工程招投标外文翻译--不平衡投标的检测和预防(节选)
工程招投标中不平衡报价的识别与控制
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工程招投标中不平衡报价的识别与控制摘要:随着社会主义市场经济的不断发展,建筑行业也获得了更多的发展机会。
在工程建设过程中,由于采取了招投标机制,建筑市场竞争日益激烈。
为了在激烈的市场竞争中获胜,投标人既要维持投标报价的竞争力,又想获得利润,必将会采取各种投标策略,尽量降低或转移风险,其中不平衡报价就是投标人利用量变价不变的结算原则,通过低价中标,而后获得更多利润的一个最为有效的途径。
本文就工程招投标中不平衡报价产生的原因进行了简要的论述,总结了具有可操作性的识别机制以及控制措施,希望能够有助于进一步提升工程招投标工作中不平衡报价识别的准确性,减少不平衡报价现象的出现,积极推进工程招投标工作的高质量发展。
关键词:建筑业;招投标;不平衡报价;识别与判定不平衡报价是一个工程项目在保持总价不变的前提下,通过调整内部各个项目的报价,将某些项目的单价定的比正常水平高些,而将另一些项目的单价定的比正常水平低些,以保证在不提高总报价、不影响中标的前提下,达到“早收钱”、“多收钱”的目的,以期在结算时获得更理想的经济效益的一种投标策略。
不平衡报价掩盖了工程实际投资成本,若招标人不能及时准确识别和防范,必将导致“低价中标、高价结算”。
不平衡报价增大了项目建设的风险,不利于业主选择最具实力的承包商,容易造成业主的经济损失,投资失控,扰乱招投标的正常进行,给建筑市场公平竞争机制带来了负面影响。
一、工程招投标中不平衡报价产生的原因2003年7月1日国家标准«建设工程工程量清单计价规则»在全国范围内实施了。
这标志着我国建设工程施工的合同计价方式由以往的“总价合同”向“单价合同”的转变,标志着我国工程造价控制方式由传统的“量价合一”的计价模式向“量价分离”的市场模式的重大转变。
计价模式的转变必然导致报价策略的改变。
不平衡报价是工程量清单计价模式中常用的投标报价策略。
在工程量清单计价模式下,建设单位承担着“量的风险”,施工单位承担着“价的风险”。
工程量清单招标不平衡报价的防范与控制
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际的基础施工过程中 常出 现工程量增加的情况, 往往有 承包商提高其单价以 增加收益。
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工 程 量 清单 招标
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军 事经 济 学院 武 竞雄 李炳 宏 ( 博 士) 任延艳( 博士)
摘要: 本文基于建设单位利益出发, 探讨在工程量
清单计 价模式下如何有效防范和控制不平衡报价。 以维
料费、 施工机具使用费、 企业管理费和利润以及一定范 围的风险费用, 除了必须按国家有关规定计取税金和规
不 平 衡 报 价的 基 本方 法是在 最终 报价时 保 持总报
价不变, 本 着对自身有利的目的, 不断调整分项工程单 价, 以 谋求更大的经济利益。一般来说, 承包商会在以
下几 种情况考 虑采用不平衡报价:
2 . 1 能够早日 结算收款的项目
费, 综合单价中所有费用都是承包 商根据自 身实力和市
如土石方工程、 桩基础工程等前期工程, 其单价可 以适当 提高; 后期的 工程, 如屋面及防水工程、 防腐与保 温隔 热工程、 装饰装修工程等, 其单价可以适当降低。 这样能尽 早收回 资金, 加速资金周转, 减少贷款利息支
利的 影响。 不平衡报价是指承包商基于盈利为目 的。 在
一
如何防范和控制不平衡报价
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浅析如何防范和控制不平衡报价一、不平衡报价产生的背景及概念建设工程工程量清单计价规范的颁布与实施,标志着我国建设工程施工招标的合同计价方式由传统的定额计价模式向工程量清单计价模式的转变.它既代表着我国工程计价技术的重大进步,同时也给投标单位尽早收回工程款,提高管理效益,进行不平衡报价提供了平台. 所谓不平衡报价是相对于常规的平衡报价而言,它是指一个工程项目在投标报价时, 在总报价保持不变且不影响中标概率的前提下,与正常水平相比,有意识地调整内部各部分项目的报价,其目的是为了尽早收回工程款,增加流动资金,有利于流动资金的周转,同时从设计修改等原因引起的工程量或其他变更中获得额外利润。
二、不平衡报价的主要表现形式1 )第一类不平衡报价——时间不平衡报价。
时间不平衡报价主要是投标单位利用承包合同的早期施工、早计量、早支付的进度支付规则,结合施工进度计划,通过适当提高先期施工、降低后期施工分项工程的综合单价,从而获取资金时间价值的方法。
2 )第二类不平衡报价—-数量不平衡报价。
数量不平衡报价主要是投标单位通过分析图纸、地质资料、计量法则,加上现场考察以及历史经验来判断其实际工程量与清单工程量是否有变化,如有,则可根据实际工程数量可能增加或减少来适当调高或降低该清单项目单价,合理协调相关单价而保持总价平衡,从而可能在合同履行时获得更多的支付报酬。
3 )第三类不平衡报价——风险不平衡报价.风险不平衡报价是指投标人利用合同工期长的支付价格调整规则,规避通货膨胀风险因素。
工程实施过程中充满不确定因素,这些因素的变化都会引起工程造价变动。
投标者经常会利用这些不确定因素,具体表现为:a。
通过调高( 低)工程中使用资源较多(少)的调价系数和权重,或调高(低)物价上涨较大( 稳定或下降)资源的调价系数和权重;b.通过适当降低材料单价,协同提高人工、机械台班单价的方法,进行不平衡报价,使投标人中标后在合同履行中能规避风险或将风险转嫁给业主,从而获取收益。
探究服务类招标项目不平衡报价的类型与防范措施
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探究服务类招标项目不平衡报价的类型与防范措施服务类招标项目不平衡报价是指在招标过程中,投标方对同一项目提出价格差异较大的报价。
这种现象可能会导致竞争环境不公平,影响项目的质量和进度。
了解不平衡报价的类型并采取相应的防范措施对于保障招标项目的公平性和项目的顺利进行非常重要。
一、不平衡报价的类型1. 低价承揽、高价跳楼低价承揽是指投标方在投标过程中低报价,以获取项目,并通过变更、索赔等形式追加投标价格,导致项目成本超出预期。
而高价跳楼则是指在招标过程中,投标方报价高,但实际执行中采取降价或者采取其他手段,导致实际成本低于投标价格。
2. 分包商和劳务分包不平衡在服务类招标项目中,投标方往往会涉及到分包商和劳务分包,而这些分包商和劳务分包的报价与投标方的报价可能存在较大差异,导致整体报价不平衡。
3. 材料和施工的不平衡有些投标方在报价时可能会对材料和施工进行不平衡的报价,导致项目后期材料费用增加或者施工过程出现问题。
4. 附加条件和风险转移在报价时,有些投标方可能会附加特殊条件或者将自身风险转移给业主,导致项目的实际成本和风险未能充分考虑,造成不平衡报价。
二、防范措施1. 强化信息公开和监督对于招标项目,应该加强信息公开和监督,及时公布项目相关信息,确保招标过程的透明公正。
加强对投标方和分包商的监督,制定更严格的投标规定和合同执行规定。
2. 严格审查和评标招标单位应该对投标方的资质、实力和信用情况进行严格审查,并且对投标文件进行公正、公平、公开的评标,确保投标方的报价真实、合理,并且符合项目的实际需求。
3. 统一标准和规范操作在招标过程中,需要建立统一的标准和规范操作,对于分包商和劳务分包的报价,要求投标方提供明细和合理的分包报价,并根据实际施工情况进行统一的审核和确认。
4. 加强合同管理和监督一旦招标项目完成,招标单位需要加强对合同的管理和监督,确保合同条款的明确和规范,同时加强对投标方的履约情况进行监督和检查,及时发现和解决问题。
论不平衡报价在工程投标报价中的具体应用及注意事项
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土木与建筑工程论不平衡报价在工程投标报价中的具体应用及注意事项胡明霞(中国水利水电第十一工程局有限公司河南郑州450000)摘要:随着社会的不断进步,工程项目的种类日益增多,建筑市场竞争日趋严峻,投标单位为了能够在众多的竞争对手中处于领先地位,就会在投标报价中使用各种技巧和方法,不平衡投标报价方法就是其中之一。
根据笔者参与大大小小几百个工程项目的投标工作,本文就不平衡报价法在工程投标中的实际应用进行详细探究,以期能更好地运用这种方法达到投标中标、施工盈利的目的。
关键词:不平衡报价工程投标应用注意事项中图分类号:TU723文献标识码:A文章编号:1674-098X(2022)05(b)-0111-031不平衡报价的定义不平衡报价,即在工程项目总报价基本确定后,通过调整项目内部各分部报价(注意调整范围在±10%左右),保证既不提高总报价,又不影响中标,其目的是尽早收回工程款,既有利于施工流动资金的周转,又可获得额外利润的一种投标策略。
2不平衡报价的具体应用(1)如桩基工程、基础工程、土石方工程等能够早期结算的项目,其单价可以较高一些,有利于资金的周转和回收,提高资金的时间价值。
后期的施工项目,如装修工程、安装工程等,这些单价可以适当降低一些。
下文举例说明不平衡报价的具体应用[1-2]。
某承包单位参与某发包方发包的某高层宿舍楼土建工程的投标,为了既不影响中标,又能在中标后取得良好的收益,经领导研究,决定采用不平衡报价方法对原估价作适量调整,具体数字见表1。
桩基围护工程、主体结构工程、装饰工程的工期分别为4个月、12个月、8个月,贷款月利率为1%,现值系数见表2,各分部工程每月完成的工作量相同,且能按月度及时收到工程款。
经计算,采用不平衡报价法后,所得工程款的现值比原估价增加。
单价调整前的工程款现值:桩基围护工程每月工程款A1=740/4=185(万元),主体结构工程每月工程款A2=3300/12=275(万元),装饰工程每月工程款A3= 3600/8=450(万元)。
不平衡报价的表现形式-识别以及防范策略
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不平衡报价的表现形式\识别以及防范策略摘要:不平衡报价是招标人在招标过程需要防范的主要风险之一。
在难以完全避免的情况下,如何防范不平衡报价,降低不平衡报价带来的风险,本文从招标人的角度作了一些粗浅的探讨。
关键词:不平衡报价,表现形式,识别,防范策略1前言随着工程量清单计价方式的推广,建设工程施工招标的合同计价方式向“单价合同”转变,工程造价计价模式逐渐向“量价分离”的方式转变。
为了在激烈的市场竞争中获胜,投标人既要维持投标报价的竞争力,又想获得超额利润,必会采取各种投标策略尽量降低或转移风险,其中,不平衡报价就是投标人利用量变、价不变的结算原则,通过低价中标,而后获取更多利润的一个最为有效途径。
2不平衡报价的定义所谓不平衡报价是指投标人在保持工程投标总价不变的前提下,利用进度款结算的先后次序和工程量清单在实施过程中可能发生的变更,在一定范围内有意识地调整工程量清单部分子目的报价,以期既不提高投标总价,也不影响中标,又能在结算时得到更多收益的一种报价策略。
投标人采用不平衡报价主要有两个原则:“早收钱”和“多收钱”。
“早收钱”就是承包人在工程开工后,除预付款外,完成每一个单项工程都要争取提早拿到钱。
不平衡报价的另一个原则是“多收钱”。
在工程量清单计价中,中标价是以招标文件中工程量乘以项目单价得出投标总价,竣工结算价是以实际完成的工程量乘以分项工程单价。
3不平衡报价的表现形式3.1 前期完工的工作报高价,后期完工的工作报低价。
如措施项目、前期土石方及基础项目等,将其报价(单价)提高,以期在合同执行前期阶段得到更多的施工资金,避免其申请银行贷款,从而降低财务费用;而对后期项目,如安装、装修等,将其报价降低。
3.2 地质勘探不准确引起的不平衡报价。
场地工程地质勘探往往不能准确的预测地下情况,招标人所列的工程量常常偏少或者要增加新的施工工艺的会提高单价。
例如桩基工程,投标人经过分析认为工程量偏少或者要增加新的施工工艺,所报单价就会提高。
工程施工不平衡报价的分析及控制措施
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1.不平衡报价产生的原因
1.1不平衡报价的直接原因
工程量清单报价的模式、投标人的竞争形式主要体现在综合单价的竞争上,投标人无需对工程数量负责。而且受目前招标方式和评标办法的限制,评标一般采用资格后审方式,参加投标的单位少则数十家,多则上百家,但评标时间却很短,多则一两天,少则半天,所以导致评标委员会无法对所有投标人所报综合单价进行仔细分析,导致对工程量清单综合单价的合理性缺乏约束,这是形成不平衡报价的直接原因。
1.2不平衡报价的核心原因
承包人追求利润最大化是不平衡报价的核心原因。因为不平衡报价可以为承包人带来超额利润,是其进行不平衡报价的在动力。
1.3不平衡报价的外在诱因
招标人提供的招标文件和工程量清单存在缺陷,让投标人有机可乘。具体表现在以下几方面:
(1)招标图纸有缺陷,导致施工时经常发生设计变更,为投标人采用不平衡报价提供了机会。
2.不平衡报价的形式
2.1时间的不平衡报价
投标人利用资金的时间价值,通过提高早期施工项目的单价和降低后期施工项目的单价,在总价保持不变的情况下来获得工程款的净现值最大。投标人在报价时把清单中先行完成的工作容的清单项目单价调高,如土方平整、基坑开挖、地下室、桩基础工程等,将后续完成的工作容如安装工程、室外工程的清单项目单价调低。投标采用前重后轻的不平衡报价方式可尽早收到更多的工程款,有利于资金周转,降低了财务成本,同时在后续施工过程中和业主谈判地位上也能有所提高。
3.不平衡报价的案例分析
不平衡报价法名词解释
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不平衡报价法名词解释
不平衡报价法(Imbalanced Bidding)是指在招标过程中,投标人对某些招标条款或项目的报价远高于或远低于其他投标人报价的现象。
这种现象可能会影响招标结果和公正性,因此需要采取措施来避免或解决这种情况。
不平衡报价法通常采用工程量清单(BQ)和分项工程报价(PQ)两种方法进行控制。
