2018年雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析
2018年雅思阅读模拟题:NewWaysofTeachingHistory

【导语】*为⼤家准备了雅思阅读模拟题:New Ways of Teaching History。
雅思模拟试题在雅思备考过程中所起的作⽤不可⼩觑,通过模拟练习题,我们可以很直接地了解到⾃⼰的备考状况,从⽽可以更有针对性地进⾏之后的复习。
希望以下内容能够对⼤家的雅思备考有所帮助!更多雅思报名的最新消息,最新、最专业的雅思备考资料,⽆忧考将第⼀时间为⼤家发布。
New Ways of Teaching History In a technology and media-driven world, it's becoming increasingly difficult to get our students’ attentions and keep them absorbed in classroom discussions. This generation, in particular, has brought a unique set of challenges to the educational table. Whereas youth are easily enraptured by high-definition television, computers, iPods, video games and cell phones, they are less than enthralled by what to them are obsolete textbooks and boring classroom lectures. The question of how to teach history in a digital age is often contentious. On the one side, the old guard thinks the professional standards history is in mortal danger from flash-in-the-pan challenges by the distal that are all show and no substance. On the other Side, the self-styled “disruptors” offer over-blown rhetoric about how digital technology has changed everything while the moribund profession obstructs all progress in the name of outdated ideals. At least, that's a parody (maybe not much of one) of how the debate proceeds. Both supporters and opponents of the digital share more disciplinary common ground than either admits. When provided with merely a textbook as a supplemental learning tool, test results have revealed that most students fail to pinpoint the significance of historical events and individuals. Fewer still are able to cite and substantiate primary historical sources. What does this say about the way our educators are presenting information? The quotation comes from a report of a 1917 test of 668 Texas students. Less than 10 percent of school-age children attended high school in 1917; today, enrollments are nearly universal. The whole world has turned on its head during the last century but one thing has stayed the same: Young people remain woefully ignorant about history reflected from their history tests. Guess what? Historians are ignorant too, especially when we equate historical knowledge with the "Jeopardy" Daily Double. In a test, those specializing in American history did just fine. But those with specialties in medieval, European and African history failed miserably when confronted by items about Fort Ticonderoga, the Olive Branch Petition, or the Quebec Act — all taken from a typical textbook. According to the testers, the results from the recent National Assessment in History, like scores from earlier tests, show that young people are "abysmally ignorant" of their own history. Invoking the tragedy of last September, historian Diane Ravitch hitched her worries about our future to the idea that our nation's strength is endangered by youth who do poorly on such tests. But if she were correct, we could have gone down the tubes in 1917! There is a huge difference between saying "Kids don’t know the history we want then to know" and saying "Kids don't know history at all." Historical knowledge burrows itself into our cultural pores even if young people can't marshal it when faced by a multiple choice test. If we weren’t such hypocrites (or maybe if we were better historians) we'd have to admit that today's students follow in our own footsteps. For too long we've fantasized that by rewriting textbooks we could change how history is learned. The problem, however, is not the content of textbooks but the very idea of them. No human mind could retain the information crammed into these books in 1917, and it can do no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be applied to every time period, it is that the only constant is change. The teaching of history, or any subject for that matter, is no exception. The question is no longer whether to bring new technologies into everyday education; now, the question is which There is a huge difference between saying "Kids don’t know the history we want then to know" and saying "Kids don't know history at all." Historical knowledge burrows itself into our cultural pores even if young people can't marshal it when faced by a multiple choice test. If we weren’t such hypocrites (or maybe if we were better historians) we'd have to admit that today's students follow in our own footsteps. For too long we've fantasized that by rewriting textbooks we could change how history is learned. The problem, however, is not the content of textbooks but the very idea of them. No human mind could retain the information crammed into these books in 1917, and it can do no better now. If we have learned anything from history that can be applied to every time period, it is that the only constant is change. The teaching of history, or any subject for that matter, is no exception. The question is no longer whether to bring new technologies into everyday education; now, the question is which technologies are most suitable for the range of topics covered in junior high and high school history classrooms. Fortunately, technology has provided us with opportunities to present our Civil War lesson plans or our American Revolution lesson plans in a variety of new ways. Teachers can easily target and engage the learners of this generation by effectively combining the study of history with innovative multimedia- PowerPoint and presentations in particular can expand the scope of traditional classroom discussion by helping teachers to explain abstract concepts while accommodating students* unique learning styles. PowerPoint study units that have been pre-made for history classrooms include all manner of photos, prints, maps, audio clips, video clips and primary sources which help to make learning interactive and stimulating. Presenting lessons in these enticing formats helps technology-driven students retain the historical information they'll need to know for standard exams. Whether you are covering Revolutionary War lesson plans or World War II lesson plans, PowerPoint study units are available in formats to suit the needs of your classroom. Multimedia teaching instruments like PowerPoint software are getting positive results the world over, framing conventional lectures with captivating written, auditory and visual content that helps students recall names, dates and causal relationships within a historical context. History continues to show us that new times bring new realities. Education is no exception to the rule. The question isnot whether to bring technology into the educational environment. Rather, the question is which technologies are suitable for U.S. and world history subjects, from Civil War lesson plans to World War II lesson plans. Whether you’re covering your American Revolution lesson plans or your Cold War lesson plans, PowerPoint presentations are available in pre-packaged formats to suit your classroom's needs. Meanwhile, some academic historians hold a different view on the use of technology in teaching history. One reason they hold is that not all facts can be recorded by film or videos and literature is relatively feasible in this case .Another challenge they have to be faced with is the painful process to learn new technology like the making of PowerPoint and the editing of audio and video clips which is also reasonable especially to some elderly historians. Questions Reading this passage has eight paragraphs, A- G Choosing the correct heading for paragraphs A- G from the list of heading below Write the appropriate number, i- x, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet List of Headings i unavoidable changing facts to be considered when picking up technology means ii A debatable place where the new technologies stand in for history teaching iii Hard to attract students in traditional ways of teaching history iv Display of the use of emerging multimedia as leaching tools v Both students and professionals as candidates did not produce decent results vi A good concrete example illustrated to show how multimedia animates the history class vii The comparisons of the new technologies applied in history class viii Enormous breakthroughs in new technologies ix Resistance of using new technologies from certain historian x Decisions needed on which technique to be used for history teaching instead of improvement in the textbooks 28 Paragraph A 29 Paragraph B 30 Paragraph C 31 Paragraph D 32 Paragraph E 33 Paragraph F 34 Paragraph G Question 35-37 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement is true NO if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 35 Modem people are belter at memorizing historical information compared with their ancestors. 36 New technologies applied in history- teaching are more vivid for students to memorize the details of historical events. 37 Conventional ways like literature arc gradually out of fashion as time goes by. Question 38-40 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. Contemporary students can be aimed at without many difficulties by integrating studying history with novel. ..38.... Conventional classroom discussion is specially extended by two ways to assist the teachers to interpret ...39... and at the same time retain students' distinct learning modes. PowerPoint study units prepared beforehand comprising a wide variety of elements make ...40.... learning feasible. Combined classes like this can also be helpful in taking required tests.。
2018年11月17日雅思阅读考试真题及答案

2018年11月17日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
雅思阅读考试是雅思考试中,最困难的一部分。
在准备的时候一定要用心。
那么接下来就和来看看2018年11月17日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
1.物种灭绝两种观点:被人类大范围捕杀或者只是轻微捕杀但是mortality有关
2.高温或低温下动物生存
3.讲寒武纪生命大爆发,主要是原因和猜想,涉及到软体动物的外壳之类
4.讲人类种植和畜牧的影响,涉及人类从hunt andgather转向种植的原因
5.讲两种蜥蜴,一种动,一种静。
他们能量消耗方式,身体构造和被捕食的可能性
文化被Spanish记录
7.地形对气候的改变
8.人类对动物灭绝的影响
9.鸟如何散热
10.某一种恐龙是水生还是陆生
11.罗马的道路建设和进出口。
2018年6月7日雅思阅读真题解析

2018年6月7日雅思阅读真题解析对于雅思阅读,我相信大家都知道多做题是一个提升自己成绩的好办法,那么下面就和店铺来看看2018年6月7日雅思阅读真题解析。
本次考试的文章是两篇旧题一篇新题,这次考试第一篇文章依旧是比较简单的判断题和填空题。
但第二篇文章和第三篇文章出现了大量的令考生很头疼的配对题,特别是第三篇文章内容本身是较难理解的说明文,再加上出现了配对题和对全篇理解的多项选择题,题目完成起来难度较大,考试中需要大家合理安排时间。
Passage 1:题目:Ancient hooks of Maori people in New Zealand题型:判断题8+填空题5新旧程度:旧题文章大意:主要讲新西兰毛利人的鱼钩的背景和发展参考文章:暂无参考答案:判断题:1. Purpose of the Maori hooks was2. Fishing in New Zealand was harder than GIVEN3. After moving to New Zealand, Maori changed hook4. Shape of Maori hooks was restricted by5. Quality of European hooks is same with Maori E6. Early European hooks were gifts given by GIVEN7. European hooks and Maori ones worked in similar E8. After Anderson arriving, Maori already began填空题:9. valued hooks kept as jewelry10. metal items like nails11. European collectors became interested12. hooks that were fake13. modern boatsPassage 2:题目: Western immigration of Canada题型:段落主旨配对8+人名匹配3+填空题2新旧程度:旧题文章大意:主要讲加拿大政府想吸引更多的人移民到加拿大西部,并讲了加拿大政府为此做的一些努力。
2018年6月23日雅思阅读真题解析

