语言学练习答案
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language说课讲解
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wo lf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the i ndividual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenom enon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。
2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。
- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。
3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。
4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。
5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。
它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。
6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。
它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。
7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。
8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。
9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。
- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。
- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。
- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。
- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。
10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。
语言学概论试题及答案
《语言学概论》练习1参考答案（导言、第一章、第二章）一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊－罗马。
2、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。
3、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵语。
4、文字、音韵、训诂是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。
5、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。
6、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。
7、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。
8、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的词和规则组装起来的。
9、符号包括形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。
10、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是语言符号的基本性质。
11、心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。
12、语言系统二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。
13、组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系。
14、动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础看是不具有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。
二、问答题。
1、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？从语言学发展的历史来看，语言学首先深受哲学、逻辑学等历史悠久的人文学科思想方法的影响，后来语言学摆脱对传统人文学科的附庸地位成为独立的学科后，受到许多自然科学研究的影响。
比如，19世纪，历史比较语言学的语言观念和研究方法深受生物学的影响；20世纪初的语言结构思想与科学的整体论思想密切相关；生成语言学受数学、逻辑学影响；等等。
与此同时，其他学科也开始从语言学理论中汲取有益的思想观念。
20世纪的社会学、人类学、文学批评等都深受结构主义语言学的影响。
从19世纪后期开始，现代语言学的研究理念在很大程度上接受了物理学等自然科学的方法论原则，一些学者甚至提出语言学是一门自然科学。
但另一方面，语言学又从未割断与传统人文学科的联系。
语言学的这一特点在很大程度上源于语言现象的独特性。
语言既具有社会属性，又是人类天赋的能力，既是贮存人类已有文明的宝库，又是人类新的精神创造的依托。
语言学考试题型标准答案
题型I．简答题5×1’=5’例：类似于自由词素、词根、词干、连着词素、曲折词素等待解释II．判断正误T/F 20×1’=20’例：动词是逆构词法中产生最多的词。
III．单项选择题20’例：奥斯丁、姆斯金、德莱斯提出的理论？IV．写音标10×1’=10’P35～36V．划分词素10×3×0.5’=15’VI．翻译10×1’=10’分英翻汉和汉翻英例：合作原则、聚合关系、组合关系、曲折后缀、词缀、前缀、后缀VII．选择答题2×5’=10’VIII．树形图给词，分析意思，是否有歧义？用树形图解释出来。
样卷AI．1. displacement2. pragnatics3. stem4. syntax5. hyponymyII. T/F9. Lang is arbitrary to the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to. F10. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language. F11. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in umber, and yet there is no limit to the umber of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. F12. Agreement is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each in terms of categories. T13. Speech Act Theory is the first major theory in the study of language in use; it originated with John Langs Shaw Austin. T14.15.Vibretion of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voucing. F?16. The word “flower” is the super ordinate of the typonyms “rose” “tulip” and “rose”. T17．Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. T18.The English sound [m]is a bilabial nasal voice. T19. A study of the features of the Chinese used in the Tang Dynasty in diachronic study. T?20.While English has borrowed most heavily form French, other languages have also made their contributions. F21. Inflectional affixs are those whose major function is to attach themselves to the morphemes to form a new word. F22. A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable. F23. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. F24. The phrase “green house” with the first element stressed means “a house which is green in colour” F25. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order. F26. The compound word “book store” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaning of its compounments. F27. Only when a maxim under cooperative principle is blatantly violated can the hearer know that it’s being violated and conversational implications arise. T28. The word “photo graphically” is made up of 4 morphemes. TIII.29. The famous quotation from Romeo and Juliet arose by any other name world smell as sweet well illustrates: the conventional nature of language.30. If a linguistic study describes and analyses the language people actually use, it’s a said to be: descriptive.31. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? Phonology32. Phonetially, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element.33. The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic… …36. The word “trasist~” is formed through: lending37. Number is a grammatical category used for the analysis of classed displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural, etc. In English, number is mainly observed in nouns.38. Concord is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.39. Chomsky uses the term performance to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his langua ge in linguistic com.40. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][s][d][z][n] share the feature of P3541. Translate formational Generative Crammer was introduced by N. Chomsky in 1957.42. The relationship between “married/ single” is complementary.43. Of the 3 speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because of this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.44. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are synomy~s.45. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is 寒暄46.47. We can do things with words “this” is main idea of the speech act theory.48. The utterance “we are already working 25 hours a day, 8 days a week” obviously violates the maxim of quantity.IV.49. voiceless dentalfricative50. high front tense unroundedvowel51. voiced alveolarstop52. high back tense roundedvowel53. voiceless bilabialstop54. voiced labiodentalfricativeV.55. What are the 4 maxims of the cooperative Principle?56. What are the distinctions between inflectional affix and derivational affix?VIII.Leave the book on the shelf.1 leave the book on the shelfPut the book on the shelf.2 leave book on the shelfKeep away from the book on the shelf1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Design Features of LanguageArbitrariness (Saussure)This feature means that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.DualityThe elements of the spoken language are sounds that do not convey meaning in themselves.CreativityBy creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.DisplacementThis means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3. Functions of Language(1) Informative FunctionLanguage serves an informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker thinks, to give information about facts.(2) Interpersonal functionThis is by far the most important socio-logical use of language. People establish and maintain their status in a society.(3) Performative FunctionThis function is primarily to change the social status of persons. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.(4) Emotive functionThe emotive function of language is one of the most powerful usesof language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.(5) Phatic communionIt refers to the social interaction of language which is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than forexchanging information or ideas.Greetings, farewells and comments on the weather serve this function.(6) Recreational functionThis function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it.(7) Metalingual functionOur language can be used to talk about language itself.4. What is linguistics?Linguistics is scientific discipline with the goal of describing language and speech in all relevant theoretical and practical aspects and their relation to adjoining disciplines.5. Main Branches of Linguistics*PhoneticsIt studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.