指南翻译

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商务晚宴现场翻译指南

商务晚宴现场翻译指南1.我们的菜系是桂菜，属粤菜的一个分支，是比较有广西代表性的风味菜系。

Our style of dishes is Guangxi food. It is a branch of the Cantonese food that relatively has Guangxi representative style.2.中国餐桌文化的典型代表是酒文化，比较有讲究。

Wine culture is the typical representation of China’s table culture which is quite particular.3.不知道你是否能应付中国的“筷子”？叫服务员来布一套刀叉吧。

I don’t know if you can deal with China’s “chopsticks”. Ask the waiter to bring aknife and a fork.4.这道菜叫“纸包鸡”，是广西的名菜。

This dish is called “paper chicken”. It is a famous dish in Guangxi.5.XXXX先生，我代表我们部门，敬您一杯，祝我们将来的生意合作成功。

Mr. xxxx, I represent our department to propose a toast to you and wish our future business cooperation a success.6.比利时的安特卫普港我去过，港口的设备先进和管理优秀给我影响深刻。

靠海边居住的人，喜欢海鲜，来尝点鱼吧。

7.I have ever been to the port of Antwerp in Belguim. The advanced equipment andexcellent management of the port impressed me very much. People who live by the seaside like seafood. Come and take some seafood!8.您随意，我干，表示对您的欢迎和感谢。

中国国家标准英文翻译指南

中国国家标准英文翻译指南-- 中国国家标准英文翻译指南中国国家标准英文翻译指南出处：中国电力标准化网站作者：国家质量技术监督局国家质量技术监督局质技监局标函[2000]39号关于印发《国家标准英文版翻译指南》的通知国务院务有关部门，全国各专业标准化技术委员会：为适应我国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）和标准化活动对外交流的需要，及时准确地把我国国家标准翻译成英文版本，我局组织制定了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》，现予以公布。

自公布之日起实行。

二○○○年二月十三日主题词：国家标准规定通知抄送：中国标准出版社、中国标准研究中心国家质量技术监督局办公室2000年2月12日印发打字：王岷校对：张琳国家标准英文版翻译指南国家质量技术监督局标准化司二○○○年二月目次1 前言2 格式3 用词和用语4 引用标准化中心附录A：封面格式附录B：首页格式一、前言为适应我国加入世界贸易组织和我国对外开放的需要，我局从1997年起开始将一部分国家标准翻译成英文。

在翻译过程中，不少有关单位建议对翻译的格式和通用用语进行规范。

为此，我司于1999年初成立了《国家标准英文版翻译指南》编制工作组，开始指南的起草工作。

编制《国家标准英文英文版翻译指南》的目的是：1．对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的格式进行规范2．对国家标准英文版标准中需要统一的语句和用词进行规范3．对与现行GB1.1及ISO/IEC导则要求有出入的老格式标准文本中有必要进行调整的内容进行规范。

本指南适用于将我国国家标准翻译成英文文本的标准化中心二、格式2.1 等同/修改（等效）采用国际标准的国家标准应使用原英文版本，并符合ISO/IEC指南21（1999版）的要求。

2.2 对于非等效采用国际标准的国家标准，在翻译时应尽可能与原英文版本格式保持一致。

2.3 对于非采用国际标准的国家标准，在翻译时应尽可能以相应国际标准作为格式参考。

2.4 封面和首页格式见附录A和附录B。

三、用词和用语3.1 封面封面用语的英文表述3.1.1 中华人民共和国国家标准National Standard of the People’s Republic of China3.1.2 国家质量技术监督局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision3.1.3 国家技术监督局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Technical Supervision3.1.4 国家标准局发布Issued by China State Bureau of Standards3.1.5 发布日期Issue date3.1.6 实施日期Implementation date3.1.7 等同采用IDT3.1.8 修改(等效)采用MOD3.1.9 非等效采用NEQ3.2 目次目次用语的英文表述3.2.1 目次contents3.2.2 附录annex3.2.3 参考文献bibliography3.2.4 索引index(es)3.2.5 图figure(s)3.2.6 表table(s)3.3 前言前言部分用语的英文表述3.3.1 前言Foreword3.3.2 本国家标准等同采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is identical to IEC(ISO) ××××3.3.3 本国家标准修改(等效)采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is modified in relation to IEC(ISO) ××××3.3.4 本国家标准非等效采用IEC(ISO) ××××标准:This national standard is not equivalent to IEC(ISO) ××××3.3.5 本国家标准附录××××是标准的附录(补充件)Annex ××××/Annexes ××××of this national standard is/are normative3.3.6 本国家标准附录××××是提示的附录(参考件)Annex ××××/annexes ××××of this national standard is/are informative3.3.7 本国家标准对先前版本技术内容作了下述重要修改There have been some significant changes in this nationals standard over its previous edition in the following technical aspects3.3.8 本国家标准与所采用国际标准的主要技术差异The main technical differences between the national standard and the international standard adopted3.3.9 本国家标准从实施日期起代替××××This national standard will replace ××××from the implementation date of this standard3.3.10 本国家标准由××××提出This national standard was proposed by ××××3.3.11 本国家标准由××××归口This national standard is under the jurisdiction of ××××3.3.12 本国家标准由××××起草This national standard was drafted by ××××3.4 引言3.4.1 引言introduction3.5 范围范围部分用语的英文表述:3.5.1 主题和范围subject and the aspect(s) covered3.5.2 本国家标准规定……的尺寸This national standard specifies the dimensions of ……3.5.3 本国家标准规定……的方法This national standard specifies a method of ……3.5.4 本国家标准规定……的性能This national standard specifies the characteristics of ……3.5.5 本国家标准规定……的系统This national standard establishes a system for ……3.5.6 本国家标准规定……的基本原理This national standard establishes general principles for3.5.7 本国家标准适用于……This national standard is applicable to ……3.6 引用标准引语的英文表述(根据中文文本从a, b中选取):a. 下列标准中所包含的条文，通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。

IDSA念珠菌病指南中文翻译

2016年由美国感染病学会更新的念珠菌病管理临床实践指南背景念珠菌属造成的侵袭性感染很大程度上与医疗进展相关，并被广泛认为是造成院内感染发病及死亡的重要原因。

至少有15种不同的念珠菌属引起人类疾病，但超过90%的侵入性感染是由5种常见的病原造成,它们是白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和克柔念珠菌。