2018年6月23日雅思阅读真题解析对于2018年6月23日的雅思真题,不知道同学们对于这次的考试感觉难度怎么样呢?是不是第一时间就想对对答案了,接下来就和来看看2018年6月23日雅思阅读真题解析。
Passage 1题目Dinner of Rome 2000 Years Ago;罗马饮食和宴会话题分类人文科学题型及数量判断题(7)、填空题(6)内容回忆讲罗马人就餐与宗教的联系,在文学场景中的体现,以及餐厅和饭桌的布置等。
题目回忆判断题1. Roman是第一个将meals和ritual联系在一起的。
(文中没提到first)Not Given2. 某些庆典是for all member of society。
True3. 在literature中有consistant的体现。
True4. False5. 每个人都有individual table。
(不对,因为是共用一张桌子)False6. bronze是most expensive。
(未提及,文中只说了比木头贵,没说是最贵)Not Given7. True填空题8. s开头的某个单词1. affluence2. decorative3. spoon4. pottery5. a开头的某个单词参考阅读C10T2P1Passage 2题目Amateur Naturalists;业余自然学家的研究话题分类自然科学题型及数量段落信息配对题(6)、填空题(4)、单选题(3)内容回忆业余自然爱好者对科学做出的贡献。
他们的测量方法可能不专业。
衡量业余自然爱好者测量方法的新技术等。
题目回忆段落信息配对题14. The definition of phenology(B)15. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records(C)16. Records of a competition providing clues for climate change(E)17. A description of using amateur records to make predictions(G)18. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection(H)19. A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists(A)填空题20. beekeeping21. life cycles22. competition23. droughts单选题24. Why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs?A Scientific method was not used in data collection.B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.C Amateur data is not reliable. 正确答案D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.25. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustratewhat?A Amateur records can’t be used.B Amateur records are always unsystematic.C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.D Valuable information is often precise. 正确选项26. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?A Using improved methods. 正确选项B Be more careful in observation.C Use raw materials.D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.参考阅读C11T4P1Passage 3题目Optimistic Research;关于人为什么乐观的研究话题分类社会科学题型及数量段落信息配对题(5)、单选题(5)、判断题(4)内容回忆人们更倾向于想象美好的未来,乐观的情况要多于悲观的情况,还讲到了一个实验……题目回忆段落信息配对题27. ……是对all social groups来说(H)28. (F)29. (A)30. work时间(C)31. 离婚概率(E)单选题32. A33. C34. A35. A36. C判断题37. Not Given38. No39. No40. Yes参考阅读C5T1P2。
2018雅思试题及答案

2018雅思试题及答案一、听力部分1. What is the man doing when the woman calls?A. Preparing a reportB. Having a meetingC. Eating lunch答案:C2. What does the woman suggest the man should do?A. Take a breakB. See a doctorC. Finish the report first答案:B二、阅读部分Passage 13. According to the passage, what is the main reason for the decline of the honeybee population?A. PesticidesB. Habitat lossC. Disease答案:APassage 24. What is the author's opinion on the use of robots in the workplace?A. They will replace human workersB. They will improve productivityC. They will cause unemployment答案:B三、写作部分Task 15. The graph below shows the percentage of people who use public transport, drive a car, and cycle to work in a European city in 2010 and 2015.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Task 26. Some people believe that the increasing use of technology in the workplace is good for workers. Others think that more jobs will be lost to machines. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.四、口语部分7. Describe a book you have read recently.- What the book was about- Why you chose to read it- What you learned from it- And explain how you felt about the book8. What do you think are the benefits of learning a foreign language?。
2018年剑桥雅思阅读真题解析:ThomasYoung

2018年剑桥雅思阅读真题解析:ThomasYoung对于雅思考生来说,剑桥雅思阅读题难不难?下面就和店铺一起来看看2018年剑桥雅思阅读真题解析:Thomas Young。
Thomas YoungThe Last True Know-It-AllA Thomas Young (1773-1829) contributed 63 articles to the Encyclopedia Britannica, including 46 biographical entries (mostly on scientists and classicists) and substantial essays on "Bridge,” "Chromatics,""Egypt,""Languages" and "Tides". Was someone who could write authoritatively about so many subjects a polymath,a genius or a dilettante?In an ambitious new biography, Andrew Robinson argues that Young is a good contender for the epitaph "the last man who knew everything." Young has competition, however: The phrase,which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren's 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891) and Paula Findlen's 2004 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680),another polymath.B Young,of course,did more than write encyclopedia entries. He presented his first paper to the Royal Society of London at the age of 20 and was elected a Fellow a week after his 21st birthday. In the paper, Young explained the process of accommodation in the human eye on how the eye focuses properly on objects at varying distances. Young hypothesized that this was achieved by changes in the shape of the lens. Young also theorized that light traveled in waves and he believed that,to account for the ability to see in color, there must be three receptors in the eye corresponding to the three "principal colors"to which the retina could respond:red,green,violet. All these hypothesis were subsequently proved to be correct.C Later in his life, when he was in his forties, Young was instrumental in cracking the code that unlocked the unknown script on the Rosetta Stone, a tablet that was "found" in Egypt by the Napoleonic army in 1799. The stone contains text in three alphabets:Greek,something unrecognizable and Egyptian hieroglyphs. The unrecognizable script is now known as demotic and, as Young deduced, is related directly to hieroglyphic. His initial work on this appeared in his Britannica entry on Egypt. In another entry, he coined the term Indo-European to describe the family of languages spoken throughout most of Europe and northern India. These are the landmark achievements of a man who was a child prodigy and who,unlike many remarkable children, did not disappear into oblivion as an adult.D Born in 1773 in Somerset in England, Young lived from an early age with his maternal grandfather, eventually leaving to attend boarding school. He haddevoured books from the age of two,and through his own initiative he excelled at Latin,Greek,mathematics and natural philosophy. After leaving school,he was greatly encouraged by his mother's uncle,Richard Brocklesby, a physician and Fellow of the Royal Society. Following Brocklesby's lead, Young decided to pursue a career in medicine. He studied in London, following the medical circuit,and then moved on to more formal education in Edinburgh,Gottingen and Cambridge. After completing his medical training at the University of Cambridge in 1808, Young set up practice as a physician in London. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a few years later was appointed physician at St. George's Hospital.E Young's skill as a physician, however, did not equal his skill as a scholar of natural philosophy or linguistics. Earlier, in 1801,he had been appointed to a professorship of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, where he delivered as many as 60 lectures in a year. These were published in two volumes in 1807. In 1804 Young had become secretary to the Royal Society,a post he would hold until his death. His opinions were sought on civic and national matters, such as the introduction of gas lighting to London and methods of ship construction. From 1819 he was superintendent of the Nautical Almanac and secretary to the Board of Longitude. From 1824 to 1829 he was physician to and inspector of calculations for the Palladian Insurance Company. Between 1816 and 1825 he contributed his many and various entries to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and throughout his career he authored numerous books, essays and papers.F Young is a perfect subject for a biography - perfect, but daunting. Few men contributed so much to so many technical fields. Robinson's aim is to introduce non-scientists to Young's work and life. He succeeds, providing clear expositions of the technical material (especially that on optics and Egyptian hieroglyphs). Some readers of this book will, like Robinson,find Young's accomplishments impressive; others will see him as some historians have - as a dilettante. Yet despite the rich material presented in this book,readers will not end up knowing Young personally. We catch glimpses of a playful Young,doodling Greek and Latin phrases in his notes on medical lectures and translating the verses that a young lady had written on the walls of a summerhouse into Greek elegiacs. Young was introduced into elite society, attended the theatre and learned to dance and play the flute. In addition, he was an accomplishedhorseman. However,his personal life looks pale next to his vibrant career and studies.G Young married Eliza Maxwell in 1804, and according to Robinson,"their marriage was a happy one and she appreciated his work." Almost all we know about her is that she sustained her husband through some rancorous disputes about optics and that she worried about money when his medical career was slow to take off. Very little evidence survives about the complexities of Young's relationships with his mother and father. Robinson does not credit them, or anyone else, with shaping Young's extraordinary mind. Despite the lack of details concerning Young's relationships,however,anyone interested in what it means to be a genius should read this book.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1 “The last man who knew everything” has also been claimed to other people.2 All Young’s articles were published in Encyclopedia Britannica.3 Like others, Young wasn't so brilliant when grew up.4 Young's talents as a doctor are surpassing his other skills.5 Young's advice was sought by people responsible for local and national issues.6 Young was interested in various social pastimes.7 Young suffered from a disease in his later years.Questions 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.8 How many life stories did Young write for Encyclopedia Britannica?9 What aspect of scientific research did Young do in his first academic paper?10 What name did Young introduce to refer to a group of languages?11 Who inspired Young to start the medical studies?12 Where did Young get a teaching position?13 What contribution did Young make to London?文章题目:Thomas Young—The Last True Know-it All托马斯·杨——最后一个无所不知的人篇章结构体裁人物传记题目托马斯·杨——最后一个无所不知的人结构A段:托马斯·杨对百科全书的主要成就B段:托马斯年轻时的主要成就C段:托马斯晚年的主要成就D段:托马斯童年的生活背景及成长经历E段:托马斯作为自然哲学学者取得的成就F段:托马斯在其他领域的成就G段:托马斯的感情生活试题分析Question 1-7题目类型:True / false /not given题号定位词文中对应点题目解析1Other peopleA段第四句“Young has competition,however: The phrase, which Robinson takes for his title, also serves as the subtitle of two other recent biographies: Leonard Warren's 1998 life of paleontologist Joseph Leidy (1823-1891)and Paula Findlen's 2004 book on Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680),another polymath.”该句中明确给出了Young还有其他的竞争者,他们的传记中也同样拥有这样的小标题,分别是Leonard Warren写的关于Joseph Leidy的传记,以及 Paula Findlen's写的关于Athanasius Kircher的传记。
2018年6月7日雅思阅读真题整理