* MorphologyIt is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning---morphemes and word-formation processes.*PhonologyIt studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.*SyntaxIt is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. These rules specify word order, sentence organization, andthe relationships between words, word classes and other sentence elements.*SemanticsIt examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it.*PragmaticsIt is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation.6. Important Distinctions in Linguistics*Descriptive vs. prescriptiveA linguistic study is DESCRIPTIVE if it describes and analysesfacts observed; it is PRESCRIPTIVE it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behavior.* Synchronic vs. diachronicSynchronic description refers to a language description at some point in time;Diachronic description is about a language description as it changes through time.* Langue & paroleLANGUE refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community;PAROLE refers to the actualized language, or realization of langue.*Competence & performanceCompetence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language;Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterance.7. CONSONANTS and VOWELSConsonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity;A vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or atotal stopping of the air can be perceived.8. Manners of Articulation*Stop (or plosive)(爆破音): complete closure of the articulators involved so that the air-stream cannot escape through the mouth.There are two kinds of stops: oral stops and nasal stops* Fricative(摩擦音): close approximation of two articulators sothat the air-stream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.* Approximant(无摩擦延续音):This is an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extentthat a turbulent air-stream is produced.* Lateral(舌边音): obstruction of the air-stream at a point along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one orboth sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.* Affricates (破擦音)：When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly withthe friction resulting from partial obstruction (as in fricatives), the sounds thus produced are affricates. In English there are two affricates.* Nasals (鼻音):When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds thus produced are called nasals. There are three nasals in English.* Glides (滑音):They are sometimes called “semivowels”. They are produced with a narrower passage between the lips and the tongue and the hard palate to cause some slight noise from the local obstruction. In English, they are [w,j]9. The place of Articulation* Bilabial(双唇音):In the production of these sounds, the upper and the lower lips are brought together to create obstruction. In English, bilabial sounds include [p,b,m]* Labiodental(唇齿音):In the obstruction of these sounds, the lower lip is brought into contact with the upper teeth, thus creating the obstruction. The labiodental sounds in English are [f,v* dental(齿音):The obstruction is created between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth. There are two dental sounds in English.* alveolar(齿龈音):The tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction. The alveolar sounds are [t,d,s,z,n,l,r]* palatal(颚音):The obstruction is between the back of the tongue and the hard palate.* velar(软腭音):The back of the tongue is brought into contact with the velum(软腭), or the soft palate.* glottal(喉音):The vocal cords are brought momentarily together to create the obstruction. There is only one glottal sound in English: [h].10. Classification of English vowels* Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.11.12. The Phoneme theoryThe phoneme simply refers to a “unit of explicit sound contrast”13. Allophones(音位变体)Peak and speak are not actually pronounced as they are transcribed in dictionaries.We know that in English there is a rule that this sound is unaspirated after /s/ but aspirated in other places. In what we have talked about, different variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution(互补分布) because they never occur in the same context.14. Assimilation(同化)*This is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.*There are two possibilities of assimilation:If a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation(逆同化);The converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation(顺同化).* Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown in the following:pancakesunglassesYou can keep them.He can go now.Define the following termsconsonant phoneme allophoneWhat isassimilation?15. SuprasegmentalsThe syllable structureStressIntonationTone16. Identification of words*StabilityWords are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure, i.e. the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement.* Relative uninterruptibility:This means that new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. Nothing can be used to insert in the three parts of the word disappointment: dis+appoint+ment.* A minimum free form:This was first suggested by Leonard Bloomfield. He advocated treating sentence as “the maximum free form” and word “the minimum free form”, the latter being the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance.17. Classification of wordsVariable & invariable words*Variable words refer to those that we can find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms, for the word write, there are several grammatically different forms: wrote, written, writing* Grammatical words & lexical words:Those which express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns, are grammatical words, also known as function words. Those which have lexical meanings,i.e. those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, are lexical words, also known as content words.* Closed-class words and open-class words:A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items. The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.With the emergence of new ideas, inventions, etc.New expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.* Word class:Traditionally, we had such word classes as “n. adj. v. adv. prep. etc.” But here are some of the categories newly introduced:a. ParticlesThey include the infinitive marker “to”, the negative marker “not” and the subordinate units in phrasal verbs, such as “get by”, “do up”, “look back”.Chapter Three: Morphologyb. AuxiliariesAuxiliaries used to be regarded as verbs, but linguists today tend to define them as a separate word class:Negation: I can’t come.*I wantn’t come.Inversion: Is he coming? *Keeps he coming?Code: I’ll come and so will Bill.*I intend to come and so intend Bill.Emphasis: He has come. *He seems to come.c. Pro-formIn order to refer collectively to the items in a sentence which substitute for other items or constructions, it is advisable to regard pro-form as a separate word class.Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine.Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did.Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too.Pro-locative: Jane’s hiding there, behind the door.d. Determiners:This is a new word class which refer to words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference: the, a, some, all, etc.Quirk, et al proposes that there are three subclasses of determiners:Predeterminers: all, both, half, one-third,etc.Central determiners: the, a, this, that, these, those, etc.Postdeterminers.next, last, past, other, (a) few, much, etc.18. The formation of word* Morpheme & morphologyMorpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, e.g.boys---boy+-schecking---check+-ingdisappointment---dis-+appoint+-mentMorphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. For example, the verb purify consistsof two parts: pur(e) and –ify, from which we can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be created by adding –ify to an adjective. This is a morphological rule that may explain the formation, of a set of verbs ended with –ify, such as simplify, beautify, amplify,etc.。
语言学概论课练习题附答案
一、填空题1.语言学的三大发源地是古代印度、中国和古希腊－罗马。
2.语言学是19 世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是欧洲历史比较语言学的出现。
3.现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。
4.生成语法的标志是1957 年乔姆斯基的《句法结构》的出版。
5.语言交际过程可分为编码－发送－传递－接收－解码五个阶段。
6.现代语言学最主要的流派有形式语言学、功能语言学和认知语言学。
三、分析题1.下面是居住在尼罗河和红海之间的苏丹游牧部落的贝贾语。
（1）根据给出的贝贾语与英语的对照造出一个新的句子：He makes someone walk。