在工程量清单中,采用明细清单方式列出了各种工程项目的所有材料和劳务,并对每项工程项目进行单价计算,以便在投标时能够进行比较和评估。
而在分项工程报价中,将招标项目划分为若干个子项和分项,投标人需要对每个子项和分项进行报价。
为了避免不平衡报价,招标人可以采取一些措施,如:加强招标文件的说明,明确各项工程项目的要求,降低对某些工程项目的重视程度;在招标文件中规定不得出现不平衡报价;对存在不平衡报价的投标人进行深入调查和审核等。
总之,不平衡报价法是招标中一个非常重要的概念,它的合理应用可以保证招标过程的公正性和透明度,从而实现中标结果的公正和合理。
工程投标的风险分析和风险防范
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工程投标的风险分析和风险防范引言概述:工程投标是企业争取工程项目的一种重要方式,然而,投标过程中存在着各种风险。
为了降低投标风险,企业需要进行全面的风险分析,并采取相应的风险防范措施。
本文将从五个方面对工程投标的风险进行分析,并提出相应的风险防范建议。
一、市场风险1.1 市场需求波动:市场需求的波动会直接影响工程项目的投标情况。
企业应根据市场需求的变化,合理调整工程投标策略,及时关注市场动态。
1.2 竞争对手的影响:竞争对手的数量和实力对投标成功率有着直接影响。
企业应对竞争对手进行全面分析,了解其投标策略和优势,以制定相应的应对措施。
1.3 政策变化的风险:政策的变化往往会对工程投标产生重要影响。
企业应及时关注政策的变化,了解政策对工程项目的影响,并相应调整投标策略。
二、技术风险2.1 技术难题:工程项目中存在的技术难题会增加投标的风险。
企业应对工程项目进行全面技术评估,找出可能存在的技术风险,并制定相应的解决方案。
2.2 技术实施能力:企业的技术实施能力直接关系到工程项目的顺利进行。
企业应评估自身技术实力,并在投标前进行必要的技术提升和培训,以提高投标成功率。
2.3 技术创新的风险:技术创新的不确定性给工程投标带来了风险。
企业应密切关注技术创新的发展趋势,积极进行研发和创新,以提高工程投标的竞争力。
三、合同风险3.1 合同条款不明确:合同条款的不明确会增加工程投标的风险。
企业应仔细审查合同条款,与业主进行充分沟通,确保合同条款的明确性和合理性。
3.2 合同履约风险:合同履约风险包括工期延误、质量问题等。
企业应制定详细的项目计划,加强项目管理和监督,确保合同的顺利履约。
3.3 合同变更的风险:合同变更往往会对工程项目的投标造成不利影响。
企业应对合同变更进行风险评估,合理评估变更对工程项目的影响,并与业主进行充分协商。
四、资金风险4.1 资金筹措困难:资金筹措困难是工程投标的一大风险。
企业应合理规划资金需求,积极寻找合适的融资渠道,确保项目的资金充足。
建筑项目招投标外文翻译外文文献英文文献
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Building engineering biddingAbstract:Nowadays in the engineering construction industry,the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits,have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market。
This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively。
bidding documents should be well formulated ,which is important to a successful bidding and direct influence the success or failure of the bidding work。
Because the success or failure of the bidding for the survival and development of enterprise has a direct impact,so we have a high quality,improve the bid documents of the unit, prevent invalid and successful pass mark appear,become a research topic。
招投标外文
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招投标外文
招投标外文是指在招投标过程中使用非本国语言的文件和材料。
随着
全球化的发展,国际贸易和合作日益频繁,招投标外文的使用也变得
越来越普遍。
本文将详细介绍招投标外文的重要性、常见语言、翻译
要求以及注意事项。
首先,招投标外文的重要性不言而喻。
在国际招投标中,外文的使用
可以确保信息的准确传达,避免因语言障碍导致的误解和纠纷。
此外,使用外文还能体现企业的国际化水平,增强企业的国际竞争力。
其次,常见的招投标外文语言包括英语、法语、德语、西班牙语等。
这些语言在国际贸易中使用广泛,是招投标外文翻译的主要语言。
企
业在选择招投标外文翻译时,应根据项目的具体需求和合作伙伴的语
言习惯来确定。
在招投标外文翻译方面,要求翻译人员具备专业的语言能力和丰富的
行业经验。
翻译不仅要准确无误,还要符合行业规范和标准。
此外,
翻译人员还应熟悉相关法律法规,确保翻译内容的合法性。
最后,在使用招投标外文时,企业应注意以下几点:一是确保翻译质量,避免因翻译错误导致的损失;二是尊重合作伙伴的语言习惯,选
择合适的外文语言;三是加强与翻译人员的沟通,确保翻译内容符合
项目需求;四是注意保密,保护企业的商业秘密和知识产权。
综上所述,招投标外文在国际招投标中扮演着重要角色。
企业应重视
招投标外文的翻译工作,选择合适的语言,确保翻译的准确性和合法性,以提高企业的国际竞争力。
浅析工程招投标中的不平衡报价及应对措施
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浅析工程招投标中的不平衡报价及应对措施作者:李萍来源:《科技与企业》2013年第05期【摘要】随着我国经济建设进程的加快以及建筑市场的发展,招投标制度在工程建设中也逐渐受到越来越多的重视。
本文以烟台市某文化中心的招投标为例,对工程招投标中产生不平衡报价的原因、手法进行了分析,以及如何识别和防范工程招投标中的不平衡报价,最后通过结合工程实例,介绍了工程招投标过程中不平衡报价的防范措施。
【关键字】招投标;不平衡报价;识别;电子评标1.引言在招投标过程中承包商为了获取超额利润,往往会采用不平衡报价的策略进行竞标。
若招标人未能及时识别及防范不平衡报价,必然导致低价中标、高价结算,带来巨大的经济损失。
因此,如何准确的识别和防范工程招投标中的不平衡报价对于招标人尤为重要。
2.导致不平衡报价的主要原因由于我国现行的招投标法以及配套的法律法规对于工程招投标的不平衡报价尚未进行相关限制,并且国际上通行的FIDIC条款也只对工程价款超过15%时进行调整,承包商往往抓住这点来进行不平衡报价,获得超额利润。
导致不平衡报价产生的原因主要有以下三个方面。
2.1招投标人利益对立招投标双方在招投标的整个过程中是既对立又统一的关系。
双方的对立在于招标人追求实现工程造价的最小化,而投标人则追求企业利润的最大化;双方的统一则在于在规定时限内,保质保量的完成建设任务。
双方在工程利益上的对立性,是造成不平衡报价产生的前提条件。
2.2低价中标目前,在我国的工程评标中普遍采用低价中标法,标价的高低会直接对中标与否产生影响。
为在市场竞争中取得一席之地,投标人往往在投标时压低报价,甚至将报价压至低于成本价,这种不择手段的市场竞争手段,是产生不平衡报价的直接原因。
2.3工程施工承包合同我国现行的工程清单合同以及FIDIC合同都属于单价合同,项目进度的结算及付款均要以已完工的工程量和投标时相应的单价为依据,采用验工计价的手段进行。
投标人为获取超额利润,通常利用这种计价手段来追求不平衡报价,为产生不平衡报价提供了条件。
关于招投标中不平衡报价
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所谓不平衡报价,是指投标人在保持总价基本不变的前提下,有意识地调整工程量清单内部各个子项的报价,以期达到既确保中标,又能在结算时获取较高非法利润的目的。
一、不平衡报价产生的原因及形成的后果某绿化工程由于各种原因,招标时的施工图苗木配置很少,如广玉兰只有5棵、夹竹桃只有177棵、茶梅只有1,640棵,等等。
施工单位预计到这些苗木在施工时会增加,在投标时有意识地高报投标单价,如市场价700元/棵的广玉兰高报到1,500元/棵、市场价15元/棵的夹竹桃高报到80元/棵、市场价4.8元/棵的茶梅高报到14.5元/棵。
由于这些苗木数量少,对总报价影响不大,即使是采取最低价中标的招标方法,该投标人仍然中标,合同价只有463.24万元。
在实际施工过程中,绿化工程作了大量变更,苗木大量增加,而且绝大多数是施工单位高报投标价的苗木。
如广玉兰由5棵增加到144棵、夹竹桃由177棵增加到1,359棵、茶梅由1,640棵增加到57,367棵,数量翻了几番。
由施工单位编制的结算造价高达1,470.98万元,是合同价3.2倍。
这样高的造价,除了属于苗木数量大量增加必须增加的造价外,其他就是施工单位利用不平衡报价形成的非法利润,仅茶梅一项的非法利润就高达53万元,后果非常严重。
二、处理不平衡报价的方法业主单位在结算阶段发现施工单位采用不平衡报价的手段后,以会议纪要的形式决定“招标范围内及数量增加在10%范围内的苗木,按投标价计算;招标范围以外及招标范围内数量增加超过10%的苗木,有信息价的按信息价计算,无信息价的由市造价站进行市场询价,提供苗木市场参考价给结算审核单位进行审核”。
由业主单位委托的造价咨询公司审定的结算造价为826.54万元,核减644.44万元。
但施工单位以改变合同约定为由,不肯签字确认。
根据九江市政府办公厅《九江市清理历年城建项目竣工验收及结算工作方案》的规定,九江市审计局对该绿化工程结算进行了审计。
审计人员经对招标资料、施工合同、竣工图、现场清点记录和咨询公司审定的结算书进行分析复核,通过对工程现场进行查验和丈量,发现咨询公司计算的播种草皮面积不对、现场清点记录出现严重误差、灌木密度没有达到设计要求、监理公司把关不严、管养没有正常化等问题。
招标人如何防止“不平衡报价”中标)
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招标人如何防止“不平衡报价”中标1、前言推行工程量清单计价招标、低价中标模式之后,业主承担着“量”的风险;承包商承担着“价”的风险。
投标人为获得超额利润,往往利用“量变、价不变”的结算原则实施不平衡报价。
对承包商而言,如果一直保持收入比支出多,当出现对方违约或不可控制因素,主动权就掌握在承包商手中,可以随时给项目业主提出一些不合理的索赔,甚至提出停止履约或中止合同,给项目业主的工程项目实施带来很大的风险。
2、不平衡报价的定义和投标单位的做法2.1 不平衡报价的定义所谓不平衡报价是指投标人在保持工程总价基本不变的前提下,利用清单项目收款的先后次序关系和工程量清单在实施过程中可能发生的变更,在一定范围内有意识地调整工程量清单内部某些子目的报价,以期既不提高总价,也不影响中标,又能在结算时得到更理想的经济效益。
由于工程量清单中每个子目的综合单价均包含管理费及利润(管理费的大小取决于投标人所在公司的经营状况和项目部管理水平,而利润总额则与投标人的投标策略有关),这就给施工企业利用不平衡报价策略创造了更加隐蔽的空间。
2.2 投标单位不平衡报价的做法不平衡报价法主要是指在同一工程项目中,在总价不变的情况下,对分部分项报价作适当调整,以争取最多的盈利,具体做法如下:(1)能够早收到钱款的项目,如开办费、土方、基础等,其单价可定得高-些,以有利于资金周转。
后期的工程项目单价,如粉刷、油漆、电气等,可适当降低。
(2)估计今后会增加工程量的项目,单价可提高些;反之,估计工程量将会减少的项目单价可降低些。
(3)图纸不明确或有错误,估计今后会有修改的;或工程内容说明不清楚,价格可降低,待今后索赔时提高价格。
(4)计日工资和零星施工机械台班小时单价作价,可稍高于工程单价中的相应单价。
因为这些单价不包括在投标价格中,发生时按实计算,可多得利。
(5)无工程量而只报单价的项目,如土木工程中挖湿土或岩石等备用单价,单价宜高些。
这样,既不影响投标总价,以后发生此种施工项目时也可多得利。
国际工程招标与投标
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国际工程招标与投标一、引言国际工程招标与投标是指在跨国范围内进行的工程项目招标和投标活动。
随着全球经济的发展和国际交流的增加,国际工程招标与投标在全球范围内得到了广泛应用。
本文将介绍国际工程招标与投标的基本概念、流程和标准要求。
二、基本概念1. 国际工程招标国际工程招标是指在国际范围内,由工程业主组织、发布工程项目的招标公告,邀请各国的合格投标人参预竞标的过程。
国际工程招标的目的是为了确保工程项目的公正、公平、透明,并选择最合适的承包商或者供应商。
2. 国际工程投标国际工程投标是指合格的投标人根据招标文件的要求,向工程业主提交投标文件,以争取获得工程项目的承包或者供应合同的过程。
投标人需要按照招标文件的要求提供详细的技术方案、资质证明、商务报价等信息。
三、流程1. 招标准备阶段(1)确定招标项目:工程业主根据项目需求和预算等因素,确定需要进行招标的工程项目。
(2)编制招标文件:工程业主编制招标文件,包括招标公告、招标文件、技术规范等内容。
(3)发布招标公告:工程业主发布招标公告,向全球范围内的潜在投标人宣传招标项目。
2. 投标准备阶段(1)获取招标文件:潜在投标人通过购买或者下载的方式获取招标文件。
(2)评估招标文件:投标人评估招标文件,了解项目需求、技术要求、合同条款等内容。
(3)准备投标文件:投标人根据招标文件的要求,准备详细的技术方案、资质证明、商务报价等投标文件。
3. 投标提交阶段(1)递交投标文件:投标人按照招标文件的要求,将投标文件递交给工程业主。
(2)开标:工程业主组织开标会议,公开拆封投标文件,并记录各投标人的报价等信息。