2018年6月7日雅思阅读真题整理2018年6月7日的雅思考试已经考完了,同学们感觉这次考试的难度怎么样?对于这次考试有多大的把握可以考到自己满意的分数呢?下面就和店铺来看看2018年6月7日雅思阅读真题整理。
雅思阅读Passage One雅思阅读:Ancient hooks of Maori people in New Zealand题型:判断题8+填空5文章主旨:第一段:说对古代毛利人使用鱼钩的误解第二段:毛利人刚来到新西兰时使用的鱼钩材料与在太平洋使用的鱼钩比较第三段:一位在新西兰考察的学者对毛利人鱼钩的描述,谈到当地发达的农业以及奇怪而不好用的鱼钩第四段:Victor University对鱼钩的现代解释,说鱼钩之所以是这样,是因为钓鱼方式的不同第五段:对于毛利人鱼钩的进一步解释与评价判断题8:1.欧洲人对毛利人对鱼钩的使用有误解TRUE2.毛利人在新西兰钓鱼更难了TRUE因为说到毛利人在新西兰找不到在太平洋时使用的材料,所以钓鱼因此更难3.毛利人的鱼钩比起欧洲要次等FALSE毛利人的鱼钩实际上更好4.说毛利人在新西兰的鱼具使用了新材料TRUE5.欧洲人的鱼钩是新西兰人送的礼物NOT GIVEN文中没有说是谁给的6.毛利鱼钩的形状受材料所限False文中说是因为功能决定的7.说在学者去新西兰的时候,毛利人已经在从事农业活动了TRUE8.毛利人制作鱼钩的方式与欧洲人相似.False文中说到是不同的填空5:10.在当时新西兰已经出现了agriculture13.说与毛利人类似的鱼钩也在现代的ship上使用雅思阅读Passage Two雅思阅读题目:New immigration to Canada and transportation development题型:段落信息配对8,人名配对3,填空2文章主旨:第一段:1870s中期加拿大的纯净生活a pure life情况第二段:1880s政府去买地,并管控西部第三段:1880s加拿大交通运输的发展,也发展出了州际铁路第四段:1880s加拿大促进经济发展的措施第五段:加拿大发展的繁荣景象第六段:加拿大1880.1890面对的苦难,有西部人民的穷困,人群的流入流出第七段:讲政府如何通过管制,改善西部的环境第八段:加拿大政府在海外进行宣传段落信息配对4:14 section A:iii15 section B:vii16 section C:ii17 section D:iv18 section E: v19 section F: vi20 section G: vii21 section H: viiiii transportation developmentiii a depict of a pure lifeiv measurement taken by Canadian governmentv good prospect in living in Canadavii control the westvi proplems caused by the poverty in the westviii adverting Canada in other countries人名配对3:22-24 CAC总结填空2:25. government地是政府去买的26.发展出了跨州的railway.雅思阅读Passage Three雅思阅读题目:The introspection of perception in behaviorist investigation题型:判断题3,填空题3,段落细节配对题4,全文信息选择题4文章主旨:介绍行为主义学说持有者对感觉与知觉的研究,已以及他们对小鼠行为的推论,以及对行为主义调查方式的批评第一段:学者对行为主义研究方法的批判,认为应该与实验相结合第二段:学者的观点的进一步延伸第三段:描述学习与感觉和知觉之间的关系,说学习促进了柑橘第四段:描述行为主义者对小鼠的研究并批评第五段:说到感觉和知觉的用词忽略了人的智慧第六段:说到学者实验的结论第七段:总述行为主义发展的情况第八段:行为主义之所以可以被接受,是因为它与人们的习惯契合判断题3:27.学者认为所有的观念都出自大脑NO学者认为一些来自大脑,一些来自其它系统28.研究者可以从从小老鼠的行为中得到关于行为的全部解释NO 文中认为把小鼠的逃脱笼子的行为当作对人的感觉和知觉的推演,小看了人类29.行为主义者认为,成功的观察到行为的变化就算是成功YES文中批评行为主义者把行为变化就当作成功填空3:30文中说只有把行为主义的研究放在实验室中,才能够观察到结果observe31.文中说新兴的科学还不足以解释这样complex的问题32.文中说行为主义研究忽略了受试者的feelings段落细节配对5:33—3633.学者的一个实验结果是:E行为主义的研究要与实验室的实验相结合34.对感觉与知觉的措辞 C低估了人的能力。
2018年雅思阅读模拟题及答案解2

2018年雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析(14) 以下是三立在线雅思网给大家分享的2018年雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析(14)。
希望对大家的雅思备考有所帮助,更多雅思备考资料欢迎大家随时关注三立在线雅思网。
Food agency takes on industry over junk labelsFelicity LawrenceThursday December 28,2006The Guardian1.Consumers are to be presented with two rival new year advertising campaigns as the Food Standards Agency goes public in its battle with the industry over the labelling of unhealthy foods.2.The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red,amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs,which is designed to tackle Britain's obesity epidemic.3.The campaign is a direct response to a concerted attempt by leading food manufacturers and retailers,including Kellogg's and Tesco,to derail the system.The industry fears that traffic lights would demonise entire categories of foods and could seriously damage the market for those that are fatty,salty or high in sugar.4.The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth £1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in salt and/or sugar.5.The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system which avoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of "guideline daily amounts" (GDAs) of fat,salt and sugar contained in their products.6.The battle for the nation's diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force in January which will bar adverts for unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children.Sources at the TV regulators are braced for a legal challenge from the industry and have described the lobbying efforts to block any new ad ban or colour-coded labelling as "the most ferocious we've ever experienced".7.Ofcom's chief executive,Ed Richards,said: "We are prepared to face up to any legal action from the industry,but we very much hope it will not be necessary." The FSA said it was expecting an onslaught from the industry in January.Senior FSA officials said the manufacturers' efforts to undermine its proposals on labelling could threaten the agency's credibility.8.Terrence Collis,FSA director of communications,dismissed claims that the proposals were not based on science."We have some of the most respected scientists in Europe,both within the FSA and in our independent advisorycommittees.It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA's scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility."9.The FSA is understood to have briefed its ad agency,United,before Christmas,and will aim to air ads that are "non-confrontational,humorous and factual" as a counterweight to industry's efforts about the same time.The agency,however,will have a tiny fraction of the budget available to the industry.10.Gavin Neath,chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation,has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red "stop" signs on its food.11.Alastair Sykes,chief executive of NestléUK,said that under the FSA proposals all his company's confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red."Are we saying people shouldn't eat confectionery? We're driven by consumers and what they want,and much of what we do has been to make our products healthier," he said.12.Chris Wermann,director of communications at Kellogg's,said: "In principle we could never accept traffic light labelling."13.The rival labelling scheme introduced by Kellogg's,Danone,Unilever,Nestl é,Kraft and Tesco and now favoured by 21 manufacturers,uses an industry-devised system based on identifying GDAs of key nutrients.Tesco says it has tested both traffic lights and GDA labels in its stores and that the latter increased sales of healthier foods.14.But the FSA said it could not live with this GDA system alone because it was "not scientific" or easy for shoppers to understand at a glance.Questions 1-6Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1.When will instructions be given on reading the color-coded labels?2.Where can customers find the red light labels?3.What problem is the FSA trying to handle with the labeling system?4.Which product sells well but may not be healthy?5.What information,according to the manufacturers,can be labeled on products?6.What can not be advertised during children's programmes?Questions 7-13Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 7-13) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) for questions 1-7.NB You may use any letter more than once.A Ed RichardB Terrence CollisC Gavin NeathD Alastair SykesE Chris Wermann7.Generally we will not agree to use the red light labels.8.It is unreasonable to doubt if FSA is trustworthy.9.We are trying to meet our consumers’needs.10.The food industry has been improving greatly.11.The color-coded labeling system is scientific.12.Our products will be labeled unhealthy by the FSA.13.We are ready to confront the manufacturers.。
2018年5月24日雅思阅读真题回忆以及解析