1. tamani I eat2. tamiini He eats3. giigani I walk4. tamsani I feed(someone)（2）请指出从这些词语中看到的该语言的一些基本特征。
2.依据以下语言片段写出推测性答案西非Ewe语汉译uwa ye xa amu 那个头领看着一个孩子uwa ye xa ufi 那个头领看着一棵树uwa xa ina ye 一个头领看着那幅画amu xa ina 一个孩子看着一幅画amu ye vo ele ye 那个孩子想要那把椅子amu xa ele ye 一个孩子看着那把椅子ika vo ina ye 一个妇女想要那幅画问：Ｅｗｅ语中相当于汉语指示代词“那”的是什么？“那个妇女看着一把椅子”在Ｅｗｅ语中怎么说？四、问答题1.为什么说历时比较语言学在语言学史上具有重要地位？2.请找出形式主义与功能语义语言学观点上的主要对立。
3.再找出汉语中的至少一种反映象似性原则的句子。
第一章语言的功能一、填空题1.语言的功能包括社会功能功能和思维功能功能。
2.语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。
3.在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的、最基本的手段。
4.人的大脑分左右两半球，语言功能以及相关的计数、分类、推理等功能由左半球掌管，音乐等艺术感知、人的面貌识别、立体图形的识别、整体把握能力、内在想象力等由右半球掌管。
语言学练习答案
语言学练习答案《语言学概论》练习一、名词解释：1、语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学，研究语言的性质、功能、结构，揭示语言的发展规律的科学。
2、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。
3、符号：符号是用于传递信息、指代事物或思想的标记。
4、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。
简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。
5、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。
6、语音：语音是语言符号系统的载体，它是由人的发音器官发出的、负载着一定的语言意义的语言的声音7、音素从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
8、发音部位：发音部位是指发辅音时形成阻碍的器官部位。
9、音位：音位是指具体语言（或方言）中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。
10、音位变体：是一个音位的不同变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。
11、区别特征：一个音位之所以区别于别的音位，是因为它具有某种特殊的不同于别的音位的语音特征。
这种能区别音位的语音特征叫区别特征。
12、音节：音节是音位与音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。
13、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。
14、句子：句子是交际中最基本的表述单位，是交流思想的基本语言单位。
15、词：词是造句的时候能够独立运用的最小单位；16、语素：语素是最小的语音语义结合体，语言的最小单位；17、变词语素：没有构词作用，但是能改变一个词的形式的语素，是变词语素，词尾就是变词语素。
18、构词语素：具有构词作用的语素就是构词语素，词根和词缀能参与构词，就是构词语素。
19、单纯词：是由一个词根语素构成的词。
例如汉语的“人、手、水、河、啊、琵琶、枇杷、哗啦、坦克”等，英语如man、teach、book、moon、sun、long 等都是单纯词。
(完整版)英语语言学习题与答案
Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.”is__________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rulesof his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn't be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the designfeature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way usedby the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.anyof details the means which language, acquire to ability the with born all were We 15.language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare's time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure's langue and Chomsky's __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Design feature32. Displacement33. Competence34. Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)）1999（青岛海洋大学，How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? 37.Key:[In the reference keys, I won't give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. –icywarmtea]I.1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFFIII.21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competenceIV.31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, ina way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of asmall number of elements –for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to formunlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system whichwill be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words,which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis –collect data –checkagainst the observable facts –come to a conclusion.Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merelya different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.15.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give37.an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change theword-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and__________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological ruleV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCOoverwhelmedd. inflectional morpheme (4)(5) prefix e. calculationKey:I.1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFFIII.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound rootIV.31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combiningthe meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type ofbase to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) bChapter 4 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.D. subordinatorC. preposition B. particle A. coordinator6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a__________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an__________ clause.27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in oneway or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and amongnatural languages.30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Syntax32. IC analysis33. Hierarchical structure34. Trace theoryV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.Key:I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBAII.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTTIII.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded28. Adjacency27. open29. Parameters 30. CaseIV.31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences ina language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.33. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It's suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure.E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.V.35.An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, oppositeto the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples ofthis type.36.(1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flowersChapter 5 Meaning[Mainly taken from lxm1000w's exercises. –icywarmtea]I. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features。
《语言学概论》练习题参考答案
《语⾔学概论》练习题参考答案《语⾔学概论》练习题⼀参考答案⼀、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1.《正名篇》；2.巴利、薛施霭、1916；3.⼈类最重要的交际⼯具、符号结构体系4.1888；5.模糊性；6.定型性；7.虚词8.《读写技巧》9.奥斯汀10.领⾳ 11.图画、字符12.词汇歧义、组合歧义13.壮侗、苗瑶、藏缅14.《说⽂解字》；15.语⾔决定论、语⾔相对论； 16.条件变体、⾃由变体；17.柴门霍夫；18.谓词；19.亲属语⾔；20.词根语、屈折语⼆、单项选择题（每⼩题1分，共10分）1.①；2.③；3.③；4.④；5.③；6.③；7.②；8.①；9.①；10.①11.④；12.④；13.④；14.②；15.②；16.①；17.③；18.③；19.①；20.②21.②；22.④；23.④；24.①；25.①；26.④；27.③；28.②；29.②；30.①三、多项选择（每⼩题2分，共10分）1.①④⑤；2.①②③；3.①②③④⑤；4.①③；5.①②③④⑤6.①②④⑤；7.②③④；8.①②③；9.③⑤；10.①②③⑤11.②③④；12.①②③；13.①②③④⑤；14.①②③④；15.①②③④⑤四、术语解释题（每⼩题2分，共10分）1.语⾔学：语⾔学就是专门以语⾔为研究对象的⼀门独⽴的科学。
语⾔学的任务就是研究语⾔的性质、功能、结构及其运⽤等问题，揭⽰语⾔存在和发展的规律，使⼈们理解并掌握语⾔的理性知识。
2.⾳位：⾳位是某种具体语⾔或⽅⾔⾥能够区别词、语素的语⾳形式和意义的最⼩的语⾳类型单位。
3.虚词：虚词没有实在的词汇意义，位置固定，数量封闭，可分为助词、介词、语⽓词、连词等，⼀般不充当句法成分。
4.象形⽂字: 象形⽂字是⼀种⽤简化了的图形来描摹事物的表意⽂字。
象形⽂字是在图画记事的基础上产⽣的，因此带有明显的图形性质和特征。
如古埃及⽂字、中国的部分甲⾻⽂以及古代克⾥特（⽶诺）⽂字和中美洲的古玛雅⽂字都是象形字。
(完整版)语言学练习题(含答案)
判断题1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.(T)2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer insecond language learning. (F)4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,permeability and fossilization. (T)5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for externalpurposes. (F)6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. (T)7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brainstem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that eachhemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized forlanguage. (F)10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images thattake the form of a series of brain slices. (T)11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior forprocessing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemispherecomes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using languagewithin the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominancefor language. （t）15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（f）16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used tostudy how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different soundsin the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.（t）17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives andfrom which he or she can learn. （f）18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learningin which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity anddetail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and valuesystem of the second language community.（t）21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members ofsocial groups (F)22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substractingan affix thought to be part of the old world (T)23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and directobject,which can be illustrated in word order (T)24.I t has been noticed that in many communities be language used bythe older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languagesand it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and womenhave some special features of others (F)27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of thesame language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words developinto affixes (T)30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned withboth the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)选择题Chapter 71.