浅析《红字》中象征主义手法的运用

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论霍桑《红字》中的象征手法

论霍桑《红字》中的象征手法摘要：美国著名作家霍桑的《红字》被称为美国第一部象征主义小说，在这部优秀的作品中，作者运用了丰富的象征手法，深化了小说的主题，增强了作品的感染力以及表现力。

对于作者如何熟练地运用象征手法，值得我们深入探讨。

本文主要从红字“A”、场景、人物、人物名字、鲜花等方面，对象征手法的运用进行分析，旨在为相关研究者提供借鉴。

关键词：《红字》霍桑象征手法寓意霍桑是美国浪漫主义作家之一，其长篇小说《红字》发表于1850年。

1848年正好在纽约召开了美国第一届妇女权利大会，会上提出了男女平等、财产权等问题。

因此，这部长篇小说内容涉及婚外情以及激进的女性主义思想，大胆地挑战和颠覆了当时基督教的价值判断。

与此同时，霍桑《红字》中运用的象征手法，不仅对许多作家作品的创作产生了重要影响，同时还影响了现代派文学的象征主义。

此外，在现代作品创作过程中，对霍桑《红字》象征手法的分析进行探讨，对我国现代文学的发展具有重要的现实意义。

一、象征主义和象征手法概述象征主义一词源于希腊文，原意并不是指象征主义，几经演变以后，被引申为可以用某种观念或事物代表符号或者物品。

在文学界，“象征主义”这个名称第一次是出现在1886年诗人让·莫雷亚斯发表的《象征主义宣言》中，也标志着象征主义流派的产生。

实际上，象征主义在未被提出之前，许多作家在作品中就大量运用象征主义这种创作方法。

象征派主张创作作品不要直接、客观、如实地描写所见事实，而是通过利用特定形象，表达作者的精神世界以及观念。

19世纪末，英国发生了文学艺术活动，扩大了象征主义的影响，推动了20世纪美学的发展。

象征主义不仅被运用到文学界，还应用到戏剧、绘画等创作中。

在文学界，象征手法是创作的一种重要手法，主要是借助某种具体形象来表现思想情感。

在文学创作中，恰当地运用象征手法，可以使作品立意深远、主题深刻，给读者留下咀嚼回味的空间。

霍桑所创作的《红字》，大量运用了象征的手法，有比较明显的象征，也有许多隐晦的象征，其对象征手法的运用影响了《白鲸》的作者麦尔维尔、法国的波德莱尔，而且影响了一批美国卓有成就的作家，如海明威、菲兹杰拉德、福克纳等。

浅谈小说《红字》中的多重象征意义姜婷婷

浅谈小说《红字》中的多重象征意义姜婷婷发表时间：2018-09-18T09:51:05.987Z 来源：《知识-力量》3中作者：姜婷婷[导读] 小说《红字》是19世纪美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的第一部长篇小说,同时也是最能体现霍桑对象征手法的娴熟运用的代表作。

受神秘主义的影响，霍桑的作品多使用象征主义来描摹场景、刻画人物，并含沙射影地表达自己的态度和观点。

他惯于将浪漫主义和象征主义相结合，从而使创作达到意想不到的结果。

他在小说《红字》中大量地赋予不同的人物和事物以丰富且有层次的象征意义，使这部小说的内蕴远比字里行间所传达的文本信息更耐人寻味（河南大学，河南省开封市 475000）摘要：小说《红字》是19世纪美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的第一部长篇小说,同时也是最能体现霍桑对象征手法的娴熟运用的代表作。

受神秘主义的影响，霍桑的作品多使用象征主义来描摹场景、刻画人物，并含沙射影地表达自己的态度和观点。

他惯于将浪漫主义和象征主义相结合，从而使创作达到意想不到的结果。

他在小说《红字》中大量地赋予不同的人物和事物以丰富且有层次的象征意义，使这部小说的内蕴远比字里行间所传达的文本信息更耐人寻味。

通过对象征主义的解读以及对红色字母A的象征意义及其与主要人物名字及形象的关系的分析，本文深入剖析和探讨了小说《红字》中的多重象征意义即其多义性。

关键词：红字A；象征主义；多重象征意义一、象征主义象征作为一种文学创作手段，很早就出现在诗歌以及小说创作中。

而象征主义真正作为一种文学流派，则出现于19世纪末至20世纪30年代，并逐渐成为欧美现代派文学的一个重要分支。

对于“象征”一词，历来不乏有评论家、诗人等对其进行解读。

他们的解释往往有相通之处却又不尽相同。

评论家南帆说：“象征是以特定的具体形象表现或暗示某种观念、哲理或情感”[1]。

法国诗人马拉美认为：“象征就是这种神秘性构成的：一点一点地把对象暗示出来，用以表现一种心灵状态”[2]。

《红字》的象征手法探析

《红字》的象征手法探析冯荣刚（宝鸡市陈仓区坪头镇初级中学，陕西宝鸡，721301）摘要：纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是美国19世纪伟大的浪漫主义小说家，长篇小说《红字》是霍桑最杰出的代表作，也使霍桑誉满全球。