2018年5月24日雅思阅读真题回忆以及解析2018年5月24日的雅思考试终于结束了,那么不知道同学对于此次考试感觉怎么样呢?下面就和店铺一起来看看2018年5月24日雅思阅读真题回忆以及解析。
今年阅读的新题很多,涉及不同的方面。
今天考试的三篇文章涉及了不同的层面,既有人文科学,也有社会科学,需要考生们有扎实的语言功底和正确的做题习惯。
幸运的是,今天的阅读出现了一篇旧题,之前就刷过这些题目的考生,这次会感觉很友好。
Passage 1:题目:Viking ship and its replica土质研究题型:7判断题+6简答题题号:旧题文章大意:待补充参考答案:待补充参考文章:暂无Passage 2:题目: Tasmania Tiger塔斯马尼亚虎题型:无选项摘要题+人物名称配对题+单选题题号:旧题文章大意:暂无参考答案:14-17)无选项摘要题14. Black stripes.15. 12 million.16. Australia.17. European。
18-22)人物名称配对题18. A。
19. D。
20. C。
21. B。
22. A。
23. D。
24-26)单选题24. B。
25. D。
26. A。
(答案仅供参考)参考文章:Tasmanian Tiger塔斯马尼亚虎Although it was called tiger, it looked like a dog with black stripes on its back and it was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modem times. Yet, despite its fame for being one of the most fabled animals in the world, it is one of the least understood of Tasmania's native animals. The scientific name for the Tasmanian tiger is Thylacine and it is believed that they have become extinct in the 20th century.Fossils of thylacines dating from about almost 12 million years ago have been dug up at various places in Victoria, South Austnilia and Western Australia. They were widespread in Australia 7000 years ago, but have probably been extinct on the continent for 2000 years. This is believed to he because of the introduction of dingoes around 8000 years ago. Because of disease,thylacine numbers may have been declining in Tasmania at the time of European settlement 200 years ago, but the decline was certainly accelerated by the new arrivals. The last known Tasmanian Tiger died in Hobart Zoo in 1936 and the animal is officially dassilied jis extinct. Technically, this meansthat it has not been officially sighted in the wild or captivity for 50 years. However, there are still unsubstantiated sightings.Hans Naarding,whose study of animal had taken him around the world,was conducting a survey of a species of endangered migratory,bird. What he saw that night is now regarded as the most credible sighting recorded of thylacine that many believe has been extinct for more than 70 years."I had to work at night",Naarding Uikes up the story. "I was in the habit of inlermittently shining a spotliglit around. The beam fell on an animal in front of the vehicle, less than 10m away. Instead of risking movement by grabbing for a camera, I decided to register very carefully what I was seeing. The animal was about the size of a small shepherd dog, a very healthy male in prime condition. What set it apart from a dog, though, was a slightly sloping hindquarten with a fairly thick tail being a straight continuation of the backline of the animal. It had 12 distinct stripes on its hack,continuing onto its butt. I knew perfectly well what I was seeing. As soon as I reached for the camera,it disappeared into the tea-tree underprowth and scrub."The director of Tasmania's National parks at the time,Peter Morrow,decided in his wisdom to keep Naarding's sighting of the thylacine secret for two years. When the news finally broke,it was accompanied by pandemonium. I was besieged by television crews, including four to five from Japan,and otliers from the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand and South Ainerica,w said Naarding.Government and private search parties combed the region,but no further sightings were made. The tiger, as always, had escaped to its lair, a place many insist exists only in ourimagination. But since then, the thylacine has staged something of a comeback, becoming part of Australian mythology.There have been more than 4,000 claimed sightings of the beast since it supposedly died out, and the average claims each year reported to authorities now number 150. Associate professor of zoology at the University of Tasmania, Randolph Rose, has said he dreams of seeing a thylacine. But Rose, who in his 35 years in Tasmanian academia has fielded countless reports of thylacine sightings, is now convinced that his dream will go unfulfilled."The consensus among conservationists is that, usually,any animal with a population base of less than 1,000 is headed for extinction within 60 years,” says Rose. “Sixty years ago,there was only one thylacine that we know of, and that was in Hobart Zoo,he says.Dr. David Pemberton, curator of zoology at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, whose PhD thesis was on the thylacine,says that despite scientific thinking that 500 animals are required to sustain a population, the Florida panther is down to a dozen or so animals and,while it does have some inbreeding problems, is still ticking along. Mril take a punt and say that,if we manage to find a thylacine in the scrub, it means that there are 50-plus animals out there.After all,animals can be notoriously elusive. The strange fish known as the coelacanth,with its "proto-legs",was thought to have died out along with the dinosaurs 700 million years ago until a specimen was dragged to the surface in a shark net off the south-east coast of South Africa in 1938.Wildlife biologist Nick Mooney has the unenviable task of investigating all wsightingsw of llie tiger totalling 4,000 sincethe mid-1930s, and averaging about 150 a year. It was Mooney who was first consulted late last month about the authenticity of digital photographic images purportedly taken by a German tourist while on a recent bushwalk in the state. On face value,Mooney says,the account of the sighting,and the two photographs submitted as proof, amount to one of the most convincing cases for the species' survival he has seen.And Mooney has seen it all—the mistakes, the hoaxes, the illusions and the plausible accounts of sightings. Hoaxers aside,most people who report sightings end up believing they have seen a thylaeine,and are themselves believable to the point they could pass a lie-detector test, according to Mooney. Otliers,having tabled a creditable report,then become utterly obsessed like the Tasmanian who has registered 99 thylacine sightings to date. Mooney has seen individuals bankrupted by the obsession, and families destroyed. "It is a blind optimism tliat something is,rather than a cynicism that something isn’t,” Mooney says. “If something cr osses the road,it’s not a case of ‘I wonder what tliat was?* Rather, it is a case of 'that's a thylacine!' It is a bit like a gold prospector's blind faith,"it has got to be there".However, Mooney treats all reports on face value. I never try to embarrass people, or make fools of them. But the fact that I don't pack the car immediately they ring can often be taken as ridicule. Obsessive characters get irate tliat someone in my position is not out there when they think the thylacine is there."But Hans Naarding, whose sighting of a striped animal two decades ago was the highlight of Ma life of animal spotting",remains bemused by the time and money people waste on tigersearches. He says resources would be better applied to saving the Tasmanian devil,and helping migratory bird populations that are declining as a result of shrinking wetlands across Australia.Could the thylacine still be out there? MSure,w Naarding says. But he also says any discovery of surviving thylacines would be Mrather pointless". MHow do you save a species from extinction? What could you do with it? If there are thylacines out there, they are better off right where they are."Questions 14-17Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.The Tasmanian tiger, also called thylacine, resembles the look of a dog and has 14_________onitsfUrcoat.M£inyfossilshavebeenfound,showingthatthylacines had existed as early as 15______________years ago. They lived throughout 16________ before disappearing from the mainland. And soon after the 17___________ settlers arrived the size of thylacine population in Tasmania shrunk at a higher speed.Questions 18-23Look at the following statements (Questions 18-23) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D, Write the correct letter A, B, C or Dt in boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of PeopleA Hans NaardingB Randolph RoseC David PembertonD Nick Mooney18 His report of seeing a live thylacine in the wild attracted international interest.19 Many eye-witnesses1 reports are not trustworthy.20 It doesnJ t require a certain number of animals to ensure the survival of a species.21 There is no hope of finding a surviving Tasmanian tiger.22 Do not disturb them if there are any Tasmanian tigers still living today.23 The interpretation of evidence can be affected by people's beliefs.Questions 24-26Write the correct letter in boxes 37-39 on your answer sheet.37. Hans Narrding’s sighting has resulted inA government and organizations’ cooperative efforts to protect thylacineB extensive interests to find a living thylacine.C increase of the number of reports of thylacine worldwide.D growth of popularity of thylacine in literature.38. The example fo coelacanth is to illustrateA it lived in the same period with dinosaursB how dinosaurs evolved legsC some animals are difficult to catch in the wildD extinction of certain species can be mistaken39. Mooney believes that all sighting reports should beA given some credit as they claim even if they are untrueB aced upon immediatelyC viewed as equally untrustworthyD questioned and carefully investigated Passage 3:题目:天赋题型:暂无题号:新题文章大意:待补充参考答案:待补充参考文章:暂无。
2018年2月10日雅思阅读真题回忆解析

