女性主义视角下的“天使”形象分析
女性主义视角下斯嘉丽
女性主义视角下斯嘉丽•奥哈拉的性格特点中文摘要1926年，美国著名作家玛格丽特·米歇尔创作了《飘》，耗时近十年才得以出版。
《飘》是一部表现美国南北战争前后旧南方人们生活及心理变化的爱情小说。
尽管那个时代男女不平等，《飘》中的妇女却展示了和男性一样甚至胜于男性的勇气和智慧。
这本小说表现了早期的女性独立意识。
尤其是女主人公斯嘉丽·奥哈拉,她创立了新女性形象。
一方面斯嘉丽拥有着男性梦想中女性的美丽的容颜，另一方面，斯嘉丽勇敢又聪明，当陷入困境，她站起来保护她的家人和朋友。
在对抗主流价值观和追求女性自身权益和地位的过程中，斯嘉丽·奥哈拉拥有了早期的女性主义意识。
女性主义意识是实现女性独立的重要因素，基于这一主题，本文以玛格丽特·米歇尔的著名小说《飘》为蓝本分析其女主人公斯嘉丽·奥哈拉，主要从斯嘉丽·奥哈拉女性主义意识的特点入手。
法国著名作家西蒙·德·波伏娃曾说：“女人不是生成的，而是造就的。
”通过分析，本文得出了一个结论：只有在不同的关系中保持独立的人格并互相帮助，女性才能在社会上获得平等的地位。
关键词：玛格丽特·米歇尔，《飘》，斯嘉丽，女性意识觉醒，独立。
ContentsAcknowledgements........................................... 错误！未定义书签。
Abstract................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
Chinese Abstract .. (III)1 Introduction (5)2 Theoretical Foundations (6)2.1 Feminism theory (6)2.1.2 The Original of Feminism (8)2.1.3 The Development of Feminism (9)2.2 Major Feminism Characters in Gone with the Wind (12)3 The Feminism Characteristics of Scarlett O’Hara (12)3.1 The Growth background of Scarlett O’Hara (13)3.2 Different Scarlett with Feminism (13)3.2.1 Pursuit of love (13)3.2.2 Strong Will in War (16)3.2.3 Ardently Love for Land (16)3.2.4 Requirements for female Right (18)3.3 Relative People in the Foundation of Scarlett’s Feminism (18)3.3.1 Ellen O’Hara (19)3.3.2 Melanie Hamilton (20)4 The incompleteness of Scarlett’s Feminism (21)4.1 The Lack of Discourse Right (22)4.2 The Lack of Rational Thinking (22)5 Conclusions (23)Notes (25)Bibliography (26)The Character of Scarlett O’Hara from the Perspective of Feminism1 IntroductionAs Gone with the Wind is the plot foundation this thesis, so at the beginning, I would give an introduction to the writer of this novel. Margaret Mitchell is one of the most famous American women writers. She was born in a middle-class family in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1900. Her mother was a well educated suffragette supporting for women's vote right. Her father was a lawyer who was known for his intelligence and punctiliousness in Atlanta. When Margaret was just a young child, she enjoyed writing and listening the veteran's talking about stories of the War Between the States. In 1929, she accomplished her only novel Gone with the Wind, which took name from Ernst Dawson’s poetry <sum qualís eram bonae sub regno Cynarae> ‘I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind’. [2] In Gone with the Wind, Scarlett, the heroine of the novel, was a self-centered girl who possess the characteristic of feminism consciousness. Taking feminine as its theoretical framework, this thesis tries to find out its feminism connotations in the narration of Gone with the Wind.There are three main research methods of this thesis: literature research method, qualitative analysis method, and experiential summary method. Through analysis the charact er of Scarlett O’Hara from the perspective of feminism, I have a full sight of female. In some way, understanding feminism can help female to recognize themselves, and enhance their confident and esteem.This thesis consists of five parts. First is introduction. It mainly introduces the writer of Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell, the main research methods, and the significance of thesis. Second is the theoretical foundation. It talks about the definition, original and development of feminism. Third is talking the feminism characteristics of Scarlett O’Hara from three aspects. Fourth is talking the incompl eteness of Scarlett’s Feminism from two aspects. In the end, it is conclusion.2 Theoretical Foundations2.1 Feminism theoryFeminism theory is the extension of feminism in theory and philosophy category. It seeks to understand the nature of gender inequality. It was observed among social role, experience, interests, and political participation of female in many academic fields, such as anthropology, sociology, communication studies, psychoanalysis, literature, economics, education and philosophy. Feminism theory emphasizes the analysis of gender inequality. Feminism exploration themes include discrimination, materialized, oppression, patriarchal, prejudice, art history, contemporary art and aesthetics.2.1.1 The Definition of Feminism and its CharactersDifferent people have different views on feminism. In terms of opponents, feminism was often regards as such concepts that held by those extreme, rigid, deviant woman. There are also many kinds of opinions in feminism. The representatives opinions are as follow: first of all, feminism is a theory which based on gender equality. It objected that any female suffer discrimination of any form from society, individual or economic, and requires equal rights for women. Secondly, feminism is political struggle which aim at improving the social, political and economic status of women. Thirdly, feminism is a kind of ideological, and its basic goal is to eliminate discrimination for female and overthrow the male domination of society. Fourthly, feminism refers to a social movement against oppression of women. Feminist are any people who devote themselves to those social movements.In some authoritative dictionaries of Western society, feminism mainly has the following several definitions. Firstly, feminism refers to the principle that women should have equal rights in the political, economic and social with men. This includes two meanings: on the one hand, feminists should recognize that women suffered the inequality and injustice treatment which made them feel helplessness and depress from society. The fundamental purpose of feminism is to eliminate those inequalitiesby taking political act. One the other hand, feminism should recognize the value and concepts of themselves and know their contribution to culture. Secondly, feminism is to explore the social life, philosophy and ethics, and devote themselves to correct the prejudice which causes oppression and contempt for women. Thirdly, Feminism advocates female should have all the citizens rights including the equality in society, politic, and economy the same as men. Fourthly, Women's liberation movement, also known as the feminist movement, is a social movement for pursuing women's equal rights, requiring the same social status as men and the right to freely choose their own career and lifestyle. [3]From the above analysis, it is obvious that the feminism definition actually consists of three aspects: politic, theory and practice. In the political aspect, the feminist thought the inequality between men and women is a question of political power, so feminism is a kind of political struggle which aimed at improving the status of women, with the ultimate goal of eliminating gender inequality and all inequalities, promote equality, cooperation and harmony between gender and interpersonal. In the theoretical aspect, feminism is a new viewing angle to understand the world, society and human, emphasizing gender equality, agreeing with women's sense of worth, doctrine or methodological principle. Its goal is not abstract knowledge, but a concrete knowledge that can be used to guide feminist political practice. In the practical aspect, feminism is a social movement for women's liberation.According to the definition of feminism, we can sum up some characteristics of feminism. Firstly, feminism is flowing and changing. Feminism is not an independent science in the traditional sense from the beginning; it is not only in existing sciences, but also beyond them. It was once known as non-academic politics with view but no theory and methods. Feminism research is always closely linked to the development of other disciplines. Secondly, feminism is historical. No matter it is ideological revolution or social movement, the goal of feminism is still to liberate women, it developed with the process of women's emancipation. Its historic reflects in different historical mission of different ages and societies. Thirdly, feminism is notonly a abstract ideology, but also a specific political platform and political strategy. All kinds of feminism have its own political. Feminism is a strategy and a life principle which decide our thinking and action. Fourth, feminism is diverse. Women in different societies and circumstances have different understanding of their needs, a single feminism can not explain such difference, and no one can have the authority to define feminism. The difference of feminism is also its rich, healthy and dynamic characterization. Fifth, feminism is worldwide. It aimed to liberate women out of all forms of oppression and promote the solidarity among women in all countries. Sixth feminism is a national, it aimed at combining the various of country-specific cultural and economic conditions to consider the strategies of women's liberate.2.1.2 The Original of FeminismThe rise of feminism movement in Western society has its specific context. Then the social status of women in Europe is very low. Before the seventeenth century, women who married in the United Kingdom can not to mention what the basic rights of, unless her husband give her right voluntarily; when her husband is still alive, she and her property is just the personal pleasure of her husband entirely. In some countries, if the husband died without a testament, the property of the woman will be given to her husband's relatives, but not