(3)评标:工程业主根据招标文件的评标标准,对投标文件进行评审和比较,确定中标人。
4. 中标与合同签订阶段(1)中标通知:工程业主向中标人发出中标通知书,并与中标人进行商务谈判。
(2)合同签订:工程业主与中标人签订工程承包或者供应合同,并明确合同的履行要求和付款方式等。
工程量清单招标不平衡报价的应对措施
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根据案例分析和专家访谈,企业在不同情况下应选择不同的不平衡报价模式。 例如,在面对竞争激烈的招标环境时,企业可适当提高部分单位工程量的报价, 以提升自身的竞争力;在预计工程量可能增加的情况下,企业可适当降低部分单 位工程量的报价,以控制成本;在面对固定总价合同的情况下,企业则应慎重采 用不平衡报价策略,以免带来合同风险。
参考内容二
一、概念
招标工程量清单是指在招标过程中,由招标人或其委托的工程造价咨询机构 根据施工图纸和技术规范等要求,结合招标文件的规定和要求,编制的反映工程 实际状况的清单。该清单包括了工程量清单、其他项目清单、零星工作项目表等, 是投标人报价的依据之一。
二、编制原则
1、遵守法律法规和招标文件要求,遵循公平、公正、公开的原则; 2、按照图纸和技术规范要求进行编制,内容真实、准确、完整;
5、提高招标方专业水平:招标方应加强专业知识的学习和提高,以便更好 地理解和评估投标方的报价。同时,招标方还可通过合理的工程量清单编制和明 确的项目需求,降低不平衡报价的风险。
参考内容
一、背景介绍
随着市场经济的发展和全球化进程的加速,建设工程市场竞争日益激烈。在 工程量清单计价模式下,企业为了提高自身的竞争力,往往采用不平衡报价策略。 不平衡报价是指在工程项目报价中,通过调整单位工程量造价,使得部分单位工 程量报价高于标准值,部分则低于标准值。本次演示旨在研究不平衡报价在工程 量清单计价模式下的应用,为企业合理运用不平衡报价提供参考。
谢谢观看
四、编制流程
8、收集资料:收集施工图纸、 技术规范、招标文件等资料,进 行初步分析和整理;
9、编制工程量清单:根据图纸 和技术规范要求
10、审核工程量清单:由专业工 程师对工程量清单进行审核和修 正
工程成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
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工程成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献工程成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)关于发包方在招投标阶段成本控制的研究关键词:发包方、招投标;、成本控制。
摘要:招投标阶段是工程建设造价控制的重要阶段之一,这是事前控制和主动控制的一种形式。
为了合理使用建设资金和最大程度上追求投资回报,,业主应加强对招投标阶段的工程造价控制。
首先,本文分析了在招投标阶段工程成本控制的重要意义,指出在招投标阶段工程成本的表现形式,并着重对招投标阶段成本控制的影响因素进行了分析。
最后,提出了一些对策,以降低在招投标阶段工程造价控制的风险。
前言年来,随着中国投资体制的改革和建设市场的逐步规范化,建设项目各方充分地认识到了在决策,设计和施工阶段成本控制的重要性。
虽然招投标阶段的造价控制在全过程造价控制中起着常重要的作用,但它往往被忽视。
招投标阶段是确定施工合同价格的重要阶段,合同价格对今后的施工和竣工结算有直接影响。
然而,为了降低工程成本,获取更大的投资效益,业主通常只注重项目设计阶段的技术标准和工程建设规模及施工阶段的投资控制,他们还没有充分地认识到招投标阶段的重要性。
有些发包方甚至直接与承包商讨价还价去控制工程造价,这很容易引起发包方和承包商之间的矛盾,并埋葬了一些影响项目顺利实施的隐患。
因此,如何在招投标阶段控制工程造价实现实际效果已成为工程领域重要的研究课题之一。
一招投标阶段的工程造价控制1 招投标阶段工程造价的表现形式。
标底,投标价和合同价是建设成本在招投标阶段的所有表现形式,这是逐步形成并相互连接的。
(1)标底。
标底是由招标人独立编制或具有编制资质的招标代理机构编制的预期造价。
认识到并不是每个项目都必须有一个标底是很重要的。
但当招标人有标底时,应当保密,且评标时应作为参考价格[1]。
(2)投标价。
投标价是投标人响应招标邀请的报价,这是投标文件的核心部分。
投标价非常重要,因为它在很大程度上决定投标人是否能中标。
工程招投标外文翻译--不平衡投标的检测和预防(节选)
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1900单词,10200英文字符,3150汉字出处:Chotibhongs D A R. Detection and prevention of unbalanced bids[J]. Construction Management & Economics, 2009, 27(8):721-732.Detection and prevention of unbalanced bidsDAVIDARDITI*andRANONCHOTIBHONGSUnbalanced bidding is a serious problem for the construction owner because it may increase the cost of construction The most common way to mathematically unbalance a bid is frontloading where a bidder overstates the unit price of line items scheduled to be performed early in the project and understates the unit price of line items performed later. A bidder can also overstate the unit price of a line item whose quantity was somehow underrated by the engineer. If the owner proves that a mathematically unbalanced bid costs more to perform, the bid is said to be materially unbalanced, in which case the owner can reject the bid. A model is presented that formalizes and automates the process of detecting mathematically and materially unbalanced bids by comparing line item prices with the engineer’s estimates and the average prices offered by the bidders. This model allows owners to detect and reject unbalanced bids, and deters bidders from unbalancing their bid.Keywords: Bids, mathematical models, financial management, construction costs, optimization. IntroductionUnbalanced bids constitute a serious problem for construction owners. In competitive bidding, awarding a contract to an unbalanced bid may cause the owner’s overall project cost to get higher. In some cases, it generates contentious change orders (Manzo, 1997). The owner has the right to reject unbalanced bids, but it is hard to detect unbalancing. While Stark’s (1968, 1972, 1974) linear programming model of unbalancing bids in highway construction contracts is relatively easy t o detect by the owner, Nassar’s (2004) research aims to unbalance a bid and not be caught in the process. Cattell et al. (2007) summarize methods of unbalancing bids and argue that a client is given full information of a contractor’s item pricing and that the client is given the choice to select among the contractor’s competitors, implying that there are no ethical implications of unbalancing a bid. In other words, if an owner suffers the high cost of an unbalanced bid, it is rather the owner’s fault for se lecting the contractor who unbalanced the bid, not the fault of contractor who unbalanced the bid. However, according to a survey of 270 owners, architects, engineers, construction managers, general contractors and subcontractors about ethical practices in the construction industry conducted by the Fails Management Institute (FMI) for the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA), unbalancing a bid was accepted as unethical by 84% of the respondents (Doran, 2004). Also, Choi (2004) considers un balancing a bid to ‘border on unethical’ (p. 206) and New York City’s Procurement Ethics Guide (New York City, 2002) specifically asks contractors not to engage in unbalanced bidding. But very few researchers have explored the ways of preventing unbalanced bids. For example, Wang’s (2004) research aimed to detect the out-of-range unit prices submitted by the lowest bidder, but did not attempt to evaluate the effects of those out-of-range unit prices on future total cost.After a description of the forms and implications of unbalancing bids, a review is presentedof current practices by some state and federal agencies in the US in relation to detecting unbalanced bids. A model is then proposed that formalizes the detection of unbalanced bids andthat automates the process, allowing the owner to reject unbalanced bids with confidence, hence deterring bidders from unbalancing their bids.Unbalanced biddingSince unit price contracts are awarded on the basis of low bids, it is difficult to challenge the low bidders on the validity of their unit prices except for obvious unbalanced bidding. A mathematically unbalanced bid is a bid that contains some line items’ unit price determined to be significantly overstated or under- stated. This can be determined by comparing the unit price of the line item with the engineer’s estimate, the unit prices quoted by the other bidders, or other historical data of costs. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guidelines reported b y Heinz (1988), the meaning of a mathematically unbalanced bid is ‘one containing lump sum or unit bid items which do not reflect reasonable actual costs plus a reasonable proportionate share of the bidder’s anticipated profit, overhead costs, and other indirect costs’.If a mathematically unbalanced bid is detected, the bid has to be further analysed to determine whether it is also materially unbalanced. A materially unbalanced bid is a mathematically unbalanced bid that may cost more money to the owner. A ccording to Heinz’s (1988) interpretation of FHWA guidelines, the materially unbalanced bid is defined as a bid which generates ‘a reasonable doubt that award to the bidder submitting a mathematically unbalanced bid will result in the lowest ultimate cost to the Government’.Frontloading is the most common way to unbalance a bid. Frontloading refers to increasing unit prices on items to be completed in the early period of the project and decreasing the unit prices on items that are to be completed in the later stages. The main purpose of frontloading on the part of the contractor is to relieve the financial problems that contractors face early in the project such as the initial expenses of mobilization and setting up. But if a contractor is set to be paid out in the early stages of the project, the owner ends up paying more when the time value of money is taken into consideration (McGreevy, 2002).Unbalanced bid analysisIn 2004, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) initiated a survey of unbalanced bids (AASHTO, 2004). Twenty- seven state departments of transportation (DOT) responded to this survey. Many state DOTs (such as Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts and Connecticut) discovered unbalanced bids without having in place any formal procedure to detect such occurrences. Some states quoted their standard contracts that specify the consequences of unbalancing bids, or submitting irregular proposals. Seven state DOTs, including California, Florida, North Carolina, Nevada, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin provided formal procedures for evaluating bids to detect unbalanced bids. The procedures used by some of these DOTs do not publicly specify the specific parameter and the acceptable ranges used in the evaluation, such as the acceptable difference between a line item’s cost and the engineer’s estimate, or the acceptable difference between a line item’s cost and the average cost of that l ine item. However, as can be seen below, bidders in some states do have access to these parameters and the acceptable ranges.Detection and prevention of unbalanced bidsBecause the extra cost of an unbalanced bid cannot be justified by the owner, and because owners have the right to legally reject unbalanced bids, owners should be able to stop and prevent unbalanced bids. A bidder’s line item prices can be compared to the engineer’s estimates to see ifthere are significant differences, an indication that the bid is potentially unbalanced. One can also compare a bidder’s line item prices to the aver- age line item prices of all bidders. Two separate models are therefore proposed and are described below. Since unbalancing can take the form of frontloading or adjusting the unit price of a line item whose quantity was understated by the engineer, both models are designed to deal with these situations. Both models are completely automated using MS Excel.Discussion of the proposed modelsThe two models proposed here compare a bidder’s line item prices (1) to the engineer’s estimates; or (2) to the average line item prices of all bidders. Neither model is perfect as the engineer’s estimates and the average line item prices may not constitute exact measures of the true value of the line item s. Indeed, the engineer’s esti mate may at times be quite inaccurate (Beeston, 1999), and average line item prices may be skewed by several unbalanced bids in the same batch. It should also be noted that the individual line item prices proposed by the bidders are also estimates and as such add to the uncertainty inherent in the process. It follows that both models are approximate but may still yield useful information if the models’ parameters are set intelligently by the analyst. In the first model, if the owner is confident that the engineer’s estimates are accurate, the owner may look for unbalanced bids by looking into line items whose price s display a relatively small variance from the engineer’s estimate. On the other hand, if the owner has doubts about the accuracy of the engineer’s estimate, then the search for an unbalanced bid is to be conducted by looking for a relatively larger varian ce from the engineer’s estimate. The second model where a bidder’s line item prices are compared to the average line item prices is more stable than the preceding alternative because this model makes use of the average of all bids, resulting in the dissipation of any abnormalities caused by occasional unbalanced bids in the batch. But this model relies on the analyst’s input about what proportion of the project constitutes the ‘early’ part of the schedule. This information is necessary to detect frontloading in the ‘early’ portion of the project. The analyst needs also to input a discount rate, which may be difficult to do with certainty.It seems therefore that the major limitation of the proposed system lies in the absence of clear guidelines relating to the value of the four parameters one needs to specify to run the program, namely: (1) the accepted difference from the engineer’s estimate; (2) the accepted difference from the average line item prices;(3) the proportion of the project that describes ‘early’ schedule; and (4) the discount rate. On the other hand, one should note that the ability to input these parameters is an advantage in that it allows an analyst to conduct what-if analyses, particularly with respect to the last two parameters.ConclusionUnbalanced bidding is a serious problem for the construction owner. Unbalancing a bid is