37-40句子配对4
待补充
参考阅读
2018年2月10日雅思阅读真题回忆解析
Passage 1
题目
The history of lightning
话题分类
人文科学
题型及对应数量
判断:8
填空:5
内容回忆
从一开始烧蜡烛,烧油,到烧气,最后用电,不同阶段不同的发展历史,优缺点分析。
判断:
1在电之前,蜡烛的原材料取材广泛。TRUE
2 T蜡烛比之前的蜡烛便宜。TRUE
话题分类
自然科学
题型及数量
段落信息匹配:4
多选;4
填空
内容回忆
Biotechnology’s third wave比前两次都要意义深远,针对这次进行了研究,在工业商业方面都有影响,利用enzyme和另一种技术进行讨论,不同科学家进行了不同讨论
段落匹配4
14 enzymes的具体应用介绍D
15对环境有很多好处H
16 enzymes和另一种技术结合应用F
17待补充
多选
18-19 AD
20-21 AC
填空题(题干3段定位段在最后2段)
22直接面向consumers
23减少()
24-26待补充
Passage 3题目待ຫໍສະໝຸດ 充话题分类社会科学
题型及数量
判断(YES/NO)4
选择3
句子配对3
段落信息4
内容回忆
女上司评分,利用评分机制对女上司评分,结果出人意料,虽然好,但是也有不擅长的一面,具体对比了男上司女上司的不同点,虽然缺乏environ,但是其他方面还不错
判断4
27女上司的评分方式很出乎意料(只说出乎意料,没说方法)NOT GIVEN
2018雅思阅读真题part1_美联英语如何

美国口语俚语(21)
1.hunky-dory没问题
Everything here is hunky-dory. Don’t worry.
别担心,这里一切都没问题。
2.I kid you not我不骗你
I kid you not. I saw this woman talking to her hand.
我不骗你。
我看见这个女人跟她的手说话。
3.pop one’s cork大发脾气
I’ve never seen Teresa pop her cork before. I always thought she was a very laid-back person.
我从来没见过Teresa发脾气。
我原来一直以为她是个好好小姐。
4.poke one’s nose into something多管闲事
Gladys is always poking her nose into other people’s business. I don’t see how she has time to take care of her own affairs.
格拉迪斯总是爱管闲事,我不知道她怎么会有时间处理她自己的事。
5.pull a fast one欺骗
He tried to pull a fast one on us, but we caught on before he got away with it.
他想要欺骗我们,但在他阴谋得逞之前我们就知道了。
2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons

2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons 今天三立在线教育雅思网为大家带来的是2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons 的相关资讯,备考的烤鸭们,赶紧来看看吧!READING PASSAGE1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Life lessons from villains, crooks and gangsters(A) A notorious Mexican drug baron’s audacious escape from prison in July doesn’t, at first, appear to have much to teach corporate boards. But some in the business world suggest otherwise. Beyond the morally reprehensible side of criminals' work, some business gurus say organised crime syndicates, computer hackers, pirates and others operating outside the law could teach legitimate corporations a thing or two about how to hustle and respond to rapid change.(B) Far from encouraging illegality, these gurus argue that –in the same way big corporations sometimes emulate start-ups –business leaders could learn from the underworld about flexibility, innovation and the ability to pivot quickly. “There is a nimbleness to criminal organisations that legacy corporations [with large, complex layers of management] don’t have,”said Marc Goodman, head of the Future Crimes Institute and global cyber-crime advisor. While traditional businesses focus on rules they have to follow, criminals look to circumvent them.“For criminals, the sky is the limit and that creates the opportunity to think much, much bigger.”(C) Joaquin Guzman, the head of the Mexican Sinaloa drug cartel, for instance, slipped out of his prison cell through a tiny hole in his shower that led to amile-long tunnel fitted with lights and ventilation. Making a break for it required creative thinking, long-term planning and perseverance –essential skills similar to those needed to achieve success in big business.(D) While Devin Liddell, who heads brand strategy for Seattle-based design consultancy, Teague, condemns the violence and other illegal activities he became curious as to how criminal groups endure. Some cartels stay in business despite multiple efforts by law enforcement on both sides of the US border and millions of dollars from international agencies to shut them down. Liddell genuinely believes there’s a lesson in longevity here. One strategy he underlined was how the bad guys respond to change. In order to bypass the border between Mexico and the US, for example, the Sinaloa cartel went to great lengths. It built a vast underground tunnel, hired family members as border agents and even used a catapult to circumvent a high-tech fence.(E) By contrast, many legitimate businesses fail because they hesitate to adapt quickly to changing market winds. One high-profile example is movie and game rental company Blockbuster, which didn’t keep up with the market and lost business to mail order video rentals and streaming technologies. The brand has all but faded from view. Liddell argues the difference between the two groups is thatcriminal organisations often have improvisation encoded into their daily behaviour, while larger companies think of innovation as a set process. “This is a leadership challenge,”said Liddell. “How well companies innovate and organise is a reflection of leadership.”Left-field thinking(F) Cash-strapped start-ups also use unorthodox strategies to problem solve and build their businesses up from scratch. This creativity and innovation is often borne out of necessity, such as tight budgets. Both criminals and start-up founders “question authority, act outside the system and see new and clever ways of doing things,”said Goodman. “Either they become Elon Musk or El Chapo.”And, some entrepreneurs aren’t even afraid to operate in legal grey areas in their effort to disrupt the marketplace. The co-founders of music streaming service Napster, for example, knowingly broke music copyright rules with their first online file sharing service, but their technology paved the way for legal innovation as regulators caught up.(G) Goodman and others believe thinking hard about problem solving before worrying about restrictions could prevent established companies falling victim to rivals less constrained by tradition. In their book The Misfit Economy, Alexa Clay and Kyra Maya Phillips examine how individuals can apply that mindset to become more innovative and entrepreneurial within corporate structures. They studied not just violent criminals like Somali pirates, but others who break the rules in order to find creative solutions to their business problems, such as people living in the slumsof Mumbai or computer hackers. They picked out five common traits among this group: the ability to hustle, pivot, provoke, hack and copycat.(H) Clay gives a Saudi entrepreneur named Walid Abdul-Wahab as a prime example. Abdul-Wahab worked with Amish farmers to bring camel milk to American consumers even before US regulators approved it. Through perseverance, he eventually found a network of Amish camel milk farmers and started selling the product via social media. Now his company, Desert Farms, sells to giant mainstream retailers like Whole Foods Market. Those on the fringe don’t always have the option of traditional, corporate jobs and that forces them to think more creatively about how to make a living, Clay said. They must develop grit and resilience in order to last outside the cushy confines of cubicle life. “In many cases scarcity is the mother of invention,”Clay said.Questions 14-21Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs A-H. Match the headings below with the paragraphs. Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.14. Jailbreak with creative thinking15. Five common traits among rule-breakers16. Comparison between criminals and traditional businessmen17. Can drug baron's espace teach legitimate corporations?18. Great entrepreneur19. How criminal groups deceive the law20. The difference between legal and illegal organisations21. Similarity between criminals and start-up foundersQuestions 22–25Complete the sentences below.Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22–25 on your answer sheet.22. To escape from a prison, Joaquin Guzman had to use such traits as creative thinking, long-term planning and _______.23. The Sinaloa cartel built a grand underground tunnel and even used a _______ to avoid the fence.24. The main difference between two groups is that criminals, unlike large corporations, often have _______ encoded into their daily life.25. Due to being persuasive, Walid Abdul-Wahab found a _______ of Amish camel milk farmers.Question 26Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.26. The main goal of this article is to:A Show different ways of illegal activityB Give an overview of various criminals and their gangsC Draw a comparison between legal and illegal business, providing examplesD Justify criminals with creative thinking如上就是三立网课教育小编为大家带来的2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons 的相关资讯,掌握最新雅思资讯,敬请关注(三立在线教育雅思网)更多雅思考试资讯以及备考资料免费领!。
2018 年雅思阅读考情与解析

2018 年雅思阅读考情与解析1. 考试概述:2. 真题解析Passage 1题型:判断6+图表填空7 标题:The history of Guitar 新旧程度:旧题主旨:本文主要介绍了吉他的发展历史。
第四、五段:说明了吉他的形成和改良,并介绍各类吉他如classical guitar, braced guitar 以及electronic Guitar 的形成与发展。
第六段:描述guitar 的进一步的运用参考答案:[判断6]Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1. FALSE2. TRUE3.NOT GIVEN4.NOT GIVEN新通教育5. TRUE6. FALSE[图表填空7]Questions 7-13Passage 2题型:段落信息配对8 +判断4+选择1标题:The war of Plants新旧程度:新题题材:动植物类主旨:文章主要讲解了植物靠自己散发化学物质来保护自己,两个或多个植物之间能相互影响和支持。
第一段:介绍各类植物的一些自我保护措施,如有的将叶子卷起防止水分流失,有的长出容貌防止昆虫叮咬等等。
第二段:描述一些植物通过分泌化学物质自我保护第三段:提及植物生存竞争的概念并剧烈说明第四段:描述了研究植物相关化学物质的功能第五、六段:提及研究植物生存竞争机制对于农业的作用参考答案:[段落信息配对8]14. D 15.B 16.A17. C18.B新通教育19. F20. E21. A[判断4]Questions 22-25Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-25on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this22. FALSE23. NOT GIVEN 24.FALSE 25.TRUE[选择1]26. DPassage 3题型:双选2+摘要填空5+图表填空5标题:Cave Robber Experience新旧程度:新题题材:科学研究类主旨:文章主要介绍了一篇研究报告,研究一群小男孩在特定比赛环境里分成两队的竞争意识。
雅思(阅读)模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)