《红字》被誉为美国第一部象征主义小说，究其原因是丰富的象征手法在这部小说中的运用，这一艺术手法对美国小说的发展起了巨大的影响作用。

本文从红字的多种象征意义,主要人物的人名寓意以及景物寓意等方面入手，研究《红字》中的象征手法。

首先，象征的多义性在小说中通过红字象征意义变化完美的展现出来，它分别象征了爱与生命、罪恶、羞耻和惩罚。

其次，随着小说的发展,字母“A”的意义也在不断的变化，赋予小说其发展性，其分别象征了通奸、孤独、疏远、能干、受人尊敬、天使等特征。

此外，小说从情节、细节、人物到背景，甚至动作，都无一例外地把丰富的象征内涵演绎到极致，这正是象征手法在小说中表现的另外一个特点，即系统性。

总之，作品中的象征手法贯穿始终、无处不在，加强了作品的艺术效果，也使《红字》在世界文学经典中赢得广泛声誉。

关键词：《红字》; 象征; 多重涵义性; 发展性; 系统性Analysis of the Symbolism in The Scarlet LetterAbstract: Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) is one of the greatest romantic novelists in the 19th century of America. The novel The Scarlet Letter is his best repetitive work, which made him known all over the world. The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the first symbolism novel in the American literature because of the colorful symbols used in it, and this writing technique greatly influenced the development of the American literature.This paper analyzes the symbolism of The Scarlet Letter on the multi-conotational feature, the symbolic meaning of the four major characters‟ names and the symbolic meanings of the objects that are described in the novel. Firstly, the multi-conotational feature is perfectly shown by the scarlet letter “A”, which symbolizes love and life, crime, shame and punishment. Secondly, with the development of the novel, the symbolic meanings of the letter “A”also change constantly, which symbolizes adultery, alone and alienation, able, admirable, and angle, and some other special characteristics. In addition, from matters, details, characters to backgrounds or even actions, they are all, without any exception, possessed of symbolic meanings, which is the other feature of the symbolism used in this novel, i.e. the systematic feature.In conclusion，the symbolic writing techniques in this novel is everywhere and run through the whole novel, which strength it‟s art istic effect, and makes The Scarlet Letter win the reputation of world classic.Key Words: The Scarlet Letter; Symbolism; Multi-connotation; Development;SystematizationTable of Contents1. Introduction (1)2. The symbolic meanings of the Scarlet Letter “A” (1)2.1 Multi-connotation of symbolism (1)2.1.1 Love and l ife (1)2.1.2 Crime, shame and p unishment (1)2.2 Development of the the symbolic meanings of l etter “A” (2)2.2.1 Adultery (2)2.2.2 Alone and alienatio n (3)2.2.3 Able, admirable and a ngel (3)3. The Systematization of the Symbolism (4)3.1 The symbolic meanings of the four major c haracters‟n ames (4)3.1.1 Hester Prynne (4)3.1.2 Arthur Dimmes dale (5)3.1.3 Roger Chillingworth (6)3.1.4 Pearl (7)3.2 The symbolic meanings of the o bjects (9)3.2.1 Prison (9)3.2.2 Rosebush (10)3.2.3 Forest (11)3.2.4 S caffold (11)3.2.5 Light and darkness (12)4. Conclusion (13)Works Cited (14)1. IntroductionThe Scarlet Letter is recognized as Hawthorne‟s masterpiece and the most prestigious romantic novel of the in American literature. (Mao 162) In The Scarlet Letter, there are many artistic features which not only describe the fantastic romantic atmosphere, but also depict the delicate psychological activity. However, the most distinctive feature of the novel is the widely and extensively used symbolism and that is why The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the first novel of symbolism in American literature.In World Book Dictionary, a symbol is defined as something that stands for or represents something else, especially an idea, quality, or condition. Symbols can be objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent ideas or concepts (532). As for symbolism, different critics and poets have different definition on it. French poet Mallarme said: “Symbolism is to imply the object little by little, for the performance of a state of mind” (Gong 56). Famous critic Nan Fan said: “Symbolism is to perform the specific image particularly or imply some sort of concept, philosophy or emotion” (Wu 1).Symbolism does not describe objects directly and simply, so it arouses reader‟s emotion by metaphors, and it is often with ambiguity and uncertainty, which gives ordinary things great artistic power. In The Scarlet Letter，Hawthorne express this kind of power successfully. This paper analyzes its artistic power of symbolism in its multi-connotation, development and systematization.2.The Symbolic Meanings of the Scarlet Letter “A”2.1 Multi-connotation of symbolism2.1.1 Love and lifeRed is the symbol of life and love, in the novel, red symbolizes purity, beauty, warm love between Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, normal family and social life are based on them. In any healthy society, it is celebrated. However, inthe grim Puritanism society, the truth is often treated as a fallacy, human nature has been distorted, and a symbol of love's fire, the source of life, and the color, red is treated as a symbol of shame in the society.2.1.2 Crime, shame and punishment“In accordance with strict Puritan moral laws, the woman Hester Prynne is sentenced to an unusual punishment for her sin of adultery. She is hence forth to wear the letter “A”embroidered on her dress over her bosom as a permanent badge of shame. (Fred 88) This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. The puritan treatment continues, because as Hester walks through the streets, she will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that commits a terrible crime. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. “Here, she said to herself, had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment…”(Hawthorne 74)2.2 Development of the l etter “A”In this novel, the scarlet letter “A”changes its meaning at many different times. As the development of the plots, the letter “A” is continuously endowed with new meanings, showing a dynamic “A”.Hawthorne did not clearly and directly tells the readers what the letter means, because it alters with the plots, settings and characters (Zhu 89). This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live. The letter “A” begins as adultery, a symbol of sin. It then becomes a symbol of alone and alienation, and finally it becomes a symbol of able, angel and admirable.2.2.1 AdulteryThe letter “A”, worn on Hester's bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chillingworth. Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it. She commits this sin in the heart of passion, and fully admits it, though she isashamed. She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. Many will have fled Boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. Hester chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity. Any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town, which despises her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a devil child, either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman.2.2.2 Alone and alienationThe scarlet letter “A” also stands for Hester‟s lonely life in New England. After she is released, Hester lives in a cottage ne ar the outskirts of the city. “It had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned, because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation, while its comparative remoteness put it out of the sphere of that social activity which already marked the habits of the emigrants” (Hawthorne 75). Hester‟s social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. Hester comes to have a part to perform in the world with her native energy of character and rare capacity. However, there was nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came to contact, implied, and often expressed, that she was banished, and as much alone as if she inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the common nature by other organs and senses than the rest of human kind. “She stood apart from moral interests… seemed to be the sole portion that she r etained in the universal heart.”(Hawthorne 78) Hester has no friends in the world, and little Pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the scarlet letter “A” also is a symbol of the words “alone” and “alienate”.2.2.3 Able, admirable and angelLater, the scarlet letter “A” changes its mea ning into being able, angel and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistanceto the poor and sick. “The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to sympathize—that many people refuses to interpret the scarlet letter …A‟ by its original signification.” (Hawthorne 148) At this point, a lot of the townspeople realize what a noble character Hester possesses. “Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester —the town‟s own Hester—who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted!”(Hawthorne 149) The townspeople soon begin to believe that the badge served to ward off evil, and Hester grows to be quite admirable amongst the people of the town. Hester overcomes the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul. Unselfishly offering her time and love to those who need her most proves that she is not worthy of the fate which has been dealt to her.The three changes in the scarlet letter are significant; they show the progressive possession of her sin, her lonely life, and her ability. Hester is a strong admirable woman who goes through more emotional torture that most people go through in their lifetime.3. The Systematization of the Symbolism3.1 The symbolic meaning of the four major c haracters’ names3.1.1 Hester PrynneHester Prynne is one of the major characters in The Scarlet Letter.The writer gives her much symbolic meaning by giving her this name. Hester sounds this gives us like Hes ter, Zeus‟ sister in Greek mythology, who is a very beautiful goddess. a sense that Hester is a passionate beautiful woman. In this novel, she is the symbol of the truth, the goodness and the beauty. Nathaniel Hawthorne describes her in Chap ter Two like this: “The young woman was tall, a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale, she had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, had the impressivenessbelonging to a m arked brow and deep black eyes…” (Hawthorne 50) Also, Hester is the homophone of the word haste. At first, she gets married to Roger Chillingworth, an ugly man who gives his best years to feed the hungry dream of knowledge. Not having got the news about her husband who should have arrived by ship from England, she falls love with Arthur hastily and gives birth to Pearl, for which she is condemned to wear on the breast of her gown the scarlet letter “A”, which stands for adultery. But Hester‟s adultery haste is nothing but a very natural thing to do.Also, Hawthorne uses the homophone of prurient, as her family name, which indicates the root of her sins. Hester Prynne is the symbol of love, and her desire stands for the evil aspects in human nature.3.1.2 Arthur DimmesdaleArthur Dimmesdale is a well-regarded young minister, whose initials are AD, which also stands for adultery. The author obviously tells us Author Dimmesdale is the partner in sin of Hester Prynne by giving him this name. The word Dimmesdale also has many symbolic meanings. Dim means dark and weak, and dale means valley, so the dimdale here is actually a symbol of the “dim-interior” of the clergyman. He loves Hester deeply, and he is the father of Pearl, but he can only show his passion for her in the forest or in darkness. His response to the sin is to lie. He stands before Hester and the rest of the town and proceeds to give a moving speech about how it would be in he r and the father‟s best interest for her to reveal the father's name. Though he never actually says that he is not the other partner, he implies it by talking of the father in third person. Such as, “If tho u feelest it to be for thy soul‟s peace, and that thy earthly punishment will thereby be made more effectual to salvation, I charge thee to speak out the name of thy fellow-sinner and fellow-sufferer” (Hawthorne 63). He concedes his guilt for seven years, at the same time; he is tortured by his sin for so many years. He punishes himself by believing that he can never be redeemed. He feels that he will never been seen the same in the eyes of God, and that noamount of penit ence can ever return him to God‟s good graces. He hates his hypocrisy to sin, but dares not tell the truth that he is the fellow-sinner of Hester. When he finally decides to expose the truth and tell his followers of how he deceives them, his fixation on his sin has utterly corroded him to the point of death. The only good that comes out of conceding his guilt is that he passes away without any secrets, for he is already too far gone to be able to be saved. At the end of the story, the writer put the morals which press upon the readers from the poor minister‟s miserable experience into one sentence, “Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!” (Hawthorne 236)3.1.3 Roger ChillingworthRoger Chilling worth, like all of Hawthorne‟s main characters, is complex and d ifficult to see through. The words “chilling” and “worth” compose the surname Chillingworth. Chilling comes from the word “chilly”, which means this man is a merciless avenger. He is calm in temperament, kindly, but keeps evil intentions. It is he that has destroyed Hester's flower like youth, and indirectly leads to Hester‟s tragedy. After he discovers that his wife bore another man‟s child, Roger gives up his independence. He used to be a scholar, who dedicates his best years to feed the hungry dream of knowledge, “but his new allegiance becomes finding and slowly punishing the man who seduces his wife. For seven y ears, he digs into the minister‟s heart with keen pleasure. He searches the minister‟s thoughts; he causes the poor minister to die daily a livi ng death. He searches into the minister‟s dim interior for a long time, and turns over many precious a tread, and as wary an outlook, as a thief entering a chamber where a man lies only half asleep, or if it may be, broad awake, with purpose to steal the very treasure which this man g uards as the apple of his eyes” (Hawthorne 119) When he fi nally found the scarlet letter “A”on the bosom of the minister, he busted out a ghastly rapture. When he does these, he is turning from a victim to a sinner. Chillingworth is also means t hat the avenger‟s life is worthless. When hefinds his wife betrays him, he dedicates all his time to seeking revenge. He gives up his identity, living with the minister and being by his side all day, every day. His largest sacrifice is by far, his own life. After spending so much time dwelling on his revenge, Chillingworth forgets that he still has a change to lead a life of his own. So after Dimmesdale reveals his secret to the world. “ All his strength and energy—all his vital and intellectual force—seemed at once to desert him; in so much that he positively withered up, shriveled away, and almost varied from mortal sight, like an uprooted wee d that lies wilting in the sun.”