02-08年考研英语二历年真题及答案
2008年考研英语二真题试题(卷)与答案解析
2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3. You shouldn’t be so ___ ---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations.A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents a wide ____ of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11. V oices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.A.swollenB. increasedC. developedD. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very ___about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t ____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The water prize is an international award that __outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. In its 14 years of _--------____, the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had __ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches (螳螂) would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A . turned in B. turned out C. turned up D. turned down Section II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes _21__different nations compete against each other in a __22_ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to __23__the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee (IOC). After all proposals have been _24___, the IOC votes. If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues with __25__rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the _27__of theOlympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to _28__the Games effectively.The IOC also _29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. _30__,Tolkyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico city, Mexico, the host of the 1968 summer Games , were chosen _31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into _33__the host city’s time zone. _34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay _35___ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36____, in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded. It is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television ___38_ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39___ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40___. When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1 .(40 points)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto (座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun’, ”says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. ”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.”That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered”because many media, particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on.. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter globaltrades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ___.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ___.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ___.A. the size of barter stiesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help ___.A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shooting, have been floodedwith offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shooting, start thinking, and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city , believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty ----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye”(Line5,Para2)is_____A. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____A. violenceB. floodC. povertyD. indifference49. Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be ______A. idealisticB. impracticalC. effectiveD. fruitless50. The best title for the passage may be _____A. Stop Shooting, Start Thinking, and Keep LivingB. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship , in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an ”escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100,000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.”He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her ownmoney.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. ”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A. escape fund helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy”(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique woman.B. She was once divorced.C. She is going to retire.D. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summary this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’is no longer taboo (禁忌语)”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiencyand productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asian, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West, Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter, who said that ‘creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles, Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy (虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Loc k at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund) The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade: Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us, worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection”(Line 1, Para.1) means________A. improving economic efficiency.B. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because________A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned”(Line 3-4,Para.2) the author implies that________A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economies used to like the idea of “creative destruction”because it________A. set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that_______A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’interests are being ignored by economic leaders Section IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a paragraph in English .Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points) The term ”business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what- if questions about the critical assumptions on which. your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any changewould play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。
08年考研英语二真题
08年考研英语二真题2008年考研英语二真题详解2008年的考研英语二真题为很多考生所熟知。
为了帮助大家更好地了解和应对这道题目，本文将对2008年考研英语二真题进行详解和分析。
下面将按照题目的形式对每个部分进行讲解，以提供参考。
Section I Use of English该部分的题目类型主要为词汇与语法题、完型填空和阅读理解。
在这部分中，考生需要正确理解文本，并用合适的词汇和语法进行填空或选择。
因为本文无法直接提供真实的题目，以下将以相似类型的例子来进行解析。
1. Vocabulary and Grammar词汇与语法题的目的是考察考生对单词和语法规则的掌握程度。
常见的题目类型有词义辨析、词形变化、时态和语态的运用等。
例子：从以下选项中选择正确的形容词填空。
1) She was feeling __________ after receiving the good news.A) excitingB) excitedC) exciteD) excitedly解析：根据句子的结构和意思，我们可以判断需要用一个形容词来修饰主语"she"。
"exciting"是动词"excite"的现在分词形式，不应作为形容词使用。
"excite"是动词形式，与句子主语的"was feeling"不搭配。
"excitedly"是副词，不能修饰名词。
因此，正确答案为B) excited。
2. Cloze完型填空的目标是让考生通过阅读理解短文的表达和逻辑，选择合适的词汇填空。
这一部分涉及的内容包括词义、修辞手法、上下文逻辑等。
例子：阅读下面短文，选择合适的词填空。
When I was a child, my parents always encouraged me to read books. They believed that reading could __________ my mind and broaden my horizons. Every weekend, they would take me to the local library and let me choose the books I wanted. I __________ this experience very much and developed a great interest in reading.A) expandB) narrowC) limitD) restrictA) enjoyedB) dislikedC) hatedD) loved解析：根据上下文的逻辑关系，我们可以推测出空格处应填入能够扩大(open up)思维的词汇，因此选择A) expand。
英语二考研真题2008