considered by many as unethical. Unbalanced bids can be rejected if caught by the owner. If awarded, the cost of these contracts to the owner is unjustifiably increased. Despite these facts, most researchers appear to be interested in the optimization of a contractor’s cash flow by unbalancing a bid and how not to be caught in the process (e.g. Nassar, 2004; Cattell et al., 2007). Detecting an unbalanced bid is normally difficult and has become even more difficult thanks to the efforts of these researchers. Given the current literature that aggressively tries to teach contractors the various meth- ods of unbalancing a bid without getting caught, it is time to provide a sensible tool that allows owners to detect and reject unbalanced bids.FHWA and a number of state DOTs in the US have spelled out general principles to protect their interests with respect to unbalanced bids. Many DOTs routinely but informally check bids for unbalancing using different processes. Some DOTs such as the ones in Florida, Texas, North Carolina and Wisconsin have a formal process in place but each uses different approaches and different assumptions. The proposed model represents a marked improvement on existing practice because it is an attempt to develop a thorough methodology that systematically covers all aspects of unbalancing a bid. The proposed model is fully auto- mated. It institutionalizes the process of detecting unbalanced bids and is expected to deter bidders from unbalancing their bids.The proposed model can be improved by further research into developing guidelines for the acceptable difference between the engineer’s estimate and the estimate proposed by the bidder for any line item, and the acceptable difference between the average of the line item prices and the prices proposed by a bidder. It is also recommended that the owner keep bid price and final cost data in a database for future reference in tracking over-run and under-run trends in every bid item.不平衡投标的检测和预防摘要:不平衡投标是建筑行业最常见的问题之一,因为投标人高估了项目前期单价,低估了项目执行后的单价,可能会增加施工成本。
外文翻译---谈工程量清单计价与招标投标制
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外文参考The talking of the engineering detailed listIn recent years, the our country market turns the economic system already basic become, construct the engineering to invest diversified trend to has already appear. In order to adapt the engineering invitation to bid-to-bid to compete to be become the demand that the engineering builds the price by the market, must account the price method and the engineering budgets to settle the sum to carry on the homologous reform to the current engineering.The Release the implement with the national the standard of 《the construction the engineering the quantity the detailed the list accounts the price norm 》, the is the to the face to the our the country engineering the construction market, the usage the market list the price mechanism, the reform the engineering to the build the price management, the build up the gradually be the adjusted to the control by the government macro view, the market contain the preface competition formation engineering build the price of new mechanism.Construct the reform that the engineering accounts the price method, symbolize the our country engineering built the price management to take place from the tradition" quantity the price unite as one" of plan mode to important change of the market mode of" the quantity price separate”. Also express, our invitation to bid system is real to start drive into the orbit of the international usual practice.The our country constructs the static state management mode of the price of article widespread adoption" quantity the price unite as one" currently, then pass the engineering budget building price of article. But settle the sum to point under the condition of normal construction produce, certainly complete the provision limit that artificial, material, machine and funded of calculate the unit products consume, though consume the quantity the standard is a basis construction norm, the typical model engineering to design, social average level etc. the aspect factor establishment of, the biggest irregularity is the government department concerned to make surevarious price and management fees, even profit margin, did not consider the technique specialty of the business enterprise completely and labor the rate of production level, material the purchase outlet and manage the ability. Just think a single-item engineering, according to same settle the sum, item and its mount of engineering of the different business enterprise budget should be basic and same, is also the engineering construction diagram budget to build the basic homology of price, this kind of accounts the price mode since can't reflect the variety of the market price in time, even can't reflect the business enterprise construction, technique and manage the level.The amount of engineering detailed list accounts the price according to" quantity the price separate" principle, while constructing the engineering construction to recruit to bid, inviting bids the person to start construction according to the engineering diagram paper, request according to the invitation to bid document, take the united engineering quantity calculation rule as the quantity detailed list that the bidder provides the real object engineering quantity item and the technique measure item; Bidder according to provide of unify the quantity and combine the comprehensive real strength independence offer of the item, market, risk and this business enterprise towards drawing up the description and requests of set up the engineering circumstances,. The New account the price the mode predominance the principle is" the settle the sum quantity, the market price, the compete the fee", the then from the national the supervisor working the talent section the at unify the amount the of engineering the calculation rule, the unify the amount of the engineering calculation unit, the unify the demarcation of the divide an the engineering and the unify under the principle the of the item coding, the draw up 《the construction engineering quantity detailed list accounts the price norm 》, the