雅思(阅读)模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析) 题型有:1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Money transfers by mobile A The ping of a text message has never sounded so sweet. In what is being touted as a world first, Kenya’s biggest mobile operator is allowing subscribers to send cash to other phone users by SMS. Known as M-Pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to revolutionise banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash--a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas---customers of the Safaricom network will be able to keep up to 50000 shillings (£370) in a “virtual account”on their handsets.B Developed by V odafone, which holds a 35% share in Safaricom, M-Pesa was formally launched in Kenya two weeks ago. More than 10000 people have signed up for the service, with around 8 minion shillings transferred so far, mostly in tiny denominations. Safaricom’s executives are confident that growth will be strong in Kenya, and later across Africa. “We are effectively giving people ATM cards without them ever having to open a real bank account,” said Michael Joseph, chief executive of Safaricom, who called the money transfer concept the “next big thing” in mobile telephony.C M-Pesa’s is simple. There is no need for a new handset or SIM card. To send money you hand over the cash to a registered agent-- typically a retailer-who credits your virtual account. You then send between 100 shillings (74p) and 35,000 shillings (£259) via text message to the desired recipient--even someone on a different mobile network-- who cashes it at an agent by entering a secret code and showing ID. A commission of up to 170 shillings (£1.25) is paid by the recipient but it compares favourably with fees levied by the major banks, whose services are too expensive for most of the population.D Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999 Kenya had 15000 mobile subscribers. Today it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million, and the two operators’networks are as extensive as the access to banks is limited. Safaricom says it is not so much competing with financial services companies as filling a void. In time, M-Pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers’phones--something that has already attracted the interest of larger employers, such as the tea companies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. There are concerns about security, but Safaricom insists that even if someone’s phone is stolen the PIN system prevents unauthorised withdrawals. Mr Joseph said the only danger is sendingcash to the wrong mobile number and the recipient redeeming it straight away.E The project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Moneygram. Remittances sent from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled £102 billion last year, according to the World Bank. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. V odafone has entered a partnership with Citigroup that will soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending£50 is expected to be about £3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge.Questions 1-4The text has 5 paragraphs (A-E). Which paragraph contains each of the following pieces of information?1.A possible security problem.正确答案:D*2.The cost of M-Pesa.正确答案:C*3.An international service similar to M-Pesa.正确答案:E*4.The fact that most Kenyans do not have a bank account.正确答案:AQuestions 5-8Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text.5.Safaricom is the ______ mobile phone company in Kenya.正确答案:biggest*6.An M-Pesa account needs to be credited by ______.正确答案:an agent/a registered agent*7.______ companies are particularly interested in using M-Pesa.正确答案:Tea*8.Companies like Moneygram and Western Union have ______ the international money transfer market.正确答案:long dominatedQuestions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? TRUE——if the information in the text agrees with the statement FALSE——if the information in the text contradicts the statement NOT GIVEN——if there is no information on this9.Most Kenyans working in urban areas have relatives in rural areas.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:C*10.So far, most of the people using M-Pesa have used it to send small amounts of money.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:A*11.M-Pesa can only be used by people using one phone network.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:B*12.M-Pesa can be used to buy products and services.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:B*13.The GSM Association is a consumer organization.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:BREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Park the Car Permanently A More than a million people are likely to be disappointed by their experience of the Government’s attempts to improve the democratic process. They may have signed an online petition against road pricing, but ministers are determined to push ahead with plans to make it more expensive to drive. The Government is convinced that this is the only way to reduce congestion and the environmental damage caused by motoring.B Why wait until you are forced off the road by costly charges? You may enjoy the convenience of your car, but the truth is that for huge numbers of people, owning a car makes little financial sense. You’d be far better off giving it up and relying on other forms of transport. “I’m 47 and I’ve never owned a car, despite having a job that requires me to travel all over the South-east to visit clients,”says Donnachadh McCarthy, an environmental expert who specialises in advising people how to be greener. “A car is a huge financial commitment, as well as being a psychological addiction. Not owning a vehicle Is far more practical than most people realise.”C It may seem as if cars have never been cheaper. After all, It is now possible to buy a brand new car for less than £4800--the Perodua Kelisa, if you’re Interested. There are plenty of decent vehicles you can buy straight from the showroom for between £5000 and £7000. Of course, if you buy second-hand, the prices will be even lower. However, the falling purchase price of cars masks the fact that it has never been more expensive to own and run o vehicle. The estimate Is that the cost of running a car rose by more than ten per cent last year alone. The annual cost of running your own vehicle is put at an average of £5539, or £107 a week. White drivers who do less or more than the average mileage each year will spend correspondingly less or more, many of the costs of car ownership are fixed--and therefore unavoidable.D Depreciation---the fact that your vehicle loses a large chunk of its resale value each year—s one problem, accounting for £2420 a year. The cost of finance packages, which most people have to resort to to pay for at least part of the price of a new car, has also been rising--to an average of £1040 a year. Then there’s insurance, maintenance, tax and breakdown Insurance, all of which will cost you broadly the same amount, however many miles you do. Only fuel costs are truly variable. While petrol prices are the most visible Indicator of the cost of running a car, for the typicaldriver they account for less than one-fifth of the real costs each year. In other wards, leaving aside all the practical and psychological barriers to giving up your car, in financial terms doing so makes sense for many people.E Take the cost of public transport, for example. In London, the most expensive city in the UK, the most expensive annual travel card, allowing travel in any zone at any time, costs Just over £1700. You could give up your car and still have thousands of pounds to spare to spend on occasional car hire. in fact, assuming that you have the most expensive travel card in London, you could hire a cheap car from a company such as easyCar far about 30 weeks a year, and still be better off overall than if you own your own vehicle. Not that car hire is necessarily the mast cost-effective option for people who are prepared to do without a car but may still need to drive occasionally.F Streetcar, one of several “car clubs” with growing numbers of members, reckons that using its vehicles twice a week, every week, for a year, would cost you just £700. Streetcar’s model works very similarly to those of its main rivals, Citycarclub and Whizzgo. These three companies, which now operate in 20 of Britain’s towns and cities, charge their members a refundable deposit--£150 at Streetcar---and then provide them with an electronic smartcard. This enables members to get into the vehicles, which are left parked In set locations, and the keys are then found in the glove compartment. Members pay an hourly rate for the car--£4.95 is the cost at Streetcar---and return it to the same spot, or to a different designated parking place.G Car sharing is an increasingly popular option for people making the same journeys regularly--to and from work, far example. Many companies run schemes that help colleagues who live near to each other and work in the same place to contact each other so they can share the Journey to work. Liftshare and Carshare are two national organisations that maintain online databases of people who would be prepared to team up, Other people may be able to replace part or all of their journey to work-- or any journeys, for that matter--with low-cost transport such as a bicycle, or even by just walking. The more you can reduce your car use, however you gain access to it, the more you will save.Questions 14-17The text has 7paragraphs (A-G). Which paragraph does each of the following headings best fit?14.Don’t wait!正确答案:B*15.Team up正确答案:G*16.Join a club正确答案:F*17.Use public transport正确答案:EQuestions 18-22According to the text, FIVE of the following statements are true. Write the corresponding letters in answer boxes 18 to 22 in any order.[A] Me Carthy claims people can become addicted to using cars.[B] The cost of using a car rose by over ten per cent last year.[C] Most British people borrow money to help buy cars.[D] Many people need cars to drive in London occasionally.[E] Streetcar operates in over 20 cities in Britain.[F] Streetcar’s cars must be left at specific locations.[G] Car sharing is becoming more popular with people who live and work near each other.[H] The government wants to encourage people to go to work on foot or by bicycle.18.【18】______正确答案:A*19.【19】______正确答案:B*20.【20】______正确答案:C*21.【21】______正确答案:F*22.【22】______正确答案:GQuestions 23-26According to the information given in the text, choose the correct answer or answers from the choices given.23.The government has decided ______.A.not to follow protestors’ suggestions.B.to become more democratic.C.to go ahead with charging drivers to use roads.正确答案:AC*24.Cars are often ______.A.relatively cheap in Britain.B.relatively expensive to operate in Britain.C.sold second-hand in Britain.正确答案:AB*25.Fuel costs ______.A.make up about 20% of the cost of running a car.B.are related to the amount drivers pay for their cars.C.depend on how far you drive.正确答案:AC*26.Using public transport ______.A.will save money for British motorists, except in London.B.and renting a car part of the time can save money.C.costs Londoners about £1700 a year.正确答案:BREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Low Cost Lamps Light Rural India Until throe months ago, life in this humble village without electricity would come to a halt after sunset. Inside his mud-and-clay home, Ganpat Jadhav’s three children used to study in the dim, smoky glow of a kerosene lamp. When their monthly fuel quota of four litres dried up in just a fortnight, they had to strain their eyes using the light from a cooking fire. That all changed with the installation of low-cost, energy-efficient lamps that are powered entirely by the sun. The lights were installed by the Grameen Surya Bijli Foundation (GSBF), an Indian non-governmental organization focused on bringing light to rural India. Some 100,000 Indian villages do not yet have electricity. The GSBF lamps use LEDs--light emitting diodes--that are four times more efficient than a normal bulb. After a $55 installation cost, solar energy lights the lamp free of charge. LED lighting, like cell phones, is another example of a technology whose low cost could allow the rural poor to leap into the 21st century.As many as 1.5 billion people--nearly 80 million in India alone--light their houses using kerosene as the primary lighting media. The fuelis dangerous, dirty, and--despite being subsidized--consumes nearly four percent of a typical rural Indian household’s budget. A recent report by the Intermediate Technology Development Group suggests that indoor air pollution from such lighting media results in 1.6 million deaths worldwide every year. LED lamps, or more specifically white LEDS, are believed to produce nearly 200 times more useful light than a kerosene lamp and almost 50 times the amount of useful light of a conventional bulb. “This technology can light an entire rural village with less energy than that used by a single conventional 100 watt light bulb,” says Dave Irvins-Halliday, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Calgary, Canada and the founder of Light Up the World Foundation (LUTW). Founded in 1997, LUTW has used LED technology to bring light to nearly 10000 homes in remote and disadvantaged comers of some 27 countries like India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bolivia, and the Philippines. The technology, which is not yet widely known in India, faces some scepticism here. “LED systems are revolutionising rural lighting, but this isn’t a magic solution to the world’s energy problems,”says Ashok Jhunjhunwala, head of the electrical engineering department at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. In a scenario in which nearly 60 percent of India’s rural population uses 180 million tons of biomass per year for cooking via primitive wood stoves--which are smoky and provide only 10-15 percent efficiency in cooking--Jhunjhunwala emphasises the need for a clean energy source, not just for lighting but for other domestic purposes as well The Indian government in April launched an ambitious project to bring electricity to 112000 rural villages in the next decade. However, the remote locations of the village will make reaching this goal difficult. A.K. Lakhina, the chairman of India’s Rural Electrification Corporation, says the Indian government recognizes the potential of LED lighting powered by solar technology, but expressed reservations about its high costs. “If only LEDs weren’t imported but manufactured locally,”he says, “and in bulk.”The lamps installed in nearly 300 homes by GSBF cost nearly half the price of other solar lighting systems. Jasjeet Singh Chaddha, the founder of the NGO, currently imports his LEDs from China. He wants to set up an LED manufacturing unit and a solar panel manufacturing unit in India. If manufactured locally, the cost of his LED lamp could plummet to $22, as they won’t incur heavy import duties. “We need close to $5 million for this,” he says. Mr. Chaddha says he has also asked the government to exempt the lamps from such duties, but to no avail. An entrepreneur who made his money in plastics, Chaddha has poured his own money into the project, providing the initial installations free of charge. As be looks to make the project self-sustainable, he recognizes that it’s only urban markets--which have also shown an avid interest in LED lighting--that can pay. The rural markets in india can’t afford it, he says, until the prices are brought down. The rural markets would be able to afford it, says Mr. Irvine-Halliday, if they had access to micro-credit. He says that in Tembisa, a shanty town in Johannesburg, he found that almost 10,000 homes spent more than $60 each on candles and paraffin every year. As calculations revealed, these families can afford to purchase a solid state lighting system in just over a year of paying per week what they would normally spend on candles and paraffin--if they have access to micro-credit. LUTW is in the process of creating such a micro-creditfacility for South Africa.In villages near Khadakwadi, the newly installed LED lamps are a subject of envy, even for those connected to the grid. Those connected to the grid have to face power cuts up to 6 or 7 hours a day. Constant energy shortages and blackouts are a common problem due to a lack of power plants, transmission, and distribution losses caused by old technology and illegal stealing of electricity from the grid. LEO systems require far less maintenance, a longer life, and as villagers jokingly say, “no electricity bills.”The lamps provided by GSBF have enough power to provide just four hours of light a day. However, that’s enough for people to get their work done in the early hours of the night, and is more reliable than light generated off India’s electrical grid, Villagers are educated by GSBF officials to make the most of the new lamps. An official from GSBF instructs Jadhav and his family to clean the lamp regularly. “Its luminosity and life will diminish if you let the dust settle on it,”he warns them.Questions 27-30For each question only ONE of the choices is correct. Write the corresponding letter in the appropriate box on your answer sheet.27.The GSBF lamps ______.A.provide light for 100000 Indian villages.B.are very expensive to install.C.are powered by the sun.正确答案:C*28.More than half of India’s population uses ______.A.kerosene as a cooking fuel.B.biomass as a cooking fuel.C.solar power as a cooking fuel.正确答案:B*29.In India, the GSBF lamps are too expensive for most people ______.A.in rural areas.B.in urban areas.C.in all areas.正确答案:A*30.The GSBF lamps ______.A.are not as reliable as electricity from the national power grid.B.require skill to use.C.only provide four hours of light a day.正确答案:CQuestions 31-35Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text.31.Another example of cheap technology helping poor people in the countryside is ______.正确答案:cell phones*32.Kerosene lamps and conventional bulbs give off less ______ than GSBF lamps.正确答案:useful light*33.It is unlikely that the Indian government will achieve its aim of connecting 112000 villages to electricity because many villages are ______.正确答案:remote*34.GSBF lamps would be cheaper if it weren’t for ______.正确答案:(heavy) import duties*35.Users need to wipe ______ from the LED in order to keep it working well.正确答案:dustQuestions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? TRUE——if the information in the text agrees with the statement FALSE——if the information in the text contradicts the statement NOT GIVEN——if there is no information on this36.Ganpat Jadhav’s monthly ration of kerosene was insufficient.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:A*37.Kerosene causes many fires in homes in developing countries.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:C*38.LED systems could solve the world’s energy problems.A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:B*39.Chaddha has so far funded the GSBF lamp project himself. A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:A*40.Micro-credit would help to get more people to use LED lamps. A.真B.假C.NOT GIVEN正确答案:A。
2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Lifelessons(样例5)

