最详细的集合名词
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集合名词
第一类形式为单数,但意义可以用为单数或复数
family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。
比较并体会:His family is large. 他的家是个大家庭。His family are all waiting for him. 他的一家人都在等他。
This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。This class are reading English now. 这个班的学生在读。
第二类形式为单数,但意义永远为复数
包括cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作时谓语用复数;不与a(n) 连用,与the连用(连用)。
如:People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。Many cattle were killed for this. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。
注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词head(单复数同形)。如:five head of cattle 5头牛,fifty (head of ) cattle 50头牛
第三类形式为复数,意义也为复数
包括goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特点是:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作时谓语也用复数),但通常不与连用。
如:Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season. 衣服在雨季不易干。Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。If goods are not well made you should complain to the manufacturer. 如果货物质量不好,则理应向制造商提出控诉。
第四类形式为单数,意义也为单数
这类集合包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景),jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为:是,只用单数形式,不用(当然更不能用),没有复数形式。
如:Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。<>Have you checked
all your baggage 你所有的行李都托运了吗The thief stole all her jewelry. 小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。The hospital has no decent equipment. 这家医院没有像样的设备。The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry. 人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期
。注:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery等相应的个体是machine, poem, jewel, scene等。如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器
第五类补充几个常考的集合除上面提到的四类集合名词外,以下几个集合名词也应重点注意:
1. hair(头发,毛发)
指全部头发或毛发时,为集合(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。
2. mankind(人类)
人是一个不可数的集合,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。注:mankind 表示“mankind 人(类)”时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其是复数时。如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。
3. fruit(水果)
作为集合,它通常是不可数的。如:He doesn’t eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。He is growing fruit in the country. 他在乡下种水果。但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为,即a fruit 指一种水果,fruits 指多种水果。比较:Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。
主谓一致问题
一、一般某些有生命的集合(表示人或者动物),本身有单/复数之分。其为单数时,若作主语,则谓语可用单数/复数。主要依据说话者强调的重点而定,若强调许多个体,谓语用复数;若强调一个整体,则用单数。其为复数时,不言而喻,谓语必须用复数。注意:此类数的意义并不完全相同,汉译时一定要当心。如army(一国之军队),armies(多国部队);couple(一对夫妇),couples(多对夫妇);等。常见的此类集合有:army,association,audience,band,board,cast,clan,class,clique,club,college,committee,company,community,congregation(教民,会众),council(市议会,理事会),couple,crew,crowd,enemy,family,firm,fleet,flock,folk,gang,government,group,jury,kingdom ,mob(暴民,暴徒),navy,opposition,orchestra,pack,pair,party,personnel,profession,population,staff,school,team,tribe(部落,部民),union,university等。
1.The staff is/are hardworking.
2.The audience were moved to tears.
3.The lecturer draws large audiences.
4.The whole school was punished.
5.The class consists of 40 students.
6.This class are diligent.
7.The whole profession fight tooth andnail against it.
8.One tenth of the population of Egypt is/are Christian.
二、某些有生命的集合,本身无复数形式,作主语时,谓语通常用复数。常见的此类集合有:cattle,clergy,faculty(教职工),herd,mankind,military,militia(民团、民兵),people,police,poultry(家禽),swine(猪),vermin,womankind等。
9.There are three people waving at us.
10.The police haven't arrived yet.
11.There are verm in here.
12.Some people are never satisfied.