conduct and actions is compulsory sex standard unifies the implement in the whole country, certain in the past settle sum in prescriptive construction method, consume measure level, take fee etc. Change from item or business enterprises, the realization-building price of article market turn. Because a real object that reflected the engineering consume and relevant expenses, therefore, this kind of account the price mode to be easy to combine to construct the engineering of concrete circumstance, become current with the budget settles the sumfor the basal static state accounts the price mode for consider various factor in the dynamic state in the unit price to account the price mode. The past invitation to bid bids to make, recruiting to bid the both parties aim at some on constructing the product, according to same construction diagram paper, make use of the same budget to settle the sum and take the fee standard, an establishment invites bids to mark the bottom, an establishment bids to quote.Adopt the amount of engineering detailed list recruits to bid, request to recruit to bid both parties strictly according to norm of the engineering quantity detailed list standard format fill in, invite bids the person in the form detailed and accurate engineering contents that the should complete; engineering contents of description according to the detailed list form, combine the engineering circumstance, market competition circumstance and this business enterprise real strengths, consider various risk factor well, the independence fills to report the detailed list, listing to include the items, such as engineering direct cost, indirect cost, profits and the tax gold...etc. at inside of comprehensive unit price and gather the price, and with synthesize the unit price the report the conduct and actions finishes construction the invitation to bid of the balance of accounts adjustment price to bid way. It divides the line to recruit the work of bid the both parties definitely, inviting bids the person calculation quantity, the bidder make sure price, with each other not cross, repetition, not only be advantageous to the owner control to build the price, also be advantageous to the undertaker independence offer; Not only raised the investment performance of the owner, but also urge the undertaker in the under construction adoption new technique, new craft, new material, work hard to decline low cost, increase the profits, keep the advantage position in vehemence of market compete.In the end, the engineering quantity detailed list accounts the price is the inevitable trend of the building industry development, is a market economy the inevitable outcome of the development, also is to adapt the international domestic building market competition inevitable to choose, it bids to the invitation to bid mechanism of perfect and development, build up have the construction market the fair competition orders of the prefaces and will rise the very aggressive push function.译文谈工程量清单计价与招标投标制近年来,我国市场化经济体系已基本形成,建设工程投资多元化的趋势已经出现。
国际工程不平衡报价
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摘要所谓不平衡报价是相对常规的平衡报价而言,它是指在总的标价固定不变这一前提下,相对于正常水平,提高某些分项工程的单价,同时降低另外一些分项工程的单价。
以期在既不提高总报价又不影响中标的情况下,还能在工程结算过程中得到更理想的经济效益。
不平衡报价的实质是将工程量清单的综合单价分别作为工期时间和分项工程数量的函数,即在报价时经过分析,有意识地预先对时间参数与验工计价的收入款项做出对承包商有利的不平衡分配,从而使承包商尽早收回款项并增加流动资金。
不平衡报价主要分成两个方面的工作,一个是早收钱,一个是多收钱。
“早收钱”的实质是利用资金的时间价值,在投标报价时把工程量清单里先完成的工程量的单价调高,后完成的工程量的单价调低。
尽管后边的单价利润较低或者可能赔钱,但由于在履行合同的前期早已收回了成本,减少了内部管理的资金占用,有利于施工资金的周转,财务应变能力也得到提高,因此只要能保证整个项目最终能够盈利就可以了。
采用这样的报价办法不仅能平衡和舒缓承包人资金压力的问题,还能使承包人在工程发生争议时处于有利地位,因此就有索赔和防范风险的意义。
“多收钱”是通过分项工程数量变化来调整综合单价实现的,有经验的承包商可能比业主更清楚工程量实际会发生的数量,当发现招标文件中有缺项、漏项或两者之间有较大差别时,在大多数情况下,就可以通过采用不平衡报价法获得多收钱的机会。
关键词:投标报价不平衡报价法策略技巧AbsenceThe so-called unbalanced quotation is the balance of the conventional offer relative price is concerned, it is to point to in the general price fixed this premise, relative to the normal level, and improve some component project, at the same time, reduce the unit price of some other component project unit price. In order to improve the total price and neither does not affect the bid, engineering settlement in the process of getting better economic benefits.Unbalanced quotation of nature is to offer comprehensive unit price of the detailed list of engineering are regarded as time and lifting project construction period the number of function, namely in the price through analysis, consciously to time parameters and check in advance of the income payments to work valuation for the contractor to favorable unequal distribution, so that contractors payment as soon as possible and increased liquidity back.Unbalanced quotation mainly divided into two aspects of the offer of a job, is early accept money, one is more money. "Early to collect the money" is the actual use of the time value of money, in the bid to the detailed list of engineering quantity in the unit price of the finish by high after the project of complete, the lower the unit price. Although the unit price of behind lower profits or may lose money, but because of the execution of the contract have the withdrawal of the cost, reduce the internal management of capital takes up, be helpful for construction, the turnover of funds, financial strain capacity also improved, so as long as can guarantee the project will eventually be able to profit. Using this method can not only offer balance and relievethe contractor of the financial pressure, still can make the contractor in engineering disputes in a strong position, it is the meaning of the claim and guard against the risk. "Collect more money" is through respective engineering quantity change to adjust the unit price of the realization of the comprehensive and experience of the contractor may be more clearly than the actual number of quantity will happen, when found in the tender documents, a lack of a leak or both have bigger difference, in most cases, can by the use of the unbalanced offer method to receive the money to get more chances.Key Word:tender offers unbalanced pricing method strategy skills国际工程不平衡报价的应用技巧前言所谓不平衡报价是相对常规的平衡报价而言,是指一个工程项目总报价基本确定后,通过调整内部各个项目的报价,运用资金时间价值,以期既不提高总报价,不影响中标,又能在结算时得到更理想的经济效益。