(Hawthorne 236) Chillingworth dies less that a year later because he has nothing left to live for. The poor forlorn creature is more wretched than his victim is.3.1.4 PearlPearl is one of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book, the daughter of Hester Prynne. Pearl, throughout the story, develops into a dynamic symbol—one that is always changing. Pearl was a source of many different kinds of symbolism. From a living scarlet letter to a valuable thing with high price, then to be the moral in this novel, she was a kind of burden, yet love for Hester.The most significant symbolic meaning of Pearl in the novel is her association with the scarlet letter “A”. When Hester stood fully revealed before the crowd, it is her first impulse to clasp Pearl closely to her bosom; “not so much by an impulse of motherly affection, as that she might thereby conceal a certain token, which was wrou ght or fastened into her dress.”(Hawthorne 50) “In a moment, however, wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby on her a rm…”(Hawthorne50) Hester embroidered the scarlet letter with gold thread fantastically, and she had allowed the gorgeous tendencies of her imagination their full playing contriving Pearl's g arb. “And, indeed, of the child‟s whole appearance, that it irresistibly reminded the beholder of the token which Hester Prynne was doomed to wear upon her bosom.”(Hawthorne 93) Pearl really was the scarlet letter, the scarlet letter inanother form; the scarlet letter endowed with life.Pearl is a girl of rich and luxu riant beauty. “There was fire in her and throughout her; she seemed the unpremeditated offshoot of a passionate moment.”(Hawthorne 93) The Bible says, “the kingdom of heaven is like merchant in search of fine pearls; on finding one pearl of great value, he went and sold all that he had and bought it”(Matthew 13-14). Hester named the infant “pear l”, as being of great price—purchased with all she had, her only treasure!Pearl also serves as moral in this novel, the moral she is meant to teach is that Hester and Dimmesdale should fully commits their sin and then take responsibility for their sin. The first thing Pearl see in her infancy is the scarlet letter on her mother‟s bosom. As a baby, she even reaches up and touches the letter, causing her mother intense agony at the shame it generated in her. Later, she plays a game when she throws flowers at her mother and jumps around in glee every time, she hits the scarlet letter. She also makes her own letter “A” to wear. When she finds Hester removes the scarlet letter from her chest in the forest, Pearl starts screaming and convulsing and refuses to cross the stream until Hester reattaches the letter. She is really a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she has done wrong. With Pearl at her side, Hester will never escape the punishment of her wrong deed.Moreover, Pearl is the person who eventually makes Dimmesdale admits his crime. She constantly asks why the minister keeps putting his hand over his heart, and figures out that it is for the same reason that her mother wears the scarlet letter. Meanwhile, Pearl‟s stand of urging the minister to commit his sin is firm. When Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold where Hester suffered her public humiliation several years before, he meets Hester and Pearl, who have been at Governor Winthrop‟s deathbed, taking measurements for a robe. He invites them to join him on the stand. When all three hold hands, Pearl asks Dimmesdale, “Wilt thou stand here with mother and me, tomorrow noontide?”(Hawthorne 140) Dimmesdale answers, “Not so, my child, I shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee, one other day, but not tomorrow.”(Hawthorne 141) Pearl laughs andattempts to pull away her hand until the minister promises to take her hand and her mother‟s hand at “the great judgment day”. When they later meet in the forest, Hester says to Pearl, “He loves thee, my little Pearl, and loves thy mother too. Wilt thou love him?” Pearl says, “Doth he love us?” then asks, “Wilt he go back with us, and hand in hand, we three tog ether, into the town?” The answer is “not now”. So when Dimmesdale impresses a kiss on her brow before they leave the forest, “Pearl broke away from her mother, and, running to the brook, stooped over it, and bathed her forehead, until the unwelcome kiss was quite washed off …” (Hawthrone 194) At the end of the novel, when the minister climbs up the scaffold with the help of Hester and Pearl, confessing his sin to his followers, Pearl kisses his lips. She accepts her father finally. Pearl‟s role as the livi ng scarlet letter is over, and Dimmesdale, who finally takes responsibility for his sin, has learned the moral, which she is meant to teach.3.2 The symbolic meanings of the objects3.2.1 PrisonThe description of the prison indicates that it is old, rusted, yet strong with an iron-clamped oaken door. This represents the rigorous enforcement of laws and the inability to break free of them. The prison also serves as the symbol of the authority of the regime, which will not tolerate deviance.The opening chapter introduces several of the images and the themes within the story to follow. “ The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison.”(Hawthorne 45) The prison represents several different symbols. Foremost it is a symbol for the Puritanical severity of law. Hawthorne directly challenges this notion by throwing the name Ann Hutchinson into the opening pages. Hutchinson was a religious woman who disagreed with the Puritanical teachings, and as a result was imprisoned in Boston. Hawthorne claims that it is possible the beautiful rosebushgrowing directly at the prison door sprang from her footsteps. “But, on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-bush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as the came forth to his doom, in token that the deep heart if Nature could pity and be kind to him.”(Hawthorne 46) This implies that the Puritanical authoritarianism may be too rigid, to the point of obliterating things of beauty. In the deep, dark portions of the forest, many of the pivotal characters bring forth hidden thoughts and emotions. The forest track leads away from the settlement out into the wilderness where all sign mandates of law and religion, to a refuge where men, as well as women, can open up and be themselves. It is here that Dimmesdale openly acknowledges Hester and his undying love for her. It is also here that the two of them can openly engage in conversation without being preoccupied with the constraints that Puritan society place3.2.2 RosebushThe narrator of The Scarlet Letter chooses to begin his story with the image of rosebushes next to the prison door. The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities. “This rosebush, by a strange chance, has been kept alive in history; but whether it had merely survived out of stern old wilderness, so long after the fall of the gigantic pines and oaks that originally overshadowed it—or whether, as there is fair authority for believing, it had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Ann Hutchinson, as she entered the prison doo r—we shoul d not take upon us to determine”(Hawthorne 42). The narrator mentions vary significance to the rosebush, never admitting or denying them.The rose bush is a symbol of passion. As will later become obvious, Hester Prynne‟s sin is one of passion, thus linking her crime to the image of the rosebush. Hawthorne also indirectly compares Hester with Ann Hutchinson via the rosebush, and again makes the same parallel in Chapter 13, another view ofHester. Hawthorne cleverly links the rosebush to the wilderness surrounding Boston, commenting that the bush may be a remnant of the former forest, which covered the area. This is important, because it is only in the forest wilderness where the Puritans‟ laws fail to have any force. Thus the image of the rosebush serves to foreshadow that some of the passionate wilderness, in the form of Hester Prynne, may have accidentally made its way into Boston. The rosebush in full bloom indicates that Hester is at the peak of her passion. This parallels the fact that Hester has just born a child as a result of her passion. The child is thus comparable to the blossoms o n the rosebush. Hawthorn‟s comment that the rose may serve as a “moral blossom” in the story is therefore actually saying that Hester‟s child will serve to provide the moral of the story.3.2.3 ForestAfter Hester is released from prison, she finds a cottage in the woods, near the outskirts of the city. Her choice of habitation is crucial to the symbolism within the novel. The forest represents love, or the wilderness where the strict morals of the Puritan community cannot apply. Thus, when Hester makes her home on the outskirts of the city, directly on the edge of the woods, she is putting herself in a place of limbo between the moral and the immoral universes. This is important because it shows that Hester does not live under the strict Puritanical moral code, but rather tries to live in both worlds simultaneously. Hawthorne uses the forest to provide a kind of shelter for members of society in need of a refuge from daily Puritan life.3.2.4 ScaffoldThe scaffold is a place of public condemnation for Hester Prynne. Whenever the scaffold is mentioned, it signifies ignominy and alludes back to the sin of adultery. Walking in the shadow of a dream, as it were, and perhaps actually under the influence of a species of somnambulism, Mr. Dimmesdale reached the spot where, now so long since, Hester Prynne had lived through her first hours ofpublic ignominy. The same platform or scaffold, black and weather-stained with the storm or sunshine of seven long years, and foot-worn, too, with the tread of many culprits who had since ascended it, remained standing beneath the balcony of the meeting house.3.2.5 Light and darknessPuritan severity toward sex and matrimony and its tendency is to suppress bright color and true felling. (Chang 75) The novel is filled with light and darkness symbols because it represents the most common battle of all time, good versus evil. When Hester and her daughter are walking in the forest, Pearl exclaims: “Mother, the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on you bosom. Now see! There it is, playing a good way off. Stand you here, and let me run and catch it. I am but a child. It will not flee from me, for I wear nothing on my bosom yet.” (Hawthorne 168) Hester tries to stretch her hand into the circle of light, but the sunshine vanishes. She then suggests that they go into the forest and have rest. This short scene actually represents Hester's daily struggle in life. The light represents what Hester wants to be, which is pure. The movement of the light represents Hester's constant denial of acceptance. Hester's lack of surprise and quick suggestion to go into the forest, where is dark, shows that she never expected to be admitted and is resigned to her station in life. Another way light and darkness is used in symbolism is in the way Hester and Dimmes dale‟s plan to escape is doomed. Hester and Dimmesdale meet in the shadows of the forest with a gloomy sky and a threatening storm overhead when they discuss their plans for the future. The gloomy weather and shadows exemplify the fact that they can't get away from the repressive force of their sins. It is later proven when Dimmesdale dies on the scaffold! Instead of leaving with Hester and going to England. A final example occurs in the way Hester and Dimmesdale can not acknowledge their love in front of others. When they meet in the woods, they feel that, “No golden light had ever been as precious as the gloom of this dark forest.”(Hawthorne 199) This emotion foretells that they will never last together openly because their sin has separated them too much from normal life.。