这些生物有统一的的潜在毒性、抗真菌药物敏感性和流行病学，但综合来说，由这些有机体造成的有意义的感染统称为侵袭性念珠菌病。

不属于典型的侵袭性疾病的粘膜念珠菌感染，特别是那些涉及口咽、食道和阴道的感染，这项指南也将他们涵盖在内。

自最近2009年对指南的修订至今，依据对于确诊或疑似侵袭性念珠菌病的诊断、预防和治疗等方面的新数据，我们对治疗建议进行了重要修改。

以下是2016年对念珠菌病管理的修订建议。

由于与儿科的关联，指南得到了美国儿科学会和儿科感染疾病协会的审阅和认可。

指南同样得到了真菌病研究组的支持。

研究组在制定指南的过程中一直遵循IDSA采用的指南制定流程，包括证据的质量分级（非常低，低，中，高）和推荐强度（弱或强）的系统方法。

指南并不是打算替代个别病人管理的临床判断。

对方法，背景和证据总结的详细描述均能在指南中找到全文。

I．非中性粒细胞减少患者念珠菌血症的治疗建议1. 棘白菌素类药物被推荐作为初始治疗（卡泊芬净：负荷剂量70 mg，然后每天50毫克；米卡芬净：每日100毫克；阿尼芬净：负荷剂量200毫克，然后100毫克每天）（强烈推荐；高级别证据）。

2. 静脉注射或口服氟康唑，800毫克（12毫克/公斤）负荷剂量，然后400毫克（6毫克/公斤）每天，是可以接受的、棘白菌素作为初始治疗的替代方案，限于那些病情不严重和那些被认为不可能有氟康唑耐药的念珠菌属感染的患者（强烈推荐；高级别证据）。

3.推荐对所有血源性和其他临床相关的念珠菌分离菌株进行唑类敏感性检测。

对于前期使用一种棘白霉素类药物治疗的患者、感染光滑念珠菌或近平滑念珠菌的患者，应该进行棘白菌素类药敏检测（强推荐；低级别证据）。

药品说明书翻译指南

药品说明书翻译指南药品说明书翻译指南1：药品名称Ｄrug Nａme“药品说明书”的英文表达方式有Instruｃtions,Directions,Ｄescｒiptioｎ。

现在多用Package Ｉnｓerｔ,或简称Insｅrt，也有用Leeflｅt或Ｄata Ｓheeｔs。

Iｎｓert原意为“插入物，插页”。

药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装盒中的一份用药说明。

经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有效药物，其说明书是指导医生与患者合理用药的重要依据,具有一定的法律效力。

本系列具体讲述了进口药品说明书的语言特点及翻译方法。

虽然药品和食品不同，但通用的时候还是用得着的。

ﻫ“药品说明书”的英文表达方式有Ｉｎstructiｏns，Dｉreｃｔions，Descriｐtｉｏn。

现在多用ＰaｃkagｅInsert,或简称Insert,也有用Leeflet或Data Sheｅｔs。

Ｉnｓｅrt原意为“插入物，插页”。

药品说明书即为附在每种药品包装盒中的一份用药说明。

经过注册的进口药品一般是国家承认的有效药物，其说明书是指导医生与患者合理用药的重要依据,具有一定的法律效力。

ﻫ进口药的英文说明书随药品来源的不同，有以英语为母语的国家，也有以英语为外语的国家。

说明书繁简难易不同。

短者仅百余词,长者可达上万词。

较简单的悦明书仅介绍成分、适应症、禁忌症、用法与用量等内容;较详尽的说明书中除上述内容外还包括：药品性状、药理作用、临床药理、临床前动物试验、临床经验、药代动力学、庄意事项、不良反应或副作用、用药过量、药物的相互作用、警告、有效期、包装、贮存条件、患者须知及参考文献等诸多项目。

ﻫ为了顺利阅读和正确翻译进口药英文说明书，读者除应具备较好的英语基础，掌握一定的专业知识（如医学、化学、药剂学、药理学、药物代谢动力学等)外，还应熟悉英文药品说明书的结构及语言待点等。

大多数英文说明书都包括以下内容;①药品名称（ＤruｇNamｅS），②性状(Descｒｉption），③药理作用（PhaｒｍacologiｃaｌAcｔiｏns)，④适应症(Indicａtioｎs),⑤禁忌证(Con ｔraindicａｔions)，⑥用量与用法(DOsagｅand Aｄminiｓtrａｔion).⑦不良反应(Ａｄverse Reａｃtｉons）。

指南录后序原文加翻译

指南录后序原文加翻译《指南录》是文天祥写从被扣元营到返回温州的战斗经历的—部诗集。

本文是他为诗集写的后序，叙述出使元军、被驱北行、中途逃脱、辗转回到永嘉的艰险遭遇，表现了作者坚贞不屈的爱国精神。

下面我们来看看指南录后序原文加翻译，欢迎阅读借鉴。

原文德祐二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。

时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。

缙绅、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。

会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予一行为可以纾祸。

国事至此，予不得爱身；意北亦尚可以口舌动也。

初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。

于是辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。

初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。

不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。

予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数吕师孟叔侄为逆，但欲求死，不复顾利害。

北虽貌敬，实则愤怒，二贵酋名曰“馆伴”，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。

未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北。

北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。

予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。

昔人云：“将以有为也”。

至京口，得间奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。

中兴机会，庶几在此。

留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。

不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。

穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。

已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海，然后渡扬子江，入苏州洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。

呜呼！予之及于死者，不知其几矣！诋大酋当死；骂逆贼当死；与贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死；去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死；经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹死；真州逐之城门外，几彷徨死；如扬州，过瓜洲扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死；扬州城下，进退不由，殆例送死；坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼手死；贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死；夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死；质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所逃死；至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死；行城子河，出入乱尸中，舟与哨相后先，几邂逅死；至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死；道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死；至通州，几以不纳死；以小舟涉鲸波出，无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣。

药用产品GMP指南第一部分翻译

药用产品GMP指南第一部分翻译PHARMACEUTICAL INSPECTION CONVENTION PHARMACEUTICAL INSPECTION CO-OPERATION SCHEME 药品检验公约药品检验合作计划 GUIDE TO GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS PART I 药用产品良好生产规范指南第一部分目录第一章质量管理2第二章人员11第三章厂房设施17第四章文件25第五章生产41第六章质量控制53第七章委托生产与委托检验62第八章产品投诉和召回66第九章自检69 CHAPTER1第一章质量管理 QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLE 原则The holder of a manufacturing authorisation must manufacture medicinal products so as to ensure that they are fit for their intended use, ply with the requirements of the Marketing Authorisation and do not place patients at risk due to inadequate safety, quality or efficacy. The attainment of this quality objective is the responsibility of senior management and requires the participation and mitment by staff in many different departments and at all levels within the pany, by the pany’s suppliers and by the distributors. To achieve the quality objective reliably there must be a prehensively designed and correctly implemented system of QualityAssurance Incorporating Good Manufacturing Practice, and thus Quality Control and Quality Risk Management. It should be fully documented and its effectiveness monitored. All parts of the Quality Assurance systems should be adequately resourced with petent personnel, and suitable and sufficient premises, equipment and facilities. There are additional legal responsibilities for the holder of the manufacturing authorisation and for the authorised person(s). 生产许可证持有人必须生产药品，从而确保药品适合预期用途.符合相应的上市许可证或临床试验许可证要求，不因为安全性问题.质量问题或有效性问题而把患者置于风险之中。