to her or her children. Such as the British Christian churches said: "A woman should obey the will of man, and man is her master.” That is, women can not live according to the will of her, leaving the man she can not do anything or everything can not be accomplished by her. She should do what men has done, and serve a man as a master. She should also be afraid of man, belong to man and obey the man.Previous history of feminism can be traced back to a long time ago. The earliest feminists committed to the so-called "woman problem", they criticized the role which limited women, but they did not necessarily think that women are weak, or man should be condemned because of it. In the view of modern philosophy and social movement, feminism usually originates from the Age of Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century. Such as Mary Wollstonecraft's book "A Vindication of the Rights ofWoman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects" is one of the few works which can be called feminism in the 18th century. In this book, Wollstonecraft fights back against those political theorists in 18th-century who attempt to deny female education. She believes that women’s education levels should be commensurate with their social status. She advocates a country must have women, because women educated their children and they can become a "partner" of their husband rather than his wife. Wollstonecraft also advocates: women as human beings should enjoy the same fundamental rights as men, and should not be treated as an ornament or a property in marriage transactions. She believes men and women are responsible for this situation, and that women should have a lot of power more than men is a matter of course. This is not to say that there are not much earlier other writings on gender equality. For example, the mysterious philosopher Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa wrote a book The Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex in the 1529.Feminism gradually transformed into an organized social movement in the 19th century, because more and more people believe women in a male-centered society suffered unequal treatment. Feminism movement rooted in the Western progressivism, especially in the reform movement of the 19th century. Time of organized movements is from the first feminism conference which was held in Seneca Falls in 1848.2.1.3 The Development of FeminismDepending on the different concerns of feminism theory, the development of feminism can be divided into two waves: early feminism movement and the new feminism movement. Early feminism movement emerged in the mid-19th century, which is deeply rooted in social and political life of the country. Feminism movement of this period believe that the value of women can be fully demonstrated in the public domain, it encourages women to enter the public sphere, requires freedom and equality rights of women which are mainly the three equalities: economic equality, political equality and professional equality, and fight for women's suffrage.The new feminism movement refers to the feminist movement emerged in 1960s, feminism ofthis generation affected by Marxism and the new leftist ideology, emphasizing the differences and uniqueness, no longer treat the relationship between men and women as a relationship between two individuals, and began to throw out a challenge for the social ideology which lead women to a disadvantage status and gender bias in language, law and philosophy. The new generation of feminists not only tries to recognize the situation of women from social politics and economic reasons, but also search the oppression of women as oppressed groups. They stressed that the purpose of the emancipation of women is not like the struggle for social equality that prompt women to survive like a man, but to develop a new, female proprietary language, law, philosophy and mythology. The core of new feminism movement is complete difference feminism --- women's liberation movement. It is a radical, left-wing, socialism feminism, it rejected the idea of equality with men, and take a place of emphasizing the liberation of all oppressed people.Feminism can be roughly divided into several factions since the 1960s.First is Liberal Feminism. Liberal feminism is influenced by liberal political theory. the theory thought rationality is the common nature of human. Individual has the value beyond all things because of natural endowments and individual potential and it is equal between people. Personal freedom was made possible because the individual recognize the freedom of others and restrict their right under the premise of equality, not to harm others. Feminist considered the reason why women suffer oppression is that a series of social traditions and legal repressed women's potential. This hindered social progress. Thus, Liberal Feminism fight for the rights of women and eliminating discrimination against women in law and social habits, such as the right to vote, individual property rights, the right to education and the right to equal employment opportunities, etc.Second is Marxist feminism.Marxist feminism agrees with Engels's view of the origin of gender inequality, they thought women's oppression is accompanied by the appearance of private ownership. As privatization, wealth is concentrated in a small number of people, almost all men initially, it leads to the generation of class andwomen enslaved situation. This class oppression and gender oppression are manifested the capitalism and imperialism in contemporary. Oppression of women is not only caused by patriarchy, which is men prevail over women, but also the product of the capitalist system itself. If all women are liberated, capitalism must be replaced with socialism, productions must be owned by the whole people, and productive forces must be liberated. So that women got economic independence in men, liberation.Third is radical feminism.Radical f eminism denied liberal feminism’s view on the causes of women's oppression is the lack of political and civil rights, and opposed to the Marxist feminism’s view on the causes of women's oppression is class oppression perspective. They tried to explain much social oppression with gender oppression, and thought the root cause of women's oppression is based on the existence of patriarchy which is characterized by power, domination, and hierarchy. Women want to be truly liberated, it is not enough to destroy the legal and political structure of this system, but also destroy its social and cultural structures, including the family, the community and schools.In addition to critiquing patriarchy, while Radical feminism were also trying to find the ideal gender roles. In the early 1970s, due to considering the gender system is a cause of oppression, many people advocate a neutral culture to replace the original distinction between the two poles of the sexes. In an ideal society, there should be no difference between men and women.Forth is postmodern feminism. Postmodern feminism regards ideological emancipation as the most fundamental women liberation, and opposes to turn the feminism theory into rigid dogma. They emphasize the difference in women's class, racial, cultural and ethnic and pay attention to the concept of difference and otherness. Postmodern feminism requires women in the Third World to care about the development of feminism, they advocates establishing a global network. However, the question of how to combine the differences and commonality is still the most important challenges for the postmodern feminism.Feminism, as an active force in contemporary society, promotes the socialprogress and human development, especially has made an indelible contribution for the global women's liberation. Meanwhile the feminism as a new spirit has integrated into the society, culture, politics, economy, and history etc., and enriched the human spirit culture.2.2 Major Feminism Characters in Gone with the WindThe degree of female individuality and self-realization is a symbol of the rise of feminism. In the traditional concept of society, men are the center of social activity, while women just a foil, women always stand behind the men. However, with the changes in society and the development of the times, women’s feminism consciousnesses are slowly awakening.In Gone with the Wind,though the Southern women suffered repression, they were not ignorant vulnerable groups. They propped up the South civilization and Southern plantation economy with their love, wisdom and tenacity and proved that they were fully capable of going out of home and getting rid of the male accessory social status. Their feminism consciousness reflected in the pursuit of love and the revolt of arranged marriages, in addition the rise of strong female in the war represent women's pursuit of autonomy.The intense and complex feminism consciousness in this novel focused on Scarlett’s pursuit for love, money and career. Feminism consciousness of Scarlett experiences a transformation process from immaturity to maturity. Scarlett did not succumb to the shackles of propriety, boldly pursuing her happiness, gender equality, personal and economic independence. Such a process is also the process of feminism’s growing up.3 The Feminism