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luchC:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaningB:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearingC:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossingD:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travelB:compnter and internet languageC:ecdogyD:above of allnguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the<D>A:phonology and morphologyB:syntax and lexiconC:semantic component of the grammarD:ABC5,Morphological and syntactic change contian<D>A:addition or loss of affixesB:change of word ordenC:change in regation ruleD:abrove of allChapter 81.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourseB:tenor of discourseC:mode of discouseD:ethnic dialect2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)A:regional dialect and idiolectB:language and genderC:registerD:ethnic dialect3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)A:physical B:social environmentC:both AandB D:social phenomenon4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)A:Social-class dialect B:sociolectC:A andB D:A or B5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)A:different,changesB:similar,changesC:different,unchangingD:similar,unchangingChapter 91.which is not the component of culture ?<D>nguageB.ideasC.beliefD.soil2.in a word,language express<D>A.factsB.events which represent similar world knowledge by its peopleC.peoples' attitudes.beliefsD.cultural reality3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a <D>A.denotativeB.connotativeC.iconicD.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?<B>A.a clever boyB.a smart ladC.a lucky personD.a silent person5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong below<A>A.acquisitionB.acculturationC.assimilationD.amalgamation Chapter 101.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .A: human chracteristics environmentB: chracteristics environmentC: language acquisition placeD: gift place2.The atypical language development includes__A___A: hearing impairment mental retardationB: autism stutteringC: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphiaD: Both A ,B and C3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7Chapter 111.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >A positive transfer negative transferB negative transfer positive transferC contrastive analysis error analysisD error analysis contrastive analysis2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >A Learning strategiesB Cognitive strategiesC Metacognitive strategiesD Affect strategiesnguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >A John B.WatsonB B.F. SkinnerC S.D. KrashenD ChomskyChapter 121.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brainand language.A.neurolinguisticsB.linguisticsC.neuronsD.modern linguistics2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activity associated with the use of languageA.psychobiologyB.psychological statesC.physical statesD.biological states3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brainslices.A.PETB.MRIC.CT scanningD.fMRI4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher sectioncalled____.A.brain stem,cerebrumB.brain stem,neuronsC.cerebrum,brain stemD.cerebrum,neurons5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called_____.A.Wernicke's aphasiaB.Broca'saphasiaC.Acquires dyslexiaD.fluent aphasia填空题第七章1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called ______________2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,____________, ____________.5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.KEYS:1.grammaticalization2.the addition and loss of words3.back-formation4.widening, narrowing, shift5.theory of least effort, economy of memory第八章1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin第九章1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone)第十章1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of twofactors to different degrees the age ang ( ).4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.答案：nguage acquisition2.the innatist3.the linguistic environment4.prototype5.aphasia第十一章1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated modellanguage description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interferenceat different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical ordiscoursal , etc .5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routesof second language learning : acquisition and （）。
语言学概论 书本 习题及答案
线条性：是语言符号与符号之间的相互关系表现出来的特点，说话 的时候，语言符号只能一个跟一个依次出现，在时间的线条上延伸， 不能在空间上展开。语言符号的线条性特点使语言符号能够组成各种 结构序列。
1、 语言学（ 研究语言规律的学科） 2、小学（围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，以“字”为单位 的“小学”：文字、音韵、训诂学） 3、普通语言学（普通语言学，以所有语言为研究对象；探讨各种语言 所共有的属性和共同的规律。） 4、个别语言学（个别语言学研究个别语言的结构体系和结构规律。现 代汉语，汉语语音学，英语词汇学。） 5、共时语言学（又叫静态语言学。它以语言在历史发展过程中某一特 定状态中的语言系统为研究对象,揭示语言的内部结构规律，分析各种 语言单位,描写语言规则,而不考虑时间的因素。）
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追求 [] 尊
敬 []
三、名词解释 1、语音( 语音是人类发音器官发出的含有一定意义的声音，是语
言的物质外壳（表现形式）。 2、音质(音的性质，本质特色，又叫”音色”→一个音区别于其他
语言的组合关系和聚合关系。 8、为什么说组合关系和聚合关系是语言体系中两种最基本的关系？
组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言符号系统的一个纲。语言符号系统 的每一个的单位都既可以和别的同类单位组合，也可以和别的同类单 位聚合。我们把语言比作一个装置，那么这个装置就是靠组合和聚合 运转的。
英语语言学-练习题（含答案））
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ 21. Chomsky defines “competence”of the rules of his language. 22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before. 30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociological C. applied…pragm atic D.semantic…linguistic 37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D. ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission 40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness 53. Productivity 54. Displacement 55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. Parole Suggested answers to supplementary exercises: Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. F Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic) Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. D Ⅳ. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication user’s kn 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal owledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowle dge of the rules in linguistic communication. 59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conven tions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is rel atively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation. 。
英语语言学练习(含答案)
Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmat ic ,sociolinguistics ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×)[As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×) [Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a s ystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√) nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×) [Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships be tween people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world's language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operatein the phonolgical analysis of langua ge .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in suc h a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum）， the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[Vowels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels， and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stressc ontains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes me aning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×)[Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,is bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes m ay have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of s ound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order averb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which f ullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×) [The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×) [Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takesa vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[T he construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√)Chapter 51.In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the languag e of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle， there is a direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×) [Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.”Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×)[”Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×) [Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