英语二考研真题2008IntroductionThe English (2) Exam for the Graduate Entrance Exam in 2008 consists of multiple choice questions related to English language proficiency. This exam is an important test for applicants who wish to pursue a postgraduate degree in English or a related field. In this article, we will explore the questions and topics covered in the English (2) Exam in 2008.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe first section of the exam tests the candidates' listening comprehension skills. Candidates are required to listen to a series of recordings and then answer questions based on what they have heard. The recordings cover a variety of topics, such as academic lectures, conversations between two or more people, and news reports. The questions are designed to assess the candidates' ability to understand the main ideas, details, and relationships between speakers.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionIn the second section of the exam, candidates are tested on their reading comprehension skills. They are given a number of passages, including academic articles, newspaper articles, and literary excerpts. Candidates must read the passages carefully and then answer multiple-choice questions based on the content. The questions are designed to evaluate the candidates' ability to understand the main ideas, infer implied meanings, and analyze the organization and structure of the texts.Section 3: Structure and VocabularyThe third section focuses on the candidates' understanding of English structure and vocabulary. It consists of multiple-choice questions that test the candidates' knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. The questions may require candidates to identify a grammatical error in a sentence, choose the appropriate word or phrase to complete a sentence, or determine the meaning of a word based on its context.Section 4: ClozeThe fourth section assesses the candidates' ability to fill in the blanks in a passage with the appropriate words or phrases. The passage may be related to a specific topic or subject, such as science, history, or literature. Candidates must use their understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and context to choose the most suitable words or phrases to complete the passage.Section 5: TranslationIn the fifth section, candidates are required to translate a short passage from Chinese to English. This section tests the candidates' ability to accurately translate sentences and convey the original meaning in English. The passage may involve vocabulary, grammar, idioms, or cultural references.ConclusionThe English (2) Exam for the Graduate Entrance Exam in 2008 is a comprehensive test that evaluates candidates' listening, reading, grammar, vocabulary, and translation skills. It is an important assessment for those who wish to pursue a postgraduate degree in English or a related field. Byunderstanding the structure and content of the exam, candidates can better prepare themselves and increase their chances of success. Good luck to all the candidates!。
02-08年考研英语二历年真题及答案
2002Directions：Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET．Since 1981，farmers in Holland have been encouraged to adopt“green”farming techniques that were thought to benefit plant and bird life．Farmers who have voluntarily adopted these measures are compensated by the European Union．The goal of the program is to work against the negative effects of modem fanning，such as declines in species diversity and the disturbance of local nesting grounds．The“green”methods of farming cost the European Union about 1.7 billion Euros annually．This is about 4 percent of the budget for“Common Agricultural Policy,”and the compensation is expected to rise to 10 percent within the next few years．Various forms of“green farming”employed around the world have proved successful, and all new methods thought to be environmentally sensitive should be subject to sound scientific evaluation to determine whether they are actually meeting the intended goals．Part V Writing(30 minutes，15 points)Directions：You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title“What I Consider Important in Life”．Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below．1．人生有不同的目标：富有、名气、地位、幸福的家庭等…2．其中我认为重要的是…；理由是…3．结论…2003Paper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The generation gap is so great in Hong Kong that the teenagers there rarely turn to their parents or teachers for advice on anything. Whether it be sex, AIDS, school worries or family problems, adults are not considered up to the job.Until now, no one has asked Hong Kong youth, “What do you think?” Some understanding of the emotions of Hong Kong’s youth, how ever, has come from the work of Dr. Jeffrey Day－at the University of Hong Kong. His survey of young people does not focus, for example, on how many drugs they take-but tries to answer the question why.Dr. Day hopes the results, which he plans to explain in full next week, will reveal what troubles－as well as pleases－today’s high-school students. Conclusions will be passed on not only to government departments but back to the schools which took part.Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Y ou are to write in no less than 120 words about the title “Lifelong Learning”. You should base your composition on the Chinese outline given below:1.终身学习对每个人的重要性。
08年考研英语二真题
08年考研英语二真题2008年考研英语二真题是考研生备战的重要资料之一。
这份试卷包含了阅读理解、完形填空和翻译三个部分，涵盖了各种题型和难度级别。
对于考生来说，熟悉并掌握这份真题的内容和解题技巧是提高英语水平的关键。
首先，我们来看看阅读理解部分。
这部分共有四篇文章，每篇文章后面有几个问题需要回答。
文章的题材涉及科技、文化、社会等多个领域，题目的难度也不一。
考生在做题时，可以先通读全文，了解文章的大意和主题，然后再仔细阅读每个问题和相应的选项。
在选择答案时，要注意选项之间的细微差别，避免被干扰选错。
此外，还要注意文章中的关键词和信息，这些对于正确回答问题非常重要。
接下来是完形填空部分。
这部分共有两篇短文，每篇短文后面有若干个空格需要填写适当的词语。
完形填空考察的是考生对语言的理解和运用能力。
在做题时，可以先通读全文，了解文章的大意和结构，然后再根据上下文的逻辑关系和语法规则填写合适的词语。
有时候，选项中可能会有一些近义词或同义词，考生需要根据文章的语境来判断最佳答案。
最后是翻译部分。
这部分要求考生将一段中文翻译成英文。
翻译是考察考生对语言的理解和运用能力的重要方式之一。
在翻译时，考生要注意句子的结构、语法和语言风格。
可以先将中文句子拆分成几个简单的句子，然后再根据英语的语法规则和表达习惯进行翻译。
此外，还要注意用词准确、表达清晰，避免中式英语和直译。
总的来说，08年考研英语二真题是一份难度适中、题型多样的试卷。
对于考生来说，熟悉并掌握这份真题的内容和解题技巧是提高英语水平的关键。
通过反复练习和总结，考生可以提高自己的阅读理解能力、语言运用能力和翻译能力。
同时，还要注重积累词汇和阅读材料，扩大自己的知识面和阅读广度。
只有在不断努力和实践中，才能取得更好的成绩。
考研英语真题及答案解析（2008年卷二）
考研英语真题及答案解析（2008年卷⼆）考研资料2008年全国研究⽣⼊学考试（⼆）及参考答案（精校版）英语2008年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is1to say it anyway.He is that2bird,a scientist who works independently3any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5he,however,might tremble at the6of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which7that one groupis more intelligent than the others,but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in ⼤8家are a particular people originated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,⼤9家12-15points above the⼤10家value of 100,and have contributed11to the intellectual and cultural life of the West,as the 12of their elites,including several world-renowned scientists,13.They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been15to social effects,such as a strong tradition of16education.The latter was seen as a(an)17of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this20state of affairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]given up[B]got over[C]carried on[D]put down16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life,women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,”according to Dr.Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.In several of thestudies,when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed,their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.“It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well.It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr.Yehuda.“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes,“it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.“I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations,by,unfortunately, parents or other family members,and they tend not to be one-shot deals.The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at18and gave birth to a son,but was determined to finish college.“I struggled a lot to get the college degree.I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school,and get ahead and do better.”Later,her marriage ended and she became a single mother.“It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager,have a job,pay the rent,pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations,with few breaks,and feeling the strain.Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.Dr.Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.[D]are exposed to more stress.23.According to Paragraph4,the stress women confront tends to be[A]domestic and temporary.[B]irregular and violent.[C]durable and frequent.[D]trivial and random.24.The sentence“I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)shows that[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Strain of Stress:No Way Out?[B]Responses to Stress:Gender Difference[C]Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say[D]Gender Inequality:Women Under StressText2It used to be so straightforward.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal.A journal editor would then remove the authors’names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.Depending on the comments received,the editor would accept the paper for publication or declineit.Copyright rested with the journal publisher,and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer.The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies,who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it–is making access to scientific results a reality.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this.The report,by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have,so far,made handsome profits.But it goes further than that.It signals a change in what has,until now,been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends,in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.It is big business.In America,the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between$7billionand$11billion.The International Association of Scientific,Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000publishers worldwide specializing in thesesubjects.They publish more than1.2million articles each year in some16,000 journals.This is now changing.According to the OECD report,some75%of scholarly journals are now online.Entirely new business models are emerging;three main ones were identified by the report’s authors.There is the so-called big deal,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.There is open-access publishing,typically supported by asking the author(or his employer)to pay for the paper to bepublished.Finally,there are open-access archives,where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three,such as delayed open-access,where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months,before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process,at least for the publication of papers.26.In the first paragraph,the author discusses[A]the background information of journal editing.[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D]the traditional process of journal publication.27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A]It criticizes government-funded research.[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.28.According to the text,online publication is significant in that[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.With the open-access publishing model,the author of a paper is required to[A]cover the cost of its publication.[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.[D]complete the peer-review before submission.30.Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text3In the early1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association(NBA)listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of42.The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,longer frames.The trend in sports,though,may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:Americans have generally stopped growing.Though typically about two inches taller now than140years ago,today’s people–especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S.for many generations–apparently reached their limit in the early1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller.“In the general population today,at this genetic,environmental level,we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,”says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.In the case of NBA players,their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of20,demands calories and nutrients–notably, protein–to feed expanding tissues.At the start of the20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have,on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every20years,a pattern known as the secular trend in height.Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,average height–5′9″for men,5′4″for women–hasn’t really changed since1960.Genetically speaking,there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.Moreover,even though humans have been upright for millions of years,our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.“There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,”says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change,but don’t expect this to happen soon.Claire C.Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,Mass.,ensures that90percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.She says that,unlike those for basketball,the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31.Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C]compare different generations of NBA players.[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32.Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A]Genetic modification.[B]Natural environment.[C]Living standards.[D]Daily exercise.33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.The text intends to tell us that[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text4In1784,five years before he became president of the United States,George Washington,52, was nearly toothless.So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw–having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998,which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.And only over the past30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything,the historians say,the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing,the South could not afford to part with its slaves.Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account,”says Wiencek,author of An Imperfect God:George Washington,His Slaves, and the Creation of America.The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the“peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of1800by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.Once in office,Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in1803;the new land was carved into13states,including three slave states. Still,Jefferson freed Hemings’s children–though not Hemings herself or his approximately150 other slaves.Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36.George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S.history.[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.We may infer from the second paragraph that[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B]in its early days the U.S.was confronted with delicate situations.[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C]Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)是⼤家⽹原创出品Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)是⼤家⽹原创出品Grammar,punctuation,and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)是⼤家⽹原创出品Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44)是⼤家⽹原创出品These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)是⼤家⽹原创出品Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–working to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with afinal impression.[C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems. [D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developed a topic intoa tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you havemade.