系统分析与设计方法 影印版 第七版 (Lonnie D.Bentley Jeffrey L.Whitten) 课后答案[1-4章].khda

Who are the typical stakeholders in an information system?what are their roles?system ownersSystem owners is an information system s sponsor and executive advocate,usually responsible for funding the project of developing,operating,and maintaining the information system.System owners usually come from the ranks of management.For medium to large information systems,system owners are usually middle or executive managers.For smaller systems,system owners maybe middle managers or supervisors.system usersSystem user is a customer who willuse or is affected by an information system on a regular basis capturing,validating,entering,responding to,storing,and exchanging data and System users make up information workers in any information system.system designerSystem designer is a who translates system user s business requirements and constrains technical solutions.She or he designs the computer databases,inputs,screens,networks,and software that will meet the system user s requirements.system builderSystem builder is a technical specialist who constructs information systems and components based on the design specifications generated by the system designers.systems analystSystems analyst is a specialist who studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people,data,processes,and information technology and best accomplish improvements for the business.What are the differences between the role of system analysts and the role of the rest of the stakeholders?ing,val information.the vast major ing,entering ajority majority of the echnical technical special specialist trains into technoutputs,scr mentsSystems analysts understand both business and computing.They study business problems and opportunities and then transform business and information requirements into specifications for information systems that will be implemented by various technical specialists including computer puters and information systems are of value to a business only if they help solve problems or effect improvements.The Systems analyst is basically a problem solver.Including:problems,either real or anticipated,that require corrective action.Opportunities to improve a situation despite the absence of complaints.Directives to change a situation regardless of whether anyone has complained about the current situation.What kind of knowledge and skills should a system Working knowledge of information the analyst must be aware of both existing and emerging technologies.Computer General knowledge processes and technology system analysts must be able to with business experts to gain an understanding of and needs.General skills the system analysts must be able to take a large problem,break down that problem into its parts,determine problem causes and effects,and then recommend a solution.Good interpersonal communication skills an analyst must be able to communicate effectively,both orally and in writing.Good interpersonal relation skills.Flexibility and adaptability.Character and ethics.Why are good interpersonal communication skills essential for system analyst?An analyst must be able to communicate effectively,both orally and in writing.Almost without exception,your communication skills,not your technical skills,will prove to be the single bigger factor in your career success or failure.These skills are nformation tec amming programming experienc experience of busine business analyst posse possess?echnologies technologies information ience and expert expertisesiness processe communicate their problems oblem problem solving ess business problemlearnable,but most of us must force ourselves to seek help and work hard to improve them.What are some of the business drivers for today s information systems?Globalization of the economyElectronic commerce and businessSecurity and privacyCollaboration and partnershipKnowledge asset managementContinuous improvementTotal quality managementBusinessprocess redesignWhat are the most important technology drivers information systems?Networks and the internet Mobile and wireless Object technologiesCollaborative Enterprise applications What is the difference between front office information systems andback office information systems?Front office information system is an information system that supports business functions that extend out to the organization s customers.Back office information system is an information system that supports internal business operations of an organization,as well as reaches out to suppliers.How do transaction processing systems,management information systems,and decision support systems interact with each other?Transaction processing system responds to an input transaction s data.It techno ernetess technologies rivers for today s gieslogiestechnologies cationsdifferencproduces transaction information to verify the correct processing of the input transaction.It also produces an output transaction.Such a system may respond to something as simple as the passage of time.The management information system simply produces reports or information using data stored in transactional databases.It uses business models to produce operational management information.Decision support systems applications will typically provide read only access to the data warehouses to produce decision support and executive management information.In any given building blocks of an information system,the views of four groupsof stakeholders need to be take into account during the developmentof the system.What are these four stakeholder groups?System ownersSystem usersSystem designersSystem buildersUnderstanding business in the process building block of an information system.Want level business functions typical of many companies?SalesServiceManufacturingShippingReceivingAccountingWhat are the two most critical goals in the communication building blocks?Information systems must provide effective and efficient communication interfaces to the system s users.These interfaces should promote teamwork and coordination of activities.Information systems must interface effectively and efficiently with other elopm elopment unctions functions is esse essential are six highinformation systems both with those within the business and increasinglywith others business information systems.why has the increasing use of graphical user interfaces complicated the design process for system designers?The trend toward graphical user interfaces such as Windows and Web browsers has simplified life for system users but complicated the design process for system designers.In a typical Windows application,there are many different things users can do at any given time.Accordingly,the system designer views the interface in terms of various system states,events that change the system from one state to another,and responses to those events.Today,there are many more design decisions andthe dialogue of a graphicalWeb society has come to it is not at all uncommon and human computer server is both compellingHow related?A stageof the system life cycle.Each individual information system has its own system life cycle.The methodology is the standard process to build and maintain that system and all other information systems through their life cycles.what are the10underlying principles for systems development?Principle1:Get the system users involvedPrinciple2:Use a problem solving approachPrinciple3:Establish phases and activitiesPrinciple4:Document throughout developmentPrinciple5:Establish standardsPrinciple 6:Manage the process and