A) objectionable B) afflicting C) uneducated D) offending24. The jury ___________ him for having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced tofive years’ imprisonment.A) accused B) charged C) acquitted D) convicted25. The plan was _____________ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A) resigned B) abandoned C) released D) redeemed26. When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfilltheir life ____________.A) necessities B) requirements C) appreciations D) expectations27. The awards for the job include a competitive tax-free salary, ___________ educationalassistance plan and high standard of free accommodation and utilities.A) triumphant B) trivial C) terrific D) timid28. It was manifest that ____________ red light of day did not come from the sun.A) wary B) weird C) waxy D) weary29. He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering thedoctor’s advice, he _________________.A) refrained B) withdrew C) avoided D) retreated30 the outflow of professionals to rich countries may create a severe bottleneck in thedevelopment of the ___________ technology in our country.A) excellent B) marvelous C) splendid D) sophisticated31. This legislation also limited the workday of children between 14 and 18 years of age to12 hours, with an ___________ of 2 hours for meals and rest.A) intervention B) intermission C) interruption D) intersection32. The doctor promised that this medicine would ____________ the pain in the stomach.A) affirmed B0 agitated C) alleviate D) allocate33. The idea of a balanced diet is very difficult to ____________ anyone who knows nothingabout food values.A) give up B) take in C) put across D) make over34. He was sent to hospital as a big nail __________ through the sole of his shoe, right intohis foot.A) pierced B) pinched C) pursued D) radiated35. The officer inspected our passports and travel papers and ____________ us because ourvacation certificates were missing.A) contained B) sustained C0 detained D) retained36. The question of ___________ agent is still under consideration and we hope that you willcontinue your efforts in pushing the sale of our product at present stage.A) creative B) exclusive C) intensive D) perspective37. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes from the ___________ ofmaturity.A) fulfillment B) achievement C) establishment D) accomplishment38. Jim’s plans to go to college ____________ at the last moment, which depre4ssed him verymuch.A) fell out B) gave away C) gave off D) fell through39. With the change of the economic foundation the entire immense superstructure is____________ rapidly transformed.A) more or less B) anything but C) at large D) any more40. It was clear that the small grocer was _____________ people he owed money to.A) at the expense of B) at the risk ofC) in the way of D) at the mercy of41. At first the institute refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was____________ revised.A) subsequently B) occasionally C) consequently D) successively42. The _____________ employer is the person who will, later on, be your boss in the company.A) proximate B) prospective C) preventable D) proficient43. An enlarged prostate may ____________ the bladder and pinch off the urethra, causing painand difficulty with urination.A) collaborate B) compress C) bother D) boil44. Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which ___________ themthe rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.A) deprives B) restricts C) denies D) rejects45. Due to their considerable comfortable environment and manner of self-service, people feelmore relaxed and ____________ at such place.A) casual B) frank C) fraudulent D) financial46. If anyone is found _____________ he will be removed from his present position.A) inept B) ingenious C) acquisitive D) admirable47. The reference she made to her friend, the poet, was interesting but too __________ foranyone to appreciate.A) drastic B) dull C) distinct D) obscure48. Our attitude toward our teachers should be ___________, but not slavish or superstitious.A) respectable B) respected C) respective D) respectful49. Some people either ____________ avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral aboutthem.A) violently B) deliberately C) sincerely D) properly50. The managing director promised that he would ___________ me as soon as he had any furtherinformation.A) communicate B) notice C) notify D) notePart III Cloze Test ( 10%)Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Since World War II, considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services. These include better 51 to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements in physical plants, and increased numbers of physicians and other health 52 . All have played a part in the recent improvement in life 53 . But there is mounting criticism of the large 54 gaps in access, unrestrained cost inflation, the further fragmentation of service excessive indulgence in 55 high-technology “gadgeteering and a 56 in doctor-patient relationships. In recent years proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large, have proliferated at a feverish 57 and disappointments 58 at almost the same rate. This has led to an increased 59 --“everything has been tried and nothing works”–which sometimes 60 on cynicism or even nihilism.This pessimism, in part, 61 from expecting too much 62 health care. It must be realized that care is, for most people, a 63 experience, often 64 by fear and unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always 65 some unpleasantness and frustration. 66 , the 67 of medical science are limited. Humpty-Dumpty cannot always be 68 together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to admit their limitations to patients; too many patients and families are unwilling to accept such realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works.The fact is, except for the most 69 and dedicated, there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self-restraint or frugality. In this 70 , it is not fair to condemn as failures all attempted experiments; it may be more accurate to say many never had a fair trial.51. A) stress B) excess C) access D) process52. A) staff B) workforce C) trainee D) personnel53. A) expectancy B) expectation C) expansion D) expenditure54. A) dominating B) remaining C) existing D) prevailing55. A) useful B) lawful C) wasteful D) trustful56. A) breakdown B) turndown C) knockdown D) rundown57. A) step B) pace C) speed D) rate58. A) imply B) apply C) supply D) multiply59. A) pessimism B) optimism C) criticism D) enthusiasm。