2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Lifelessons(样例5)第一篇:2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons三立教育2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons 今天三立在线教育雅思网为大家带来的是2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons 的相关资讯,备考的烤鸭们,赶紧来看看吧!READING PASSAGE1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Life lessons from villains, crooks and gangsters(A)A notorious Mexican drug baron’s audacious escape from prison in July doesn’t, at first, a ppear to have much to teach corporate boards.But some in the business world suggest otherwise.Beyond the morally reprehensible side of criminals' work, some business gurus say organised crime syndicates, computer hackers, pirates and others operating outside the law could teach legitimate corporations a thing or two about how to hustle and respond to rapid change.(B)Far from encouraging illegality, these gurus argue that –in the same way big corporations sometimes emulate start-ups –business leaders could learn from the underworld about flexibility, innovation and the ability to pivot quickly.“There is a nimbleness to criminal organisations that legacy corporations [with large, complex layers of management] don’t have,” said Marc Goodman, head of the Future Crimes Institute and global cyber-crime advisor.While traditional businesses focus on rules they have to follow, criminals look to circumvent them.三立教育“For criminals, the sky is the limit and that creates theopportunity to think much, much bigger.”(C)Joaquin Guzman, the head of the Mexican Sinaloa drug cartel, for instance, slipped out of his prison cell through a tiny hole in his shower that led to a mile-long tunnel fitted with lights and ventilation.Making a break for it required creative thinking, long-term planning and perseverance – essential skills similar to those needed to achieve success in big business.(D)While Devin Liddell, who heads brand strategy for Seattle-based design consultancy, Teague, condemns the violence and other illegal activities he became curious as to how criminal groups endure.Some cartels stay in business despite multiple efforts by law enforcement on both sides of the US border and millions of dollars from international agencies to shut them down.Liddell genuinely believes there’s a lesson in longevity here.One strategy he underlined was how the bad guys respond to change.In order to bypass the border between Mexico and the US, for example, the Sinaloa cartel went to great lengths.It built a vast underground tunnel, hired family members as border agents and even used a catapult to circumvent a high-tech fence.(E)By contrast, many legitimate businesses fail because they hesitate to adapt quickly to changing market winds.One high-profile example is movie and game rental company Blockbuster, which didn’t keep up with the market and lost business to mail order video rentals and streaming technologies.The brand has all but faded from view.Liddell argues the difference between the two groups is that 三立教育criminal organisations often have improvisation encoded into their daily behaviour, while larger companies think of innovation as a set process.“This is a leadership challenge,” saidLiddell.“How well companies innovate and organise is a reflectio n of leadership.”Left-field thinking(F)Cash-strapped start-ups also use unorthodox strategies to problem solve and build their businesses up from scratch.This creativity and innovation is often borne out of necessity, such as tight budgets.Both criminals and start-up founders “question authority, act outside the system and see new and clever ways of doing things,” said Goodman.“Either they become Elon Musk or El Chapo.” And, some entrepreneurs aren’t even afraid to operate in legal grey areas in their effort to disrupt the marketplace.The co-founders of music streaming service Napster, for example, knowingly broke music copyright rules with their first online file sharing service, but their technology paved the way for legal innovation as regulators caught up.(G)Goodman and others believe thinking hard about problem solving before worrying about restrictions could prevent established companies falling victim to rivals less constrained by tradition.In their book The Misfit Economy, Alexa Clay and Kyra Maya Phillips examine how individuals can apply that mindset to become more innovative and entrepreneurial within corporate structures.They studied not just violent criminals like Somali pirates, but others who break the rules in order to find creative solutions to their business problems, such as people living in the slums 三立教育of Mumbai or computer hackers.They picked out five common traits among this group: the ability to hustle, pivot, provoke, hack and copycat.(H)Clay gives a Saudi entrepreneur named Walid Abdul-Wahab as a prime example.Abdul-Wahab worked with Amish farmers to bring camel milk to Americanconsumers even before US regulators approved it.Through perseverance, he eventually found a network of Amish camel milk farmers and started selling the product via social media.Now his company, Desert Farms, sells to giant mainstream retailers like Whole Foods Market.Those on the fringe don’t always have the option of traditional, corporate jobs and that forces them to think more creatively about how to make a living, Clay said.They must develop grit and resilience in order to last outside the cushy confines of cubicle life.“In many cases scarcity is the mother of invention,” Clay said.Questions 14-21Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs A-H.Match the headings below with the paragraphs.Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.14.Jailbreak with creative thinking15.Five common traits among rule-breakersparison between criminals and traditional businessmen17.Can drug baron's espace teach legitimate corporations?18.Great entrepreneur19.How criminal groups deceive the law 三立教育20.The difference between legal and illegal organisations21.Similarity between criminals and start-up foundersQuestions 22–25Complete the sentences below.Write ONLY ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22–25 on your answer sheet.22.To escape from a prison, Joaquin Guzman had to use such traits as creative thinking, long-term planning and _______.23.The Sinaloa cartel built a grand underground tunnel and even used a _______ to avoid thefence.24.The main difference between two groups is that criminals, unlike large corporations, often have _______ encoded into their daily life.25.Due to being persuasive, Walid Abdul-Wahab found a _______ of Amish camel milk farmers.Question 26 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.26.The main goal of this article is to:A Show different ways of illegal activityB Give an overview of various criminals and their gangsC Draw a comparison between legal and illegal business, providing examples 三立教育D Justify criminals with creative thinking 如上就是三立网课教育小编为大家带来的2018年6月雅思阅读模拟练习:Life lessons的相关资讯,掌握最新雅思资讯,敬请关注(三立在线教育雅思网)更多雅思考试资讯以及备考资料免费领!第二篇:2014年6月英语四级阅读模拟练习放弃人生的电梯吧!成功是没有捷径的在纽约有一座很有名的帝国大厦,相信很多读者都曾经听说过,或是在电影上看到过。
2018年5月19日雅思阅读真题解析