浅谈《红字》中的象征主义

语言文学研究浅谈《红字》中的象征主'陈栩(上海政法学院语言文化学院，上海201701)摘要：《红字》表达人们想要远离清教主义和追求幸福生活的强P意愿。

《红字》完美运用象征主义，增强了小说的艺术效果。

本文分析红字A的多种含义、四大主角的名字，以及文中出现的众多景物，研究这部小说的象征主义，帮助读者更好地理解象征主义。

关键词：《红字》象征主义清教主义艺术效果1.红字A的不同含义及象征意'的变化随着小说情节的发展，红字A被赋予了许多含义，这些意义的变化是很重要的，因为它们展示了人物的成长和道德的进步。

最初字母A被视为罪恶、通奸的象征，后来又被认为是孤独和疏远的象征，到小说最后，成为高尚、天使和崇拜的象征。

1.1通奸(A for Adultery)由于海丝特与罗杰.齐灵渥斯通奸，她胸前被挂上了一个红字A,但这并不是唯一的，她被，遭人围。

这个字母象征着，使人视恶灵不及。

海丝特鼓起一切勇气面生的和，她并人一，一个人道她罪的重生活，她来,这显示了她的勇气和o1.2孤独与疏离(A for Alone and Alienation)海丝特后，的一小。

“它是由一位早期的的,后来被了，因为的瘠"，远的使它了着的的”(75)。

由于她的罪行，海丝特生，上与疏远了。

人们海丝特，不愿与她。

，红字A象征着孤独和疏。

1.3能力、钦佩和天使(A for Ability,Admiration and Angel)着时间的流逝，红字A逐渐转变为能力(Ability)、钦佩(Admiration(和天使(Angel)的象征。

那些因为海丝特的罪恶责备她的人改了她的看：“红字A代表着她精巧的针线，以及她对急需帮助的人付出的爱心。

她以强大的和同情心帮助人，以至于越来越多的人拒绝按照红字A的原意解它。

”(第148页)由于海丝特的仁慈，许多人都意识到她是一个正直和坚毅的女人。

“你看见那个戴着绣花徽章的女人了吗？是我们镇上的海丝特，她对穷人此仁慈，病人如此有益，对受苦此安慰”。

象征手法在《红字》中的运用

象征手法在《红字》中的运用摘要：象征是文学创作中一种常见的表现手法。

霍桑在小说《红字》中充分运用象征手法，别具一格，独具匠心，使读者很容易理解小说中的人物、事件和情节。

关键词：象征；霍桑；红字a中图分类号：i3 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-10-0-02一、引言象征主义作为一种文学流派，出现于19世纪末至20世纪30年代，是欧美现代派文学的一个重要分支。

但象征主义作为一种文学创作手段，则很早就在诗歌及小说中运用。

现代象征主义诗歌的代表人物艾略特说过，诗人应为他的思想和情感在现实世界中找到“客观对应物”，即象征物。

总结以上几种说法，可以说象征是借助于现实世界中的具体形象或事物，如色彩、声音、动植物等等来间接地寄托作者思想与情感的文学创作手段。

由于不是对客观事物作直接、简单的描述，而是通过暗示、隐喻等手段引起读者的联想，所以象征往往具有多义性与不确定性；由于象征可以引发读者丰富的联想并具有多重含义，这样就赋予原来平常的事物以巨大的艺术力量，这也许正是象征艺术的魅力所在。

早期的象征主义文学在题材上多侧重描写个人幻影和内心感受，极少涉及广阔的社会题材。

但十九世纪美国最著名的浪漫主义小说家霍桑经常使用象征手法和浪漫主义想象来突出强调他试图描述的社会问题。

二、《红字》与象征主义霍桑的小说在思想内容和艺术手法上都独具一格，他把严肃的道德和历史内容与卓越的艺术表现形式巧妙地结合在一起；把天赋的想象力与高超的语言技巧融为一体。