Characteristics of Scarlett O’HaraUndoubtedly，Scarlett is the special one in Gone With the Wind. In this chapter,I will tell the characters of Scarlett O’Hara detailed from the Perspective of Feminism.3.1 The Growth background of Scarlett O’HaraScarlett was born in the Southern plantation before the Civil War. Georgia is a newly reclaimed land of red, industrial civilization hasn’t deep into this land, planting and picking cotton are the whole life of local residents. Here it is elegant and gorgeous in the surface, with the remnant shadow of the age of chivalry, however women lived in the red land, as delicate flowers, closely depend on men, and become male world's decorations. They suffer double oppression from their own and men, and because of the subordinate social status, they can not dominate their lives.Scarlett's father Ge rald O’Hara is an immigrant of Irish, who became a lucrative plantation owner from scratch by Starting a Business. Her mother Ellen O’Hara was born in a notable and gentility family in the coastal city of Savannah. Scarlett not only inherited her father characters of forthright, rough, sloppy, and bad-temper, but also influenced by her mother who paid attention to family education and moral values. Growing up with good education, charming appearance and intelligent mind, she was envied by the other girl in this town.In the troubled times of Southern plantation, she turned a little spoiled princess from a noble family into a mature strong women day by day.3.2 Different Scarlett with FeminismThe heroine Scarlett is the representation of rising female, the author placed the expectation and confidence for women on her. Obviously Scarlett is a brave fighter in the mid-19th century Southern society. She broke through the heavy yoke of the female and showed out women’s dazzling style. Scarlett is no longer the traditional women who just choose to swallow when suffered oppression, taking the place of showing women’s courage and determination through seeking her own values and fighting for the right herself.3.2.1 Pursuit of loveLove is an essential part of the world of human emotions. In the process of a person's mental and physical maturity, production of love has more natural property, but how to deal with such emotion subjected to the complex and rich factors between individual and society. One of the great thinkers once said that: “the same word of love, for man and woman, it has two different meanings. For a man, it may be the control of woman, or the way to enhance him. However for a woman, love is giving up herself, love is the ultimate unconditional goal, and love is all the devotion of body and soul.” In love, Scarlett is always the queen. She stands high above a crowed of suitors who willing to subservience, except for Ashley Wilkes. As a simple girl, Scarlett has her own pursuit of ideal love. Love and marriage plays a very important role in the emotional world of Scarlett.Scarlett's love is very bumpy. An important reason is she fell in love with Ashley Wilkes, a man she should not love. Ashley Wilkes is not only a typical gentleman, but also a tradition aristocracy in the Southern society. Scarlett's love for Ashley Wilkes, although with girl’s innocent, it also largely contained the side of greed, vanity, and aggressive. At the picnic of Twelve Oaks, when Scarlett knew the true news which Ashley Wilkes would marry with Melanie sooner or later, for the love of Ashley Wilkes, she broke up ethics and modesty and showed her love for Ashley Wilkes on her own initiative. But beyond expectation, she was rejected by Ashley Wilkes. She was shocked and puzzled. In Scarlett views, Melanie just an unattractive girl with a small body, how can Melanie compete with her? Obviously, Scarlett just regarded the love of man and women as a simple contest of appearance. At the same time, she was convinced that Ashley loves her, which shows the great blindness of her love. It should be said that Scarlett's love for Ashley is quite complex, warm but vanity, obsession but selfish. The more she could not with Ashley, the more she wanted to get him. It shows Scarlett’s ex tremely possessive. When she felt thoroughly disappointed, she turned the love to hate. In order to take revenge on Ashley, the man who gave up her love, and make him sad, Scarlett decided to marry with Ashley Wilkes’wife Melanie Hamilton Wilkes’ brother Charles Hamilton, though she didn’t love him at all. After Ashley married with Melanie, Scarlett was still trying to get Ashley’s love. Charles became a very sad substitute and victim. When Charles died in the war, Scarlett did not show any sadness and nostalgia, even did not care about it. On the contrary, she had an urge to know Ashley’s news. She also went to the dancing party,to chat with the other men. In addition, about love Scarlett still has a very persistent side. In order to faithfully fulfill her promise to Ashley, taking care of Melanie, Scarlett paid a great price. Scarlett's first marriage ended in this way.Scarlett's second marriage was she married with her sister's boyfriend Frank Kennedy. This marriage can be considered to be a non-moral choice as being forced by life. The family trauma and poverty caused by the war hit Scarlett severely. Scarlett felt that she had to face life, to meet the challenge. So she put an unscrupulous target in her sister's boyfriend, a relatively wealthy man, and stole him. In Scarlett’s opinion, marriage can be used, can be regarded as the material basis for the protection of life. So she didn’t put any emotions in this marriage, money is the sole purpose. It vividly demonstrated Scarlett’s greed, ruthless and se lfish.The third marriage was the most memorable one, and it can reflect the feeling world of Scarlett. This time, Scarlett married with Rhett Butler, a visitor from Charleston. He was described as a black sheep, who was expelled from West Point and was not received by any family with reputation in the whole of Charleston, and perhaps all of South Carolina. The first time Rhett met Scarlett at the Twelve Oaks Plantation barbecue, he couldn’t help to falling in love with Scarlett. Rhett was indulgent, cynical, both speculative and gentleman. He and Scarlett are surprisingly similar at confident, cruel, and greedy. Perhaps as they were the same kind of people, Rhett paid true love for Scarlett. Rhett secretly hopes that Scarlett will eventually return the love he's had since the day he saw her at Twelve Oaks. Sadly, Scarlett turned a blind eye to Rhett's love for her. For Scarlett, this combination of them was also completely for the money. Her continuing affection for Ashley Wilkes becomes a problem for the couple. When Rhett knew that Scarlett could never be happy without Ashley, he chose to leave. He does not want to be around when she throws her obsession onto him. But then, by Melanie’s death, Scarlett had a rude awakening: Ashley never really loved her, but Rhett was the man who really loved her. However it was too late to find that, Rhett had gone. Scarlett told herself: Home. I’ll go home. And I’ll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day. It is the spirit of never giving up.The third marriage of Scarlett was also failed. Compared with the previous two marriages, this marriage has some factors of love apart from the utilitarian purpose in the surface. The essence is the attraction of soul between each other, that is to say, shefinally found true love. She finally realized that the thing most worth for pursuing in life is not money, not a success but love. It was completely different from the spirit love of Ashley, because it achieved a combination of body and soul.3.2.2 Strong Will in WarWar led to Scarlett’s female consciousness. Because of the war, economic collapsed in South, its civilization and moral customs also fell apart, losing the original restraints. After the Civil War, Scarlett’s mother died, her father lost himself, without food and source of income, faced all of those Scarlett quickly abandoned the noble lady's effeminacy. She grew up in the grim life. She no longer maintained the noble lady’s demeanor. She told herself: “As God as my witness...as god as my witness they’re not going to lick me. I’m going to live through this and when it’s all over, I’ll never be hungry again. No, nor any of my folk. If I have to lie, steal, cheat, or kill, as God as my witness, I’ll never be hungry again.” [4]In order to survive, she had to do the milking and cook in person, and walked the fields picking cotton. For the sake of finding a way to protect her home - Tara, she went into Atlanta bravely. With the purpose of her family, Scarlett broke through social barriers which set for women, and struggled for her career like men. When Scarlett was still young, she got the traditional concept of education, that man could do everything, but a woman could not have any talent. But she had full confidence in her ability after she overcame the trouble in the war. She started to have doubt about the social customs which made women depress. Especially when she found that, as a businessman, Frank was lack of businessman mind, which led to the store a complete mess. She was suspicious of m an’s power and had a confidence of her own ability. Then Scarlett thought that: “Why, I could run this store better than he does! And I could run a mill better than he could, even if I don’t know anything about the lumber business.” She took actions to achieve her idea. It shows her intelligent and brave.3.2.3 Ardently Love for LandIn the emotional world of Scarlett, Tara is in a very important status. In fact, Scarlett's "Tara Complex" is throughout the whole story. After Scarlett heard Ashley。