08年ESC指南中文翻译

2008年ESC（欧洲心脏病学会）急慢性心衰诊断治疗指南前言表1 指南推荐力度的分类I类: 某状况下，证据和/或专家们一致同意某方案或治疗对患者有益或有效。

II类: 某状况下，某方案或治疗给患者带来的益处和效果证据有矛盾或专家们的意见有分歧。

IIa类: 证据/意见偏向有用/有效。

IIb类: 有用/有效的证据/意见尚不足够。

III类：某状况下，证据或专家们一致同意该疗法无效/无用，甚至某些情况下可能对患者有害。

表2 证据强度的分级A级：数据来源于多中心、随机临床试验或荟萃分析。

B级：数据来源于单个随机试验或大型非随机研究。

C级：专家的一致意见和/或小型研究、回顾性研究、注册研究。

导言心力衰竭指南本文目的是提供实用性的指南，用以诊断，评估和治疗急性和慢性心力衰竭（HF）。

本指南是1995,1997,2001和2005年指南的延续和修订。

这些年许多新的有关治疗HF信息出现，因此有必要修改以前的一些建议。

这些建议是有关的临床实践，流行病学调查，观测研究，临床试验。

特别注意在这次修订中对建议和相关问题的操作给予了简化和明确的解释，其目的是为了对以前有关HF的文献进行合并和修改。

本指南为执业医师和其他医护专业人员提供咨询意见，如何治疗心衰患者，包括转诊建议。

本指南是以有关心衰的诊断，疗效和介入治疗安全性的文献以及已出版的书籍作为主要依据。

如有证据不足或没有解决的临床问题，我们将提出已达成共识一致的意见。

ESC指南源自相关的51个成员国，这些国家有不同的经济状况，但总体来说，我们的建议避免了费用效益。

国民卫生政策，以及临床判断可能会决定建议操作的执行顺序。

本指南的建议通常应该根据每个国家政策和地方管理的指导意见的不同，来使用任何诊断程序，医药或设备。

这份报告是由一个受ESC指派的实用指南委员会（CPG）起草写作组完成的。

在这个工作队伍，我们收集了ESC办公室中不同的意见。

草案送交CPG和文件审评人。

在审议他们的意见后，该文件被更新，审查，然后整个工作队伍批准后出版。

指南录后序翻译及赏析

《指南录》后序文天祥原文：德祜二年二月十九日，予除右丞相兼枢密使，都督诸路军马。

时北兵已迫修门外，战、守、迁皆不及施。

缙绅(j i n s hen)、大夫、士萃于左丞相府，莫知计所出。

会使辙交驰，北邀当国者相见，众谓予—行为可以纾(shu)祸。

国事至此，予不得爱身；意北亦尚可以口舌动也。

初，奉使往来，无留北者，予更欲一觇北，归而求救国之策。

于是辞相印不拜，翌日，以资政殿学士行。

初至北营，抗辞慷慨，上下颇惊动，北亦未敢遽轻吾国。

不幸吕师孟构恶于前，贾余庆献谄于后，予羁縻不得还，国事遂不可收拾。

予自度不得脱，则直前诟虏帅失信，数(s hu)吕师孟叔侄为逆。

但欲求死，不复顾利害。

北虽貌敬，实则愤怒。

二贵酋名日馆伴，夜则以兵围所寓舍，而予不得归矣。

未几，贾余庆等以祈请使诣北；北驱予并往，而不在使者之目。

予分当引决，然而隐忍以行。

昔人云：“将以有为也。

”至京口，得间(j ian)奔真州，即具以北虚实告东西二阃，约以连兵大举。

中兴机会，庶几在此。

留二日，维扬帅下逐客之令。

不得已，变姓名，诡踪迹，草行露宿，日与北骑相出没于长淮间。

穷饿无聊，追购又急，天高地迥，号呼靡及。

已而得舟，避渚洲，出北海，然后渡扬子江，入苏州洋，展转四明、天台，以至于永嘉。

呜呼!予之及于死者不知其几矣!诋大酋当死；骂逆贼当死；与贵酋处二十日，争曲直，屡当死；去京口，挟匕首以备不测，几自刭死；经北舰十余里，为巡船所物色，几从鱼腹；逐之城门外，几傍徨死；如扬州，路瓜州扬子桥，竟使遇哨，无不死；扬州城下，进退不由，殆例送死；坐桂公塘土围中，骑数千过其门，几落贼手死；贾家庄几为巡徼所陵迫死；夜趋高邮，迷失道，几陷死；质明，避哨竹林中，逻者数十骑，几无所逃死；至高邮，制府檄下，几以捕系死；行城子河，出入乱尸中舟与哨相后先，几邂逅(xiehou)死；至海陵，如高沙，常恐无辜死；道海安、如皋，凡三百里，北与寇往来其间，无日而非可死；至通州，几以不纳死；以小舟涉鲸波，出无可奈何，而死固付之度外矣!呜呼!死生，昼夜事也，死而死矣；而境界危恶，层见错出，非人世所堪。

中英文翻译（EngineeringTolerance）[指南]