霍桑深受加尔文清教思想影响，同时美国浪漫主义时期盛行的神秘主义和超验主义在他脑海中留下了深深的烙印。

这种浓郁的文化背景形成了他对社会的怀疑态度，他逐渐意识到清教主义对人性的极大压抑和束缚，它剥夺了人们追求幸福与真爱的权利。

然而，他却无法完全摆脱这种思想的影响，这种环境决定了他的写作风格，并成就了他象征主义大师的称号，一直享誉英美和世界文坛，至今盛名不衰。

他开创了美国文学史上的“象征浪漫主义”的创作手法，这在《红字》中得到了最完美的展现。

浅谈小说《红字》中的多重象征意义

浅谈小说《红字》中的多重象征意义纳尼尔·霍桑是美国19世纪伟大的浪漫主义小说家。

他的长篇小说《红字》是其最杰出的代表作。

霍桑在小说中多次运用象征手法，从而使小说中的人物、场所、其它景物以及贯穿小说始终的红字A都带上了特殊的象征意义。

该小说深刻剖析了罪与罚的宗教意识以及其对人性道德本质的深刻影响。

标签：《红字》“A”人物;场景;象征意义1.红字“A”的象征意义1.1霍桑在《红字》中用了大量的象征，小说以“A”开头又以“A”结尾，全部内容包含在这个字母中，人物的命运，情节的发展都与之息息相关，所以红字“A”代表了小说本身。

象征意义最为典型的红字“A”，顾名思义是红色的 A 字，首先映入我们眼帘的便是耀眼的红色。

红色是一种能引起人们无限联想的颜色，于是小说中红色展示出了各种丰富的内涵：红色是血与火的颜色，是热烈情欲的象征，海丝特和丁梅斯代尔抑制不住青春的冲动和对对方的爱慕，最終成为上帝的罪人，一个妇女丧失了贞节，一位牧师辱没了自己的使命，受到惩罚。

红色还是生命、力量和热情的象征。

海丝特与丁梅斯代尔之间的爱情是纯洁的，美丽的，热烈的，然而在严峻的清教思想的统治下，象征爱情和生命之源的红色被愚昧的社会当作耻辱的标记戴在海丝特胸前，以示惩戒。

让大家觉得讽刺的是：海丝特胸前耀眼的红字，就如同她心头熊熊燃烧着的一团火焰，在严寒和冷酷的社会环境中带给她温暖;在死一般地孤独和寂寞中给她以生的希望和勇气。

虽然遭到社会的迫害，世人的唾弃，她却没有屈服，她几乎是昂首挺胸走出层层困境，以无声地沉默和坚强的信念反抗着令人感到窒息的精神压迫。

她坚定地相信，一个更光明的时期一定会来临，人们将会获得真正的爱情和幸福。

1.2就红字“A”本身而言，它并没有神秘的色彩，第一次出现在人们面前，它仅仅是一个耻辱的符号，A字是通奸（Adultery）的缩写，作者霍桑是这样对它进行描述的：“在她（海丝特）衣服的胸部，出现 A 形的字，那是精美的红布制成的，四周有金线织成的细工刺绣和奇巧花样。

《红字》中象征主义手法的运用分析

《红字》中象征主义手法的运用分析
《红字》是中国著名诗人李清照的一首词，以赤字无助地被抛弃为主题。

文中，作者利用象征手法，来讽刺那些贪财无度的奢侈之人，又把人性的短处暴露于众。

一、写实主义手法：文中写出被抛弃的“红字”，这个“红字”本来可以象征情书或者爱国热情，但作者写出却是“穷苦人家”把它当成“士多啤梨”来供养家。

这种写实之作，与抛弃的“红字”的象征性有较大的矛盾，深刻地揭示了当今人性的贪婪情绪，即“以物易物”，无情地把破烂衣服等“红字”卖给乞丐。

二、山水象征法：李清照在词中穿插山水景象，以打动读者的情感。

他提到巴陵“泻入清溪，晴天变月”，仿佛山水在夕阳的余辉中，却隐含着那些被抛弃的“红字”的无奈与悲凉，他又写道“未到桃花谷，却自芦苇林”，象征被抛弃的“红字”早早的失去了属于自己的求爱之情，已经永远不能靠近桃花谷之处。

三、寓言手法：寓言手法在词中运用较多，作者用离奇的象征与拟人化，让读者比较容易理解作者所暗示的人性本质之薄弱。

“闲花重叠，求爱不择”，把“红字”的求爱喻成闲花的落叶，说明当年原本有多緿荣的爱情，但是被他人贪恋，结果只有夹杂着哀凉的“红字”抛弃于门前。

“一旦随风去，何日复归？”，把“红字”喻成飘动的“风”，暗示着那些因贪念而失去了的感情，是永远也不能挽回的。

通过《红字》这首词，李清照利用着象征主义手法，深刻地揭示了贪心和无情的人性本质，又让人们深深地反省自己的一些不正确的行为。

浅析《红字》中象征手法的运用

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同样，监狱门前那一片长满牛蒡、藜草等难看植物的杂乱无章的草地，
暗示文明社会中存在着一些丑陋的东西，而正是这些不良社会成分的存在使得监狱必不可少。作家在此也描写了一处盛开的蔷薇花，并以此来象征 “ 从这个故事可以发现甜蜜的道德花卉。 ”笔者在此引用作家原文中的相关描述部分以便读者更好地理解原意Ｏ“ Ｉｔｍａｙｓｅｒｖｅ，ｌｅｔＵＳ
个同犯，将他的身心彻底摧毁。他还利用科学和所学的巫术来窥探他的
秘密，使后者在精神和内心上都处于崩溃的境地。他完全成了一个恶魔，将自己的幸福和快乐建立在别人的痛苦之上，成了恶的象征。而丁梅斯代尔所象征着善恶交锋的状态也被作家描写得生动形象。他是一名年轻博学的主教，英俊潇洒。他和海丝特犯了同样的罪。但是他缺少海
《红字》是１９世纪美国作家霍桑的长篇小说。小说以两百多年前
的殖民地时期的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是１９世纪资本主义发展时期美国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的善的化身。她的丈夫奇灵渥斯被写成了一个一心只想窥探别人内心的秘密从而伺机报仇的恶的化身。青年牧师丁梅斯代尔则是善恶交加的人物。小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象

《红字》象征手法的运用探究

孤独是指女主人公海斯特在被监狱释放后，带着自己私生的女儿离开从联系。霍桑在《红字》的写作过程中，将象征这一手法进行特殊的运
前生活的地方，来到城市的边缘，以逃避社交活动。爱情和耻辱是指在用，更多的是象征成为主观表现的一种艺术，不单纯将主观与客观分被发现犯有通奸罪时，海斯特没有为自己进行辩解，毅然决然承认了自割的极其明显，而是遵循自己内心的想法和对小说故事情节的整体构者清晰的表达了自己对于清教社会的不满情绪，认为清教对于人的惩罚过于严重，且压榨了人原本的思想。
映出政府的腐败无能和不作为。
（二）《红字》中 “ 监狱 ” 的象征
在小说的第一章就提到了监狱，根据对具体内容和关键词的深
加以自身的文字功底，最终为读者贡献出了精彩的作品。本文通过《红字》中所使用的象征手法包含的多种含义、《红字》中象征
百家争鸣
商品与质量
・３１３・
《红字》象征手法的运用探究
孙楠
（吉林工商学院，吉林长春１３００６２）
【摘
要】《红字》是在十九世纪时由美国著名作家霍桑所著写的一部长篇小说，在这部著作中第一次运用了象征这一手法，是美国
在象征手法的运用中要注意区分事物的本体和象征体，写作时件却又颇多惩罚，呈现出了本末倒置的奇怪格局。同时也鲜明的反应及时在两者之间进行转化，防止文字的逻辑性出现问题。而在