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how thesetting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likelydiscover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,but(46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence,and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit,such as distinguished Huxley.(47)He asserted,also,that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited,for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.His memory,too,he described as extensive,but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.This,he thought,could not be true,becausethe“Origin of Species”is one long argument from the beginning to the end,and has convinced many able men.No one,he submits,could have written it without possessing somepower of reasoning.He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention,and of common sense or judgment,such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,but not,I believe,in any higher degree.”(49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was“superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention,and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him greatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictures had given him considerable, and music very great,delight.In1881,however,he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.”(50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob,your landlord there.Write him a letter to1)make an apology,and2)suggest a solution.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the/doc/b4e5aed4c57da26925c52cc58bd63186bceb92df.html e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2008年全国硕⼠研究⽣招⽣考试英语（⼀）答案详解Section I Use of English⼀、⽂章总体分析这是⼀篇议论⽂。
2008年MBA联考 考研英语二真题及答案解析
2008年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试2008考研英语二试题Section I VocabularyDirections:There are20incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Oil is an important______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertileThe high living standards of the US cause its present population to____25percent of the world’s oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3.You shouldn’t be so___---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4.Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the___of art for later generations.A.philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5.Member states had the option to____from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6.The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of____irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7.Williams had not been there during the___moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8.Travel around Japan today,and one sees foreign residents a wide____of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9.Modern manufacturing has___a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10.Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past40years and is____only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11.Voices were____as the argument between the two motorists became morebad-tempered.swollen B.increased C.developed D.raised12.Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health,___others will take a longer time.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.whereas13.My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very___about the food he eats.A.specialB.peculiarC.particularD.unusual14.Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t____a disastrous flood200.000 years ago,according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A.uponB.withC.inD.for15.The water prize is an international award that__outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A.recognizesB.requiresC.releasesD.relays16.In its14years of_¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬____,the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A.enduranceB.emergenceC.existenceD.eminence17.His excuse for being late this morning was his car had__in the snow.A.started upB.got stuckC.set backD.stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches(螳螂)would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A.In view ofB.Thanks toC.In case ofD.Contrary to19.Consciously or not,ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still_____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A.fit in withB.look down onC.cling toD.hold back20.As you can see by yourself,things____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A.turned inB.turned outC.turned upD.turned downSection II Cloze(10points)Directions:Read the following pa/ssage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site,in which athletes_21__different nations compete against each other in a__22_of sports.There are two types of Olympics,the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to__23__the Olympics,a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee(IOC).After all proposals have been_24___,the IOC votes.If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote,the city with the fewest votes is eliminated,and voting continues with__25__rounds,until a majority winner is determined.Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance,__26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games.In selecting the_27__of the Olympic Games,the IOC considers a number of factors,chief among them which city has,or promises to build,the best facilities,and which organizing committee seems most likely to_28__the Games effectively.The IOC also_29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games._30__,Tolkyo,Japan,the host of the1964Summer Games,and Mexico city,Mexico,the host of the1968summer Games,were chosen_31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide,the IOC in recent years has also taken into_33__the host city’s time zone._34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada,for example,American television networks are willing to pay_35___higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events__36____,in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded.It is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them.This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television___38_ and with corporate sponsorships,ticket sales,and other smaller revenue sources.In many__39___ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games,the Olympics can be financially__40___.When the revenues from the Games were less than expected,the city was left with large debts.21.A.in B.for C.of D. from22.A.lot B.number C.variety D. series23.A.host B.take C.run D. organize24.A.supported B.submitted C.substituted D. subordinated25.A.suggestive B.successful C.successive D. succeeding26.A.letting B.setting C.permitting D. allowing27.A.site B.spot C.location D. place28.A.state B.stage C.start D. sponsor29.A.thinks B.reckons C.considers D. calculates30.A.For instance B.As a result C.In brief D.On the whole31.A.in time B.in part C.in case D.in common32.A.Since B.Because C.As for D. Because of33.A.amount B.account C.accord D. acclaim34.A.However B.Whatever C.Whenever D. Wherever35.A.greatly B.handsomely C.meaningfully D. significantly36.A.live B.living C.alive D. lively37.A.Until B.Unless C.Whether D. Once38.A.incomes B.interests C.revenues D. returns39.A.cases B.conditions C.chances D. circumstances40.A.safe B.risky C.tempting D. feasibleSectionⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Questions41to45are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip.Starting a year ago,MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff,including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat.Having announced his aim(the house)in advance,MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power.