英文：Engineering T oleranceIntroductionA solid is defined by its surface boundaries. Designers typically specify a component’s nominal dimensions such that it fulfils its requirements. In reality, components cannot be made repeatedly to nominal dimensions, due to surface irregularities and the intrinsic surface roughness. Some variability in dimensions must be allowed to ensure manufacture is possible. However, the variability permitted must not be so great that the performance of the assembled parts is impaired. The allowed variability on the individual component dimensions is called the tolerance.The term tolerance applies not only to the acceptable range of component dimensions produced by manufacturing techniques, but also to the output of machines or processes. For example , the power produced by a given type of internal combustion engine varies from one engine to another. In practice, the variability is usually found to be modeled by a frequency distribution curve, for example the normal distribution (also called the Gaussian distribution).One of the tasks of the designer is to specify a dimension on a component and the allowable variability on this value that will give acceptable performance.Component TolerancesControl of dimensions is necessary in order to ensure assembly and interchangeability of components. Tolerances are specified on critical dimensions that affect clearances and interferences fits. One method of specifying tolerances is to state the nominal dimension followed by the permissible variation, so a dimension could be stated as 40.000mm ± 0.003mm.This means that the dimension should be machined so that it is between 39.997mm and 40.003mm.Where the variation can vary either side of the nominal dimension, the tolerance is called abilateral tolerance. For a unilateral tolerance, one tolerance is zero, e.g. 40+0.006 .0.000Most organizations have general tolerances that apply to dimensions when an explicit dimension is not specified on a drawing. For machined dimensions a general tolerance may be ±0.5mm. So a dimension specified as 15.0mm may range between 14.5mm and 15.5mm. Other general tolerances can be applied to features such as angles, drilled and punched holes, castings，forgings, weld beads and fillets.When specifying a tolerance for a component, reference can be made to previous drawings or general engineering practice. Tolerances are typically specified in bands as defined in British or ISO standards.Standard Fits for Holes and ShaftsA standard engineering ask is to determine tolerances for a cylindrical component, e.g. a shaft, fitting or rotating inside a corresponding cylindrical component or hole. The tightness of fit will depend on the application. For example, a gear located onto a shaft would require a “tight” interference fit, where the diameter of the shaft is actually slightly greater than the inside diameter of the gear hub in order to be able to transmit the desired torque. Alternatively, the diameter of a journal bearing must be greater than the diameter of the shaft to allow rotation. Given that it is not economically possible to manufacture components to exact dimensions, some variability in sizes of both the shaft and hole dimension must be specified. However, the range of variability should not be so large that the operation of the assembly is impaired. Rather than having an infinite variety of tolerance dimensions that could be specified, national and international standards have been produced defining bands of tolerances. To turn this information into actual dimensions corresponding tables exist，defining the tolerance levels for the size of dimension under consideration.Size：a number expressing in a particular unit the numerical value of a dimension.Actual size：the size of a part as obtained by measurement.Limits of size：the maximum and minimum sizes permitted for a feature.Maximum limit of size the greater of the two limits of size.Minimum limit of size：the smaller of the two limits of size.Basic size：the size by reference to which the limits of size are fixed.Deviation：the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic size.Actual deviation：the algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic size.Upper deviation：the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and the corresponding basic size.Lower deviation：the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the corresponding basic size.Tolerance：the difference between the maximum limit of size and the minimum limit of size.Shaft：the term used by convention to designate all external features of a part.Hole：the term used by convention to designate all internal features of a part.Heat Treatment of MetalThe generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excluded from this definition．Likewise，the types of heattreatment that are sometimes used for products such as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．Transformation CurvesThe basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curves where，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of the curves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves．To plot TTT curves，the particular steel is held at a given temperature and the structure is examined at predetermined intervals to record the amount of transformation taken place．It is known that the eutectoid steel (T80) under equilibrium conditions contains，all austenite above 723℃，whereas below，it is pearlite．To form pearlite，the carbon atoms should diffuse to form cementite．The diffusion being a rate process，would require sufficient time for complete transformation of austenite to pearlite ．From different samples，it is possible to note the amount of the transformation taking place at any temperature．These points are then plotted on a graph with time an d tem perature as th e ax es．Classification of Heat Treating ProcessesIn some instances，heat treatment procedures are clear cut in terms of technique and application．whereas in other instances，descriptions or simple explanations are insufficient because the same technique frequently may be used to obtain different objectives ．For example, stress relieving and tempering are often accomplished with the same equipment and by use of identical time and temperature cycles．The objectives，however，are different for th e two processes ．The following descriptions of the principal heat treating processes are generally arranged according to their interrelationships．Normalizing consists of heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature(usually 50°F to 100 °F or 28 ℃to 56℃) above its specific upper transformation temperature. This is followed by cooling in still air to at least some temperature well below its transformation temperature range．For low-carbon steels．the resulting structure and properties are the same as those achieved by full annealing ；for most ferrous alloys, normalizing and annealing are n ot syn onym ou s.Normalizing usually is used as a conditioning treatment, notably for refining the grain of steels that have been subjected to high temperatures for forging or other hot working operations．The normalizing process usually is succeeded by another heat treating operation such as austenitizing for hardening, annealing，or tempering.Annealing is a generic term denoting a heat treatment that consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate．It is used primarily to soften metallic materials，but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure．The purpose of such changes may be，but is not confined to, improvement of machinability, facilitation of cold work ( known as in-process annealing)，improvement of mechanical or electrical properties, or to increase dimensional stability．When applied solely to relieve stresses, it commonly is called stress-relief annealing, synonymous with stress relieving．When the term “anneali ng is applied to ferrous alloys without qualification, full annealing is implied．This is achieved by heating above the alloy’s transformation temperature，then applying a cooling cycle which provides maximum softness．This cycle may vary widely, depending on composition and characteristics of the specific alloy．Quenching is the rapid cooling of a steel or alloy from the austenitizing temperature by immersing the workpiece in a liquid or gaseous medium．Quenching media commonly used include water，5% brine，5% caustic in an aqueous solution，oil，polymer solutions，or gas(usually air or nitrogen)．Selection of a quenching medium depends largely on the hardenability ofthe material and the mass of the material being treated(principally section thickness)．The cooling capabilities ofthe above-listed quenching media vary greatly．In selecting a quenching medium, it is best to avoid a solution that has more cooling power than is needed to achieve the results，thus minimizing the possibility of cracking and warp of the parts being treated．Modifications of the term quenching include direct quenching，fog quenching，hot quenching，interrupted quenching selective quenching，spray quenching, and time quenching．Tempering ．In heat treating of ferrous alloys ，tempering consists of reheating the austenitized and quench-hardened steel or iron to some preselected temperature that is below the lower transformation temperature (generally below 1300°F or 705℃) ．Tempering offers a means of obtaining various combinations of mechanical properties．Tempering temperatures used for hardened steels are often no higher than 300°F (150℃)．The term “tempering”should not be confused with either process annealing or stress relieving．Even though time and temperature cycles for the three processes may be the same，the conditions of the materials being processed and the objectives may be different．Stress Relieving．Like tempering, stress relieving is always done by heating to some temperature below the lower transformation temperature for steels and irons ．For nonferrous metals，the temperature may vary from slightly above room temperature to several hundred degrees，depending on the alloy and the amount of stress relief that is desired．The primary purpose of stress relieving is to relieve stresses that have been imparted to the workpiece from such processes as forming, rolling，machining or welding．The usual procedure is to heat workpieces to the pre-established temperature long enough to reduce the residual stresses (this isa time-and temperature-dependent operation) to an acceptable level；this is followed by cooling at a relatively slow rate to avoid creation of new stresses．