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1900单词,10200英文字符,3150汉字出处:Chotibhongs D A R. Detection and prevention of unbalanced bids[J]. Construction Management & Economics, 2009, 27(8):721-732.Detection and prevention of unbalanced bidsDAVIDARDITI*andRANONCHOTIBHONGSUnbalanced bidding is a serious problem for the construction owner because it may increase the cost of construction The most common way to mathematically unbalance a bid is frontloading where a bidder overstates the unit price of line items scheduled to be performed early in the project and understates the unit price of line items performed later. A bidder can also overstate the unit price of a line item whose quantity was somehow underrated by the engineer. If the owner proves that a mathematically unbalanced bid costs more to perform, the bid is said to be materially unbalanced, in which case the owner can reject the bid. A model is presented that formalizes and automates the process of detecting mathematically and materially unbalanced bids by comparing line item prices with the engineer’s estimates and the average prices offered by the bidders. This model allows owners to detect and reject unbalanced bids, and deters bidders from unbalancing their bid.Keywords: Bids, mathematical models, financial management, construction costs, optimization. IntroductionUnbalanced bids constitute a serious problem for construction owners. In competitive bidding, awarding a contract to an unbalanced bid may cause the owner’s overall project cost to get higher. In some cases, it generates contentious change orders (Manzo, 1997). The owner has the right to reject unbalanced bids, but it is hard to detect unbalancing. While Stark’s (1968, 1972, 1974) linear programming model of unbalancing bids in highway construction contracts is relatively easy t o detect by the owner, Nassar’s (2004) research aims to unbalance a bid and not be caught in the process. Cattell et al. (2007) summarize methods of unbalancing bids and argue that a client is given full information of a contractor’s item pricing and that the client is given the choice to select among the contractor’s competitors, implying that there are no ethical implications of unbalancing a bid. In other words, if an owner suffers the high cost of an unbalanced bid, it is rather the owner’s fault for se lecting the contractor who unbalanced the bid, not the fault of contractor who unbalanced the bid. However, according to a survey of 270 owners, architects, engineers, construction managers, general contractors and subcontractors about ethical practices in the construction industry conducted by the Fails Management Institute (FMI) for the Construction Management Association of America (CMAA), unbalancing a bid was accepted as unethical by 84% of the respondents (Doran, 2004). Also, Choi (2004) considers un balancing a bid to ‘border on unethical’ (p. 206) and New York City’s Procurement Ethics Guide (New York City, 2002) specifically asks contractors not to engage in unbalanced bidding. But very few researchers have explored the ways of preventing unbalanced bids. For example, Wang’s (2004) research aimed to detect the out-of-range unit prices submitted by the lowest bidder, but did not attempt to evaluate the effects of those out-of-range unit prices on future total cost.After a description of the forms and implications of unbalancing bids, a review is presentedof current practices by some state and federal agencies in the US in relation to detecting unbalanced bids. A model is then proposed that formalizes the detection of unbalanced bids andthat automates the process, allowing the owner to reject unbalanced bids with confidence, hence deterring bidders from unbalancing their bids.Unbalanced biddingSince unit price contracts are awarded on the basis of low bids, it is difficult to challenge the low bidders on the validity of their unit prices except for obvious unbalanced bidding. A mathematically unbalanced bid is a bid that contains some line items’ unit price determined to be significantly overstated or under- stated. This can be determined by comparing the unit price of the line item with the engineer’s estimate, the unit prices quoted by the other bidders, or other historical data of costs. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guidelines reported b y Heinz (1988), the meaning of a mathematically unbalanced bid is ‘one containing lump sum or unit bid items which do not reflect reasonable actual costs plus a reasonable proportionate share of the bidder’s anticipated profit, overhead costs, and other indirect costs’.If a mathematically unbalanced bid is detected, the bid has to be further analysed to determine whether it is also materially unbalanced. A materially unbalanced bid is a mathematically unbalanced bid that may cost more money to the owner. A ccording to Heinz’s (1988) interpretation of FHWA guidelines, the materially unbalanced bid is defined as a bid which generates ‘a reasonable doubt that award to the bidder submitting a mathematically unbalanced bid will result in the lowest ultimate cost to the Government’.Frontloading is the most common way to unbalance a bid. Frontloading refers to increasing unit prices on items to be completed in the early period of the project and decreasing the unit prices on items that are to be completed in the later stages. The main purpose of frontloading on the part of the contractor is to relieve the financial problems that contractors face early in the project such as the initial expenses of mobilization and setting up. But if a contractor is set to be paid out in the early stages of the project, the owner ends up paying more when the time value of money is taken into consideration (McGreevy, 2002).Unbalanced bid analysisIn 2004, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) initiated a survey of unbalanced bids (AASHTO, 2004). Twenty- seven state departments of transportation (DOT) responded to this survey. Many state DOTs (such as Illinois, Kansas, Massachusetts and Connecticut) discovered unbalanced bids without having in place any formal procedure to detect such occurrences. Some states quoted their standard contracts that specify the consequences