“My whole motto(座右铭)was‘Start small,think big,and have fun’,”says MacDonald,26,“I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was,barter is now big business on the Net.This year more than400,000companies worldwide will exchange some$10billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites.These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency,which they can use to buy goods from other members.In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries.TheTroc-services exchange in France offers more than4,600services,from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system.By creating currencies,the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer,publisher of BarterNews,calls“the double coincidence of wants.”That is,two parties once not only had to find each other,but also an exchange of goods that both desired.Now,they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity.For example,advertising is“hugely bartered”because many media,particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover,Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics,because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay,most barter sites allow members to“grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on..Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades.Next year,a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in Nairobi,offering barter deals to38,000Kenyan farmers in remote areas.Two small planes will deliver the goods.QL2director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be“liberated from corrupt middlemen.”For them,barter evokes a bright future,not a precapitalist past.41.The word“techies”(Line4,Para1)probably refers to those who are＿＿＿.A.afraid of technologyB.skilled in technologyC.ignorant of technologyD.incompetent in technology42.Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they＿＿＿.A.were impressed by his creativityB.were eager to identify with his mottoC.liked his goal announced in advanceD.hoped to prove the power of the Internet43.The Internet barter system relies heavily on＿＿＿.A.the size of barter stiesB.the use of virtual currencyC.the quality of goods or servicesD.the location of trading companies]44.It is implies that Internet advertisements can help＿＿＿.panies make more profitpanies do formal exchangesC.media register in statisticsD.media grade barter sites45.Which of the follow is true of QL2according to the author?A.It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B.It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C.It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D.It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions46to50are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence:New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all.Yet the murder of three young people,who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August4th,has shaken the city.A fourth,who survived,was stabbed and shot in the face.The four victims were by all accounts good kids,all enrolled in college,all with a future.But the cruel murder,it seems,has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations,like Stop Shooting,have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings.Yusef Ismail,its co-founder,says the group has been goingdoor-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence.They hope to get50,000to promise to“stop shooting,start thinking,and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation,which was launched last month,announced on August14th that it will help pay for Community Eye,a surveillance(监视)system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor13months ago with a mission to revitalize the city, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city.More than30cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further50will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where80%of the city’s recent shootings have occurred.And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected,the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot.Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings.Mr.Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr.Booker,as well as church leaders and others,believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness.For generations,Newark has been paralyzed by poverty----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical.Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems:over60%of children are in homes without fathers.The schoolsystem,taken over by the state in1995,is a mess.But there is also some cause for hope.Since Mr. Booker was elected,there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development.Only around7%of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark;now,a year,the figure is30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime.So far this year,crime has fallen 11%and shootings are down30%(through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46.What happened in Newark,New Jersey on August4th?A.The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B.Four young people were killed in a school playground.C.The new mayor of Newark took office.D.Four college students fell victim to violence.47.Judging from the context,the“Community Eye”(Line5,Para2)is_____A.a watching system for gun crimeB.a neighborhood protection organizationC.an unprofitable community businessD.a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problemsEXCEPT_____A.violenceB.floodC.povertyD.indifference49.Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be______A.idealisticB.impracticalC.effectiveD.fruitless50.The best title for the passage may be_____A.Stop Shooting,Start Thinking,and Keep LivingB.Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC.A Mission to Revitalize the CityD.Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions51to55are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships,36percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner.While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship,in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce,men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy,regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult,even more so when children are involved.The lack of permanency in relationships,jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner;in other words,an”escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique.She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day,she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband.She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible$100,000on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.”He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong.I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is,but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers,Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad.Take Colleen for example,who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner.”