Introduction to CAD/CAMThroughout the history of our industrial society, many inventions have been patented and whole new technologies have evolved. Perhaps the single development that has impacted manufacturing more quickly and significantly than any previous technology is the digital computer. Computers are being used increasingly for both design and detailing of engineering components in the drawing office.Computer-aided design (CAD) is defined as the application of computers and graphics software to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualization to documentation. CAD is most commonly associated with the use of an interactive computer graphics system, referred to as a CAD system. Computer-aided design systems are powerful tools and are used in the mechanical design and geometric modeling of products and components.There are several good reasons for using a CAD system to support the engineering design function：⑴To increase the productivity⑵To improve the quality of the design⑶To uniform design standards⑷To create a manufacturing data base⑸To eliminate inaccuracies caused by hand-copying of drawingsand inconsistency between drawingsComputer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is defined as the effective use of computer technology in manufacturing planning and control. CAM is most closely associated with functions in manufacturing engineering, such as process and production planning, machining, scheduling, management, quality control, and numerical control (NC) part programming. Computer-aided design andcomputer-aided manufacturing are often combined into CAD/CAM systems.This combination allows the transfer of information from the design stage into the stage of planning for the manufacturing of a product, without the need to reenter the data on part geometry manually. The database developed during CAD is stored; then it is processed further, by CAM, into the necessary data and instructions for operating an controlling production machinery, material-handling equipment, and automated testing and inspection for product quality.Rationale for CAD/CAMThe rationale for CAD/CAM is similar to that used to justify any technology-based improvement in manufacturing. It grows out of a need to continually improve productivity, quality and competitiveness. There are also other reasons why a company might make a conversion from manual processes to CAD/CAM：⑴Increased productivity⑵Better quality⑶Better communication⑷Common database with manufacturing⑸Reduced prototype construction costs⑹Faster response to customersCAD/CAM HardwareThe hardware part of a CAD/CAM system consists of the following components：(1) one or more design workstations,(2) digital computer, (3) plotters, printers and other output devices, and (4) storage devices. In addition, the CAD/CAM system would have a communication interface to permit transmission of data to and from other computer systems, thus enabling some of the benefits of computer integration.The workstation is the interface between computer and user in the CAD system. The design of the CAD workstation and its available features have an important influence on the convenience, productivity, and quality of the user’s output. The workstation must include a graphics display terminal and a set of user input devices. CAD/CAM applications require a digital computer with a high-speed control processing unit (CPU). It contains the main memory and logic/arithmetic section for the system. The most widely used secondary storage medium in CAD/CAM is the hard disk, floppy diskette, or a combination of both.Input devices are generally used to transfer information from a human or storage medium to a computer where “CAD functions” are carried out. There are two basic approaches to input an existing drawing:model the object on a drawing or digitize the drawing. The standard output device for CAD/CAM is a CRT display. There are two major types of CRT displays: random-scan-line-drawing displays and raster-scan displays. In addition to CRT, there are also plasma panel displays and liquid-crystal displays.CAD/CAM SoftwareSoftware allows the human user to turn a hardware configuration into a powerful design and manufacturing system. CAD/CAM software falls into two broad categories, 2-D and 3-D, based on the number of dimensions visible in the finished geometry. CAD packages that represent objects in two dimensions are called 2-D software. Early systems were limited to 2-D. This was a serious shortcoming because 2-Drepresentations of 3-Dobjects is inherently confusing. Equally problem has been the inability of manufacturing personnel to properly read and interpret complicated 2-D representations of objects. 3-D software permits the parts to be viewed with the three-dimensional planes-height, width, and depth-visible. The trend in CAD/CAM is toward 3-D representation of graphic images. Such representations approximate the actual shape and appearance of the object to be produced; therefore, they are easier to read and understand.Applications of CAD/CAMThe emergence of CAD/CAM has had a major impact on manufacturing, by standardizing product development and by reducing design effort, tryout, and prototype work; it has made possible significantly reduced costs and improved productivity.Numerical ControlNumerical control (NC) is a form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．The numbers，letters，and symbols are coded in an appropriate format to define a program of instructions for a particular workpart or job. The instructions are provided by either of the two binary coded decimal systems: the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) code, or the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). ASCII-coded machine control units will not accept EIA coded instructions and vice versa. Increasingly, however, control units are being made to accept instructions in either code. Automation operation by NC is readily adaptable to the operation of all metalworking machines. Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, boring machines, grinding machines, turret punches, flame or wire-cutting and welding machines, and even pipe benders are available with numerical controls.Basic Components of NCA numerical control system consists of the following three basic components：(1) Program instructions(2) Machine control unit(3) Processing equipmentThe program instructions are the detailed step by step commands that direct the processing equipment In its most common form，the commands refer to positions of a machine tool spindle with respect to the worktable on which the part is fixed．More advanced instructions include selection of spindle speeds，cutting tools，and other functions.The machine control unit (MCU) consists of the electronics and control hardware that reads and interprets the program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of the machine tool or other processing equipment ．The processing equipment is the component that performs metal process．In the most common example of numerical control ，it is used to perform machining operations. The processing equipment consists of the worktable and spindle as well as the motors and con trols n eeded to drive th em．Types of NCThere are two basic types of numerical control systems：point to point and contouring ．Point to point control system, also called positioning, are simpler than contouring control system．Its primary purpose is to move a tool or workpiece from one programmed point to another. Usually the machine function，such as a drilling operation，is also activated at each point by command from the NC Program．Point to point systems are suitable for hole machining operations such as drilling, countersinking，counterboring，reaming，boring and tapping. Hole punching machines，spotwelding machines，and assembly machines also use point to point NC systems．Contouring system，also known as the continuous path system，positioning and cutting operations are both along controlled paths but at differentvelocities．Because the tool cuts as it travels along a prescribed path ，accurate control and synchronization of velocities and movements are important．The contouring system is used on lathes，milling machines，grinders，welding machinery，and machining centers．Movement along the path，or interpolation, occurs incrementally，by one of several basic methods ．There are a number of interpolation schemes that have been developed to deal with the various problems that are encountered in generating a smooth continuous path with a contouring type NC system．They include linear interpolation, circular interpolation, helical interpolation, parabolic interpolation and cubic interpolation. In all interpolations，the path controlled is that of the center of rotation of the tool．Compensation for different tools，different diameter tools，or tools wear during machining，can be made in the NC program．Programming for NCA program for numerical control consists of a sequence of directions that causes an NC machine to carry out a certain operation ，machining being the most commonly used process ．Programming for NC may be done by an internal programming department，on the shop floor，or purchased from an outside source．Also，programming may be done manually or with computer assistance．The program contains instructions and commands．Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the workpiece. Processing instructions pertain to spindle speeds，feeds，tools，and so on．Travel instructions pertain to the type of interpolation and slow or rapid movements of the tool or worktable．Switching commands pertain to on/off position for coolant supplies，spindle rotation，direction of spindle rotation tool changes，workpiece feeding，clamping，and so on. The first NC programming language was developed by MIT developmental work on NC programming systems in the late 1950s and called APT(Automatically Programmed Tools).DNC and CNCThe development of numerical control was a significant achievement in batch and job shop manufacturing，from both a technological and a commercial viewpoint．There have been two enhancements and extensions of NC technology，including：(1) Direct numerical control(2) Computer numerical controlDirect numerical control can be defined as a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer through direct connection and in real time．The tape reader is omitted in DNC，thus relieving the system of its least reliable component．Instead of using the tape reader，the part program is transmitted to the machine tool directly from the computer memory．In principle，one computer can be used to control more than 100 separate machines．(One commercial DNC system during the l970s boasted a control capability of up to 256 machine tools.) The DNC computer is designed to provide instructions to each machine tool on demand ．When the machine needs control commands ，they are communicated to it immediately．Since the introduction of DNC ，there have been dramatic advances in computer technology．The physical size and cost of a digital computer has been significantly reduced at the same time that its computational capabilities have been substantially increased．In numerical control，the result of these advances has been that the large hard-wired MCUs of conventional NC have been replaced by control units based on the digital computer．Initially，minicomputers were utilized in the early 1970s ．As further miniaturization occurred in computers ，minicomputers were replaced by today’s microcomputers．Computer numerical control is an NC system using dedicated microcomputer as the machine control unit ．Because a digital computer is used in both CNC and DNC，it is appropriate to distinguish between the two types of system．Thereare three principal differences：(1) DNC computers distribute instructional data to，and collect data from， a large number of machines．CNC computers control only one machine，or a small number of machines．(2) DNC computers occupy a location that is typically remote from the machines under their control. CNC computer are located very near their machine tools.(3) DNC software is developed not only to control individual pieces of production equipment, but also to serve as part of a management information system in the manufacturing sector of the firm. CNC software is developed to augment the capabilities of a particular machine tool.中文翻译：工程公差引言固体由其表面边界确定界限。