of unbalancing bids, or submitting irregular proposals. Seven state DOTs, including California, Florida, North Carolina, Nevada, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin provided formal procedures for evaluating bids to detect unbalanced bids. The procedures used by some of these DOTs do not publicly specify the specific parameter and the acceptable ranges used in the evaluation, such as the acceptable difference between a line item’s cost and the engineer’s estimate, or the acceptable difference between a line item’s cost and the average cost of that l ine item. However, as can be seen below, bidders in some states do have access to these parameters and the acceptable ranges.Detection and prevention of unbalanced bidsBecause the extra cost of an unbalanced bid cannot be justified by the owner, and because owners have the right to legally reject unbalanced bids, owners should be able to stop and prevent unbalanced bids. A bidder’s line item prices can be compared to the engineer’s estimates to see ifthere are significant differences, an indication that the bid is potentially unbalanced. One can also compare a bidder’s line item prices to the aver- age line item prices of all bidders. Two separate models are therefore proposed and are described below. Since unbalancing can take the form of frontloading or adjusting the unit price of a line item whose quantity was understated by the engineer, both models are designed to deal with these situations. Both models are completely automated using MS Excel.Discussion of the proposed modelsThe two models proposed here compare a bidder’s line item prices (1) to the engineer’s estimates; or (2) to the average line item prices of all bidders. Neither model is perfect as the engineer’s estimates and the average line item prices may not constitute exact measures of the true value of the line item s. Indeed, the engineer’s esti mate may at times be quite inaccurate (Beeston, 1999), and average line item prices may be skewed by several unbalanced bids in the same batch. It should also be noted that the individual line item prices proposed by the bidders are also estimates and as such add to the uncertainty inherent in the process. It follows that both models are approximate but may still yield useful information if the models’ parameters are set intelligently by the analyst. In the first model, if the owner is confident that the engineer’s estimates are accurate, the owner may look for unbalanced bids by looking into line items whose price s display a relatively small variance from the engineer’s estimate. On the other hand, if the owner has doubts about the accuracy of the engineer’s estimate, then the search for an unbalanced bid is to be conducted by looking for a relatively larger varian ce from the engineer’s estimate. The second model where a bidder’s line item prices are compared to the average line item prices is more stable than the preceding alternative because this model makes use of the average of all bids, resulting in the dissipation of any abnormalities caused by occasional unbalanced bids in the batch. But this model relies on the analyst’s input about what proportion of the project constitutes the ‘early’ part of the schedule. This information is necessary to detect frontloading in the ‘early’ portion of the project. The analyst needs also to input a discount rate, which may be difficult to do with certainty.It seems therefore that the major limitation of the proposed system lies in the absence of clear guidelines relating to the value of the four parameters one needs to specify to run the program, namely: (1) the accepted difference from the engineer’s estimate; (2) the accepted difference from the average line item prices;(3) the proportion of the project that describes ‘early’ schedule; and (4) the discount rate. On the other hand, one should note that the ability to input these parameters is an advantage in that it allows an analyst to conduct what-if analyses, particularly with respect to the last two parameters.ConclusionUnbalanced bidding is a serious problem for the construction owner. Unbalancing a bid is considered by many as unethical. Unbalanced bids can be rejected if caught by the owner. If awarded, the cost of these contracts to the owner is unjustifiably increased. Despite these facts, most researchers appear to be interested in the optimization of a contractor’s cash flow by unbalancing a bid and how not to be caught in the process (e.g. Nassar, 2004; Cattell et al., 2007). Detecting an unbalanced bid is normally difficult and has become even more difficult thanks to the efforts of these researchers. Given the current literature that aggressively tries to teach contractors the various meth- ods of unbalancing a bid without getting caught, it is time to provide a sensible tool that allows owners to detect and reject unbalanced bids.FHWA and a number of state DOTs in the US have spelled out general principles to protect their interests with respect to unbalanced bids. Many DOTs routinely but informally check bids for unbalancing using different processes. Some DOTs such as the ones in Florida, Texas, North Carolina and Wisconsin have a formal process in place but each uses different approaches and different assumptions. The proposed model represents a marked improvement on existing practice because it is an attempt to develop a thorough methodology that systematically covers all aspects of unbalancing a bid. The proposed model is fully auto- mated. It institutionalizes the process of detecting unbalanced bids and is expected to deter bidders from unbalancing their bids.The proposed model can be improved by further research into developing guidelines for the acceptable difference between the engineer’s estimate and the estimate proposed by the bidder for any line item, and the acceptable difference between the average of the line item prices and the prices proposed by a bidder. It is also recommended that the owner keep bid price and final cost data in a database for future reference in tracking over-run and under-run trends in every bid item.不平衡投标的检测和预防摘要:不平衡投标是建筑行业最常见的问题之一,因为投标人高估了项目前期单价,低估了项目执行后的单价,可能会增加施工成本。