女人眼中的女人——女性主义批评视角下的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
女人眼中的女人——女性主义批评视角下的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》一、引言小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》真实再现了奴隶的悲惨境遇，揭示了奴隶制的罪行，旨在唤醒人们沉睡的良知从而最终废除奴隶制。
19世纪中期，英法等国先后通过立法宣布废除奴隶制，推动了美国废奴运动的开展。
但是，美国国会在1850年却通过《逃亡奴隶法》，明令禁止白人给予逃亡黑人任何帮助，这激起了美国废奴主义者的强烈不满。
作为对这部法律的回应，对蓄奴制深恶痛绝的斯托夫人开始了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的创作。
斯托夫人以女性独特的生命体验和思想特点去书写这部揭示奴隶制的罪恶的作品，在当时的社会引起强烈的反响，对美国奴隶制的终结也意义非凡，这部作品还被许多历史学家视为美国南北战争的导火索。
然而这部作品虽然深受读者欢迎，也起到了重要的历史意义，但是它在文学评论界却没有得到应有的认可。
男性批评家们以他们男性的视角来阅读解释女性作家的作品，并以男性的标准来衡量女性作品绝对是有失偏颇的。
在以男权为中心的社会里，女性始终处于被压迫、被忽视地位，她们的各种观点往往得不到应有的重视，被迫成为沉默的他者。
女性要想逐步改变被奴役和压制的现实状况，只有改变自身的“失语”状态，发出自己的声音，身为女性的斯托夫人也只有通过写作才能让更多人通过她去了解黑奴的悲惨遭遇、去重视她的废奴思想，听到她的对解放黑奴的呼喊。
女性主义批评家认为在男性霸权社会中，深感身份焦虑的女性作家是在压抑和反压抑中进行创作，她们的作品往往会呈现出双声话语的特点。
由于她们不可能摆脱男权的禁锢，所以表面上，她们的作品语言和社会的、普遍的尤其是男性作家的声音是一致的。
伍尔夫说：“小说戏剧里的女人性质都是特别的，不是美到极点，就是丑的要命，不是好到无以复加，就是堕落不堪”。
[1]的确大多数文学作品里女性不是温柔、美丽、无私的“天使”，就是狠毒、丑陋、自私的“妖妇”，多是超出生活的艺术形象，都是以不同方式对女性的歪曲和压抑。
尤其是男性作家们将他们的审美理想强加到女性身上，渴望以他们的方式去塑造女性来满足自己的需求。
从斯嘉丽的女性意识觉醒角度解读其形象魅力[正文、开题、综述]
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BI YE LUN WEN（20 届）汉语言文学从斯嘉丽的女性意识觉醒角度解读其形象魅力摘要：玛格丽特·米切尔在她的小说《飘》中，通过一系列个性鲜明的女性，揭示了美国内战前后南方社会中，男人从各方面压制女性，妇女的社会地位低下。
通过塑造斯嘉丽这一形象来充分展示当时社会妇女的觉醒，女主人公斯嘉丽的形象魅力就在于自我意识的觉醒和对自主权利的追求，而且这种魅力具有现实意义。
本文在借鉴已有的研究成果的基础上，深入阅读文本，从斯嘉丽的女性意识觉醒角度深入解读其形象魅力。
关键词：斯嘉丽；性格特征；女性意识；形象魅力“Gone with the Wind” heroine Scarlett Charm ofAbstract:“Gone with the wind” is one of the most popular American novels.It is written by American female writer Margaret Mitchell. This novel mainly describes the life of Scarlett who is Ta-la farmer’s daughter around the American Civil War .Meanwhile with hint of a love triangle between Scarlett ,Ashley and Rhett ,the novel depicts a wide and prosperous picture of American in the South social lives. Among the different peculiarity roles, the figure Scarlett, is the most successful, out-standing one together with the conflict and complex.Key words :Scarlett; Gone with the wind; realistic characteristic大家对“斯嘉丽”这一文学形象关注比较多的是形象意义、性格特征、对“美国精神”的反映、“明天”意识、婚姻观等方面，研究人员之广，发表论著之多，特别是对斯嘉丽这一女性形象，争议性之强实属少见。
女性主义视角下斯嘉丽
女性主义视角下斯嘉丽•奥哈拉的性格特点中文摘要1926年，美国著名作家玛格丽特·米歇尔创作了《飘》，耗时近十年才得以出版。
《飘》是一部表现美国南北战争前后旧南方人们生活及心理变化的爱情小说。
尽管那个时代男女不平等，《飘》中的妇女却展示了和男性一样甚至胜于男性的勇气和智慧。
这本小说表现了早期的女性独立意识。
尤其是女主人公斯嘉丽·奥哈拉,她创立了新女性形象。
一方面斯嘉丽拥有着男性梦想中女性的美丽的容颜，另一方面，斯嘉丽勇敢又聪明，当陷入困境，她站起来保护她的家人和朋友。
在对抗主流价值观和追求女性自身权益和地位的过程中，斯嘉丽·奥哈拉拥有了早期的女性主义意识。
女性主义意识是实现女性独立的重要因素，基于这一主题，本文以玛格丽特·米歇尔的著名小说《飘》为蓝本分析其女主人公斯嘉丽·奥哈拉，主要从斯嘉丽·奥哈拉女性主义意识的特点入手。
法国著名作家西蒙·德·波伏娃曾说：“女人不是生成的，而是造就的。
”通过分析，本文得出了一个结论：只有在不同的关系中保持独立的人格并互相帮助，女性才能在社会上获得平等的地位。
关键词：玛格丽特·米歇尔，《飘》，斯嘉丽，女性意识觉醒，独立。
ContentsAcknowledgements........................................... 错误！未定义书签。
Abstract................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
Chinese Abstract .. (III)1 Introduction (5)2 Theoretical Foundations (6)2.1 Feminism theory (6)2.1.2 The Original of Feminism (8)2.1.3 The Development of Feminism (9)2.2 Major Feminism Characters in Gone with the Wind (12)3 The Feminism Characteristics of Scarlett O’Hara (12)3.1 The Growth background of Scarlett O’Hara (13)3.2 Different Scarlett with Feminism (13)3.2.1 Pursuit of love (13)3.2.2 Strong Will in War (16)3.2.3 Ardently Love for Land (16)3.2.4 Requirements for female Right (18)3.3 Relative People in the Foundation of Scarlett’s Feminism (18)3.3.1 Ellen O‟Hara (19)3.3.2 Melanie Hamilton (19)4 The incompleteness of Scarlett’s Feminism (21)4.1 The Lack of Discourse Right (22)4.2 The Lack of Rational Thinking (22)5 Conclusions (23)Notes (25)Bibliography (26)The Character of Scarlett O’Hara from the Perspective of Feminism1 IntroductionAs Gone with the Wind is the plotfoundation this thesis, so at the beginning, I would give an introduction to the writer of this novel.Margaret Mitchell is one of the most famous American women writers. She was born in a middle-class family in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1900. Her mother was a well educated suffragette supporting for women's vote right. Her father was a lawyer who was known for his intelligence and punctiliousness in Atlanta. When Margaret was just a young child, she enjoyed writing and listening the veteran's talking about stories of the War Between the States. In 1929, she accomplished her only novel Gone with the Wind,which took name from Ernst Dawson‟s poetry <sum qualíserambonae sub regnoCynarae> …I have forgot much, Cynara! gone with the wind‟.[2] In Gone with the Wind, Scarlett, the heroine of the novel, was a self-centered girl who possess the characteristic of feminism consciousness. Taking feminine as its theoretical framework, this thesis tries to find out its feminism connotations in the narration of Gone with the Wind.There are three main research methods of this thesis: literature research method, qualitative analysis method, and experiential summary method. Through analysis the charact er of Scarlett O‟Hara from the perspective of feminism, I have a full sight of female. In some way, understanding feminism can help female to recognize themselves, and enhance their confident and esteem.This thesis consists of five parts. First is introduction. It mainly introduces the writer of Gone with the Wind,Margaret Mitchell, the main research methods, and the significance of thesis. Second is the theoretical foundation. It talks about the definition, original and development of feminism. Third is talking the feminism characteristics of Scarlett O‟Hara from three aspects. Fourth is talking the incompleteness of Scarlett‟s Feminism from two aspects. In the end, it is conclusion.2 Theoretical Foundations2.1 Feminism theoryFeminism theory is the extension of feminism in theory and philosophy category. It seeks to understand the nature of gender inequality. It was observed among social role, experience, interests, and political participation of female in many academic fields, such as anthropology, sociology, communication studies, psychoanalysis, literature, economics, education and philosophy. Feminism theory emphasizes the analysis of gender inequality. Feminism exploration themes include discrimination, materialized, oppression, patriarchal, prejudice, art history, contemporary art and aesthetics.2.1.1 The Definition of Feminism and its CharactersDifferent people have different views on feminism. In terms of opponents, feminism was often regards as such concepts that held by those extreme, rigid, deviant woman. There are also many kinds of opinions in feminism. The representatives opinions are as follow: first of all, feminism is a theory which based on gender equality. It objected that any female suffer discrimination of any form from society, individual or economic, and requires equal rights for women. Secondly, feminism is political struggle which aim at improving the social, political and economic status of women. Thirdly, feminism is a kind of ideological, and its basic goal is to eliminate discrimination for female and overthrow the male domination of society. Fourthly, feminism refers to a social movement against oppression of women. Feminist are any people who devote themselves to those social movements.In some authoritative dictionaries of Western society, feminism mainly has the following several definitions. Firstly, feminism refers to the principle that women should have equal rights in the political, economic and social with men. This includes two meanings: on the one hand, feminists should recognize that women suffered the inequality and injustice treatment which made them feel helplessness and depress from society. The fundamental purpose of feminism is to eliminate thoseinequalitiesby taking political act. One the other hand, feminism should recognize the value and concepts of themselves and know their contribution to culture. Secondly, feminism is to explore the social life, philosophy and ethics, and devote themselves to correct the prejudice which causes oppression and contempt for women. Thirdly, Feminism advocates female should have all the citizens rights including the equality in society, politic, and economy the same as men. Fourthly, Women's liberation movement, also known as the feminist movement, is a social movement for pursuing women's equal rights, requiring the same social status as men and the right to freely choose their own career and lifestyle.