语言学第四章PPT
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成分，作为一个术语，指的是用于句子结构分析的一个语 言单位, 它是比其更大的语言单位的一部分。
Immediate Constituents
The boy ate the apple
A (Sentence)
B (the boy)
C (ate the apple)
In the case of the example above, B (the boy) and C (ate the apple), are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A , then B and C are said to be immediate constituent of A.
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.(词的单位）
an apple (NP) ate an apple (VP)
Mary ate an apple. (S)
• This is also called Associative Relations(联想关系） by Saussure (Ferdinand de Saussure (1857～1913)瑞 士语言学家，现代语言学理论的奠基者) • , and Paradigmatic Relations （聚合关系） by Hjemslev(丹麦语言学家,哥本哈根学派的 创始人和主要理论家 ).To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations（垂直关系） or Choice Relations.
– For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
Relations
of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations（组合 关系）, partly to paradigmatic relations（聚合关系）.
On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and internal properties. The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.
externa external l
this( determiner)
edition (noun) internal
Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit，which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.
句子的内部结构是指对结构组织成分的描述，如：助主 语，谓语，宾语等。
external
Subject Verb Object (clausal type) ate (verb) an apple. (object) internal
Mary (subject)
Determiner
Noun (phrasal type)
• The students smile to the teacher. • NP VP NP
•
S
V
O
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Positional Relation
• Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. eg. the, boy, ball, the, kicked The boy kicked the ball * Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy
在上面的例子中，如果两个成分B（the boy）和C （ate the apple) 连 接构成了更大的成分A (“S”, 在此表示句子）， 那么B和C就说A的直接 成分。
The immediate constituents themselves can be constructions of specific types, for instance, the nominal phrase “The boy” can be further analyzed into “The (Determiner) +boy (Noun)”. Thus, “The boy” is the construction of a nominal phrase, whereas “The” and “boy” are its constituents.
4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability
• 替代关系 • The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. • 可替代性的关系是指在句子中，语法上 具有相同结构的词类或词组相互替代的 关系。
A（Sentence)
B (the boy)
C (ate the apple)
This tree contains three Nodes. The top-most node, A, is the mother of the two lower nodes, B and C. B and C are the daughters of the same mother, and so we refer to them as Sister nodes. The simple tree in the above represents a constituent of category A which is composed of two parts, one of category B and the other of category C.
Chapter 4 From Word to Text
Syntactic Relation（句法 结构）
• Syntax (句法） • It’s the study of the rules governing the way different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure
The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction’s make-up with the terms such as subject, predicate, noun, determiner, etc.
• 简言之，共现就是句子构建的环境，在 这个环境中一个结构体能够与其他相关 成分一起出现，即合乎语法又符合规范。
4.2 Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents(语法结构与成分）
4.2.1 Grammatical Construction
Grammatical Construction or Construct can be used to mean any syntactic（句法的） construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language.
.
For instance, the different terms such as clausal type, phrasal type are assigned to the properties of the constructions respectively.
外部句法特征是指整个结构所具有的特征，也就 是说，说话者所知道的在个别更大的句法上下文 中与此结构相关的方方面面。例如：小句的类型， 短语类型等。
In (a) one can make a choice from the nominal groups, whereas in (b) one can make a choice from the adverbial. • (a) • strong man • The tallest boy smiles • pretty girl • (b) yesterday • He went there last week • the day before
• 它研究的是句子构造中各个成分之间的 相互关系
Positional Relation
Syntactic Relation
Relation of Substitutability
Relation of Co-occurrence
Positional Relation
• For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause.
• It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
• 它也指不止一个单词的词组在语法上可 以连带替代单个单词的特定集合。
Syntactic relations句法关 系
– relations of position位置关系 – relations of substitutability替 代关系 – relations of co-occurrence同 性关系
• EX: • The _______ smiles. • man • boy • girl
• Word order is among the three basic ways (word order , genetic and classifications) to classify languages in the world. • There are totally six possible types of language, they are SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV and VOS. • English SVO
• They eat. • Eat apple. • They eat apple.
1.3 Relation of Cooccurrence同性关系
• It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.句子中的不同部分的各类词 允许或要求与另外一个词类的搭配使 用，这样才能组成一个完整的句子或是 句子中的某一特定成分。
Immediate Constituents
The boy ate the apple
A (Sentence)
B (the boy)
C (ate the apple)
In the case of the example above, B (the boy) and C (ate the apple), are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A , then B and C are said to be immediate constituent of A.