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own.I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings,he was a little suspicious of my motives.I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship.I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future.It’s sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.”51.The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A.escape fund helps one through rainy daysB.days are getting harder and harderC.women are money sensitiveD.financial conflicts often occur52.The word“savvy”(Line2,Para2)probably means_______A.suspiciousB.secureC.shrewdD.simple53.Which inference can we make about Margaret?A.She is a unique woman.B.She was once divorced.C.She is going to retire.D.She has many children.54.The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A.any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB.privacy within marriage should be respectedC.everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD.financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55.Which of the following best summary this passage?A.Secret SaversB.Love Is What It’s WorthC.Banking HonestyD.Once Bitten,Twice ShyQuestions56to60are based on the following passage:“The word‘protection’is no longer taboo(禁忌语)”.This short sentence,uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month,may have launched a new era in economic history. Why?For decades,Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good.Doing so,they reasoned,would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare.Championing free trade thus became a moral,not just an economic,cause.These leaders,of course,weren’t acting out of unselfishness.They knew their economies were the most competitive,so they’d profit most from liberalization.And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity.Today, however,the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it.The West continues to preach free trade,but practices it less and n,meanwhile,continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important:he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates.The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade,though few leaders admit it.Some economists are more honest.Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning.In the short run,there will be winners and losers under free trade.This,of course,is what capitalism is all about.But more and more of these losers will be in the West,Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter,who said that‘creative destruction”was an essential part of capitalist growth.But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there.When Western workers began losing jobs,suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles,Things have yet to reverse completely.But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy(虚伪)is not in itself a serious problem.The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic andfinancial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization.Lock at what’s happening at the IMF(International Monetary Fund)The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director.But all too often,Western officials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade:Sadly,they have yet to do so.Unless Asians speak out,however,there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world,could gradually die.And that would leave all of us,worse off,in one way or another.56.It can be inferred that“protection”(Line1,Para.1)means________A.improving economic efficiency.B.ending the free-trade practiceC.lowering moral standardD.raising trade tariffs57.The Western leaders preach free trade because________A.it is beneficial to their economiesB.it is supported by developing countriesC.it makes them keep faith in their principlesD.it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58.By“the tables have turned”(Line3-4,Para.2)the author implies that________A.the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB.the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC.the developed economies have turned less competitiveD.the developing economies have become more independent59.The Western economies used to like the idea of“creative destruction”becauseit________A.set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB.was an essential part of capitalist developmentC.contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD.was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60.The author uses“IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that_______A.European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB.there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC.global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD.European countries’interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection IV TranslationDirections:In this section there is a paragraph in English.Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)The term”business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet,business planning usually meant producing a single forecast.At best,you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection.The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart,its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which.your business depended-for example,what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes,you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole.In other words,you could model the behavior of a business.Before the computer changed the nature of business planning,most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design.By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics,spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections:In this part,you are asked to write a composition according to the information below.You should write more than150words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。
(.)2(.)08年考研英语二真题试卷及答案
2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3. You shouldn’t be so ___ ---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations.A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents a wide ____ of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11. V oices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.A.swollenB. increasedC. developedD. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very ___about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t ____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The water prize is an international award that __outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. In its 14 years of _--------____, the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had __ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches (螳螂) would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A . turned in B. turned out C. turned up D. turned down Section II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes _21__different nations compete against each other in a __22_ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to __23__the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee (IOC). After all proposals have been _24___, the IOC votes. If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues with __25__rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the _27__of theOlympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to _28__the Games effectively.The IOC also _29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. _30__,Tolkyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico city, Mexico, the host of the 1968 summer Games , were chosen _31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into _33__the host city’s time zone. _34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay _35___ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36____, in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded. It is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television ___38_ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39___ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40___. When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1 .(40 points)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto (座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun’, ”says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. ”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.”That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered”because many media, particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on.. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter globaltrades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright futu re, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ___.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ___.