[3]From the above analysis, it is obvious that the feminism definition actually consists of three aspects: politic, theory and practice. In the political aspect, the feminist thought the inequality between men and women is a question of political power, so feminism is a kind of political struggle which aimed at improving the status of women, with the ultimate goal of eliminating gender inequality and all inequalities, promote equality, cooperation and harmony between gender and interpersonal. In the theoretical aspect, feminism is a new viewing angle to understand the world, society and human, emphasizing gender equality, agreeing with women's sense of worth, doctrine or methodological principle. Its goal is not abstract knowledge, but a concrete knowledge that can be used to guide feminist political practice. In the practical aspect, feminism is a social movement for women's liberation.According to the definition of feminism, we can sum up some characteristics of feminism. Firstly, feminism is flowing and changing. Feminism is not an independent science in the traditional sense from the beginning; it is not only in existing sciences, but also beyond them. It was once known as non-academic politics with view but no theory and methods. Feminism research is always closely linked to the development of other disciplines. Secondly, feminism is historical. No matter it is ideological revolution or social movement, the goal of feminism is still to liberate women, it developed with the process of women's emancipation. Its historic reflects in different historical mission of different ages and societies. Thirdly, feminism is notonly a abstract ideology, but also a specific political platform and political strategy. All kinds of feminism have its own political. Feminism is a strategy and a life principle which decide our thinking and action. Fourth, feminism is diverse. Women in different societies and circumstances have different understanding of their needs, a single feminism can not explain such difference, and no one can have the authority to define feminism. The difference of feminism is also its rich, healthy and dynamic characterization. Fifth, feminism is worldwide. It aimed to liberate women out of all forms of oppression and promote the solidarity among women in all countries. Sixth feminism is a national, it aimed at combining the various of country-specific cultural and economic conditions to consider the strategies of women's liberate.2.1.2 The Original of FeminismThe riseof feminism movement in Western society has its specific context. Then the social status of women in Europe is very low. Before the seventeenth century, women who married in the United Kingdom can not to mention what the basic rights of, unless her husband give her rightvoluntarily; when her husband is still alive, she and her property is just the personal pleasure of her husbandentirely.In some countries, if the husband died without a testament, the property of the woman will be given to her husband's relatives, but not to her or her children. Such as the British Christian churches said: "A woman should obey the will of man, and man is her master.” That is, women can not live according to the will of her, leaving the man she can not do anything or everything can not be accomplished by her. She should do what men has done, and serve a man as a master.She should also be afraid of man,belong to man and obey the man.Previous history of feminism can be traced back to a long time ago. The earliest feminists committed to the so-called "woman problem", they criticized the role which limitedwomen, but they did not necessarily think that women are weak, or man should be condemned because of it. In the view of modern philosophy and social movement, feminism usually originatesfrom the Age of Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century. Such as Mary Wollstonecraft's book "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman:with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects" is one of the few works which can be called feminism in the 18th century. In this book,Wollstonecraft fights back against those politicaltheorists in 18th-century who attempt to deny female education.She believes that women‟s education levels should be commensurate withtheir social status. She advocatesa country must have women, because womeneducated their children andthey can become a "partner" of their husband rather than his wife. Wollstonecraft also advocates: women as human beings should enjoy the same fundamental rights as men, and should not be treated as an ornament or a property in marriage transactions.She believes men and women are responsible for this situation, and that women should have a lot of power more than men is a matter of course.This is not to say that there are not much earlier other writings on gender equality.For example, the mysterious philosopherHeinrich Cornelius Agrippa wrote a book The Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex in the 1529.Feminism gradually transformed into an organized social movementin the 19th century, because more and more people believe women in a male-centered society suffered unequal treatment. Feminism movement rooted in the Westernprogressivism, especially in the reform movement of the 19th century. Time of organized movements is from the first feminism conference which was held in Seneca Fallsin 1848.2.1.3 The Development of FeminismDepending on the different concerns of feminismtheory, the development of feminism can be divided into two waves: early feminism movement and the new feminism movement.Earlyfeminism movement emerged in the mid-19th century, which is deeply rooted insocial and political life of the country. Feminism movement of this period believe that the value of women can be fully demonstrated in the public domain, it encourageswomen to enter the public sphere, requires freedom and equality rights of womenwhich are mainly the three equalities: economic equality, political equality and professional equality, and fight for women's suffrage.The new feminism movement refers to the feminist movement emerged in 1960s, feminism of this generation affected byMarxism and the new leftist ideology, emphasizing thedifferences and uniqueness, no longer treat the relationship between men and women as a relationship between two individuals, and began to throw out a challenge for the social ideology which lead women to a disadvantage status and gender bias in language, law and philosophy. The new generation of feminists not only tries to recognize the situation of women from socialpolitics and economic reasons, but also search the oppression of women as oppressed groups. They stressed that the purpose of the emancipation of women is not like the struggle for social equality that prompt women to survive like a man, but to develop a new, female proprietary language, law, philosophy and mythology. The core ofnew feminism movement is complete difference feminism---women's liberation movement. Itis a radical, left-wing,socialism feminism, it rejected the idea of equality with men, and take a place of emphasizing the liberation of all oppressed people.Feminism can be roughly divided into several factionssince the 1960s.First is Liberal Feminism. Liberal feminism is influenced by liberal political theory.the theory thought rationality is the common nature of human.Individual has the value beyond all things because of natural endowments and individual potential and it is equal between people. Personal freedom was made possible because the individual recognize the freedom of others and restrict their right under the premise of equality,not to harm others.Feminist considered the reason why womensuffer oppression is that a series of social traditions and legalrepressed women's potential. This hindered social progress. Thus, Liberal Feminismfightfor the rights of women and eliminating discrimination against women in law and social habits, such as the right to vote, individual property rights, the right to education and the right to equal employment opportunities, etc.Second is Marxist feminism.Marxist feminism agrees with Engels's view of the origin of gender inequality,they thought women's oppression is accompanied by the appearance of private ownership.As privatization, wealth is concentrated in a small number of people, almost all men initially,it leads to the generation of class and women enslaved situation. Thisclass oppression and gender oppression are manifestedthe capitalism and imperialismin contemporary. Oppression of women is not only caused by patriarchy, whichis men prevail over women, but also the product of the capitalist system itself. Ifall women are liberated, capitalismmust be replaced with socialism, productions must be owned by the whole people, and productive forces must be liberated. So that women got economic independence in men, liberation.Third is radical feminism.Radical f eminism denied liberal feminism‟s view on the causes of women's oppression is the lack of political and civil rights, and opposed to the Marxist feminism‟s view on the causes of women's oppression is class oppression perspective. They tried to explain much social oppression with gender oppression,and thought the root cause of women's oppression is based on the existence of patriarchy which is characterized by power, domination, and hierarchy. Women want to be truly liberated, it is not enough to destroy the legal and political structure of this system, but also destroy its social and cultural structures, including the family, the community and schools.In addition to critiquing patriarchy, while Radical feminism were also trying to find the ideal gender roles. In the early 1970s, due to considering the gender system is a cause of oppression, many people advocate