projectsPrinciple 7:Justify information systems as capital investmentsPrinciple 8:Don t be afraid to cancel or revise scopePrinciple 9:Divide and conquerPrinciple 10:Design systems for growth and change what are the three most important deliverables in scope definition?One important outcome is a problem statement ,a succinct overview of the problems,opportunities,and directives that triggered the project.An initial scope statement is another important outcome of this phase.Scope defines how big we think the project is.Your information system building blocks provide auseful framework for defining scope.The final and most important deliverable is a work.Astatement of work is a contract or to the information system.what is model driven Model driven development development strategy thatemphasizes the drawing of to help visualize and analyze problems,define business requirements,and design information systems.why is model popular?Model driven is most effective for systems for whichrequirements are well understood and which are so complex that they require large project teams to complete.The approach also works well when fulfillment of user expectations and quality is more important than cost and schedule.what is rapid application development?Rapid application development is a system development strategy thatemphasizes speed of development through extensive user involvement in the rapid,iterative,and incremental construction of a serious of functioningprototypes of a system that eventually evolves into the final system.agreement development?elopment statement of developmendevelopment nt?is a system dev system models irements,requirements driven developm development developm developmentWhat are the five main categories of competencies that a project managershould have?Business achievement competencies Problem Solving competenciesInfluence competenciesPeople management competencies Self Management competencies What are the basic project management functions?Scoping setting the boundaries of the projectPlanning identifying the tasks required to complete the projectEstimating identifying the resources required to the projectScheduling developing the plan to complete Organizing making sure members roles andresponsibilitiesDirecting the Controlling monitoring progress Closing assessing success and failureWhat are the eight in the project management life cycle?Activity 1 Negotiate Scope the boundaries of a project the areas of a business that a project may (or may not)address.Includes answers to five basic questions:Project what do you what?Qualityhow good do you want it to be?Time when do you want it?Cost how much are you willing to pay for it?Resources what resource are you willing or able to bring to the table?Activity 2 Identify TasksA work breakdown structure (WBS)is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into its tasks and subtasks.Some tasks represent the completion of milestones or the completion of major deliverables during a project.unders understand inating coordinating projec project oring prog complete the projectrstand their role ojectrogressccess major activities ScopeboundarieActivity 3 Estimate Task DurationsElapsed time takes into consideration:Efficiency no worker performs at 100%efficiencyCoffee breaks,lunch,e mail,etc.Estimate of 75%is common InterruptionsPhone calls,visitors,etc.1050%Activity 4 Specify Intertask DependenciesThe start or completion of individual tasks may be dependent on the start or completion of other tasks.These dependencies impact the completion of any project.Activity 5 Assign ResourcesResources include the following People includes all owners,analysts,designers,builders,external agents,and help involved project in any way.Services includes services review that may be charged on a per use basis.Facilities and all rooms and technology that will be needed to complete Supplies and from pencils,paper,notebooks to toner cartridges,and so on.Money translation of all of the above into budgeted dollars!Activity 6 Direct the Team EffortOne of the most important dimensions of directing the team effort is the supervision of people.Activity 7 Monitor and Control ProgressProgress reporting is an essential control process that uses communication to keep a project within scope,on time,and within budget.A complete project plan provides mechanisms and a process to manage requests for changes to scope.This is called change management.Change management frequently requires that a project manager manage the expectations of management and users themselves.An expectations management matrix is a rule driven tool for helping management under stand the dynamics and impact of changing project parameters such as cost,schedule,scope,and quality.ategories:categories:system owners clerical inv such users,analys analysts olved in the uch as a quality ent equipment includes the project.projectmaterials onncludes includes a tranSchedule adjustments are required when a project s scope changes or when other fac tors drive schedule or budget out of the projected range.Activity 8 Assess Project Results and ExperiencesThis final activity involves soliciting feedback from project team members (including customers)concerning their project experiences and suggestions aimed at improving the project and process management of the organization.What is a popular tool used to identify tasks in the project managementlife cycle?One popular tool used to identify and document project activities and tasks is a work breakdown structure.A work breakdown structure (WBS)is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into phases,activities,and tasks.What are the factors to consider in estimating task durations?In estimating task duration,it is important to understand the concept of elapsed time.Elapsed time takes into consideration two important factors with respect to people:Efficiency No worker performs percent efficiency.Most people take coffee breaks,lunch breaks,to read their e mail,check their calendars,in nonproject work,and even engage in idle conversation.Experts differ on just how productive the average worker is,but one percent.Interruptions phone calls,visitors,and other unplanned interruptions the time required for project work.This isvariable for different can consume as little as 10percent of a worker s day or 50percent.What are the resources to be allocated to the project?People the system owners,users,analysts,designers,builders,external agents,and clerical help that will be involved in the project in any way.Services includes services such as a quality review that may be charged on a per use basis.Facilities and equipment includes all rooms and technology that will be needed to complete the project.Supplies and materials includes everything from pencils,paper,and note books to toner cartridges,and so on.Money includes a translation of all of the above into budgeted dollars.Why is critical path analysis important?The critical path for a project is the sequence of dependent tasks that have the largest sum of most likely durations.The critical path determines the earliest possible ms at 100restroom participate monly commonly used figur figure eople People ortant rcent efficiency breaks,breaks and time igure is 75perce percent experience that increase workers.InterruInterruptions as much as categories of ncludes includes allcompletion date of the project.The critical path tasks have no slack time available thus,any delay in completion of any of the tasks on the critical path will cause an overall delay in the completion of the entire project.。