《指南录》后序课文注释翻译yanglang

《指南录》后序课文注释翻译文天祥【作者介绍】文天祥(1236——1282)，字宋瑞，又字履善，别号文山，吉州庐陵(今江西省吉安县)人。

宋末杰出的民族英雄、爱国诗人。

宋理宗开庆元年(1259)，元兵攻宋，宦官董宋臣劝理宗迁都，朝臣不敢说话，时任礼部郎官的文天祥力主抗敌，上书请斩董宋臣以安人心，并提出防御之策，但未被采纳，他便弃官归家。

后来担任湖南提刑、知赣州等地方官。

德祐元年(1275)，元军进逼愈急。

文天祥拿出全部家产充当军费，在赣州组织军队，前往保卫南宋首都临安，被任命知平江府(今江苏省苏州市一带)。

文天祥临行时，上书请斩亲元的兵部尚书吕师孟以振作士气，并提出分天下为四镇(四个战略区)合力抗元的策略，都没有结果。

德祐二年(1276)正月，命文天祥知临安府(今浙江省杭州市)，担负保卫京师的责任。

不久，元军攻占临安城北的高(一作“皋”)亭山。

正月二十日，文天祥被派往元营议和，元军扣留了他，在被送往大都(今北京市)途中，到镇江脱身逃回温州，辅佐端宗赵昰(xià)力图恢复，继续抵抗南下的元军。

1278年12月，在广东省海丰县的五岭坡战败被俘。

元将张弘范逼文天祥写信招降驻守厓山(宋军的最后一个据点)的张世杰，他写了自己的诗作《过零丁洋》给他。

诗的最后两句是：“人生自古谁无死?留取丹心照汗青”。

这就是他对劝降者的回答，也是他舍生卫国的赤胆忠心的写照。

文天祥被解往大都时，先后两次自杀、绝食不死，元世祖忽必烈百计劝降，他始终坚贞不屈，最后于1282年12月9日从容就义。

文天祥的著作有《文山先生全集》20卷。

【解题】本文选自《文山先生全集》，有删节。

《指南录》，是文天祥的诗集。

他用诗记述出使北营与敌抗争的情况和南归途中的艰险历程。

“指南”，比喻象磁针那样永远指向南方，绝不改变，借以表达作者冒死奔向南宋决不向来自北方的元军屈服的思想感情。

他的诗句“臣心一片磁针石，不指南方不肯休”(《扬子江》)，就道出了《指南录》取名的意义所在。

指南录后序翻译

《指南录》后序翻译德祐二年二月十九日，我被授予右丞相兼枢密使，统率全国各路兵马。

当时元兵已经逼近临安城外，交战、防守、转移都来不及实施了。

满朝大小官员会集在左丞相吴坚家里，都不知道该怎么办。

正当双方使者的车辆往来频繁，元军邀约宋朝主持国事的人前去见他们，大家认为我去一趟是可以解除祸患的。

国事到了这种地步，我不能顾惜自己了；估计元方也是可以用言词打动的。

当初，使者奉命往来，并没有被元扣留的，我就更想察看一下元方的虚实，回来谋求救国的计策。

于是，辞去右丞相职位，第二天，用资政殿学士的身份前往。

刚到北营时，陈词不屈，意气激昂，元军上下都很惊慌震动，他们也未敢立即轻视我国。

可不幸的是，吕师孟早就同我结怨，在元人面前说我的坏话，贾余庆又在暗中讨好敌人献媚，于是我被拘留不能回国，国事就不可整治了。

我自料不能脱身，就径直上前痛骂元军统帅不守信用，列举吕师孟叔侄的罪状，只求一死，不再顾及个人的安危。

元军虽然在表面上表示尊敬，实际上却很愤怒，两个贵官名义上是到宾馆来陪伴使者，夜晚就派兵包围我住的地方，我就不能回国了。

不久，贾余庆等以祈请使的身份到元京大都去,我被元军驱使一同前往，但不列入使者的名单。

我按理应当自杀，然而仍然含恨忍辱地前去。

正如古人所说：“将要有所作为啊！”到了京口，得到机会逃往真州，我立即全部把元方的虚实情况告诉淮东、淮西两位制置使，约定来联兵讨元。

宋朝由衰落而复兴的机会，差不多就在此了。

留住了两天，驻守维扬的统帅竟下了逐客令。

不得已，只能改变姓名，隐蔽踪迹，在荒草间行进，在露天下休息。

日日与元军在淮东路相遇。

困窘饥饿，无依无靠，元军悬赏追捕得又很紧急，天高地远，高声呼喊，无人应答。

不久得到一条船，避开元军占据的沙洲，逃出江口以北的海面，然后渡过扬子江口，进入苏州洋，展转在四明、天台等地，最后到达永嘉。

唉！我到达死亡的境地不知有多少次了！痛骂元军统帅该当死；辱骂叛国贼该当死；与元军头目相处二十天，争论是非曲直，多次该当死；离开京口，带着匕首以防意外，差点想要自杀死；经过元军兵舰停泊的地方十多里，被巡逻船只搜寻，几乎葬身鱼腹；真州守将把我逐出城门外，几乎彷徨而死；到扬州，路过瓜洲扬子桥，假使遇上元军哨兵，也不会不死；扬州城下，进退两难，几乎等于送死；坐在桂公塘的土围中，元军数千骑兵从门前经过，几乎落到敌人手中而死；在贾家庄几乎被巡察兵凌辱逼迫死；夜晚奔向高邮，迷失道路，几乎陷入沼泽而死；天亮时，到竹林中躲避哨兵，巡逻的骑兵有好几十，几乎无处逃避而死；到了高邮，制置使官署的通缉令下达，几乎被捕而死；经过城子河，在乱尸中出入，我乘的船和敌方哨船一前一后行进，几乎不期而遇被杀死；到海陵，往高沙，常担心无罪而死；经过海安、如皋，总计三百里，元兵与盗贼往来其间，没有一天不可能死；到通州，几乎由于不被收留而死；靠了一条小船渡过惊涛骇浪，实在无可奈何，对于死本已置之度外了！唉！死和生，不过是昼夜之间的事罢了，死就死了，可是像我这样处境艰难，险恶，坏事层叠交错涌现，实在不是人世间所能忍受的。

文言文《指南针》翻译

指南针者，古之奇器也。

其用之，可以定南北，辨方向，助航海，利征战。

自汉以来，吾国即有制作，而用之渐广，历朝历代，皆有传世之作。

指南针之制作，以磁石为骨，铜盘为面。

磁石之性，能引针，故针首指向北方。