a neutral culture to replace the original distinction between the two poles of the sexes. In an ideal society, there should be no difference between men and women.Forth is postmodern feminism. Postmodern feminism regardsideological emancipation as the most fundamental women liberation, and opposes to turn the feminism theory into rigid dogma.They emphasize the difference in women's class, racial, cultural and ethnic and pay attention to the concept of difference and otherness.Postmodern feminism requireswomen in the Third World to care about the development of feminism,they advocatesestablishing a global network. However, the question of how to combine the differences and commonality is still the most important challenges for the postmodern feminism.Feminism, as an active forcein contemporary society, promotes the social progress and human development, especially has made an indelible contribution for the global women's liberation.Meanwhilethe feminism as a new spirit has integratedintothe society, culture, politics, economy, and history etc., and enriched the human spirit culture.2.2 Major Feminism Characters in Gone with the WindThe degree of female individuality and self-realization is a symbol of the rise of feminism. In the traditional concept of society, men are the center of social activity, while women just a foil, womenalways stand behind the men. However, with the changes in society and the development of the times, women‟s feminism consciousnesses are slowly awakening.In Gone with the Wind,though the Southern women suffered repression, they were not ignorantvulnerable groups. They propped up the South civilization and Southern plantation economy with their love, wisdom and tenacity and proved that they were fully capable of going out of home and getting rid of the male accessory social status.Their feminism consciousnessreflected in the pursuit of love and the revolt of arranged marriages, in addition the rise of strong female in the war representwomen's pursuit of autonomy.The intense and complex feminism consciousnessin this novel focused on Scarlett‟s pursuit for love, money and career.Feminism consciousness of Scarlett experiencesatransformation process from immaturity to maturity. Scarlett did not succumb to the shackles of propriety, boldly pursuingher happiness, gender equality, personal and economic independence. Such a process is also the process of feminism‟s growing up.3 The Feminism Characteristics of Scarlett O’HaraUndoubtedly，Scarlett is the special one in Gone With the Wind. In this chapter, I will tell the characters of Scarlett O‟Hara detailed from the Perspective of Feminism.3.1 The Growth background of Scarlett O’HaraScarlett was born in the Southern plantation before the Civil War. Georgia is a newly reclaimed land of red, industrial civilization hasn‟t deep into this land, planting and picking cotton are the whole life of local residents. Here it is elegant and gorgeous in the surface, with the remnant shadow of the age of chivalry, however women lived in thered land, as delicate flowers, closely depend on men, and become male world's decorations. They suffer double oppression from their own and men, and because of the subordinate social status, they can not dominate their lives.Scarlett's father Ger ald O‟Hara is an immigrant of Irish, who became a lucrativeplantation ownerfrom scratch byStarting a Business. Her mother Ellen O‟Hara was born in anotable and gentility family in the coastal city of Savannah. Scarlett not only inherited her fathercharacters of forthright, rough, sloppy, and bad-temper, but also influenced by her mother who paid attention to family education and moral values. Growingup with good education, charming appearance and intelligent mind, she was envied by the other girl in this town.Inthe troubled times of Southern plantation, she turned a little spoiledprincess from a noble family into a mature strong women day by day.3.2 Different Scarlett with FeminismThe heroine Scarlett is the representationof rising female, the author placed the expectation and confidence for women on her. ObviouslyScarlett is a brave fighterin the mid-19th century Southern society. Shebroke through the heavy yoke of the female and showedout women‟s dazzling style. Scarlett is no longer the traditional women who just choose to swallow when suffered oppression, taking the place of showingwomen‟s courage and determination through seeking her own values and fighting for the right herself.3.2.1 Pursuit of loveLove is an essential part of the world of human emotions. In the process of aperson's mental and physical maturity, production of love has more natural property, but how to deal with such emotion subjected to the complex and rich factors between individual and society.One of the great thinkers once said that: “the same word of love, for man and woman, it has two different meanings. For a man, it may be the control of woman, or the way to enhancehim. However for a woman, love is giving up herself, love is the ultimate unconditional goal, and loveis all the devotionof body and soul.”I n love, Scarlett is always the queen. She stands high above a crowed of suitors who willing to subservience, except for Ashley Wilkes. As a simple girl, Scarlett has her own pursuit of ideal love. Loveand marriage plays a very important rolein the emotional world of Scarlett.Scarlett's love is very bumpy. Animportant reason is she fell in love with Ashley Wilkes,a man she should not love. Ashley Wilkesis not only a typical gentleman, but also a tradition aristocracy in the Southern society. Scarlett's love for AshleyWilkes, although with girl‟s innocent, it also largely contained the side of greed, vanity, and aggressive.At the picnic of Twelve Oaks, when Scarlettknewthe true news which Ashley Wilkes would marry with Melanie sooner or later,for the love of Ashley Wilkes, she broke up ethics and modesty and showed her love for AshleyWilkeson her own initiative. But beyond expectation, she was rejected by Ashley Wilkes. She was shocked and puzzled. In Scarlett views, Melanie just an unattractive girl with a small body, how can Melanie compete with her? Obviously, Scarlett just regarded the love of man and women as a simple contest of appearance. At the same time, she was convinced that Ashley loves her, which shows the great blindness of her love.It should be said that Scarlett's love for Ashley is quite complex, warm but vanity, obsession but selfish. The more she could not with Ashley, the more she wanted to get him. It shows Scarlett‟s extremely possessive. When she fel t thoroughly disappointed, she turned the love to hate.In order to take revenge on Ashley, the man who gave up her love, and make him sad, Scarlett decided to marry with Ashley Wilkes‟ wife Melanie Hamilton Wilkes‟ brother Charles Hamilton, though she didn‟t love him at all. After Ashley married with Melanie, Scarlett was still trying to get Ashley‟s love. Charles became a very sad substitute and victim. When Charles died in the war, Scarlett did not show any sadness and nostalgia, even did not care about it. On the contrary, she had an urge to know Ashley‟s news.She also went to the dancing party, to chat with the other men.In addition, about love Scarlett still has a very persistent side. In orderto faithfully fulfill her promise to Ashley, taking care of Melanie, Scarlett paid a great price.Scarlett's first marriage ended in this way.Scarlett's second marriage was she married with her sister's boyfriend Frank Kennedy. This marriage can be considered to be a non-moral choice as being forced by life. The family trauma and poverty caused by the war hit Scarlett severely. Scarlett felt that she had to face life, to meet the challenge. So she put an unscrupulous target in her sister's boyfriend, a relatively wealthy man, and stole him. In Scarlett‟s opinion, m arriage can be used, can be regarded as the material basis for the protection of life. So she didn‟t put any emotions in this marriage, money is the sole purpose. It vividly demonstrated Scarlett‟s greed, ruthless and selfish.The third marriage was the most memorable one, and it can reflect the feeling world of Scarlett. This time, Scarlett married with Rhett Butler, a visitor from Charleston. He was described as a black sheep, who was expelled from West Point and was not received by any family with reputation in the whole of Charleston, and perhaps all of South Carolina. The first time Rhett met Scarlett at the Twelve Oaks Plantation barbecue, he couldn‟t help to falling in love with Scarlett. Rhett was indulgent, cynical, both speculative and gentleman. He and Scarlett are surprisingly similar at confident, cruel, and greedy. Perhaps as they were the same kind of people, Rhett paid true love for Scarlett. Rhett secretly hopes that Scarlett will eventually return the love he's had since the day he saw her at Twelve Oaks. Sadly, Scarlett turned a blind eye to Rhett's love for her. For Scarlett, this combination of them was also completely for the money. Her continuing affection for Ashley Wilkes becomes a problem for the couple. When Rhett knew that Scarlett could never be happy without Ashley, he chose to leave. He does not want to be around when she throws her obsession onto him. But then, by Melanie‟s death, Scarlett had