Any syntactic string of words ranging from sentences over phrasal structures to certain complex lexemes.(词的单位）
an apple (NP) ate an apple (VP)
Mary ate an apple. (S)
• This is also called Associative Relations(联想关系） by Saussure (Ferdinand de Saussure (1857～1913)瑞 士语言学家，现代语言学理论的奠基者) • , and Paradigmatic Relations （聚合关系） by Hjemslev(丹麦语言学家,哥本哈根学派的 创始人和主要理论家 ).To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations（垂直关系） or Choice Relations.
– For instance, a nominal phrase can be preceded by a determiner and adjective(s) and followed by a verbal phrase.
Relations
of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations（组合 关系）, partly to paradigmatic relations（聚合关系）.
On the level of syntax, we distinguish for any construction in a language its external and internal properties. The external syntax of a construction refers to the properties of the construction as a whole, that is to say, anything speakers know about the construction that is relevant to the larger syntactic contexts in which it is welcome.
externa external l
this( determiner)
edition (noun) internal
Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit，which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.
句子的内部结构是指对结构组织成分的描述，如：助主 语，谓语，宾语等。
external
Subject Verb Object (clausal type) ate (verb) an apple. (object) internal
Mary (subject)
Determiner
Noun (phrasal type)
• The students smile to the teacher. • NP VP NP
•
S
V
O
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Positional Relation
• Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. eg. the, boy, ball, the, kicked The boy kicked the ball * Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy
在上面的例子中，如果两个成分B（the boy）和C （ate the apple) 连 接构成了更大的成分A (“S”, 在此表示句子）， 那么B和C就说A的直接 成分。
The immediate constituents themselves can be constructions of specific types, for instance, the nominal phrase “The boy” can be further analyzed into “The (Determiner) +boy (Noun)”. Thus, “The boy” is the construction of a nominal phrase, whereas “The” and “boy” are its constituents.
4.1.2 Relation of Substitutability
• 替代关系 • The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. • 可替代性的关系是指在句子中，语法上 具有相同结构的词类或词组相互替代的 关系。
A（Sentence)
B (the boy)
C (ate the apple)
This tree contains three Nodes. The top-most node, A, is the mother of the two lower nodes, B and C. B and C are the daughters of the same mother, and so we refer to them as Sister nodes. The simple tree in the above represents a constituent of category A which is composed of two parts, one of category B and the other of category C.
Chapter 4 From Word to Text
Syntactic Relation（句法 结构）
• Syntax (句法） • It’s the study of the rules governing the way different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure
The internal syntax of a construction is really a description of the construction’s make-up with the terms such as subject, predicate, noun, determiner, etc.
• 简言之，共现就是句子构建的环境，在 这个环境中一个结构体能够与其他相关 成分一起出现，即合乎语法又符合规范。
4.2 Grammatical Construction and Its Constituents(语法结构与成分）
4.2.1 Grammatical Construction
Grammatical Construction or Construct can be used to mean any syntactic（句法的） construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language.
.
For instance, the different terms such as clausal type, phrasal type are assigned to the properties of the constructions respectively.
外部句法特征是指整个结构所具有的特征，也就 是说，说话者所知道的在个别更大的句法上下文 中与此结构相关的方方面面。例如：小句的类型， 短语类型等。
In (a) one can make a choice from the nominal groups, whereas in (b) one can make a choice from the adverbial. • (a) • strong man • The tallest boy smiles • pretty girl • (b) yesterday • He went there last week • the day before
• 它研究的是句子构造中各个成分之间的 相互关系
Positional Relation
Syntactic Relation
Relation of Substitutability
Relation of Co-occurrence
Positional Relation
• For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause.
• It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.
• 它也指不止一个单词的词组在语法上可 以连带替代单个单词的特定集合。
Syntactic relations句法关 系
– relations of position位置关系 – relations of substitutability替 代关系 – relations of co-occurrence同 性关系
• EX: • The _______ smiles. • man • boy • girl
• Word order is among the three basic ways (word order , genetic and classifications) to classify languages in the world. • There are totally six possible types of language, they are SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV and VOS. • English SVO
• They eat. • Eat apple. • They eat apple.
1.3 Relation of Cooccurrence同性关系
• It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.句子中的不同部分的各类词 允许或要求与另外一个词类的搭配使 用，这样才能组成一个完整的句子或是 句子中的某一特定成分。