语言学概论习题答案
导言一,名词解释(20分,每小题4分)1.语言学就是以语言为研究对象的科学,研究语言的本质,语言的结构和发展规律.2.指我国传统的语文学,包括文字学,音韵学,训诂学三方面的内容.3.专语语言学也叫具体语言学,个别语言学,以一种(或几种有联系的)语言为研究对象,研究某一种语言的结构.4.共时语言学以同时的,静态分析的方法,研究语言相对静止的状态,描写分析语言在某一个时期,某一个阶段的状况,是从横向的方面研究语言.5.历时语言学从历时的,动态的角度研究语言发展的历史,观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变,是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史.6.普通语言学以人类所有的语言为研究对象,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科.二,填空题(20分,每空1分)1.中国印度古希腊-罗马2.文字学音韵学训诂学3.语音词汇和语义语法4.编码发送传递接收5.历时共时历史描写6.历史比较7.《语言论》 8.索绪尔三,问答题(60分,每小题10分)1.古代的语言研究和今天的语言研究有如下几个方面的区别:①研究对象不同:古代的语言学主要以书面语为主要研究材料,不重视口头语言的研究,而今天的语言学则十分重视口语研究,如制定语言规范,确立共同语的各方面标准等,都要依据口语的研究成果;②研究目的不同:古代语言学研究语言,主要是给政治,哲学,宗教,历史,文学方面的经典著作作注解,比如我国古代的语文学主要就是围绕阅读先秦经典著作的需要来研究文言的,而现代语言学的研究目的主要是分析语言的结构,以此探讨语言发展的共同规律.正因为有这些差别,所以古代的语言学还不是独立的学科,处于附庸地位,而现代语言学已经发展成为一门独立的学科,随着现代科学的发展又产生了许多边沿性学科.2.语言交际过程分为哪几个阶段人类语言交际的过程,实际上就是信息的传递与接收问题,可分为编码,发送,传递,接收,解码五个阶段.编码就是发话人利用词语组织语句;发送就是把思维成果变成话语,通过发音器官表达出来;传递就是通过空气振动形成声波,把话语传达给受话人;接收是受话人利用听觉器官感知对方所说的话;解码则经过大脑的思维把声波还原成语言,理解对方话语的含义,从而完成信息传递接收.如果受话人收到语言信息有所反馈,那么上述五个阶段则又重复一遍,只是发话人与受话人调换了.(举例说明略,可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.)3."语言学既是一门古老的学科,又是一门年轻的学科;既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系."怎样理解这句话的含义语言是伴随着人类一起出现的,是人类社会生活必不可少的,所以人类很早就注意到了语言的重要性,很早就注意研究语言,所以语言学是古老的,但语言学直到18世纪下半叶,产生了历史比较语言学,后来又建立了语言学的各个部门,语言研究才发展成为一门独立的学科,同其它学科相比,语言学的确是十分年轻的.语言是社会现象,与社会的政治,经济,文化,历史等密切相关,而语言的发生又与物理,生理,心理等学科密切相关,而现代社会语言与语言的信息处理(如机器翻译,语码转换等)又涉及到数学,计算机科学,所以语言学既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系.正因为如此,随着语言学与别的学科的交融,又产生了许多新的语言学分支学科,如社会语言学,心理语言学,统计语言学,话语语言学,数理语言学,宇宙语言学等等,这些也体现了语言学是一门年轻的学科.4.语言学有哪些作用语言学的作用主要表现在以下几个方面:①学习语言文字是掌握科学技术,提高文化水平的基础,而要学好用好语言,就必须利用语言学的研究成果;②制定语言文字的有关政策,制定语言规范,都要在对语言进行充分研究的基础上进行,而语言学的研究成果正好可以作指导;③新兴技术的出现扩大了语言学的应用范围.至于个人,同样可以利用语言学的成果,比如学习一种语言或方言,最好的办法是找到所学语言同自己母语的各方面的对应规律,这样可以收到事半功倍的效果,这就需要利用语言学的研究成果.(结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例)5.语言学的分类语言学首先可以分为理论语言学和应用语言学,一般所说的语言学,主要是指理论语言学.根据研究对象的不同,理论语言学又分普通语言学和专语语言学(具体语言学).普通语言学以人类所有的语言为研究对象,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科.专语语言学以个别的,具体的语言为研究对象.探讨研究某一种语言的规律.从是静态研究还是研究语言的历史看,又分历时语言学和共时语言学:历时语言学研究具体语言的发展历史,是纵向研究,比如汉语史研究,共时语言学研究具体语言在某一时代的状态(相对静止的状态),规律,对之进行客观的描述,是横向研究.如描写语言学,又分描写语音学,描写语汇学,描写语法学等分支学科,现代汉语就是共时语言学.6.为什么说历史比较语言学在语言学史上具有重要地位历史比较语言学在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位.在历史语言学产生以前,语言学还不是严格意义上的语言学,一般称之为语文学,和不是独立的学科,只是别的学科的附庸.语文学时期的学者,对语言的研究多是主观的规定和臆测,缺少客观的描述和检验,研究对象往往仅限于书面语,目的是校勘古书,解释传统经典中的微言大义,不准违背古人的说法,忽视语言本身的结构与发展,更不理解语言作为交际工具和思维工具的社会功能.历史语言学建立了比较的方法,既注意语言古今的对比,又注意现代不同语言的对比,重视当代活的语言的研究,运用达尔文的进化论观点,考察语言的历史来源和亲属关系,为语言建立了谱系,对各种语言作了谱系分类.所以,历史比较语言学是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志,是语言学史上的一个里程碑.历史比较语言学所采用的比较方法,给其它学科以很大的影响,像比较法学,比较宗教法,比较史学,比较文学等学科,都是仿效比较历史语言学的比较研究方法建立起来的,这可以说是语言学对社会科学的一大贡献.(关键是抓住历史比较语言学的建立是使语言学走上独立发展道路的标志,而此前的语言学,实际上都没有独立性,是经学的附庸.)第一章一,名词解释(10分,每词2分)1.语言语言是人类最重要的交际工具,也是思维的工具.2.说话说话就是运用有声语言这个工具表达自己思想的一种行为.3.交际工具人与人交流时所使用的用来沟通思想的工具,例如语言就是交际工具.4.社会现象就是指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生,存在和发展密切联系的现象.5.思维是在表象,概念的基础上进行分析,综合,判断,推理等认识活动的过程,是人类社会特有的一种精神活动.二,填空题(20分,每空1分)1.语言2.规则3.交际工具工具4.肯定否定再见鼓掌愤怒兴奋5.左直观思维6.sister uncle7.量词8.语言9.全民性阶级性10.社会的具体三,判断题(20分,每小题1分)(只判断正误即可)1.√(语言最主要的社会功能就是作交际工具.)2.×(文字是辅助语言交际的工具,对语言交际起辅助作用.)3.×(语言没有阶级性,一视同仁地为社会全体成员服务,这里的共同语言,是指阶级观念,思想感情,不是作为交际工具的语言.)4.×(语言声音的发出和声波的传递具有自然属性的一面,但语言的音义结合却是社会赋予的,所以语言从本质上看是社会现象,而不是自然现象.)5.√(语言不同于一般的社会现象,因为社会现象都是属于一定是上层建筑和经济基础的,而语言既不属于上层建筑又不属于经济基础.)6.×(语言的确是通过个人的运用体现出来的,但语言并不是个人现象,因为语言是社会全体成员共同创造的,没有社会,个人不可能创造出语言来,所以语言是社会现象.)7.×(在现代社会,文字使用非常广泛,日益重要,但无论文字有多重要,都只是辅助语言进行交际的工具,记录语言的工具,离不开语言这个基础,所以不可能取代语言,没有语言,文字的存在就失去了意义.)8.×(现代社会沟通的方式很多,只是说明运用语言的方式多了,不像过去只能当面交际或通过文字交际,可以采用其它方式,但这种种沟通方式都是以语言为基础的,离不开语言,这只能说明语言是非常重要的.)9.√(人类社会须臾也不能离开语言,没有语言,人类无法沟通,社会就会崩溃,人类社会就不复存在了.)10.√(动物没有人类意义上的语言,人类语言具有社会性,是要通过与社会接触才能学会的,而动物的鸣叫等是先天遗传的,不是语言.)11.√(人类的思维可以分几种,而要进行抽象思维,就离不开语言这个工具,没有语言,人类就只能进行比较低级的思维活动.)12.×(人类要进行抽象思维,必须借助于语言中的词语句子进行分析综合推理.)13.√(语言和思维是相互依存,共同发展的.语言是思维的工具,又是思维的成果,思维离不开语言,同时语言也离不开思维.二者如影随形,谁也离不开谁.语言和思维是密了可分的,各以对方为存在条件,所以语言和思维的相辅相成的.思维必须在语言材料的基础上进行,哪里有思维活动,哪里就有语言活动.)14.√(二者如影随形,谁也离不开谁.没有语言,思维活动无法进行,思维成果无法表达,思维实际上就不可能存在;语言作为思维的工具,只有具有思维活动,只有在思维过程中运用才有存在的意义,如果没有思维活动,无所谓交际和思想,语言工具也就失去了存在的价值,没有必要存在了.)15.×(语言和思维不是同一个东西,二者没有同一性.语言既然是思维的工具,就不会是思维本身.)16.×(语言既然是人类的交际工具,所以无论它是在无阶级的社会还是有阶级的社会,都不可能具有阶级性,否则,语言就不会成为社会全体成员的交际工具了.)17.√(语言其实是一个抽象的概念,它反映的是人类语言所具有的共同特指,所谓"语言"是不存在的,都是通过个别的具体的语言体现出来,如英语,汉语,日语,俄语等等.语言是概括的,一般的,和具体的语言是一般和特殊的关系,通过特殊的语言表现出来.)18.√(马是一个抽象的概念,反映了世界上所有马匹的共同特征,我们在现实生活中所说的马,都是具体的,如白马,大马,母马等.)19.×(绘画和音乐不具有符号的一般特点,其解释可能因人而异,不是语言符号.)20.√(语言和思维是互相适应的,思维发展水平有多高,语言的发展水平就有多高.我们不能想象,一个民族的语言十分发达,而思维水平却很低;我们同样不能想象,一个民族的思维水平很高,而语言水平很低.这两种情况都是不可想象的,因为二者必须互相适应.一种语言,无论它的结构简单复杂与否,都是能满足一个社会集团交际的需要的,当然也能适应思维的要求.)四,问答题(50分,每小题5分)1.语言的作用是什么语言是人类社会的交际工具.每个社会,无论它是经济发达的社会,还是经济十分落后的社会,都必须有属于自己的语言,都离不开语言这个交际工具,语言是组成社会必不可少的一个因素,是人类与动物相区别的重要特征之一.语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带,没有语言,人类无法交际,人与人之间的联系就会中断,社会就会崩溃,不复存在.同时语言又是人类的思维工具,没有语言,人类无法思维,也无法把思维成果表达出来.(根据语言的定义展开回答即可,注意包括交际工具和思维工具两个方面.)2.每个人说话都是自由的,但不能把"我看书"说成"书看我",不能把"huó(活)",这是为什么语言是社会现象而不是个人现象.虽然每个人说话是自由的,可以根据需要选择不同的词语表达自己的思想,但是有一点则是大家都必须遵守的,那就是运用词语组成句子,必须遵循全社会统一的规则,选择什么样的语音形式代表某个意义,也得全社会约定俗成,不能个人任意更改.否则,语言就不成其为交际工具了,别人也就无法听懂你的话,社会将乱成一锅粥.只要想象一下,一个不会外语的人到国外生活所遇到的窘迫尴尬,就知道遵循规则的重要性了.(紧扣语言的社会性回答,同时说明语言不是个人现象.)3.任何一种语言所包含的句子的数量都是有限的,那么人类为什么能在有限的时间内掌握语言呢.这主要是因为:①词语组合的规则是十分有限的,掌握一个规则,可以类推出无限多的句子,例如学会说"我吃饭",掌握了"主-动-宾"这个格式,就可以造出"我看报","他打球","你唱歌"之类的句子来.②语言中的词表达的意义具有概括性,数量是有限的,一个词语可以重复使用,可以用在这个句子中,也可以用在那个句子中,从而满足了人们交际的需要,所以语言系统中的句子是无穷的,但构成句子的材料却是有限的,这也有利于人们学习掌握语言.例如"人"这个词,并不指哪一个具体的人,可以指古今中外所有的人;"苹果"可以指色彩,味道,形状各方面都不同的苹果.4.人类语言能力是天生的还是后天学会的,为什么人类的语言能力是后天获得的.语言是社会现象,一个人只有生活在一定的社会环境中,才能获得语言,具备语言能力,离开了社会,哪怕他是一个天才,他也不会说话.如果一个人先天就具有语言能力,那么就应该是所有人都说相同的语言才是,而实际上是一个人出生在什么样的社会,就掌握什么样的语言;中国孩子从小生活在中国,就会说汉语,而不会说英语,如果从小在英国出生长大,则只会说英语,不会说汉语.由此可见,一个人的语言能力不是天生的,而是后天学会的,社会环境是最好的语言老师.(结合语言的社会性理论回答)5.用"棋,下,有,一,完,没,的,盘"这八个词组成句子,看能组合成多少句子一盘没有下完的棋.一盘下完的棋没有.一盘棋下完的没有.没有下完的一盘棋.没有一盘下完的棋.没下完的棋有一盘.下完的棋一盘没有.下完的棋没有一盘.下完的没有一盘棋.有一盘没下完的棋.有没下完的一盘棋.棋没下完的有一盘.棋有一盘没下完的.棋下完的没有一盘.棋下完的一盘没有.棋没有一盘下完的.……6.人们平时常说,"无产阶级和资产阶级没有共同语言","工人有工人的语言,农民有农民的语言".这是不是说,语言具有阶级性语言没有阶级性.①语言是社会全体成员共同的交际工具,全体成员,包括各阶级,阶层的人,不分男女,不分老幼,无论什么人,与别人交际都要使用语言.如果语言有阶级性,不同的阶级说不同的语言,那么不同阶级之间就无法进行交际(不同阶级之间的斗争,也是一种交际活动).②语言结构本身,没有阶级性可言,比如语音,语法规则,就谈不上有阶级性.③语言是伴随着人类同时出现的,而在人类从猿到人这个漫长的过程中,根本就没有阶级的区分,所以从语言的诞生过程看语言也是没有阶级性的.(结合语言是特殊的社会现象这一内涵挖掘分析) 7.为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具人们在进行社会交际的时候,除了运用语言传递信息外,也可以借助其它手段传递信息,表达思想.比如运动场上,篮球教练用手势表示谁犯规,谁发球等内容,不用语言;部队用长短不同的号声表示起床,集合,冲锋,撤退等信息;在海上,船与船之间用旗语传递信息,等等.但是,这些交际工具远远没有语言运用那样便捷,而且使用也受到限制,使用范围有限.更为重要的是,无论什么交际工具,它所传递的信息内容都是有限的,而且离不开语言基础,它们实际上是在一定范围代替语言,没有语言的存在,也不可能有这些信息手段的产生,可以说,语言是一切交际工具的基础.因此,说语言是人类最重要的交际工具,是毫不奇怪了.(突出两点:1.将语言和别的交际工具相互比较;2.说明别的交际工具实际上是语言的代用品,仍然以语言为基础.)8.为什么说文字是语言最重要的辅助**际工具辅助语言进行交际的工具很多,像旗语,手势,红绿灯,色彩,音响等,都可以在一定范围内传递信息,起到沟通作用,而在现代社会,像广播,电视,电话,网络等通讯工具,甚至还可以不改变语言的有声特质,传递信息既快又广,但这些工具,远不及文字那样方便,不及文字使用范围那样广,文字打破了有声语言的时空局限,在很大程度上扩展了语言的功能,这是其它语言辅助工具所不能比的,所以说文字是语言最重要的辅助**际工具.(通过比较分析,得出文字是最重要的辅助语言交际工具的结论.)9.两个人在争论语言和思维的关系,一个人说先有语言,因为语言是思维工具,没有这个工具就无法思维;一个人说先有思维,因为语句是思维的成果,没有思维,人们无法把散沙一样的词语组合成句.你认为谁的观点对两个人的话看似有理,由于割裂了语言与思维的关系,所以都是无理的,都是片面的.首先,语言和思维是相互依存的,各以对方为自己存在的条件:语言是思维的工具,语言离不开思维,思维也不能脱离语言;如果没有思维,没有思想,人际之间的交流无从谈起,语言的存在也失去了任何意义.其次,语言和思维的发展程度是相互适应的,是一致的;有什么样的思维水平,就有什么样的语言水平,有什么样的语言水平,就有什么样的思维水平,不可能一个社会发展到语言和思维脱节的地步,语言水平很高而思维水平很低,或思维水平很高而语言水平很低,这都是不可想象的,也是不可能的.(关键要认识到语言和思维二者相互依存,密不可分的关系.)10.语言实际上是一种社会现象,怎样理解这句话第一,语言是社会的产物,没有人类社会,也就没有语言;第二,语言是人类社会独有的,人类社会以外,没有语言,动物没有语言.(所谓社会,必然是和人类有关系的,就是人类结成的共同体,否则就不是社会了.语言既然是社会现象,不是自然现象,就否认了人类社会以外还有语言的说法.)第二章一,名词解释(10分,每词2分)1.符号:就指代某种事物的标记,记号,它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号.2.语言符号的任意性指符号的形式和符号的内容的结合是偶然的,没有必然的关系.例如语言符号,语音形式和意义内容的结合就是任意的,没有本质的关系.3.二层性:语言是由一定的单位按照一定的层级组成的,可分为音位层和符号层,其音位层和符号层我们合称为语言的二层性.4.组合关系:两个同一性质的结构单位(如音位与音位,词与词等等)按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系.5.聚合关系:语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位(如音位,词)之间的关系.二,填空题(20分,每空1分)1.形式意义2.意义形式3.语音意义形式4.约定俗成5.任意性线条性6.音位序列语素词7.组合关系聚合关系8.组合关系聚合关系9.抽象思维发音三,判断题(20分,每小题1分)1.×2.√3.×4.×5.√6.√7.√8.√9.× 10.√11.× 12.× 13.× 14.√ 15.√ 16.√ 17.√ 18.× 19.√ 20.×四,问答题(50分,每小题5分)1.