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ___.A. the size of barter stiesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help ___.A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shooting, have been floodedwith offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shooting, start thinking, and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city , believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty ----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye”(Line5,Para2)is_____A. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____A. violenceB. floodC. povertyD. indifference49. Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be ______A. idealisticB. impracticalC. effectiveD. fruitless50. The best title for the passage may be _____A. Stop Shooting, Start Thinking, and Keep LivingB. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship , in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an ”escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100,000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.”He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her ownmoney.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. ”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal finan cial security.”51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A. escape fund helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy”(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique woman.B. She was once divorced.C. She is going to retire.D. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summary this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’is no longer taboo (禁忌语)”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiencyand productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asian, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West, Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter, who said that ‘creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles, Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy (虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Loc k at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund) The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western of ficials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade: Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us, worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection”(Line 1, Para.1) means________A. improving economic efficiency.B. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because________A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned”(Line 3-4,Para.2) the author implies that________A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economies used to like the idea of “creative destruction”because it________A. set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that_______A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’interests are being ignored by economic leaders Section IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a paragraph in English .Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points) The term ”business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what- if questions about the critical assumptions on which. your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any changewould play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。
2008年英语真题
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each num bered blank and m ark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that som e groups of people may be m ore intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that som e diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is m ore intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a parti cular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than m ost people from a number of nast y genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The form er has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] m ean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] m oreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] m eanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] com bined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to m en in som e spheres of modern life, wom en appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ―Wom en are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce m ore of the trigger chem icals than do m ales under the sam e conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out fem ale rats had their ovaries (the fem ale reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses becam e equal to those of the m ales.Adding to a wom an’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased ―opportunities‖ for stress. ―It’s not necessarily that wom en don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much m ore to cope with,‖ says Dr. Yehuda. ―Their capacity for tolerating stress m ay even be greater than m en’s,‖ she observes, ―it’s just that they’re deali ng with so m any m ore things that they becom e worn out from it m ore visibly and sooner.‖Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ―I think that the kinds of things that wom en are exposed to tend to be in m ore of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to com bat stress. Men are exposed to m ore acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that wom en are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other fam ily m embers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that com es from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.‖Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ―I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was m y escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.‖ Later, her m arriage ended and she becam e a single mother. ―It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car paym ent, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But m ost wom en today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alv arez’s experience dem onstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Wom en are biologically more vulnerab le to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by m en.[C] Women are m ore experienced than m en in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that wom en[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to m ore stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress wom en confront tends to be[A] dom estic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence ―I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖ (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but m aking money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered he r household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Wom en Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal edit or would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it –is m aking access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, m ade handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key elem ent of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investm ent in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In Am erica, the core scientific publishing m arket is estim ated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers saysthat there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in som e 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, som e 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three m ain ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for acc ess to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his em ployer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before m aking it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective m eans of publication.