盘面则刻有度数，以便测度方向。

盘之下，设有可转之轴，使盘可以自由旋转。

旋转之际，磁针自动归正，指向北方。

如此，便可知南北方向，辨别东西。

指南针之原理，源于地磁。

地磁之力，能使磁针指向北方。

磁针之上，有一股力量，名为磁力线，连接磁针与地磁。

磁力线之方向，即为地磁之方向。

磁针受磁力线之引导，指向北方。

指南针之用，最为航海家所重视。

古时，航海家依指南针之指引，航行于茫茫大海，探索未知之域。

指南针之出现，使得航海事业得以迅速发展。

自南宋以后，指南针传入欧洲，为世界航海事业带来了巨大变革。

指南针之制作，需选用地磁之磁石。

磁石分为天然磁石与人造磁石。

天然磁石，产于磁山，质地坚硬，磁力强大。

人造磁石，则以铁磁材料制成，磁力较弱。

制作指南针时，需将磁石磨制成针状，置于铜盘之中。

铜盘之材质，以黄铜为宜，质软而韧，易于加工。

指南针之运用，需注意以下几点：一、磁针归正，需在无干扰之处进行。

若身处闹市，磁针易受干扰，难以归正。

二、磁针归正，需将铜盘水平放置。

若铜盘倾斜，磁针难以归正。

三、磁针归正，需静待片刻。

磁针归正之际，需耐心等待，切勿急于求成。

四、磁针归正，需避免金属物体干扰。

金属物体靠近磁针，磁针易受干扰，难以归正。

指南针，虽为古之奇器，但其原理与现代科技之磁悬浮技术有异曲同工之妙。

如今，指南针已成为历史之见证，传承着中华民族的智慧与创造力。

总之，指南针者，古之奇器也。

其制作精巧，运用广泛，为我国航海事业、征战事业带来了巨大便利。

指南针之出现，标志着我国古代科技之辉煌。

愿此奇器，永远铭记于中华民族之历史长河。

ASMF程序指南的中文翻译

最新ASMF程序指南的中文翻译Guideline On Active Substance Master File1. IntroductionThe main objective of the Active Subsance Master File (ASMF) procedure, commomly known as the European Drug Master File (EDMF) procedure, is to allow valuable confidential intellectual property or 'know-how' of the manufacturer of teh active subsance (ASM) to be protected, while at the same time allowing the Applicant or marketing authorisation (MA) holder to take full responsibility for the medicinal product and the quality and quality control of teh active substance. Competent Authorities/EMEA thus have accesss to the complete information that is necessary for an evaluation of the use of the active substance in the medicinal product.1. 绪论ASMF程序，通常被称为EDMF程序，的主要目的在于使制剂上市许可申请人或制剂上市许可持有人能对制剂和原料药的质量及质量控制负全责的同时，又可以使原料药厂家的核心技术或有价值的机密知识产权得到保护。

2020 KDIGO指南膜性肾病部分(中文翻译版)

膜性肾病3.1诊断：实践要点3.1.1. 兼有临床及血清学表现的患者，确诊膜性肾病可能不需要肾活检。

实践要点3.1.2. 不管是否存在PLA2Rab和/或TSHD7Aab，膜性肾病患者应评估相关病情（膜性肾病图解3）。

膜性肾病图解3 膜性肾病患者相关病情的评估·筛查恶性病变（人口学及年龄相关的）·胸片（结节病）·肾脏超声·用药史（非甾体抗炎，金制剂，青霉胺）·乙丙艾梅感染（有指征时）·抗核抗体·完整病史（全身性疾病，甲状腺疾病等）和体格检查（皮肤、关节）各国国情不同；肿瘤筛查的收获不是很高，尤其是相对年轻患者；很多医学中心会进行胸部平片或CT检查，寻找铁缺乏及要求患者必须参加胸部和结肠癌症的全国筛查计划；50-60岁以上男性进行前列腺特异性抗原的检测。

3.2预后实践要点3.2.1. 使用临床及实验室标准来评估膜性肾病患者肾功能进行性恶化的风险（膜性肾病表1）。

膜性肾病表1评估肾功能进行性恶化的临床标准低风险中风险高风险很高风险·eGFR正常，蛋白尿＜3.5g/d 和或血清白蛋白＞30g/L ·eGFR正常，蛋白尿＞4g/d或使用ACEI/ARB的保守治疗6个月后下降不大于50%·PLA2Rab＜50RU/ml·轻度低分子量蛋白尿·筛选系数＜0.15·尿IgG＜250mg/d·eGFR＜60ml/min/1.73m2*·持续6个月以上的蛋白尿8g/d·PLA2Rab＞150RU/ml†·大量的低分子量蛋白尿尿IgG＜250mg/d·筛选系数＞0.20·威胁生命的肾病综合征·不能用其他解释的肾功能快速恶化·间隔6-12个月的两次集尿标本显示大量的低分子量蛋白尿很多研究是使用血清肌酐值来指导治疗，通常以>1.5 mg/dl来定义肾功能不全。