a rude awakening: Ashley never really loved her, but Rhett was the man who really loved her. However it was too late to find that, Rhett had gone. Scarlett told herself: Home. I‟ll go home. And I‟ll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day. It is the spirit of never giving up.The third marriage of Scarlett was also failed. Compared with the previous two marriages, this marriage has some factors of love apart from the utilitarian purpose in the surface. The essence is the attraction of soul between each other, that is to say, she finally found true love. She finally realized that the thing most worth for pursuing inlife is not money, not a success but love. It was completely different from the spirit love of Ashley, because it achieved a combination of body and soul.3.2.2 Strong Will in WarWar led to Scarlett‟s female consciousness. Because of the war, economic collapsed in South, its civilization and moral customs also fell apart, losing the original restraints. After the Civil War, Scarlett‟s mother died, her father lost himself, without food and source of income, faced all of those Scarlett quickly abandoned the noble lady's effeminacy. She grew up in the grim life. She no longer maintained the noble lady‟s demeanor. She told herself: “As God as my witness...as god as my witness they‟re not going to lick me. I‟m going to live through this and when it‟s all over, I‟ll never be hungry again. No, nor any of my folk. If I have to lie, steal, cheat, or kill, as God as my witness, I‟ll never be hungry again.” [4]In order to survive, she had to do the milking and cook in person, and walked the fields picking cotton. For the sake of finding a way to protect her home - Tara, she went into Atlanta bravely. With the purpose of her family, Scarlett broke through social barriers which set for women, and struggled for her career like men. When Scarlett was still young, she got the traditional concept of education, that man could do everything, but a woman could not have any talent. But she had full confidence in her ability after she overcame the trouble in the war. She started to have doubt about the social customs which made women depress. Especially when she found that, as a businessman, Frank was lack of businessman mind, which led to the store a complete mess. She was suspicious of man‟s power and had a confidence of her ow n ability. Then Scarlett thought that: “Why, I could run this store better than he does! And I could run a mill better than he could, even if I don‟t know anything about the lumber business.”S he took actions to achieve her idea. It shows her intelligent and brave.3.2.3 Ardently Love for LandIn the emotional world of Scarlett, Tara is in a very important status. In fact, Scarlett's "Tara Complex" is throughout the whole story. After Scarlett heard Ashley would marry with Melanie, she was very angry and painful. It was Tara that brought a。
“房间里天使的困境”——《达洛维夫人》中的女性主义解读
2019年18期总第458期文艺研究ENGLISH ON CAMPUS“房间里天使的困境”——《达洛维夫人》中的女性主义解读文/陈秋伶【摘要】《达洛维夫人》是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的代表作，这部小说以一日为框架，生动地描写了一位英国上层社会达洛维夫人和一位名叫史密斯的精神病患者从上午9点到午夜时分约15个小时的生活经历和意识活动。
为了更好地理解这篇小说的深层次意义，本文将从女性主义角度，分析房间里天使的困境，解读伍尔夫的内心世界。
【关键词】弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；女性主义；达洛维夫人；困境【Abstract】Mrs. Dalloway, a masterpiece of Virginia Woolf, is a story happened in one day. It describes the life and the inner world of Mrs. Dalloway from the upper class and a mental patient named Smith during 9 am to midnight. In order to have a better understanding of this novel, this article analyzes the dilemma of the angel at home from the perspective of feminism, revealing the author’s inner world.【Key words】Virginia Woolf; feminism; Mrs. Dalloway; Dilemma【作者简介】陈秋伶(1982-)，女，重庆渝北人，四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院讲师，教育学硕士，研究方向：英美文学，英语教学法。
【基金项目】项目来源：四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院院级科研项目，项目名称：英美女性主义小说研究对当代中国两性和谐的启示，项目编号：KY2018018。
基于女权主义视域下《飘》中斯嘉丽人物形象研究
文学评论·外国文学基于女权主义视域下《飘》中斯嘉丽人物形象研究李芗苓 中原工学院信息商务学院摘 要：《飘》产生了十九世纪三十年代，广受人们的喜爱与关注，小说中的主人公斯嘉丽坚强和勇敢的性格被读者称道。
因为受到了时代以及家庭的双重影响，斯嘉丽在社会环境极具变化当中逐渐地从叛逆少女转变为资产阶级新时代女性的杰出代表。
在人物形象的塑造过程中，斯嘉丽身上所体现出的进取精神以及生存意识对于新时代的女性有着一定的启示意义。
本文系统论述了斯嘉丽女权主义形象的觉醒与体现，并探究了斯嘉丽女权主义意识对于现代女性的重要启示。
关键词：女权主义；斯嘉丽；《飘》作者简介：李芗苓（1976.6-），女，河南驻马店人，硕士，讲师，研究方向：英美文学。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2019)-06-121-02十九世纪三十年代，西方掀起了女权主义运动，为女性正确政治、教育以及法律等方面的权益。
在这个阶段，女性文学创作也开始进入了黄金阶段，很多优秀的女性作品与作家大量涌现。
《飘》正是在这种潮流中产生的，一经发行就获得了巨大的成功。
《飘》中描述了战争中人们生活艰辛，描述了人们如何克服困难，重建家园。
《飘》以南北战争为背景，主人公斯嘉丽是一个精明能干、头脑灵活的女性形象。
斯嘉丽这一形象颠覆了传统意义上的南方淑女形象，在“艰难与狂暴”时代中不畏艰险，谋求生存，最终成为了生活强者。
本文以斯嘉丽这一典型的人物形象探究女权主义的发展。
一、斯嘉丽女权主义形象分析（一）斯嘉丽女权主义意识的觉醒斯嘉丽性格多变，不同性格之间有着鲜明的区别，非常的真实。
正是由于这些特质本身存在对立的关系，使得她身上可以体现出独特的气质。
故事发生于南北战争时期，随着南方家族的日益衰败以及战后重建工作的开展，斯嘉丽摒弃了南方淑女形象，不顾一起地追求爱，敢爱敢恨。
为了生活，她不顾贵族消解的风度，勇于承担了照顾家人的重任。
“天使”与“魔鬼”——电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》的女性主义分析
一
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介绍
对 她 们 的束 缚 ． 勇 敢 地去 追 求 女 性 的 解 放 二、 追 求 中的 “ 天使”
电影 《 蒙 娜 丽 莎 的微 笑 》 以２ Ｏ世 纪 ５ ０年 代 的 美
国为 背 景 ．故 事发 生 在 １ ９ ５ ３ －１ ９ ５ ４年 期 间 的 卫 斯 理 “ 天 使 ” 是 男性 心 目中美 好 的 形 象 ．她 们 温 顺 从 女子学院 。 影 片讲 述 了一 位 毕 业 于加 州伯 克 利 大 学 的 容 。 谦卑有礼 。 安静贤淑 ． 完 全 按 照 男 人 的 意 愿 在 家 中 艺 术 史 女 教 师 凯 瑟琳 和女 学 生 们 ． 在 卫 斯 理 女 子 学 院 扮 演 贤 妻 良母 是 强 大 的 父 权 制 的体 系塑 造 出 了 “ 天 如何 通 过 摆 脱男 性强 加 在 她 们 身 上 的 身 份 “ 天 使 和 魔 使 ” ． 是长 期的传统社会 规范压制着 “ 天使 ” ． 是 男 权 鬼” 。 去 追 求 女性 独 立 和 解 放 的 故 事 。 被誉为“ 没 有 男 的 话 语 和凝 视 监 控 “ 天使 ” 西蒙・ 德・ 波 伏 娃 在 被 称 为 子 的 常青 藤 ” 的卫斯理女子学院 ． 坐 落 在 美 国 马 萨 诸 女 性 的圣 经 《 第二性》 中指 出： “ 一 个 人 不 是 天 生 成 为 塞州 学 校 开 设 家 政 课 程 教 她们 如 何 在 家 中 孝 顺 父 女 人 ， 而是变成女人的。 没有生理的 、 心 理 的或 经 济 的 Nhomakorabea摘
要： 在 父权 制 社会 中， 女 性 常 常 处 于社 会 的 边 缘 ， 没有 主 体 地 位 ， 男性 拥 有 绝 对 的 话 语 权 ， 他 们把 女性 构 建
透过女性主义视角分析《末路狂花》女主角塞尔玛
义得 出一 个基本 的认 识 。 关 键词 ：女 性主 义 ；女性 主 义 电影 ；性 别 中图分类号 ：Ｊ ０ 文献标识 码 ：Ａ 文章编号 ：１ ０ — ２ Ｘ ２ ０ ） １ － ０ ３ ０ ９５ ６ ０ ６ （０ ９－ ０ ６ － ２ ０ ８
一
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引言
表 现方 式就 是学 院派 女性 主 义所创 建 的跨学 科领 域— —女 性研 究 的
电影 集 中于对这 一 学科 中女性 及相 关 问题 的无 形 化 、边 缘 化 的批判 ，继 建构 新 女 性意 识 和形 象 等 。女 性 主义 电影 研究 涉 及 很多 领 域 ：
“ 范 ” ，对 女性 角色 的表 现 ， “ 性 注视 ”以及 “ 性 电影 ” 。 典 男 女 性 中心 导 向的批 判 ，并 试 图提供 建立 在女 性经 验基 础 上 的新 的社 会 所 谓 的 “ 范 ”指 的是 “ 位 高 ” 、值 得教 学 机构 研究 的电影 ； 典 地 简 学 理论 框架 和方法 论模 式 的可选 择途 径 。虽然 由于 女性 主义 内部 就 言之 ，就是 在 “ 电影 研究 ”的课程 和教 科 书里最 容 易找 到的那 些 电 社 会学 的许 多重要 主题 还存 在诸 多分 歧 ，尚未 形成 统一 的 范式或 理 影 ． 女性主 义的研究方 法之一就 是研究 电影 典范 中的性别歧视 。
女性学专题 第九专题——文学艺术中的女性形象赏析
信末并附上《诀别书》： 春华竞芳，五色凌素，琴尚在御，而新 声代故！锦水有鸳，汉宫有水，彼物而 新，嗟世之人兮，瞀於淫而不悟！朱弦 断，明镜缺，朝露晞，芳时歇，白头吟 ，伤离别，努力加餐勿念妾，锦水汤汤 ，与君长诀！
司马相如读了信之后，想起两人当初的 夫妻恩情，便打消纳妾的念头。坚强而 又聪慧的卓文君不哭不闹，以一首《白 头吟》外加《诀别书》，就化解了一场 婚姻危机 司马相如回信：一二三四五六七八九十 百千万，无亿“无意”
《诀别书》翻译成白话文
春天百花盛开,争奇斗艳,绚烂的色彩掩盖了 素洁的颜色. 琴声依旧在奏响,但已经不是原来的人在弹奏 了. 锦江中有相伴游泳的鸳鸯，汉宫中有交 援伸展的枝条。 他们都不曾离弃伴侣。 慨叹世上的人，却迷惑于美色，喜新厌旧。
朱弦断，知音绝。 明镜缺，夫妻分。 朝露晞，缘分尽。 芳时歇，人分离。 白头吟，伤离别。 希望您吃的好好的不要挂念我。 对着浩浩荡荡的锦水发誓，从今以后和 你 永远诀别。
一个知己就好象一面镜子，反映出我们天性中 最优美的部分。 替别人做点事，又有点怨，活着才有意思， 否则太空虚了。 书是最好的朋友。唯一的缺点是使我近视 加深，但还是值得的。 一个人在恋爱时最能表现出天性中崇高的 品质。这就是为什么爱情小说永远受人欢迎— —不论古今中外都一样。 人因为心里不快乐，才浪费，是一种补偿作用
什么是贤妻良母？
夫妻关系上：贞洁、不嫉妒、举案齐眉、 相敬如宾；顺从、侍奉丈夫等 在婆媳关系上：孝顺公婆 生育儿子、教育孩子；相夫教子 在家务上：能干、持家 表面上的美丽、贤惠，被平面处理，掩盖 了她们的困境和内心的波澜
河东狮吼 妖女传统
宋代陈季常，号龙丘居士，好宾客，爱美 女，又喜欢谈佛，被他妻子管得很严， 常让他胆颤心惊。苏东坡讽刺他说： 龙丘居士亦可怜，谈空说有夜不眠。 忽闻河东狮子吼，拄杖落手心茫然。 《水浒传》里的女性：孙二娘、顾大嫂 潘金莲：眉似初春柳叶，常含着雨恨云愁， 脸如三月桃花，暗藏着风情月意。纤腰 袅娜，拘束得燕懒莺慵，檀口轻盈，勾 引得蜂狂蝶
从女性主义视角看《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》
从女性主义视角看《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》作者：刘艳来源：《人间》2015年第30期摘要：电影《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》用经典的光影叙事手法，向人们展示了那个年代年轻女性女性主义意识的萌芽与发展。
它集中讨论了，女性在社会中的社会地位，自我认同和自我价值的实现等问题，认为女性应该摆脱传统观念的束缚，去实现属于自己的人生理想与价值；探讨了什么是女性？什么样的女性才算是优秀的女性？由谁来判定？这三个问题。
为女性主义的进一步发展奠定了基础。
关键词：女性；女性主义；理想价值中图分类号：J905 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-864X（2015）10-0164-01绪论《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》是一部为大多数人所熟知的经典的反应女性生存现实的影片。
它由英国著名导演迈克·内威尔执导，由一贯以智慧和美丽形象出现在大众面前的荧幕美女朱莉娅·罗伯茨出演，因此一开始便吸引了不少人的眼球。
同时它也使用了与《死亡诗社》一样的教育题材，以一所女校为背景展开故事的叙述，因此也被誉为女版的《死亡诗社》。
十九世纪五十年代美国女性的社会地位在表面看来是有了明显的提高的，然而在如威斯理般著名的女子大学里，教师们教授学生，仍是一切围绕将来的好姻缘打转，他们把女性看成是男性的附属品，因此并不鼓励她们主动获取自己感兴趣的知识，也不注重培养她们的心理素质，并且严厉禁止做与未来婚姻和嫁个好丈夫无利的事。
美丽成熟的凯瑟琳（朱莉娅·罗伯茨饰）大学毕业，怀揣理想和热情来到该学校担任艺术史教师时，便因想散播自由和理想的种子而处处碰壁。
一、女性主义探究—以凯瑟琳为例《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》并不是第一部反映女性主义的影片，早在上个世纪30年代这类影片就已星星点点的出现，其中著名的《乱世佳人》和《时时刻刻》最具有代表性。
前者表达了失去丈夫的女性要独立自主而不是失去丈夫就失去一切的思想，后者更加明确的探讨了女性在家庭和事业两者之间如何平衡的问题，为女主义在影片中的发展奠定了基础，总的来说女性主义的发展是克服了重重障碍最后终于有所发展。
女性主义视角下的《白鹿原》
女性主义视角下的《白鹿原》史甜溪《白鹿原》是我国著名的现代小说，其深刻的思想内涵受到学界的肯定，被人称为“不朽的诗篇”。
但是，它是一部表现男权社会的小说文本，缺乏女性关怀，对女性形象和女性情感进行了丑化和伤害。
人们可以选择从女性主义角度对小说进行分析，解读小说的思想内涵，对小说精神世界形成全新的认识，了解落后社会女性的群体观念，认识菲勒斯的性爱观念，进而反思当时社会上根深蒂固的男权思想。
因此，本文从女性主义视角解读《白鹿原》，希望人们重新审视女权思想，树立男女平等的观念，在文学空间中营造平等的对话氛围。
一、小说《白鹿原》中男尊女卑的女性观念从女性主义角度来看，作者在创作中宣扬男权思想，提出了“女性祸水”的理论，对女性群体的独立性进行弱化，将女性当作男性群体的附庸，甚至将女性看作生儿育女的工具，反映了当时社会上相对落后的女性群体观念。
落后的女性观对女性的独立意识和作为独立个体的尊重相对忽视，甚至认为女性群体的“神圣职责”就是对家庭的管理，特别是在两性关系中，女性处于第二性的弱势地位，女性个人价值和社会价值的实现需要男性来衡量。
小说《白鹿原》的创作受到儒家文化对女性群体轻视思想的影响，其在描写女性命运的过程中，将男权社会的自私、冷漠和残酷无情充分展现出来，对女性群体受压迫的情况进行集中的反映，女性关怀缺失情况较为明显。
在小说的整个故事框架中，即使是通过自己的努力赢得了一定家庭地位的女性，也没有获得姓氏的权利，仍然以白赵氏、朱白氏称呼，可见女性作为男性群体附庸者的从属地位。
在对小说《白鹿原》中男尊女卑观念进行解读的过程中，人们能够明显看出女性价值和生命的微不足道，女性在生活中可以随意受到男性群体的压迫。
但是，从另一个角度对女性群体的生活状态进行分析，人们能够看出，在当时的历史条件下，女性的命运是沉重的，在生活中她们需要为国家的衰落承担责任、为家庭落败和男人过错承担灾难。
小说中的白嘉轩在生活中就秉承这一“真谛”，认为所有男性的不成器都是因为女性群体的影响，女性是男性犯错误甚至堕落的根源。
“家庭天使”与“反叛天使”——论激进女性主义视角下爱格尼斯与