《红字》象征手法的运用探究

是肮脏的、不堪的、非正常的，从出生就注定不会有一个快乐的童年。珠儿生于监狱之中，成长与不公之中，但命运还是给了珠儿天使一般的面容和心灵。珠儿是海斯特勇敢追求爱情的产物，是追求美好事物和幸福所需要付出的沉重代价的象征。同时，珠儿还象征着美好生活的开始，为了使得珠儿过上平常、幸福的生活，海斯特逼迫自己经历痛苦的蜕变，最终追求到了自己梦寐以求的美满的生活，这也象征着在一切理想事物到来前都必须经历一段黑暗的、艰辛的岁月。２．《红字》中象征手法所表现出的系统性２．１《红字》中 “ 海关 ” 的象征小说开篇就写到了海关，国内外众多学者对这一章节的内容都有颇多争议。海关象征着美国政府，而海关关旗就象征着当时美国政府的状态，旗帜无力萎缩和政府当时处于低迷的时期。在书中对海关一
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《红字》象征手法的运用探宄
孙楠吉林工商学院
【摘要】红字》是在十九世纪时由美国著名作家霍桑所著写的一部长篇小说，在这部著作中第一次运用了象征这一手法，是美国文学史中不可磨灭一段历史。霍桑在小说的创作过程中创造性的大量使用象征的表现手法，小说中所涉及到的人、场所以及大自然中的一切景物都被赋予了特殊的意义，使得故事整体情节更加新颖、】人入胜，具有跌宕起伏这一特性，从而规避了平铺直叙。同时，象征手法的使用使得小说的内涵、意义大大提高，使得小说更具有艺术性和魅力，读者在阅读的过程中回味无穷，留下了极大地想象空间。本文就对《红字》象征手法的运用进行深入探究。

论《红字》中象征主义手法的运用

论《红字》中象征主义手法的运用摘要：I.引言- 介绍《红字》- 简要说明文章的主题II.象征主义手法的定义和特点- 解释象征主义- 描述象征主义手法的特点III.《红字》中象征主义手法的具体运用- 分析《红字》中的象征元素- 解释这些象征元素在小说中的意义IV.象征主义手法在小说中的作用- 讨论象征主义手法如何增强小说的主题和表达力- 分析象征主义手法如何影响读者对小说的理解V.结论- 总结文章的主要观点- 提出对《红字》中象征主义手法的评价正文：I.引言《红字》是美国著名作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的代表作之一，也是美国文学史上的一部经典之作。

小说以十七世纪晚期的美国为背景，讲述了一个关于罪恶、惩罚和救赎的故事。

在这部小说中，霍桑巧妙地运用了象征主义手法，使得小说的主题和表达力更加深刻。

本文将从象征主义手法的定义和特点出发，详细分析《红字》中象征主义手法的具体运用，以及这些手法在小说中的作用。

II.象征主义手法的定义和特点象征主义是一种文学手法，它通过使用具有象征意义的符号、形象或意象来表达作家的思想、情感和主题。

这些象征元素可以是任何事物，如动物、植物、数字、颜色、形状等。

象征主义手法的特点是含蓄、隐喻和具有多重意义，这使得作品具有更丰富的内涵和更强烈的表现力。

III.《红字》中象征主义手法的具体运用在《红字》中，霍桑运用了许多象征主义手法。

其中最著名的是“红字”，它象征着主人公海丝特·白兰的罪行——通奸。

红字被霍桑赋予了深刻的象征意义，它代表了海丝特的内心痛苦、社会压力和道德谴责。

此外，红字还具有时间、空间和命运的象征意义，展示了罪恶对人的一生的影响。

除了红字之外，《红字》中还有许多其他的象征元素。

例如，小说中的森林象征着自然和神秘的力量，而丁梅斯代尔牧师的书房则象征着知识和理智。

这些象征元素使得小说具有丰富的内涵和多层次的意义。

IV.象征主义手法在小说中的作用象征主义手法在《红字》中起到了增强主题和表达力的作用。

论《红字》中象征主义手法的运用

论《红字》中象征主义手法的运用《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的一部小说，被誉为美国文学的经典之一。