北京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案解析 (09年印版)

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English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 26,2005Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking thecorresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single linethrough the centre.1.A.？？？？？The researcher was careless in performing this experiment.B.？？？？？The researcher tried to think of problems before they happened.C.？？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very nervous.D.？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very tired.2.A.？？？？？The speaker used a soft, low voice.B.？？？？？The speaker didn’t seem to care much about what he was saying.C.？？？？？The speaker was focused and spoke with great passion.D.？？？？The speaker used long. Complicated sentences.3.A.？？？？？Language changes very slowly.B.？？？？？Language changes very quickly.C.？？？？？Language changes over fifty year periods.D.？？？？Language changes over ten year periods.4.A.？？？？？Southern France has never known severe winters.B.？？？？？In northern France, one can live in comfort all the year round.C.？？？？？In general, the French people enjoy a mild climate.D.？？？？People in southern France often experience severe winters.5.A.？？？？？Fiona is not afraid to give a presentation now.B.？？？？？Fiona’s fever is gone just before the presentation.C.？？？？？Fiona will hear about the final speech.D.？？？？Fiona will come over to the conference.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D on your test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERR SHEET with a single line through the centre.6.A.？？？？？Korean food.B.？？？？？Chinese food.C.？？？？？Italian food.D.？？？？Indian food.7.A.？？？？？Both of them have overcome their fear of heights.B.？？？？？The woman is still afraid of high places. But the man is not.C.？？？？？They are both afraid of high places.D.？？？？Both of them like to stand on high places.8.A.？？？？？She can’t wear them any more.B.？？？？？She doesn’t like them any more.C.？？？？？She can’t wash them in machine any more.D.？？？？She doesn’t like casual dress any more.9.A.？？？？？March 3td.B.？？？？？March 12th.C.？？？？？March 29th.D.？？？？March 30th.10.A.？？？？？Being private versus being alone.B.？？？？？Being alone versus being with friends.C.？？？？？Being a guest versus being a host.D.？？？？Being lonely versus being alone.11.A.？？？？？She liked it.B.？？？？？She disliked it.C.？？？？？She had no idea about it.D.？？？？She hadn’t heard about it.12.A.？？？？？The insurance company is worried that they might have to pay a lot of money.B.？？？？？The insurance company sees a chance to give the man lots of physical tests.C.？？？？？The insurance company is the first to pay for a man’s genetic diseases.D.？？？？The insurance company does not know how many children the man will have.13.A.？？？？？A long and difficult trip through poor countries.B.？？？？？A chance to learn new language and make money.C.？？？？？An adventure in learning about a different culture.D.？？？？An adventure that combines a vacation with a rest.14.A.？？？？？He will not accept a late paper from her.B.？？？？？Her is interested only in her ideas.C.？？？？？He wants her to correct her paper.D.？？？？He will accept a late paper from her.15.A.？？？？？He will have his operation at 9 o’clock.B.？？？？？He is under operation now.C.？？？？？He already had his operation.D.？？？？He is all right now.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a talk about moving to a new campus. Look at statements 16 through 20 for this part on your test paper and decide if eachstatement is correct. While you are listening, if you think the statement is correctbased on the talk, mark letter A on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre. If you think it is not correct, mark letter B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.16. All agriculture science students will stay where they are.17. Some history teachers will move immediately to the new campus.18. Engineering staff has already made their move.19. Part of the Faculty of Law is in its new building.20. The former Law building may become an art gallery.Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Chose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps present a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain？an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of abservation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, droughts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air level which often set the stage for the development of air masses fronts and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for？weather modification studies.21. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage is？？？？？.A. fronts？？？？？？？B. changes in temperature？？？C. frost？？？？？？D. wind speed22. The 30-day forecast is determined by examining ？？？？？？.A. daily weather maps？？？？？？？？？？B. upper air levelsC. satellite reports？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. changing fronts23. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous becauseit？？？？？.A.？？？？？is modern and profitable for the companies involvedB.？？？？？uses electronic instruments to measure the weather on a daily basisC.？？？？？enables man to easily alter the weather to his advantage and profitD.？？？？gives the scientists information not obtained readily otherwise24. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in？？？？？.A. manipulating weather？？？？B. determining density of pressure groupsC. satellites？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. controlling storms25. A weather map is synoptic because it？？？？？？.A.？？？？？summarizes a great deal of informationB.？？？？？appears dailyC.？？？？？shows changing frontsD.？？？？can be interpreted accurately2With only a bout 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. That’s a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, said hesalutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. It’s aworthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A&M---to save animals from extinction.”Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct,Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda. Native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells froma dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white while rabbit. They are nowtrying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eg gs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They willprobably h ave to do sevcral hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a？long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not put ting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” addsKraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this very simi lar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they areattempting to do. It’s a rescarch that is very much needed.”26. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasB.？？？？？implant embryo into a host animalC.？？？？？introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese whiterabbitD.？？？？save endangered animals from extinction27. How long will the Chinese panda-cloning project take according to the passage?A. 3 to 5 years.？？？？B. 1 year.？？？？？？C. 25 years.？？？？？D. 2years.28. The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpretedas？？？？？？？？？.A. pioneering？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？B. essentially newC. epoch-making？？？？？？？？？？？？D. evolutionary29. What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to ProfessorKraemer?A.？？？？？Lack of host animals.B.？？？？？Lack of available panda eggs.C.？？？？？Lack of funds.D.？？？？Lack of qualified researchers.30. The best title for the passage may be？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？China’s Efforts to Clone PandasB.？？？？？China---the Native Place of Pandas ForeverC.？？？？？Exploring the Possibility to Clone PandasD.？？？？China’s First Cloned Panda3St. Paul has transformed soaring energy costs into a golden opportunity for economic development by putting the final touches on plans to: 1.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Build the nation’s first system that will heat all major downtownbuildings with waste heat now being dumped into the Mississippi River by electricutilities.2.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Create a &9-million “energy bank” to lend money to improve theenergy efficiency of homes at low 9-to-11-percent interest rates. 3.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Construct the nation’s first“energy park”. The area will includeonly those commercial, residential, and industrial facilities that are doing something energy-related. More than & 150-million worth of commitments has already beenlined up.These developments did not just happen. They resulted when Mayor George Latimer asked volunteers to chart a new future for a city that is twice as cold as New York.“We cannot any longer look to foreign nations, old companies or the federalgovernment to solve our energy crisis,” Latimer told his constituents. “We must look to ourselves to find the answers.”31. The reason why these developments did not happen before was(that)？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？the city imported enough foreign oil for its major downtown buildingsB.？？？？？the federal government didn’t approve the necessary money for theconstructionC.？？？？？not givenD.？？？？St. Paul is colder than New York32. St. Paul？？？？？ .A.？？？？？is located on the bank of the Mississippi RiverB.？？？？？has got a new mayor recentlyC.？？？？？is looking for the best approaches to solving its energy shortageD.？？？？is lending money for commercial, residential and industrial purposes33. The plans？？？？？.A.？？？？？were drawn by Mayor George LatimerB.？？？？？were only for St. Paul’s major downtown buildingsC.？？？？？were created by volunteers when they were asked to offer their ideasD.？？？？were turning a golden opportunity into economic development34. Which of the following facilities are/is NOT energy-related?A.？？？？？Shops or supermarkets.B.？？？？？A computer center or a factory.C.？？？？？Private homes.D.？？？？Advertisement boards.35. Judging from what Mayor Latimer said, we are sure that？？？？？？.A.？？？？？these developments will some day become trueB.？？？？？foreign nations and oil companies are not reliableC.？？？？？the future of St. Paul is quite uncertainD.？？？？