2018年5月19日雅思阅读真题解析2018年5月19日的雅思考试已经结束了,同学们现在是不是想看看自己能得多少分呀?下面就和店铺一起来看看2018年5月19日雅思阅读真题解析。
Passage One题目:Viking ship and its replica题型:判断+简答判断1-7专业水手False是在Dublin被发现的False只用wooden tree nail Falseflexibility使之valuable Not Given船in poor condition Truemedia coverage TrueTrue简答8-1320 percent slowerkit needleswood rope1.5 square metersproper resttentPassage Two题目:motherese儿向语言题型:段落信息匹配+人名信息匹配+填空文章有A-H段:讲了母亲在孩子婴儿期时跟孩子的沟通(比如:唱儿歌等)对孩子长大后在音乐方面的影响。
中间还跟动物做了比较,提到动物也有很多利用声音的例子。
Passage Three题目:Commission art题型:判断+填空+选择文章约有10个段落:讲了一种新型的艺术品与买家之间交易的方式——委托,即买家先跟艺术家商量好艺术品的内容,定向创作与营销的过程。
这起初是一个大概名为Beckman的人的想法。
他想举办一个关于城市的展览。
这个人找到了MK和AH两名艺术家。
利用定向委托的形式,本来跟MK约订的是一幅画作,后来却买了三幅,体现出这种方式很好。
AH是一名摄影师,Beckman让她在自己家中创作。
AH选取了一个两岁儿童的视角——通过降低拍摄角度和位置来体现。
最终效果很棒。
2018年1月20日雅思阅读真题回忆解析

2018年1月20日雅思阅读真题回忆解析此次三篇阅读难度中等。
其中第一篇阅读判断题有些绕,可能会耗费一些时间,第二篇和第三篇阅读基本没什么难度太大的题。
Passage 1题目The mystery of the arctic话题分类自然科学题型及对应T/F/NG(判断题) 7数量Short Answer Questions(填空题) 6内容回忆文章主旨:1.介绍了 Franklin expedition 背景, for the shorter passage fromCanada to Asia but never return。
2.后来 tones of expedition 出发去寻找 Franklin expedition 残骸和船员的死因 but failed3.后来直到现在,在 Inuit 的帮助下,某科学家发现了这个船。
4.首次发现这个船的科学家们第一次总结出那些经验丰富的船员们未能在这次出行中幸存的原因是他们铅中毒5.专家继续分析为什么是导致中毒的罪魁祸首是罐装食品,但是 B 专家认为这个残骸还有其他的解释6.但是 B 专家站出来说每年人们会消耗大量的罐装食品也没见中毒。
7.后面他分析了可能是由于船员们的饮水管收到污染导致的,因为这个提供人们煮食物的水也用来为发动机提供能用的水,在这个过程中管道可能受到污染。
8.某 F 专家提出一个理论,对于人们认为的真正的原因,也可能会受到人们最早的互相口头想搞的解释,因为人们习惯了说故事并且说服别人相信。
9.专家 B 希望他的对这次你事故原因的研究能对此地区有利且希望人们能够在他发现真正原因前保护好这些残骸。
答案:1.many unsuccessful expedition attempts to find out the Franklin expedition. T2.it is the first time experts 某某 worked with Inuit scientist reaching this Franklin expedition. NOT GIVEN3.B 专家 support the earlier finding. F4.b believe people background affects the reasons for this wreck. F5.outside Inuit’s people doubt the first explanation. T6.b 专家 unwilling to share his research 在其他人找到这个Franklin 遗迹前。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
2018年雅思阅读模拟题及答案解析(20) Don’t wash those fossils!
Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.
1. Washing,brushing and varnishing fossils —all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike —vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA.
2. Instead,excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves,and freezing samples as they are found,dirt and all,concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today.
3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA,Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris,France,and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information,they say,needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field digging up bones.
4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to
a single individual of an extinct cattle species,called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site in France at two different times —either in 1947,and stored in a museum collection,or in 2004,and conserved in sterile conditions at -20 oC.
5. The team’s attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavated fossils,however,all yielded DNA.
6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time,and in the same conditions,the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl. “As much DNA was degraded in these 57 years as in the 3,200 years before,”she says.
Wash in,wash out
7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone,their methods of conservation are not designed to preserve DNA,Geigl explains.
8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in a large bath,which can allow water —and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA —to permeate into the porous bones. “Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out,but contamination is getting washed in,”says Geigl.
9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already,says Hendrik Poinar,an evolutionary geneticist at McMaster University in Ontario,Canada. But that doesn’t mean that best practice has become widespread among those who actually find the fossils.
10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on close relationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators,says palaeogeneticist Svante P bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig,Germany. And that only occurs in exceptional cases,he says.
11. P bo’s team,which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA,continually faces these problems. “When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains,there’s a big issue of contamination with contemporary human DNA,”he says.
12. This doesn’t mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed,notes P bo. The Neanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab,for example,had been part of a museum collection treated in the traditional way. But P bo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major find preserved in line with Geigl’s recommendations —just in case.
Warm and wet
13. Geigl herself believes that,with cooperation between bench and field researchers,preserving fossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.
14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survive well in warm environments in the first place,and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated. For this reason,Geigl says,most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples,such as the woolly mammoth,or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves —including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.
15. Better conservation methods,and a focus on fresh fossils,could boost DNA extraction from more delicate specimens,says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of human evolution.。