在这部小说中，霍桑运用了丰富的象征主义手法，使作品更具深意，凸显了主题。

首先，作者通过字母"A"的象征意义，揭示了主人公海岱尔的罪恶和羞耻。

海岱尔身上带有红字“A”作为标记，代表着她犯下的奸淫罪行。

这个象征物不仅是对海岱尔的惩罚，也是社会对她的审判和嘲讽。

通过这一手法，作者生动地描绘了海岱尔内心的挣扎和痛苦。

其次，作者利用红字的象征意义，突显了道德观念在社会中的束缚和压迫。

红字的存在成为一种道德标尺，让人们无法忽视海岱尔的罪行。

这种道德束缚不仅限制了她的行动，也让社会对她产生了偏见和歧视。

通过这一手法，作者反思了社会对道德的过度强调所带来的负面影响。

此外，在小说中出现的野生红花也具有象征主义的含义。

红花象征着自由、热情和生命的力量。

当海岱尔佩戴红花时，她摆脱了社会对她的压迫，展现出属于自己的力量和追求。

这一象征手法强调了个体的反抗和追求自由的重要性。

最后，作者通过大自然的描写和象征物的运用，将主题进一步拓展和深化。

大自然中的红色景观如红色的阳光、红色的树叶等，为整个故事增添了视觉上的强烈感受，并与主题紧密相关。

这种象征手法使读者能够更好地理解和感受到主人公的内心世界。

综上所述，通过《红字》中象征主义手法的运用，霍桑创作了一部思想深邃、意义丰富的作品。

作者巧妙地利用象征物体现了主人公的内心挣扎、社会的审判和道德的束缚，同时也突出了个体的反抗和追求自由。

《红字》的成功在于通过细腻的描写和准确的象征运用，将主题表达得淋漓尽致，深深地触动了读者的情感和思考。

霍桑《红字》中的象征主义解读

霍桑《红字》中的象征主义解读《红字》是美国文学史上的经典之作，霍桑在小说中巧妙运用了许多象征主义手法，使得小说具有深刻的寓意和内涵。

本文将从人物、颜色和场景三个方面对《红字》中的象征主义进行解读。

一、人物方面的象征意义首先，小说中的主人公赛琳娜·普林丝是象征“禁欲性”的代表人物。

她因为私通了教士，而被判穿着“A”字母的红色“罪恶”的标志，过着孤独和困苦的生活。

其次，赛琳娜的丈夫罗杰·查琳是象征“复仇”和“报应”的人物。

他在小说中一直在寻找私通者的身份，最终发现是赛琳娜，并计划复仇。

最后，小说中的教士阿瑟·德米辛是象征“双重性”的人物。

他作为教士，本应该代表着道德和伦理，但却和赛琳娜私通，暴露出他的内心深处的矛盾和欲望。

二、颜色方面的象征意义在小说中，红色是最为显眼的颜色。

它既代表着赛琳娜被判穿着的“A”字母，也代表着罗杰·查琳的心中充满的复仇欲望。

此外，红色还代表了罪恶、欲望和魔鬼等负面的含义。

与红色相反的是黑色，它代表着死亡和悲哀。

小说中描写赛琳娜·普林丝的丧葬，墓碑是黑色的，这象征着她的人生悲惨和不幸。

三、场景方面的象征意义小说中的林景是象征着赛琳娜·普林丝的内心。

在林景中，她和教士阿瑟·德米辛私通，这象征着她内心深处的欲望和矛盾。

而在小说结尾，林景又成为了赛琳娜离开世界的场所，这象征着她生命的终结和悲哀。

此外，在小说中还有许多细节的描写，如花草、阳光、天空等，都是象征着不同的含义，寓意深刻。

总之，霍桑在《红字》中运用了众多的象征主义手法，将人物、颜色和场景等元素有机地融合在一起，使得小说具有了深刻的内涵和寓意。

读者通过对这些象征意义的解读和理解，也能更好地领悟小说所表达的思想与精神。

谈《红字》中的象征手法

个天真无邪的孩子生来就遭受到社会道德的摒弃，如的东西却是清教徒们所否定的。但是海斯特对于女儿
同小说中所述 : “Pe arl wa，a bo m ou tc as t of infa nt ile wor ld 深深的爱却部分地意味着她拒绝承认自己的行为是
( 珠儿生来说是儿童世界里的一个弃儿) 此外，作者通一种罪过。“A”字在珠儿身上，便是“天使”( Ang el ) 的
也是挑起他恶念的魔鬼的旗帜。
强而勇敢，有能力、有个性，始终以乐观积极的态度对
霍桑在<红字》中塑造了美国小说中第一位真正的待这个代表耻辱的红A字。与她相反，齐灵握斯同丁梅
女英雄，这就是女主角海斯特。之所以这样说，是因为斯代尔是一样的，他也可以被看作是清教主义的牺牲
她深深地牵连着她所生活存在性别差异的社会里，是品，最终一无所得。在霍桑眼中，清教思想是一种严厉
到她的婚姻是草率的。霍桑用prUti en t( 肉欲的)谐音作为女主人公的姓氏pry n e ，揭示了罪恶的根源。其次，
pry n e也是pru ne ( 净化 ) 的谐音，霍桑不仅探究了她犯
罪的根源，也肯定了她能够负罪行善的壮举。总之，海斯特是美好爱情的象征，同时她的欲望代表她人性中霍桑认为 “恶 ”的一面，她的灵魂的净化又是霍桑竭力推崇的道德行为。
的行为。以清教徒的眼光来看，这种行为无疑等同于
并不承认自己真的有罪，进而树立起一个敢与命运抗触犯了法律，但这个孩子却是没有义务来服从这些原
争、追求自由与幸福的新妇女形象。然而，小说中的珠则的。在给予她生命的过程中，威严的法律触犯标记，被看作是“小是一个生命的出现，这个生命可能是美好而聪明的，

浅谈《红字》中象征主义及浪漫主义手法的应用

浅谈《红字》中象征主义及浪漫主义手法的应用1、《红字》的主题思想《红字》以两百多年前的殖民地时代的美洲为题材，但揭露的却是19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。

主人公海丝特被写成了崇高道德的化身。

她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔，同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。

至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯，小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。

他在小说中只起情节铺垫的作用。

2、《红字》象征手法《红字》用略带神秘色彩的自然景象烘托环境、渣染气氛和映衬人物心理的手法俯拾皆是，最突出的便是丁梅斯代尔牧师和海丝特及珠儿在夜晚和密林中的两次会见：由红字连系在一起的几个主要人物的同时出场，如同戏剧中迭起的高潮，把全书紧织在一个严密的结构之中。

《红字》是美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的长篇小说。

人物介绍1、海丝特年轻美丽姑娘的海丝特·白兰在还不懂得什么是爱情的花样年华，嫁给了一位面容苍白、眼色阴沉、身材略有畸型的年长学者齐灵渥斯。

他们的婚姻并非爱的结合，维系其婚姻的可能是某种利益或者宗教思想的束缚。

然而，给这段不幸的婚姻雪上加霜的是，齐灵握斯两年内音讯全无，并最终传来他葬身大海的噩耗。

孤苦无依的海丝特与才貌相当、德高望重的年轻牧师丁梅斯代尔产生了爱情，并孕育了女儿珠儿。

本来两个人的爱情和结合应该是合情合理的，然而却被世俗所不齿，海丝特因此担上了“通奸”的罪名，被迫终身佩戴红字“A”，精神上受尽了折磨和屈辱。

2、珠儿海丝特的女儿珠儿是罪恶耻辱与神圣爱情的矛盾结合体。

海丝特精心地打扮小珠儿，使可爱奔放的她像个天使，一颦一笑，举手投足都闪烁着一种希望的光芒和生命的光辉，带给人们冲破清教束缚的希望。

虽然自小被这个社会所抛弃，跟着母亲受到众人的歧视，嘲讽和迫害，珠儿却桀骜不驯，充满活力。

珠儿身上洋溢着的那股生命的活力和果赘不驯的反叛力是自觉的、先天的，足以超越任何社会、时代的束缚。

珠儿的美和野性的反叛同齐灵渥斯的丑形成强烈的对比：博学多识的老医生却是如此丑陋不堪，而作为母亲罪恶象征的小女孩则仍保持着自然人的纯真，在霍桑的宗教意识里，小珠儿便是“天使”，代表着希望，是霍桑美好理想的寄托，也体现了他对宗教的幻想。

论《红字》中象征手法的运用

论《红字》中象征手法的运用作者：戴晓婧来源：《成才之路》2010年第17期小说《红字》(The Scarlet Letter)是美国文学史上杰出的浪漫主义小说家纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne)的代表作。

自1850年问世以来,一直备受读者的青睐,它所蕴藏的思想价值与艺术成就无疑使它成为整个美国浪漫主义小说中最有声望的权威作品。

值得注意的是在创作过程中,霍桑不很注重客观事物的描述,而是力求表现某一现象或某一事件的象征性寓意。

这种浪漫主义的写作手法在小说《红字》中更是被表现得淋漓尽致。

综合起来,该小说的象征寓意体现在以下几个方面。

一、红字A的象征红字A在这部小说里有着丰富多彩的内涵,它贯串着书中许多情节,又与小说中四个主角有着千丝万缕的联系。

红字A与海丝特·白兰(Hester Prynne)的命运是紧紧连在一起,在不同时期红字A有着不同的象征意义。

最初,红字A被小镇上人们视为“通奸”(Adultery)的缩写,羞耻的招牌,每个人都认为红字是海丝特通奸罪的象征;同时,“A”是海丝特的情人亚瑟·狄梅斯迪尔(Arthur Dimmesdale)的首字母,又是法语爱情(amour)的首字母,因此,“A”还代表女主人公海丝特心中澎湃起伏的情感(Affection),由此可见,“A”也象征崇高伟大的爱情。

随着海丝特给予村民们的帮助、慷慨和关心,在众人眼中红字变成了能干(Able)的象征,美德的标志;最后,随着剧情的发展,海丝特逐渐走向觉醒和成熟,在心底顽强地与清教统治相对抗,因而“A”又有了坚忍不拔的女斗士(Amazon)的意义。

所有这些变化,都足以表明红字A对海丝特所产生的巨大作用:它既规范了她的行为,培养了她的美德,又压制了她的天性,增添了她的痛苦。

红字A的象征功能的丰富性和复杂性,不仅体现在女主角海丝特身上,同时也显现在狄梅斯迪尔和珠儿(Pearl)身上。

论霍桑《红字》中象征手法的运用

论霍桑《红字》中象征手法的运用摘要：纳撒尼尔?霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne是美国19世纪伟大的浪漫主义小说家，长篇小说《红字》The Scarlet Letter是霍桑最杰出的作品。