什么是符号它有哪些因素构成所谓符号,就指代某种事物的标记,记号,它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号.甲能代表乙或指称乙,甲就有条件成为乙的符号.符号由一定的形式和一定的意义构成,二者互相对待,密不可分.例如老师阅卷,用"√"表示正确,就是符号,其形式是线条√,意义是"正确".2.为什么说语言是一种符号系统语言就是一种符号系统.语言所以是一种符号,就是因为它能代表或指称现实现象.比如我们一听到"书"这个词,就知道它指的是"成本的著作"这个意义.符号的形成要具备一定的条件,其中最重要的就是在使用中要受到一定规则的支配,装拆自如,可以重复使用.而语言就具有这个自由拼装的特点.从结构成看,语言也是一种符号系统,具有所有符号的一般特点,也有形式和意义两个方面.与一般符号形式和内容的结合由社会决定一样,语音的形式和意义的结合也是由一定社会成员共同决定的,是约定俗成的.3.人类选择语音作为语言的形式,同其他形式相比,语音形式有什么优点人类创造语言为什么选择语音作为符号的形式呢这主要是因为:①语音这种形式使用起来比较方便,语音是人类发音器官发出来的声音,发音器官人人都有,随时可以使用,因此人们可以在任何地方使用语音形式表达意义内容,不需要任何附加设备,每个人随时都能发出来的,走到哪里就可以带到哪里,使用非常方便;②语音形式的容量大,几十个语音单位通过排列组合可以表达任何意义内容.③语音形式的表达效果也是最好的,它可以是大声疾呼,也可以是轻声细语,可以细致入微地表达人类的喜怒哀乐等各种各样的情感;而且,有嘴说话还不影响手脚的活动,在劳动的过程中,有声的语言不会因为距离和光线而影响交际沟通.所以人类语言一开始就是有声语言,而不是无声语言的手势之类.4.就语言符号而言,什么是形式什么是意义它们相互的关系有什么特点语言符号的形式就是语音,它是语言的物质外壳,意义就是通过一定的语音形式代表的内容.比如中国人说"灯",这个语音形式代表的意义就是"照明用具".形式和意义之间具有任意性特点.5.为什么说语言符号的形式和意义之间没有本质的联系语言符号的形式和意义之间的关系具有任意性,用什么样的形式表示什么样的意义,什么样的意义用什么样的形式去表示,这之间是没有天然的联系,完全是任意的,不符合逻辑的,因为符号形式和符号内容的结合是由一定社会的全体成员共同规定的.我们可以结合人类语言来进一步认识这一点,同样的意义,不同的语言选择的语音形式各不相同的;同样的语音形式,在不同的语言中往往代表不同的意义.例如表示"成本著作"这样的意义,汉语用"shū"表示,英语用[buk]表示,这正是语言任意性的表现.6.同样表示"父亲","母亲",汉语用"bàba","māma"表示,英语用"father","mother"表示.为什么会有这样的差别呢汉语和英语表示同样意义的词语,语音形式完全不同,这种差别是由语言符号的任意性特点决定的,正因为语言符号的形式和意义之间没有必然的本质的联系,所以不同民族的人在确立语言符号的形式时作了不同的选择,从而造成了语言的差异.7.人类为什么会有如此多样的语言人类之所以有多种多样的语言,是因为不同民族在创造语言时,选择了不同形式的符号表示意义,形成了差异,形成了各种各样的语言.人类社会有这样多的语言,正好说明了语言符号的任意性特点.8.为什么说语言符号在所有语言中是最重要的,最复杂一种①语言符号具有以少驭多的生成机制,具有生成新的结构的能力,具有生成性和开放性.一般符号表达的意义是固定的,因而不能生成新的意义,使用者不可能在使用过程中灵机一动,来个新的创造.而语言符号则可以表达无穷无尽的意义内容,可以由较少的单位组合成较多以。
语言学 全部习题+答案
第三章MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False：1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology，so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types：roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number，tense，degree，and case.7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem，which can be a bound root，a free morpheme，or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word，not the meaning of it.9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore，words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10.Phonetically，the stress of a compound always falls on the first element，while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given：11.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12.The affix “-ish” in the word ‘boyish’ conveys a g____ meaning.13.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.14.Affixes are of two types：inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16.A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19.In terms of morphemic analysis，d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20.A s______ can be a bound root，a free morpheme，or a derived form itself to whicha derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement：21The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a（n）______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem，but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root IV. Define the following terms：31.morphology 32.inflectional morphology 33.derivational morphology34.morpheme 35.freemorpheme 36.bound morpheme37.root 38.affix 39.prefix40.suffix 41.derivation poundingV. Answer the following questions：43.What are the main features of the English compounds？44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Suggested AnswersI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given.11.Morpheme 12.grammatical13.Bound 14.derivative15.Derivative 16.suffix pounding 18.morphological19.derivation 20.stemIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.B 30.CIV. Define the following terms.31.Morphology：Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32.Inflectional morphology：The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33.Derivational morphology：Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34.Morpheme：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35.Free morpheme：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36.Bound morpheme：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word.37.Root：A root is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear，definite meaning；it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38.Affix：Affixes are of two types：inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories，while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39.Prefix：Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem，but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40.Suffix：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems；they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41.Derivation：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.pounding：Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.43.What are the main features of the English compounds？Orthographically a compound can be written as one word，two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically，the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically，the meaning of a compound is idiomatic，not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically，the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes：They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves，for example，“book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes：They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning，such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types：inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-”in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”，while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.Unit I Some Preliminaries about LanguageI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to formwords is called morphology.6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories tolanguage teaching and learning7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, thecommunication way used by the deaf-mute is not language9 By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language10 language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.12. Pet dogs can speak human languages.13. All human infants can speak some language.14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets.15. With different cultures there will be different languages.16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ ofthe rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3 The description of a language as it change through time is a ________study4 .Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5 .The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of wordsinto permissible sentences in languages is called s________.6 Language ,broadly speaking, is a means of _________communication7 language has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. This function is________8 Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises whileperforming heavy work has been called the ___________theory9 One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ___________over writing10 D_________ is one of the design features of human language whichrefers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lowerlevel of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningfulunits.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2 .Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable4 The function of the sentence“water boil at 100 degrees centigrade”A interrogativeB directiveC informativeD performative5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6 language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human __________.A contactB communicationC relationD community7 languages is _______A instinctiveB non-instinctiveC staticD geneticallytransmitted8 A linguist regards the change in language and language use as _______A unnaturalB something to be fearedC naturalD abnormal9 which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA treeB crashC typewriterD bang10. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing,because ___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD. All of the aboveIV. Define the following terms:1. Linguistics2. Phonology3. Syntax4 Design features 5. Psycholinguistics 6. Language 7. Phonetics 8. Morphology 9.paroleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbolsused for human communication. Explain it in detail.