《指南录后序》翻译

《指南录后序》翻译德祐二年二月十九日，我被任命为右丞相兼枢密使，统率各路兵马。

当时元兵已经逼近都城北门外，交战、防守、转移，都已经来不及做了。

大小官员聚集在左丞相的衙门里，都想不知道怎么办。

适逢双方使者的车辆往来频繁，元军邀约我朝主持国事的人相见，大家认为我去一趟就可以解除祸患。

国事到了这地步，我不能顾惜自己；估计元军方面也许可以用言辞打动。

当初，使者奉命往来，没有被扣留在北方的，我更想窥视一下元军的虚实，回来谋求救国的办法。

于是，不接受右丞相的印信不就任，第二天，用资政殿学士的身份前往。

刚到元军军营时，我据理抗争，言词激昂慷慨，元军上下都很惊慌震动，他们也没敢立即轻视我国。

不幸的是,吕师孟早就同我结怨,先在元人面前说我坏话，贾余庆紧跟着向敌人献媚献计，于是我被软禁不能返回。

国事就不可收拾了。

我揣度不能脱身，就径直上前痛骂元军统帅不守信用，列举吕师孟叔侄的叛国行径，只想他们杀死我，不再顾念（个人的）安危。

元军虽然表面尊敬，其实很愤怒，两个重要头目名义上是到宾馆来陪伴，夜晚就派兵包围我的住所，我就不能回朝廷了。

不久，贾余庆等人以祈请使的身份要到元京大都去；元军驱使我一同前往，但又不列入使者的名单。

我按理应该自杀，但还是含垢忍辱地前往。

正如古人所说：将要有所作为啊！到了京口，得到机会逃到真州，我立即把元方的虚实情况详细告诉了淮东、淮西两位置制使，与他们约定联合兵力奋起讨元。

复兴我朝的机会，大概就在此一举了。

留住了两天，驻守维扬的统帅竟下了逐客令。

（我）没有办法，只能改变姓名，隐蔽行踪，在草野里奔走，在露天里歇宿，每天为躲避元军的骑兵，周旋在长江淮河之间。

困窘饥饿，无依无靠，元军悬赏追捕得又很紧急，天高地远，高声呼喊，无人应答。

后来找到一只小船，避开元军占据的长江中的沙洲，逃出江口以北的海面，然后渡过扬子江口，进入苏州洋，辗转在四明、天台，最后到达永嘉。

唉！我濒临死亡的情况不知道有多少次了！痛骂元军大头目该当被处死；辱骂叛国贼该当被杀死；和元军那两个高级头目相处二十天，争论是非曲直，好多次该当被杀死；离开京口，带着匕首以防意外，几次想要自杀而死；经过元军兵舰停泊的地方十多里，被巡逻船只搜寻，几乎投江喂鱼，葬身鱼腹而死；真州守将把我逐出城门外，彷徨无路，几乎死掉；到扬州，路过瓜州扬子桥，假使遇上元军哨兵，也不会不被杀死；扬州城下，进退不能自主，几乎等于送死；坐在桂公塘土围子中，元军数千骑兵从门前经过，几乎落到敌人手中而死；在贾家庄，几乎被巡逻的军官凌辱逼迫而死；夜晚奔向高邮，迷失道路，几乎陷入沼泽而死；天亮时，到竹林中躲避哨兵，巡逻的元军骑兵有几十人，几乎无法逃脱而死；到了高邮，置制司官署的通缉公文发下，几乎被逮捕而死；经过城子河里，在乱尸中出入，（我坐的）船同（敌人的）巡哨船一前一后行进，几乎不期而遇被敌人杀死；到了海陵，往高沙去，经常担心白白地死掉；取道海安、如皋，共计三百里路，元兵和土匪往来于这一带，没有一天不可能死；到达通州，几乎因为不被收留而死；靠了一条小船渡过惊涛骇浪，实在是没有办法，已把死亡放在思考之外了！唉！死和生，不过是昼夜间的事情罢了。

指南针原文及翻译注释

指南针原文及翻译注释指南针原文及翻译注释磁针指南，如同柏树指西，没有谁能推究它的道理。

下面我们来看看指南针原文及翻译注释，欢迎阅读借鉴。

指南针方家①以磁石磨锋，则能指南。

然常微偏东，不全南也。

水浮②多荡摇，指爪③及碗唇④上皆可为之，运转尤⑤速，但坚滑易坠，不若缕⑥悬为最善⑦。

其法取新纩⑧中独⑨茧缕⑩，以芥子许蜡缀于针腰，无风处悬之，则针常指南。

其中有磨而指北者。

予家指南、北者皆有之。

磁石之指南，犹柏之指西，莫可原其理。

《梦溪笔谈》【注释】① 方家：“大方之家”的简称。

本义是深明大道的人，后多指精通某种学问、艺术的人。

② 水浮：磁针穿过灯草浮在水面。

③ 指爪：指甲。

④ 碗唇：碗沿。

⑤ 尤：尤其，更。

⑥ 缕：麻线，丝线。

⑦ 善：良好。

⑧ 纩：丝绵。

⑨独：单独。

⑩茧缕：蚕丝。

11、以芥子许蜡缀于针腰：用像芥菜籽那么大小的蜡粘结在针腰上。

缀：联结。

12、予：第一人称代词，我。

13、莫：没有谁。

【译文】技术高超的人用磁石磨成锋利的`针，就能指示南方。

然而常常微微偏东，不是指向正南方。

磁针穿过灯草浮在水面，多摇荡不定，放在手指甲上或碗沿上也可使用它，并且运转更快，但因指甲、碗沿坚硬光滑，磁针容易掉下来，不如用线悬挂起来，最为理想。

古诗百*科它的方法是取新蚕丝中的单根蚕丝，用像芥菜籽那样大小的蜡粘结在针的腰部，在无风的地方把它悬挂起来，那么磁针常指向南方。

其中有磨成针而指北的。

我家里指南、指北的都有。

磁针指南，如同柏树指西，没有谁能推究它的道理。

【作者简介】沈括(1031年-1095年)，字存中，杭州钱塘(今浙江杭州)人，北宋科学家、政治家。

他的父亲沈周（字望之）曾在泉州、开封、江宁做过地方官，祖父曾任大理寺丞，外公许仲容曾任太子洗马，舅舅许洞是咸平三年（1000年）进士。

母亲许氏，是一个有文化教养的妇女。

仁宗嘉祐八年（公元1063年）进士。

神宗时参与王安石变法运动。

熙宁五年(1072年)提举司天监，次年赴两浙考察水利、差役。