high energy costs will soon be eliminated4Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child. Haw does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling;they h ave always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.The many mothers of the 1820s who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideals about child raising that had been prevalent in the 18th century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the FrenchProtestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As onemother wrote. “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition---however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, bywhich was meant the child’s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted completely to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama” so the toddler was left alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again.This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonlyreported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive.In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No” period might havemoderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the saying “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and sobriety. These moral principles, fixed in the child’s character, were to govern itthroughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.36. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, hedoes not include the？？？？？.A.？？？？？nature of a childB.？？？？？reasons why spoiling occursC.？？？？？images of an ideal adult and childD.？？？？attitudes of spoiled children when they become adults37. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” means？？？？？.A.？？？？？spoiling children is not as evil as it seemsB.？？？？？eliminating physical punishment is a sound policyC.？？？？？if you do not inflict physical punishment, you will spoil your childD.？？？？“spoiling children” is a matter of definition38. The author suggests that nineteenth century parents were chiefly interested in achild’s？？？？？.A.？？？？？growing up to be industriousB.？？？？？acquiring good character traitsC.？？？？？learning to compete successfullyD.？？？？respecting his parents slavishly39. People in the 19th century be believed their society to be based on allbut？？？？？.A.？？？？？free enterpriseB.？？？？？competitive endeavorC.？？？？？individualismD.？？？？honesty40. The purpose of this passage is to？？？？？.A.？？？？？informB.？？？？？persuadeC.？？？？？inciteD.？？？？change an attitude5The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now anexceptionally large group of married couples.It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women’s liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly to seemimpossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.These circumstances---women working outside the home and the instability of marriage--- tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19thcentury.Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1998 and 1999 have been consumed Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and theyincidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrialsociety will spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.41. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the UnitedStates？？？？？？.A.？？？？？increasedB.？？？？？was reducedC.？？？？？experienced both falls and risesD.？？？？remained stable42. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is？？？？？.A.？？？？？highly paid jobsB.？？？？？women’s desire for independenceC.？？？？？expenses of child raisingD.？？？？high divorce rate43. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossiblyexpensive” implies that？？？？？.A.？？？？？food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensiveB.？？？？？prices are going up dramatically all the timeC.？？？？？to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobsD.？？？？social development has made child-raising inexpensive44. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th centuryis？？？？？？.A.？？？？？birth controlB.？？？？？the desire to seek fortune in citiesC.？？？？？the instability of marriageD.？？？？the changed place of women45. The population in the new century, according to the writer.？？？？？.A.？？？？？will be smaller than a few years agoB.？？？？？will not be as small as people expectC.？？？？？will prove to be a threat to the worldD.？？？？will not continue as serious a problem as expectedⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (25 points):？？？1. Natural disasters during the 1980s were 94% more frequent than in the 1970s. While it is possible that such a jump falls within normal climatic variation, insurance executives realize that it also conforms with patterns predicted for global warming.2. The history of New England is written imperishably on the face of a continent. In the Old World national pride feeds itself with the record of battles and conquests; ---battles which proved nothing and settled nothing; conquests which shifted a boundary on the map, and put one ugly head instead of another on the coin which the people paid to the tax-gatherer. But wherever the New-Englander travels among the sturdy commonwealths which have sprung from the seed of the Mayflower. Churches, schools, colleges, tell him where the men of his race have been, or their influence penetrated; and an intelligent freedom is the monument of conquests whose results are not to be measured in the square miles. Next to the fugitives whom Moses (摩西) led out of Egypt, the little ship-load of outcasts who landed at Plymouth two centuries and a half ago are destined to influence the future of the world.Translate the following into English (15 points):在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。