《红字》被称为美国第一部象征主义的小说，它以深邃的主题、出色的艺术手法形成了自己独特的风格。

本文旨在通过分析红字“A”、海丝特?白兰、亚瑟?丁梅斯代尔、罗杰?齐灵渥斯和珠儿等四个主要人物和几个具体场景描写的象征意义来探究霍桑《红字》中象征手法的运用。

关键词：霍桑；《红字》；象征手法；红字“A”；人物；场景霍桑的《红字》是19世纪美国杰出的浪漫主义小说，它以17世纪中叶清教统治下的波士顿为背景，围绕海丝特?白兰Hester Prynne、亚瑟?丁梅斯代尔Arthur Dimmesdale、罗杰?齐灵渥斯Roger Chillingworth和珠儿Pearl等四个主要人物的善恶、爱恨、惩罚与报复展开，同时揭露了19世纪资本主义发展时代美国社会法典的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。

故事讲述女主人公海丝特和丈夫齐灵渥斯从英国移居尚属其殖民地的美国波士顿，途中齐灵渥斯被印第安人俘虏，海丝特只好只身一人来到波士顿，在孤独中她和年轻英俊、学识渊博的牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下一女珠儿，此事被当地的清教徒视为耻辱，他们把海丝特抓起来投进监狱，游街示众，并威胁她戴上象征耻辱的红色“A”字。

失踪的齐灵渥斯回来后，认为海丝特是他的耻辱，发誓报复海丝特和丁梅斯代尔，他在身体和精神上折磨他，并以此为生活的目的。

丁梅斯代尔最终承受不了精神上的痛苦和折磨坦白了自己的罪过，心力交瘁地死在了海丝特的怀中。

一年后，齐灵渥斯也郁郁而终，之后海丝特带着珠儿离开波士顿。

若干年后，珠儿结婚，海丝特一人回到波士顿，始终佩戴着红色“A”字，直到死后葬在丁梅斯代尔的旁边。

霍桑竭力通过海斯特所遭受的迫害来谴责教会对人性的残酷摧残，暴露了政教合一体制下殖民地社会的冷酷虚伪，探讨了有关罪恶和人性的道德、哲理问题。

浅析象征手法在小说《红字》中的运用

浅析象征手法在小说《红字》中的运用作者：包自立来源：《青年文学家》2013年第09期摘要：纳撒尼尔·霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家，他在长篇小说《红字》中大量地运用了象征手法，赋予小说中的元素丰富意义。

该小说体现了象征意义的多重对立性及霍桑的矛盾心理。

本文将从小说中的人物姓名，红字“A”以及事物场景进行分析，挖掘其象征意义，展现象征手法的运用。

关键词：象征手法；《红字》；人物姓名；红字“A”；事物场景作者简介：包自立（1992-），女，四川成都人，就读于四川师范大学本科。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2013）-9-0-01一、引言作为一部历史题材的小说，《红字》描绘了17世纪北美新英格兰清教社会的生活风貌，暴露了清教主义统治下的社会黑暗。

小说作者霍桑充分利用了象征主义手法最终从欧洲回归到美国本土的契机进行创作，刻画出特定清教环境中的三中罪人：“私通”的普琳，虚伪的狄姆斯台儿，以及疯狂报复的齐灵沃斯，象征手法的运用含蓄有力地表达出他对清教社会本质的批判性思考。

二、象征手法的分析（一）四大人名的象征1、海斯特·普琳（Hester Prynne）海斯特（Hester）是位内外兼修的女性，“她身体修长，姿态优美；乌黑浓密的亮发与日月辉映；端正的五官，艳丽的肤色，加之她那清秀眉宇和乌黑双眼简直令人难以忘怀”，她还充满激情，心灵手巧，即使因罪受歧也坚强善良。

因此，用与希腊女神Hastier谐音的联系暗示她的品质恰到好处。

但又因她的草率婚姻带给她空虚寂寞，Hester在取Haste（匆忙）谐音时就暗含了她人生的不幸。

再说Prynne（普琳），它同时与Prurient（好色）和Prune（修剪）谐音，暗含了她对性的渴望和“通奸”后“赎罪”的历程。

2、亚瑟·狄姆斯台儿（Arthur Dimmesdale）狄姆斯台儿是神职人员，新英格兰牧师，年轻英俊，却隐藏着通奸的罪名。

浅谈《红字》中象征主义的用法

浅谈《红字》中象征手法的运用摘要：霍桑的《红字》自问世至今，一直受到广大读者和评论家的青睐。

小说充分体现了霍桑象征主义手法运用的高超技艺，本文对象征手法进行了剖析。

关键词：象征原罪红字A美国文艺复兴时期的著名作家霍桑，深受清教意识、超验哲学和神秘主义影响，他的代表作《红字》自问世至今，一直受到广大读者和评论家的青睐。

小说充分体现了霍桑象征主义手法运用的高超技艺，通过这一表现手法，他的行文摇曳多姿，引而不露，含而不发，耐人寻味。

一、在人物描写中运用象征手法小说中，霍桑在刻画人物时便赋予了他们深刻的寓意。

罗杰・奇林沃斯，这一邪恶的清教徒形象的最大特点是伪善和狠毒。

这个外表消瘦，畸形的老人在一个受人尊敬的“医生”的身份的伪装下，以治病抚伤为由，秘密地进行着复仇活动，一步步地偷窥，挖掘着人内心的秘密，慢慢地摧毁人的灵魂。

他为了满足自己的私欲，心安理得地将海丝特的青春占有，当发现自己妻子的背叛之后，为了报仇，他像一条毒蛇一样缠住狄梅斯迪尔不放，竭尽折磨狄梅斯迪尔的灵魂。

他虚伪地以“一个最可信赖的朋友”的面目出现，哄骗狄梅斯迪尔将“一切的恐怖、惭愧、痛苦、无效的悔恨、无法摆脱的内心谴责，都要对他和盘托出!”而他内心却是“绝无怜悯，绝无容赦!'”在海丝特与罗杰的谈话中，罗杰曾说：“我的手指只要对他一指，便会将他从他的讲坛弹到大牢里去，说不定还要上绞刑台呢!”这个阴险的小人自认为手中的强大力量正是当时教会的暴虐，严峻的统治。

珠儿是小说中极具神秘色彩的一个人物，她纯洁无邪，敏捷灵巧，却生来就要承受“恶魔之女”的罪名，她是性“罪过”的有形产物。

她的存在时时刻刻让人想起海丝特的“罪过”。

然而，珠儿对于海丝特而言，更是上帝对她莫大的恩赐。

珠儿是她美好爱情的结晶，代表着纯洁，她的名字象征着高贵。

因此，珠儿象征着海丝特承受罪过的极大勇气和激情。

二、红字A的象征意义霍桑对红字A的多种象征意义贯穿于全书中，赋予了它丰富多样的象征意义，从不同角度不同层次审视，出现不同或完全相反的象征意义。

浅谈《红字》中象征主义手法运用

An Analyze of the Symbolism in theScarlet LetterContents1. Introduction (i)2. The Symbolic Meaning of the Images (i)2.1 The Symbolic Meaning of the Characters (i)2.1.1 Hester Prynne (i)2. 1.2 Roger Chillingworth (i)2.1.3Author Dimmesdale .................................................................................. .. (i)2.1.4 Pearl (i)2.2 The symbolic meaning of the Jail (i)2.3 The Symbolic Meaning of the Scaffold (ii)3. Conclusion (ii)An Analyze of the Symbolism in the Scarlet LetterAbstract:The Scarlet Letter is the 1st novel of symbolism in American literature. Being different from the romanticism, symboli sm is adopted to convey the author’s opinions in an indirect way. In this novel, Nathaniel Hawthorne artfully applied symbolism to express himself by creating several images with vivid and symbolic characteristics. This thesis mainly analyzes the symbolism applied in novel from three aspects: characters, jail and scaffold.Key Words: symbolism Puritanism adultery revenge摘要：《红字》是美国第一部象征主义小说。

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