“ 家庭 天使 ’ ’ 与 “ 反叛天使 ’ ’
— —
论激 进 女性 主 义视 角 下 爱格 尼斯 与安 娜 的人 物 形 象
叶 双
（ 福建师范大学外 国语学 院 ， 福建
福州 ３ ５ ０ ０ ０ ７ ）
摘
要 ：爱格尼斯与安娜分别是 《 大卫・ 科波菲 尔》与 《 五镇 的安娜 》中的女主人公。二者都成 长于
概念 之一就 是 “ 父权制” 。美 国激进女性 主义者米
利特 （ Ｋ ａ ｔ ｅ Ｍｉ ｌ ｌ ｅ ｔ ｔ ） 在其 《 性政治 》一书 中，最先 引
入 了父权制 的概念 ，指 的是 “ 男人有权支配女人 ， 年 长男子有 权支 配年少男 子 。 ”… 激进 女性主义 认 为 ，“ 女性 受到男权制社会制度 的压迫 ，这是最 基 本 的压迫机 制。 其他形式的压迫全都与性 别的压 迫 有关 。 ” ‘ ‘ ‘ 家庭天使”生动地表 达 了父权 社会对 女
收稿 日期：２ ０ １ ４ － 】 ２ ． １ ３ 作者简介 ：叶双 （ １ ９ ９ ｌ 一） ，女 ，福建南平人 ，福建 师范大学在读硕士研 究生，研究方 向：英 美 文学 。
８ ７
教育 。在小说开头 ， 安娜是 以 “ 家庭天使 ”的形象 展现在读者 面前 。 然而 ，由于受到 了女性主义思潮 的影响 ， 安娜具有 反叛意识 ， 敢于挑战父亲的权威 ， 因此 ，她实则是位 “ 反叛天使 ” 。
父权 制的殖民化教 育 ，但 由于生活的 时代背景 不同，使得她们一 个成 为 了 “ 家庭天使 ” ，另一个则成 为 了 “ 反叛 天使 ” 。从 激进女 性主义的视 角来分析 爱格尼 斯与安 娜的人 物形象 ，可 以发现无论是 逆来顺 受的爱
格尼 斯还是 有反叛 意识 的安娜都 难逃命 运的悲剧 ，从 而揭 示 了父权 制是女性 受压 迫的根 源之一 。 关键词 ： 家庭 天使 ；父权 制 ；爱格尼斯 ；安娜 ；激进女性主 义 中图分类号： Ｉ １ ０ ６ 文献标识码 ：Ａ
不做_房间里的天使_浅析_爱玛_中蕴含的女性主义意识
第7卷第9期2010年9月Journal of Hubei University of Economics(Humanities and Social Sciences)湖北经济学院学报（人文社会科学版）Sep.2010Vol.7No.9作为19世纪英国浪漫主义女性小说家的代表———简·奥斯丁（Jane Austen ，1775年12月16日~1817年7月18日）,其作品多以刻画和描写英国乡绅家庭女性的婚姻和爱情生活为主，常常从一个小镇的生活描写反映出整个社会的形态和风貌，并在英国小说的发展史上有承上启下的意义。
她一生共完成了6部小说:《傲慢与偏见》（1813）,《理智与情感》（1811）,《诺桑觉寺》（1818）,《曼斯菲尔德花园》（1814）,《爱玛》（1815）,和《劝导》（1818）。
[1]200多年至今,她的作品尤其受到年轻女性读者，甚至白领阶层的众多文学爱好者们的青睐和推崇。
而创作于1814~1815年的小说《爱玛》是奥斯丁后期的作品，更被许多文学评论家认为是其所创作的小说中最具有代表性的。
罗纳德·布莱斯（Ronald Blythe ）等不少评论家甚至认为,“《爱玛》是奥斯丁天才的顶点”,“是她最伟大的一部小说”[2]。
她创作艺术的卓越性众所周知,被誉为“散文的莎士比亚”[3]。
简·奥斯丁以女性特有的敏锐观察力真实地描绘了她眼中的英国乡村小镇中中产阶级绅士淑女们的日常生活，特别是他们的婚姻和爱情故事。
作品《爱玛》既真实地刻画了英国小镇中产阶级绅士、淑女的生活状况，也把千百年来中外爱情故事中婚姻、金钱和社会地位这些连现代社会都热切关注的主题，阐释描写耐人寻味。
许多学者研究《爱玛》多关注在剖析爱玛这一人物的形象塑造,或是研究其典型的反讽写作手法等角度上,而本文从《爱玛》的女性意识角度进行了赏析。
一、文学创作中的女性主义背景自古以来，世界各国女性都不断地在为争取自己的社会地位而斗争，为反抗男女不平等的社会现状而努力,而很多文学女性更是主动参与到艺术创作中,抒发自己的女性主义意识,反抗不平等的性别歧视。
“房间里天使的困境”——《达洛维夫人》中的女性主义解读
2019年18期总第458期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS“房间里天使的困境”——《达洛维夫人》中的女性主义解读文/陈秋伶【摘要】《达洛维夫人》是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的代表作，这部小说以一日为框架，生动地描写了一位英国上层社会达洛维夫人和一位名叫史密斯的精神病患者从上午9点到午夜时分约15个小时的生活经历和意识活动。
为了更好地理解这篇小说的深层次意义，本文将从女性主义角度，分析房间里天使的困境，解读伍尔夫的内心世界。
【关键词】弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；女性主义；达洛维夫人；困境【Abstract】Mrs. Dalloway, a masterpiece of Virginia Woolf, is a story happened in one day. It describes the life and the inner world of Mrs. Dalloway from the upper class and a mental patient named Smith during 9 am to midnight. In order to have a better understanding of this novel, this article analyzes the dilemma of the angel at home from the perspective of feminism, revealing the author’s inner world.【Key words】Virginia Woolf; feminism; Mrs. Dalloway; Dilemma【作者简介】陈秋伶(1982-)，女，重庆渝北人，四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院讲师，教育学硕士，研究方向：英美文学，英语教学法。
【基金项目】项目来源：四川外国语大学重庆南方翻译学院院级科研项目，项目名称：英美女性主义小说研究对当代中国两性和谐的启示，项目编号：KY2018018。
西方天使雕塑女性形象分析
西方天使雕塑女性形象分析古希腊对女性的表现以雕像为主，其形象来源基本上是以希腊神话为主，尤以雅典娜和阿芙洛狄忒为主，二者在希腊神中同为女性，但其文化意蕴和精神特征却迥然不同。
古希腊的艺术奠定了女性在绘画中所应当扮演的角色，而中世纪可以说是将这种角色定位进一步确立和扩展，但是在文艺复兴这个欧洲历史发展的转折点，它反对中世纪的“神学”，强调“以人为本”，被称为“人文主义”的时代。
任何事物都有一个孕育、诞生、成长、变化的过程，艺术中对女性的表现亦是如此。
艺术中对女性的传统定义通常可分为三类：女神、女人、女奴。
西方的文学艺术界长期以来在对女性的描绘上都遵循着这一传统观念，有关这一观念的形成，笔者认为有必要追溯到古希腊时期。
正如恩格斯所说：“没有希腊、罗马奠定的基础，就不可能有现代的欧洲。
”对于绘画中女性观的形成，同样如此，本文将对古希腊雕像中女性形象进行一次探究，发现其发展的进程。
古希腊对女性的表现以雕像为主，其形象来源基本上是以希腊神话为主，尤以雅典娜和阿芙洛狄忒为主，二者在希腊神中同为女性，但其文化意蕴和精神特征却迥然不同。
雅典娜是希腊神话中的智慧女神，女战神，也是处女神，她代表着节制、谨慎和守法精神，从希腊建造的大量雅典娜神庙中，可推导出只有这个维护支持男性统治的女神才会得到公开的推崇。
而作为爱神和美神的阿芙洛狄忒则不同，她代表着人类的性欲和同类爱之类的感情，她既具有肉体方面的感性美，又具有精神的美，可以说是感性美与精神美的和谐统一。
希腊神话中这两位女神所代表的精神特征可以说一开始就给艺术中的女性背负上了男性文明的枷锁，她们扮演着男性为其设定的社会角色并履行着男性赋予的“神圣”使命。
在这种权力关系下，我们经常会看到在女性既是美、爱情、丰饶的象征，又是诱惑、罪恶、堕落的代名词，她时而被神化，时而被妖化。
在这种时代氛围下，如何通过雕像的肉体美来显现精神美，就成为当时艺术家孜孜不倦的追求。
本节选取“维纳斯”雕像为例，通过其一窥女性形象审美范式形成的源头。
女性主义视角下的“天使”形象分析——以华盛顿·欧文《乡村的骄
70女性主义视角下的“天使”形象分析——以华盛顿•欧文《乡村的骄傲》为例吴桓球 广东外语外贸大学英文学院摘要：本文借助女性主义文学批评相关理论，通过对华盛顿•欧文的一个作品《乡村的骄傲》中女主人公形象、恋爱的态度和话语权利的解读，发现欧文笔下这位所谓的天使女子不过是被男权意识和话语体系所扭曲异化的不真实形象而已。
关键词：女性主义；天使；《乡村的骄傲》《见闻札记》是“美国文学之父”华盛顿•欧文最伟大的文学成就，创作于1819—1820年间，收录了欧文的散文及短篇故事集。
其中的故事是依据美国和德国的民间传说写成的，以幽默睿智的文风见长，而散文大多以作者旅英时目睹的英国景色和风俗习惯为背景。
①欧文向往田园生活，向往古代淳朴的风土人情，英国那宁静、优雅的田园风光最能激发他的遐思和冥想，字里行间常常浸透着一股忧伤和怀旧的气息。
《乡村的骄傲》(The Pride of the Village)正是《见闻札记》中的一篇，文体风格介于故事与散文之间。
描述了作者在经过英格兰一个偏僻乡村时听到的一则其实的故事。
全篇故事情节并不复杂，正如作者所说，“与时常听到的相类似”：纯真美丽的农家少女爱上了英俊潇洒的贵族军官，但由于地位悬殊加上军令难违，军官无情地弃地而去，最后，少女因伤心忧郁过度而死。
故事虽真实的，作者却只是从别处听来，未曾亲眼目睹。
然而经作者细腻温婉的文笔娓娓道来，故事中少女的一颦一笑，一举一动，却生动逼真、惟妙惟肖地展现在读者的眼前。
②凡阅读过《乡村的骄傲》的评论家往往把焦点投注在作者丰富的想象力，敏锐的洞察力，强调作者细腻、传神的表现手法，褒扬作者有着一颗善良、敏感，对妇女倾注了无限热忱、关怀和怜悯的心。
认为作者成功地把握了少女微妙的心理特征及其在神情和动作上的表现，加上描写细致入微，富有感情，整篇文章深深地牵动着读者的心弦，使人久久不能平静。
而对故事的女主人公，则冠之于美丽善良、纯洁温柔的天使，是所有男人的梦中情人。
女权主义的天使——评析《红字》女主人公的形象
作者： 谭君
作者机构： 南昌工程学院
出版物刊名： 电影文学
页码： 187-188页
主题词： 女权主义;反抗;独立意识;爱情
摘要： 霍桑的第一部长篇小说《红字》标志着美国长篇小说创作上的一个重大突破。
在作品中,霍桑塑造了一个意念的世界,在这里禁锢的爱情得以解放,他创造出一个女权主义的天使:她坚持自己的人格独立,精神自由,充满着反抗精神,坚持妇女追求幸福的平等权利等。
本文运用女性主义文学批评理论对《红字》中女主人公进行分析,探索她身上所折射出的女权主义思想。
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女性主义视角下的“天使”形象分析作者：吴桓球来源：《北方文学》2019年第24期摘要：本文借助女性主义文学批评相关理论，通过对华盛顿·欧文的一个作品《乡村的骄傲》中女主人公形象、恋爱的态度和话语权利的解读，发现欧文笔下这位所谓的天使女子不过是被男权意识和话语体系所扭曲异化的不真实形象而已。
关键词：女性主义;天使;《乡村的骄傲》《见闻札记》是“美国文学之父”华盛顿·欧文最伟大的文学成就，创作于1819—1820年间，收录了欧文的散文及短篇故事集。
其中的故事是依据美国和德国的民间传说写成的，以幽默睿智的文风见长，而散文大多以作者旅英时目睹的英国景色和风俗习惯为背景。
（1）欧文向往田园生活，向往古代淳朴的风土人情，英国那宁静、优雅的田园风光最能激发他的遐思和冥想，字里行间常常浸透着一股忧伤和怀旧的气息。
《乡村的骄傲》（The Pride of the Village）正是《见闻札记》中的一篇，文体风格介于故事与散文之间。
描述了作者在经过英格兰一个偏僻乡村时听到的一则其实的故事。
全篇故事情节并不复杂，正如作者所说，“与时常听到的相类似”：纯真美丽的农家少女爱上了英俊潇洒的贵族军官，但由于地位悬殊加上军令难违，军官无情地弃地而去，最后，少女因伤心忧郁过度而死。
故事虽真实的，作者却只是从别处听来，未曾亲眼目睹。
然而经作者细腻温婉的文笔娓娓道来，故事中少女的一颦一笑，一举一动，却生动逼真、惟妙惟肖地展现在读者的眼前。
（2）凡阅读过《乡村的骄傲》的评论家往往把焦点投注在作者丰富的想象力，敏锐的洞察力，强调作者细腻、传神的表现手法，褒扬作者有着一颗善良、敏感，对妇女倾注了无限热忱、关怀和怜悯的心。
认为作者成功地把握了少女微妙的心理特征及其在神情和动作上的表现，加上描写细致入微，富有感情，整篇文章深深地牵动着读者的心弦，使人久久不能平静。
而对故事的女主人公，则冠之于美丽善良、纯洁温柔的天使，是所有男人的梦中情人。
至于故事的男主人公——贵族军官，作为如花少女夭折的直接杀手，现有的研究往往忽略，几乎没有任何的评论。
所以笔者拟从女性主义的角度重新解读探讨欧文的这篇散文式故事《乡村的骄傲》。
吉尔伯特和古芭在女性主义经典《阁楼上的疯女人》中指出（3）男性文化传统为妇女所设定的形象就是“天使”和“魔鬼”两类。
天使类的理想女子是被动的、顺从的、无私的、奉献的。
她们往往美丽温柔、贤良淑德，无怨无悔，为爱献出生命。
在父权制文化传统中，男性是权威，女性被视为是低人一等的“第二性”，不能有自己的思想和话语，成为按男性期望和设计而产生的、囚禁在男性文本中的人物和形象，无论是天使还是魔鬼，都是被男权意识扭曲和异化的女性形象。
欧文在《乡村的骄傲》中也正是依此标准来设计女主人公——一位温婉可人，生来就是被男人疼爱的、不食人间烟火的天使。
首先体现在女主人公的形象刻画方面。
欧文通过对女主人公——乡村少女在与男主人公——贵族军官的初见、再见和永别的几个场景细腻传神而动人的描写，凸显了男性作家心目中的理想女子形象——百依百顺的柔情天使。
作者运用了大量的笔墨来描写这位被称为“村中的美人和骄傲”（4）的乡村少女（凡引用原译文部分均来自涂莎丽所译，下文同，不再另注）。
她具有“与生俱来的优雅与柔弱的气质”，“双颊绯红，面露微笑，带着少女的羞怯和欢愉”，军官初见少女即为之倾倒。
尔后两人进入热恋阶段，少女与心上人在一起时，“她总是无比陶醉地倾听着他的谈话，于无声的欢乐中目光低垂，因热情而双颊泛着红晕;或者，即便她因钦佩他而大胆地向他投去羞涩的一瞥，也会旋即将目光移开，一想到自己配不上他，她就会叹息、脸红”。
她面对高谈阔论的军官，是多么的膜拜顺从，但读者都心知肚明，这些膜拜顺从一方面源于少女的无知和对爱情的盲目，当然更少不了男主人公天花乱坠的夸夸其谈和居高临下式的连哄带骗。
即便是到了女孩弥留之际，两人的永别时刻，“她…以一种难以形容的、温柔的微笑向他俯视，然后永远地闭上了双眼”。
少女仍带着“一副天使般的神情”，让读者情不自禁为之扼腕叹息，心中久久不能平静。
在男权话语体系中，妇女不能有、也不允许有主体性、自主性和创造性等自我意识。
肇始于《圣经》中的夏娃，到中世纪以来男性文学传统中包括但丁、弥尔顿和歌德等人的作品中女子的天使形象，所有西方传统文学中的女性形象都是由男人和为男人所创造的，她们只是男人的头脑、肋骨和智慧的产物或附属。
（5）这种形象在19世纪文学作品中达到了极致，欧文的成名作《见闻录》也概莫能外，上述对《乡村的骄傲》中的天使般美丽的殉情少女的分析，可见一斑。
另外，欧文还刻意突出少女不食人间烟火、为爱而生的纯情天使的形象。
她对初恋情人“的依恋带着某种盲目的崇拜。
她视他为上层人物，崇敬不已。
”在与军官的交往中，少女“平生头一次如此强烈地感悟到美好与崇高而迸发出来。
有关等级及贫富间的差异，她从未考虑过。
从乡村社会到她已习惯了的社会中，在才智、品行与举止间的差异使得这位军官在少女心目中的地位陡增。
”沉浸在爱河中少女，多么天真无知，生活中就只有她的恋人，所以一旦军官告诉她即将离别分手的消息时，无异于一个晴天霹雳，重重的把她击倒了，“那可怜的姑娘所遭受的打击，造成了她整个理想世界的毁灭，这实在是太残酷了。
起先，昏厥和歇斯底里震撼了她柔弱的身躯，随之而来的是挥之不去、令人日渐憔悴的忧伤。
”可怜的姑娘就这样为情所伤，为伊消得人憔悴，一病不起，如花年华就这样步步迈向教堂的坟墓。
而与之鲜明对比的是，军官自始至终都明白他们之间是不可能的，他视彼此之间的恋情是“漫不经心的”，因为“他的身份地位，来自有贵族头衔的亲戚们的偏见，及他对高傲而固执的父亲的依赖——所有这些都不允许他有结婚的念头。
”如此一来，一位纯情无暇、生来就是为着被男人爱抚呵护的天使少女呼之欲出。
其次，通过对比男女主人公对待这场恋爱的态度和分手后的不同情形，进一步凸显了男权意识和话语体系建构下女子的所谓天使形象。
欧文的这种建构过程突出表现在有着天壤之别少女的痴情、自我牺牲与军官的寡情、自私唯我的比对上。
客观来看，根据全文描述，本故事中少女郁郁而终走上殉情的终点，全是男主人公——一个玩世不恭的贵族军官一手造成的。
起初军官就抱着一种逢场作戏，不考虑后果的态度与少女交往。
“他以一种青年军官玩弄纯朴乡下人时的惯常手段不假思索地向她大献殷勤。
”后来，随着交往的深入，少女已深深而盲目的爱恋着他，此时的军官“甚至只字未提爱情，但如此一来却比使用语言表达更能让爱意意味深长，他的倾慕之情以一种微妙而无可抗拒的方式传达到了姑娘的心里”。
生长在乡村殷实家境的少女，对军官一片情深，“几乎是在不知不觉中爱着，极少去探究是什么样的激情如此与日俱增并引起她的千般思绪、万般情愁”，“有他相伴时，他的音容笑貌、言谈举止占据了她整个的心灵;他离去后，这刚刚过去的最近一次的幽会情景在她脑海里，老也挥之不去。
”而军官则继续着做戏“一道漫游于绿荫小道和乡野美景之间。
他教她领略大自然的新奇妩媚之处;他用彬彬有礼、教养有素的语言，以极具魅力的浪漫和诗意，在她耳畔缓缓倾诉。
”深深坠入情海的少女无法自拔，“她的那位年轻倾慕者的骑士风度和身着戎装的飒爽英姿，或许在初遇时令她着迷，但并非只是这些就俘获了她的芳心。
她的依恋带着某种盲目的崇拜。
她视他为上层人物，崇敬不已。
……有关等级及贫富间的差异，她从未考虑过。
”那么军官又是怎么样的呢？一方面“他已开始沾染上一些轻浮的习气，因为他时常听到军中的同僚们吹嘘着他们在鄉村的猎艳成果，他也思量着，要赢得男子汉气概的声誉这种情场上的胜利必不可少”。
虽然“他尚未因为漂泊、浪荡的生活而变得十足的冷酷和自私”，但是另一方面他也发现自己情不自禁的爱上了这位少女，难以自拔，从最初的捧场做戏到现在的假戏真做“他曾试图将上流社会中男人们无情无义的成千上万个例证用来坚定自己的信念，也曾试着用旁人在谈论女性贞操问题时流露出的冷漠、嘲弄与轻浮的态度来冷却自己炽热而浓烈的情感，然而一切都是徒劳。
”他内心的这种挣扎随着部队调拨兵团到欧洲大陆的命令下达而结束。
经过一段时间的极度痛苦彷徨之后，在一次晚间散步途中，他才告知她离别分手的消息，可怜的少女自然难过得哭泣了，“他将她拥入怀中，亲吻她柔软双颊上的落泪”，并“冒昧地提出要她离家出走，做他前程中的伴侣。
”结果遭到少女的“悲痛欲绝”拒绝。
读到这里，读者不禁奇怪了，少女为何不跟恋人私奔？除了当时社会传统不容许之外，更多是父权制的传统禁锢使然，在父权意识统摄下的审美看来，只有服从命运安排、柔弱温顺的女子才真正符合男性作家梦中情人的标准，男权意识中的天使女子是富于自我牺牲精神的，因此出现了少女拒绝私奔而最后郁郁而终的殉情悲剧。
在与军官分手后，少女一病不起，她也知道将不久人世，虽然“在她那温柔的胸怀中曾经存有一丝对恋人的怨恨”，到生命最后的日子里，“也已是荡然无存。
她不会心存怒气。
于悲哀与柔弱之时”，她给他写了一封措辞简洁的诀别信，告诉他“自己将不久于人世，并直言不讳地指出这些都归因于他的行为。
”同时在信中她向他描述了自己所遭受的种种痛苦，但在末尾她却说“在没有把自己的宽恕与祝福送给他之前，她是不会安然离去的。
”由此少女在生命的最后，还是那么一往情深，柔情款款，原谅了军官对自己所犯下的类似于“杀身”的罪行，把男权话语体系下“天使”的富于自我牺牲精神发挥到了极致！而军官在分手之后，虽然他也偶尔会想起乡村少女，但“新的景色、新的欢乐、新的同伴，很快就驱散了他的自责，熄灭了他柔情的火焰。
”直至收到她的诀别信，在女孩临终的最后一刻，“一位骑士朝着农舍疾驰而来——他在窗前下马”，“他冲进屋子，飞快地将她紧紧地拥入怀中”，“他于是悲痛欲绝地扑倒在她的脚下”，而此时的她仍然用微笑天使般的神情表达对他的原谅和爱意：“她试着伸出自己颤抖的双手——她的双唇蠕动着，仿佛要说话，却一句也说不出来——以一种难以形容的、温柔的微笑向他俯视，然后永远地闭上了双眼”。
最后，本故事通过剥夺女主人公的话语权利来塑造男作家心目中的天使形象。
纵览全文可见，故事中的她从初次见面到热戀，作者除了对其温柔微笑、娇羞顺从等神态描写外，就是她不言不语的倾听，此外再无任何她的话语描述。
“她总是无比陶醉地倾听着他的谈话，于无声的欢乐中目光低垂”。
而军官的言语则无处不在，“他教她领略大自然的新奇妩媚之处;他用彬彬有礼、教养有素的语言，以极具魅力的浪漫和诗意，在她耳畔缓缓倾诉”。
她就如一头温顺沉默的羊羔，“依偎着他的臂膀，眼中闪烁着毫不自知的爱的光芒，倾耳聆听着他的述说”。
即使在军官向她提出无礼要求时，“她，没有哭泣——没有爆发责难——一声不吭——然而，像见到毒蛇似的，她惊恐地向后退缩，用刺透他灵魂的、万分痛苦的目光瞥了他一眼，在悲痛欲绝中，她双手交又紧握，逃也似地向她父亲的农舍飞奔而去”。