全国医学博士英语统考真题试卷2005

2005Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get bettermedicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with theprofessor over the quizzes of their_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____ina foreign language through more practice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper witha reward for the finder. A.advertise rm C.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adultgrowth. A.degenerate B.deteriorate C.boost D.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some ofits employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement ofeconomical and military union in Ottawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in itsbase.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazingly B.astonishingly C.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with theregulations laid down by the authorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his openingspeech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tacklethe problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems tobe mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work forthe company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married oftenbegin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before peoplemarry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 theschool to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumptionD.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.mattersD.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphsD.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphsD.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsedD.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promisedD.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cultural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that. Hesays it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a moredirect,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started tolook at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so thatorgans for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The average rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to extremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a heightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance music is around the rate of locomotion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universalquestionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into humanphysical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological explanation for the desire to dance refersto_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according toTodd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintainbalance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little redlights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attractedmuch less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look forultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable inan ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—fillingup,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to sourcecorrectness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in oneway or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical applianceson stand-by mode seems to_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing buttroubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmentalprotectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is notneededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural connections destroyed by a clotin the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause adramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the release of glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxiceffects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for hisinvestigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramaticimprovements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s research____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week afterinjuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observations of their spatial form and structure atsome point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly inany aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave of the bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what mighthappen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my patients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories?The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the weekbefore vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice water,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on thenarrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitmentand involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening.An organization’s most valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energyavailable.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary…………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentiallyable___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organizationA.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。

2005医博统考听力题解析原文

2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30 %)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day,Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample 3answerA DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. He was waiting in the wrong place.B. He won’t have to wait any longer.C. The woman was mistaken.D. The woman should ask somebody else for help.2. A. The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B. The results might be ready tomorrow morning,C. The results will be ready this afternoon.D. The results were back this morning.3. A. Buy a purse. B. Buy the AIDS patients medicine.C. Make a donation.D. Lend the man some money.4. A. He failed to defend his paper. B. He had got a bleeding finger.C. He cut his finger with a knife.D. He had a paper cut.5. A. He can’t afford a digital camera now.B. He’s not sure how much a digital camera costs.C. He’ll buy a digital camera that fits his pocket.D. He’s lost the money he saved.6. A. Join the student Union.B. Persuade the other members of the Student Union not to quit.C. Keep an eye on the other members of the Student Union.D. Help the man find someone to fill the vacancy.7. A. The dentist will be back this afternoon.B. The dentist will have a full schedule this afternoon.C. He’s already had the dentist check his teeth.D. He plans to see the dentist this afternoon.8. A. Large and bulky. B. Lightweight and compact.C. Fancy and sophisticated.D. Appealing and amazing.9. A Use less shampoo, B. Stop using shampoo.C. Switch to the man’s brand.D. Rinse off the shampoo thoroughly.10. A. The fitness center doesn’t open until tomorrow.B. She is too busy to go to the fitness center.C. The fitness center is not for kids.D. The project of the fitness center will be finished tomorrow.11. A. Look in the library catalogue.B. Borrow the man’s computer.C. Seek the information from the Internet.D. Seek the information from Drama Society.12. A. He has changed his schedule. B. He was sick last Monday.C. He works less than he used to.D. He started his vacation last Monday.13. A. Because she has to pay a home visit to an emergency case.B. Because she dislikes teaching and wants to quit.C. Because her father has just been sent to the hospital and needs her care.D. Because her father is leaving the hospital and needs her help.14. A. Discontinue all the medications.B. Try new medicine and then have a CT scan.C. Take a CT scan before medication.D. Have a CT scan right away.15. A. Annoyed. B. Scared. C. Puzzled. D. Anxious.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passages One16. A. Common insomnia. B. Sleep-including activities.C. Foods to help people sleep better.D. Causes of insomnia and ways to deal with it.17. A. Asthma. B. Aches. C. Ulcer. D. Anemia.18. A. Go to bed earlier the next night. B. Go to bed as usual the next night.C. Take a nap the next day.D. Sleep late the next few days.19. A. Because tryptophan can balance their diet.B. Because tryptophan is an amino acid found in certain foods.C. Because tryptophan is crucial to the sleep process.D. Because tryptophan can cure insomnia altogether.20. A. Pessimistic. B. Optimistic. C. Doubtful. D. Indifferent.Passage Two21. A. The difference between the couple in their view of time.B. The difference between the couple in their view of religion.C. The difference between the couple in their view of loyalty.D. The difference between the couple in their view of responsibility.22. A. He likes to be late. B. He likes to be early.C. He likes to be just on time.D. He likes to be just in time.23. A. 2 pm. B. 1:40 pm. C. 2:03 pm. D. 2:30 pm.24. A. Cancel the wedding immediately. B. Find a substitute immediately.C. Wait patiently till the groom to come finally.D. Find a lawyer to sue the groom.25. A. Cultural difference. B. Gender-related difference.C. Ethnical difference.D. Social rank.Passage Three26. A. She is a dentist. B. She is an orthopedist.C. She is a physiotherapist.D. She is a pharmacist.27. A. She is examining the man.B. She is taking a history.C. She is explaining the man’s condition.D. She is discussing a case with her colleague.28. A. Sliding over the stairs. B. Straightening his spine.C. Bending his knee too hard.D. Lifting heavy loads in the wrong way.29. A. In the lower part of his back. B. In the upper part of his back.C. In the middle part of his back.D. Not mentioned.30. A. Stay in bed to let the disc rest. B. Take some drugs to relieve the pain.C. Have some physiotherapy.D. Undergo an operation right away.2005全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。