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them withexamples.3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic studyand a diachronic study?4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language asprimary, not the written?5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?6. There is a well-known story in the Bible that reflects the importance oflanguage in human society. According to the Old Testament, mankindspoke only one language until Nimrod began to build a tower that was to reach heaven. The Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand each other’s speech.”ASK:(1) What if there were no language?(2) What if there were only one language the world over?(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?7. Not only are many languages dying today, many dialects are alsodisappearing from the planet. For example, according to a report once circulated on the Internet, many parents discourage their children from speaking their local dialect. They would rather their children took hold of every chance to learn English, because the latter will give them an edge in future competition.ASK:(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well aslanguages?(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only onelanguage, or someday no dialect will exist?8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?9. What role does body language play in language communication?Unit I Some Preliminaries aboutLanguageAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:l. T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6T 7 T 8F 9 T 10F 11. F 12.F 13.F 14. F 15. F 16. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Knowledge2. Abstract3. Diachronic linguistics4. Arbitrary5. Syntax 6 verbal7 metalingual function 8 yo-he ho 9 speech10 DualityIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.l. C 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.DI V. Define the following terms:1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used incommunication is called phonology.3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences is called syntax. .4 Design features: it referred to the defining properties of human languagethat tell the difference between human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings ofmind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication.7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguisticcommunication is called phonetics.8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged toform words is called morphology.9. Parole: it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocalsymbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, becauseElements of language are com­ bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same ob­ject in the world.This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are justSymbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven­ tion. Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term “communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu­ nicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustratethem with examples.1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec­ essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer tothe same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con­struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou­ ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but thedetails of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans­ mitted.3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study;the de­ scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of languageas primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ­ ten form and most writing systems are derived fromThe spoken form of lan­ guage. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinct, ion between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.6.(1) What if there were no language?Omit.(2) What if there were only one language the world over?Omit.(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?Language is powerful as a tool of human communication.7.(1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages?Omit.(2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday nodialect will exist?Omit.8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not?No. They are genetically not endowed with the capacity.9. What role does body language play in language communication?Omit.。
《语言学概论》练习题答案
1《导言》综合练习一、名词解释1、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
2、小学：在中国古代，小学先从教授字的形（六书）、音、义开始，就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。
小学一直是经学的一部分，包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科，3、个别语言学：按照研究对象不同而划分出来的语言学类型，即针对一种语言研究而形成的语言学。
4、共时语言学：从同一时间层上对语言进行研究而形成的语言学分支学科。
5、历时语言学：从不同时间层面上对同一语言或或不同语言进行研究而形成的语言学分支学科。
6、普通语言学：以世界上所有语言为研究对象进行研究而形成的，关于全世界语言一般的共通规律的语言学科。
二、填空1．（中国）、（印度）、（古罗马－希腊）2．文字、音韵、训诂3．语音、词汇和语义、语法4．编码、发送、传递、接收、解码5．共时、历时；共时、历时6．普通语言学7．句法结构8．索绪尔三、思考题1、参教材第3而。
2、参教材3-4页，或讲课笔记。
3、语言学的功用（1）提高文化水平，掌握科学技术的基础：研究本族语的结构规律→指导语文教学实践；（2）指导我们学习语言,运用语言和研究语言：方言，本族语，第二语言习得等；（3）有利于各项语文政策的制定和推行：扫除文盲，汉字改革，推广普通话，语言规范化；（4）提高文学作品的分析和鉴赏能力；（5）有利于科学技术的现代化：语言是信息载体——计算机对自然语言的处理（6）对哲学也有重要意义：语言与思维的关系，语言的起源，语言的本质等（7）对个人语言的学习来说，利用语言学的成果，可取得事半功倍的效果。
4、语言学的分类参讲课笔记。
2《语言的社会功能》综合练习一、名词解释1、语言：语言是一个音义结合的符号系统，是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。
2、言语：言语就是说话和所说出来的话。
话（言语）都是由某种语言的词按照这种语言的规则组合起来的，它有声音和意义两个方面，但它毕竟不是这种语言本身，而说话即运用语言的行为也不是语言本身。
《语言学概论》练习题库参考答案
《语言学概论》练习测试题库一、单项选择题1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于：A. 语言。
B. 言语。
C. 言语行为。
D. 言语作品。
2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C)A. 民族性。
B. 符号性。
C. 生成性。
D. 系统性。
3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是：A. 人工语言。
B. 自然语言。
C. 共同语。
D. 世界语。
4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于：A. 一般语言学。
B. 具体语言学。
C. 共时语言学。
D. 历时语言学。
5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”：A. 是聚合关系。
B. 是组合关系。
C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。
D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。
6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的：A. 渐变性。
B. 相关性。
C. 规律性。
D. 不平衡性。
7、下列说法正确的是：A.义项是最小的语义单位。
B.义素是最小的语义单位。
C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。
D.词义不包括语法意义。
8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有：A. 交际功能。
B. 思维功能。
C. 文化录传功能。
D. 认知功能。
9、“衣领”是“衣服”的：A. 上义词。
B. 下义词。
C. 总义词。
D. 分义词。
10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是：A. 乔姆斯基。
B. 菲尔默。
C. 皮亚杰。
D. 韩礼德。
11、下列说法正确的是A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。
B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。
C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。
D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。
12、人类最重要的交际工具是A.文字。
B.语言。
C.书面语。
D.手势语。
13、下列说法正确的是A.所有的符号都有任意性。
B.有些符号有任意性。
C.只有语言符号有任意性。
D.语言符号没有任意性。
14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的A.渐变性。
B.稳固性。
C.相关性。
D.不平衡性。
15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李”A.是组合关系。
(完整版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4.In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be basedon language facts and checked against the observed facts.5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined tofo rm words is called morphology.10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not onlyst udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language ats ome point in time.19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, nott he written language.20.The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines“ competence as”the ideal user ’s k__________ of the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: alower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level ofme aningful units.nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26.Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but thedeta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27.P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.nguage is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33.Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35.A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC.prescriptive D.comparative36.Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomskylo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological⋯ psychologicalB. psychological⋯ sociologicalC. applied⋯ pragmaticD.semantic⋯ linguistic37.According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB.performancenguenguagenguage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideasnguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from theim mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_______, A. displacementB. dualityC.flexibilityD. cultural transmission40.The details of any language system is passed on from onegener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC.booksD.both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguisticsnguage47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.Applied Linguistics52.Arbitrariness53.Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.Design Featurespetence58.Performancengue60.ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.42.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is calledprag matics.45.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbolsused for human communication.47.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes arearran ged to form words is called morphology.49.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to societyi s called sociolinguistics.51.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second langu ages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds53.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used torefer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56.Design features: Design features refer to the defining propertiesof human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcom munication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s kn owledge of the rules of his language,58.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.ngue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is rel(完满版)英语语言学练习题(含答案))atively stable, it does not change frequently60.Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.11 / 11。
语言学概论练习答案
《语言学概论》练习练习一（导论部分）填空题：1.语言学的研究对象是人类的语言。
2.以研究目的为标准，可以把语言学分为理论语言学和应用语言学两大类。
3.以研究对象为标准，可以把语言学分为个别语言学和普通语言学两大类。
《语言学概论》属于普通语言学，《现代汉语》属于个别语言学。
4.19世纪20年代以后，随着历史比较语言学的建立，语言学逐渐发展成为一门独立的科学。
5.我国语言学时期主要有三门学问，即文字学、训诂学和音韵学，它们被统称为“小学”。
6.瑞士语言学家索绪尔（费尔迪南?德?索绪尔）是结构主义奠基人，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上占有十分重要的地位。
练习二（第一章语言的本质）一、名词解释：1.语言：从语言本身的结构来看，它是由词汇和语法构成的体系。
所谓词汇就是某种语言中词的总汇。
所谓语法就是把语言成分组织起来的各种规则和总和，语言的社会功能是语言作为人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具。
2.言语：言语不同于语言，所谓言语就是指说话和所说的话，言语的范围要比语言来得大。
3.任意性：语言符号的任意性就是语言符号的语音形式与意义内容的结合是任意的。
4.线条性：语言符号的线条性是指在交际过程中，语言符号或语言符号的语音形式，只能一个接着一个，前后相继，依次出现，随着时间的推移而延伸，不可能在同一时间里说出两个或两个以上的符号或声音。
5.组合关系：语言符号的各个要素前后依次相继出现，彼此相互联结的语言成分之间构成的关系就是组合关系。
每一种成分都有其特定的组合关系。
（横向的联系）6.聚合关系：处于同一个层级上的语言单位，由于它们具有共同的特点，就可以成为一种类别，同类的各成分之间具有的关系就是聚合关系。
（纵向的联系）二、填空题。
1.语言符号是音和义的结合体，语言符号的音义结合是任意的，没有本质的必然联系。
2.符号是指代某种事物的标记，它由形式和意义两部分构成。
符号的形式是人的感官可以感知的，符号的内容是形式所表达的意义。
《语言学概论》课后练习题（附答案）
《语言学概论》课后练习题（附答案）语言学概论一、单项选择题1. 由单纯字符组合而成的字符，被叫做（）。
A. 声符B. 单纯字符C. 复合字符D. 意符【正确答案】 C2. 语言是个层级体系，底层是语音单位层，凡是跟底层语言单位联系的文字就叫（）。
A. 楔形文字B. 象形文字C. 表意文字D. 表音文字【正确答案】 D3. 语言是个层级体系，上层是音义结合的符号层，凡是跟上层语言单位联系的文字就叫（）。
A. 楔形文字B. 象形文字C. 表意文字D. 表音文字【正确答案】 C4. “楔形文字” 也叫（）。
A. 丁头字B. 大头字C. 丁形字D. 图文字【正确答案】 A5. 刻在雕像座、庙宇和金字塔墓室石头和祭器上的（），是一种象形程度很高的符号。
A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 模形体【正确答案】 A6. 跟碑铭体并行的有一种僧侶阶层平时使用的已经线条化的近乎草书的字体，称为（）。
A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 圣书字【正确答案】 B7. 公元前7世纪还出现了一种在僧侣体基础上加以简化供老百姓使用的字体，称为（）。
A. 碑铭体B. 僧侣体C. 平民体D. 圣书字【正确答案】 C8. 腓尼基文字被称做（）。
A. 元音音素文字B. 表意文字C. 辅音音素文字D. 意音文字【正确答案】 C9.希腊人在借用腓尼基文字来书写希腊语时增添了（）。
A. 元音字母B. 辅音字母C. 多音节语素D. 单音节语素【正确答案】 A10. 把两个或两个以上象形字或指事字拼合在一起且把它们的意义结合成一个新的意义的造字方法叫做（）。
A. 象形B. 形声C. 会意D. 指事【正确答案】 C11. 炼字的基本功是（）。
A. 精心挑选关键词语B. 恰当使用修饰词语C. 合理使用修辞手法D. 注意词语的巧妙配合【正确答案】 A12. 一般来说，（）的特点是信息量大、逻辑严谨、细致准确。
A. 长句B. 短句C. 陈述句D. 反问句【正确答案】 A13. 我国古典诗文中常用的修辞方式是（）。
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《语言学概论》练习一、名词解释：1、语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学，研究语言的性质、功能、结构，揭示语言的发展规律的科学。
2、语言：语言是语音和语义结合的符号系统，是人类社会最重要的交际工具，是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类思维的最有效的工具。
3、符号：符号是用于传递信息、指代事物或思想的标记。
4、组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（如音位与音位、词与词等等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。
简单地说，就是符号与符号相互组合起来的关系。
5、聚合关系：聚合关系就是语言结构某一位置上能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的单位（如音位、词）之间的关系，简单说就是符号与符号之间的替换关系。
6、语音：语音是语言符号系统的载体，它是由人的发音器官发出的、负载着一定的语言意义的语言的声音7、音素从音质的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。
8、发音部位：发音部位是指发辅音时形成阻碍的器官部位。
9 、音位：音位是指具体语言（或方言）中有区别词的语音形式的作用的最小的语音单位。
10、音位变体：是一个音位的不同变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。
11、区别特征：一个音位之所以区别于别的音位，是因为它具有某种特殊的不同于别的音位的语音特征。
这种能区别音位的语音特征叫区别特征。
12、音节：音节是音位与音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。
13、语法：语法就是用词造句的规则系统，它是词的构成规则、变化规则、组合规则的总和。
14、句子：句子是交际中最基本的表述单位，是交流思想的基本语言单位。
15、词：词是造句的时候能够独立运用的最小单位；16、语素：语素是最小的语音语义结合体，语言的最小单位；17、变词语素：没有构词作用，但是能改变一个词的形式的语素，是变词语素，词尾就是变词语素。
18、构词语素：具有构词作用的语素就是构词语素，词根和词缀能参与构词，就是构词语素。
19、单纯词：是由一个词根语素构成的词。
例如汉语的“人、手、水、河、啊、琵琶、枇杷、哗啦、坦克”等，英语如man、teach 、book、moon、sun、long 等都是单纯词。
20、合成词：合成词是由两个以上的语素构成的词。
21、复合词：完全由几个词根语素按一定规则构成的词就是复合词。
例如汉语的“思想、学习、黄瓜、大豆、胆怯”等，英语的如“snowwhite、makeblieve、earthfall 、friendship 、motherland ”等。
22、语法意义：指相对于词汇意义而言由词的变化所体现出来的意义。
23、形态：也叫做词形变化，指词与词组合时发生的词形变化所形成的聚合。
24、社会方言：社会方言是指社会内部不同年龄、性别、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的、在全民语言基础上产生的语言变体。
25、地域方言：地域方言指全民语言在不同地域上的分支，或一种语言的地方变体。
26、借词：也叫外来词，是音义都借自外语的词。
二、填空：1、中国、印度、希腊一罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
2、我国传统的语文学“小学”包括音韵学、文字学、训诂学。
3、根据研究对象的不同，语言学可分为专语语言学、普通语言学两类。
4、结构主义语言学分布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学派三个分支学派。
5、文字是建立在语言之上的一种最重要的辅助性交际工具。
6、任何符号，都包括形式和意义两个方面，是统一不可分割的。
7、语言符号具有任意性、线条性两个特点。
&符号和符号组合起来的关系就是组合关系，一群具有相同作用的符号在同一个环节可以互相替换，它们之间的关系就是聚合关系。
9、音素是从语音的自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位，音位是从语音的社会属性角度划分出来的能区别词的语音形式的最小语音单位。
10、语音具有物理属性、生理属性、社会属性，其中社会属性是语音的本质属性。
11、语音的四要素是指音高、音重、音长、音质。
12、音质是由发音体、发音方法、共鸣器形状三个方面的因素决定的。
13、人体发音器官可分为动力部分、发音体、共鸣腔三大部分。
14、根据发音特点，音素可分元音和辅音两大类。
15、元音的音色是由舌位的高低、舌位的前后、圆唇与否三个方面的因素决定的。
女口a是前、低、不圆唇元音,u 是后、高、圆唇元音。
16、辅音的音质是由发音部位和发音方法两个方面决定的,如s是舌尖前清擦逋音，p是双唇不送气清塞辅音。
17、音位变体可分两种，出现条件受环境制约的是条件变体，没有条件限制的是自由变体。
18、声调具有区别意义的作用，叫非音质音位。
19、汉语声调可分阴平、阳平、上声和去声四种，调值分别是55、35、214 和51。
20、t和k的区别特征是：t是舌尖前音,k是舌面后音。
21、汉语音节可分声母、韵母、声调三部分，其中韵母又分韵头、韵腹和韵尾三部分。
22、从韵头情况看，汉语韵母可分开口呼、齐齿呼、合口呼、撮口呼四类。
23、语法单位包括语素、词、词组、句子。
24、语素可分词根、词缀、词尾三类,其中词根、词缀是构词语素,又叫词干，词尾是变词语素。
如dislikes ，其中dis是前缀,like 词根,dislike 是词干,s是词尾。
25、词从结构成分看可分单纯词与合成词两类。
26、合成词可分复合词与派生词两类，如“女性”是复合词，“弹性”是派生 ?词。
27、语法组合的基本类型有主谓、偏正、述宾、述补、联合五种，如“热爱生活”是述宾,“说不清楚”是述补。
28、常用的语法手段主要有选词、词序、虚词、词形变化。
29、常见的语法范畴包括性、数、格、时和体、人称、态、级等。
30、基本词汇具有普遍性、稳固性、能产性三个特点。
31、词义概括性具体表现在一般性、模糊性、全民性三个方面。
32、词义引申的方式有两种，如“红领巾”本义是红色的领巾，派生义指少先队员，这是换喻;“高峰”本义是指高的山峰，派生义指事物发展的最高点，这是隐喻。
33、同义词“妻子”和“夫人”的语体色彩不同,“团结”和“勾结”感情色彩不同。
34、“桃树”、“李树”、“杏树”可归入果树义场,“汽车”、“火车”、“轮船”、“飞机”可归入交通工具义场。
35、词语的搭配一方面要受到语法规则的支配,另一方面要受到语义条件的限制。
36、文字的主要作用是突破了语言的时间和空间限制,扩大了语言的使用范围。
37、从造字法看，文字经历了表意、意音和表音三个阶段的发展。
38、书面语是在口语的基础上产生发展的，口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。
39、语言要随着社会的发展而发展,社会发展是语言发展的基本条件。
40、语言系统的发展具有渐变性和不平衡性特点。
41、社会方言包括行业用语、阶级方言、科技术语等。
42、现代汉语有七大方言，如吴方言以苏州话为代表，北方方言以北京话为代表，湘方言以长沙话为代表。
43、汉语属于汉藏语系，英语、法语属于印欧语系。
44、从语法结构角度看，语言可分孤立语、屈折语、黏着语、复综语四种。
45、共同语一般是在某一种语言或方言的基础上建立起来的。
46、汉语借词主要有音译、音译加意译和半音译半意译等方式。
47、从词义演变结果看，新义主要有词义的扩大、缩小和转移三种情况。
三、判断：1、“小学”是我国传统的语文学，包括文字、音韵、训诂三方面内容。
（对）2、古人研究语言，以口语为主，目的是指导人们更好地运用语言。
（错）3、专语语言学以某一具体的语言为研究对象，如现代汉语就是专语语言学。
（对）4、历史比较语言学的建立是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
（对）5、索绪尔的代表著作是《语言论》。
（错）6、、单纯的语-_:是不存在的，都以个体的形式存在着。
（对）7、语 -_:言是抽象的，说话是具体的。
（对）8、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是最重要的交际工具（错）9、不同的阶级使用语言有不同的特点，这反映了语言是有阶级性的。
（错）10、符号的意义内容比符号的外在形式更重要（错）11、没有形式，符号不可能存在，因此符号的形式比意义内容更重要。
（错）12、语言符号的任意性特点是指语言的运用是依据个人好恶组织材料的。
（错）13、人类不同的语言说明了语言的任意性特点，是语言任意性的反映。
（对）14、语言二层性的核心是以少驭多，反映了语言的生成性特点（对）15、聚合反映了语言的结构法则，组合是对法则的运用和扩展（错）16、语音的最小单位是音位，是从自然属性角度划分出来的（错）17、汉语拼音中的h ，国际音标用x 表示（对）18 、生理属性是语音的本质属性（错）19 、音高在汉语中具有区别意义的作用（对）20、元音和辅音的本质区别在于发音时气流是否受阻（对）21 、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是上腭（错）22、元音u和o的区别是舌位高低不同，其他方面没有区别（对）23、辅音的音质特点是由发音部位决定的（错）24、［b］的发音情况是：双唇、不送气、清、塞音（错）25、音位和音素的内涵是一样的，一个音素就是一个音位（错）26、国际音标［t ‘ ］相当于汉语拼音中的声母z和zh（错）27、普通话的声调分四类，其中上声的调值是35（错）28、音位/p/和/p ‘ /只有一个不同的区别特征（对）29、聚合规则是潜在的，它储存于人们的脑子中（对）30 、后缀又叫词尾，具有构词功能（错）31、一个词中的变词语素是指除去词根的部分（错）32 、词干通常由一个语素构成（错）33 、一个语素一般不能小于一个音节（对）34、词从结构成分角度看可分单纯词和合成词两类（对）35、无论英语还是汉语，加词缀的词都是合成词（对）36、“买一本”是述宾结构，“买一次”是述补结构（对）37、“红”的语法意义就是指一种颜色，与白、黑等相对而言（错）38、语法范畴就是语法意义的类的概括，语法手段是构成语法形式的方式。
（错）39、在有形态变化的语言中，加词尾或内部曲折都是重要的语法手段。
（对）（如果印刷错误“屈折”印成“曲折”也算错，那就是错的）40、“ He write a letters ”这个句子，在人称和数的方面都错了（对）41、施事就是主语，主语就是施事，二者是对应的。
（错）42、“那是一只狼也不怕的狗”，就是一个歧义句。
（对）43 、孤立语的主要特点是缺乏词形变化。
（对）44、“啊”“五” “的”等词能产性差，不是基本词汇。
（错）45、词义的模糊性不是说词的意义不可捉摸。
（对）46、“铁窗”本义指有铁栅栏的窗户，派生义指监牢，这是换喻（对）47、同义词“商量一磋商”的意义差别主要是语体风格不同（对）48、文字是记录语言的书写符号系统，记录语言的声音和意义（对）49、汉字的特点亍与汉语语素的特点相适应（对）50、汉字是非拼音文字，主要记录意义（错）51、英文是拼音文字，主要记录语（错）52、汉字以形声字为主，是一种典型的意音文字。
（对）53、口语是在书面语基础上产生的，其发展离不开书面语的发展。