2005年考研英语真题答案及解析

2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析这是一篇科普性说明文，文章主要介绍了人类嗅觉的特点及原因。

文章首段指提出说明的中心。

第二段对人们对某些气味的敏感程度的差异原因进行了分析，并指出这种不敏感是可以改变的。

第三段进一步解释了人类对气味不敏感的原因。

二、试题解析1.[A]although虽然，表让步[B]as因为，表因果[C]but但是，表转折[D]while虽然，表让步【答案】C【考点】逻辑搭配【难度系数】0.183【解析】从选项内容和文章中句子结构可以判断空要求填入一个表示前后两个句子逻辑关系的连词，空前的句子谈到“和动物相比，人类经常被认为是不敏感的”，空后谈到这主要是由于我们是直立行走的（动物）。

显然后句是说明人类不敏感的原因，既然人类不敏感是有原因的，那么反过来表达的就是人类应该是敏感的，前句谈到不敏感，后句反馈的是敏感，含义对立，只能填入转折连词，故答案为C。

2.[A]above在上面[B]unlike不像……[C]excluding不包括[D]beside除……之外【答案】B【考点】逻辑搭配【难度系数】0.874【解析】这里在谈到人是直立的动物之前，出现了一个动物，显然是和人类进行对比，能表示这一含义的只有B。

3.[A]limited(to)局限于[B]committed(to)献身于[C]dedicated(to)致力于，献身于[D]confined(to)局限于【答案】A【考点】词义辨析【难度系数】0.395【解析】空所在的句子开头用“this means…”，显然这是对上面一句的继续解释，句子说“我们的鼻子感受到那些浮在空气中的气味，大部分气味依附于地面。

”前文已经谈到由于人类的直立而使得人类不如动物敏感，那么直立自然应该能感受到浮在空气中的气味，而感受不到依附于地面的气味，这样人类的嗅觉就是有局限的，因此前面的一个空填入的词应该表示局限于空气中的气味，后面一空填的应该表示没有能感觉到依附于地面的气味，符合这一语义的第一空为limited，后一空为missing，故本题答案为A，下一空答案为C。

05年考研英语真题答案

05年考研英语真题答案（文章正文）2005年的考研英语真题是众多考生备考的重要资料之一，通过解答这些题目，考生可以更好地理解考研英语的考点和难度，从而有针对性地进行备考。

以下是对2005年考研英语真题的答案解析。

阅读理解部分：第一篇阅读理解：1. A解析：根据文章第一段的"In recent years doctors have found that certain colours can be therapeutic in treating patients who have emotional difficulties."可以确定答案。

2. D解析：根据文章第二段的"Blue calms the mind and relaxes the body."可以确定答案。

3. B解析：根据文章第三段的"Yellow stimulates the nerves and increases the appetite."可以确定答案。

4. A解析：根据文章第四段的"Yellow can cause anxiety or uneasiness, and red can evoke anger or excitement."可以确定答案。

5. D解析：根据文章第五段的"Green helps people to relax and can make time seem to pass more quickly."可以确定答案。

第二篇阅读理解：6. B解析：根据文章第一段的"The needs for exercise decrease over time."可以确定答案。

7. D解析：根据文章第二段的"A calorie is a measure of the amount of energy in food"可以确定答案。