[C] It upsets profit-m aking journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it em phasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investm ent in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] com plete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the m ain idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is em erging.[C] Authors welcom e the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and m anagers have been m orethan willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer fram es.The trend in sports, though, m ay be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Am ericans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for m any generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. ―In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty m uch gone as far as we can go,‖ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, dem ands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women –hasn’t really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. ―There are som e real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,‖ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic m aximu ms can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Arm y Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of m ilitary uniforms has not changed for som e time. And if you need to predict hum an height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, ―you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.‖31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an exam ple to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] com pare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievem ents of fam ous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the t ext?[A] Genetic m odification.[B] Natural environm ent.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statem ents would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Am ericans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Am ericans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to becom e taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garm ent industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsm en.[D] the existing data of hum an height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of hum an he ight follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even m ore predictable.[C] Am ericans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Am ericans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he becam e president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the m ouths of his slaves.That’s a far different im age from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember f rom their history books. But recently, m any historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence m ade available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the m oral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that m any of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their tim e. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the ―peculiar i nstitution,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a m an for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesm en’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths form ula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the preside ntial election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jeff erson freed Hemings’s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all m enwere created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcam e the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primit ive m edical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political com promises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thom as Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father m ade him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was com plex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Som e Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] m oral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been rem oved. For Questions 41—45, choose the m ost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fi t in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The tim e for sharpening penc ils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) -------Be flexible. Your outline should sm oothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ------- Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing m ost often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search forerrors.(43) ------- Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few sim ple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ------- These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete m aterial that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote ―The A & P as a State of Mind‖ wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward wom en. (45) -------Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many tim es – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To m ake revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs dem and equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth rem embering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their dat a on disks and print their pages each tim e they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It m akes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have m ade.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of inclu ding that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P ―policy‖ he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in ―A & P,‖ the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a m eans of thinking about what you want to say, youwill very likely discover m ore than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to com pose a perfectly correct draft the first tim e around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segm ent s into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin him self speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with m athem atics. His m emory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by som e of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the ―Origin of Species‖ is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced m any able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that ―I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.‖ (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was ―superior to the common run of m en in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.‖Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of m any kinds gave him great pleasure. Form erly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: ―Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost m y taste for pictures or music.‖ (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and m ore probably to the m oral character. Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just com e back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) m ake an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended m eaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2002考研英语二真题及答案
2002考研英语二真题及答案考研英语二对于很多准备考研的同学来说，那可真是一场“硬仗”！就拿 2002 年的考研英语二真题来说，它就像一个神秘的宝库，藏着各种各样的挑战和机遇。
我还记得有个同学叫小李，他为了准备考研英语二，那可是下了大功夫。
每天早上天还没亮，就爬起来背单词。
有一次，我去他家，看到他的书桌上堆满了各种英语资料，其中就有 2002 年的考研英语二真题。
咱们先来说说这真题的阅读理解部分。
那文章的题材五花八门，有科技的、社会的、文化的，就像一个小小的世界缩影。
比如说有一篇讲的是关于新型能源的发展，里面的专业术语可真不少，要是词汇量不过关，读起来那叫一个吃力。
再看看翻译题，那句子的结构复杂得让人眼花缭乱。
有一个句子，我现在都记得，“The rapid development of technology has not only changed the way we live but also has a profound impact on our thinking patterns” 要把这样的句子翻译准确，还得通顺，可真不容易。
还有作文，题目常常是贴近生活但又有一定深度。
像“谈谈你对网络教育的看法”，这不仅要考查你的语言表达能力，还得看你有没有清晰的思路和独特的见解。
答案呢，也是暗藏玄机。
有的答案看似简单，其实背后有很多语法和词汇的知识点。
比如说一道选择题，四个选项看起来都差不多，可仔细一分析，就能发现细微的差别。
小李就曾经因为一道完形填空题纠结了好久。
那道题的四个选项意思都很接近，他在那反复琢磨，一会儿查词典，一会儿又对照语法书，最后终于找到了正确答案，那种兴奋的劲儿就别提了。
总的来说，2002 年考研英语二真题就像一个严厉的老师，考验着每一个考生的知识和能力。
但只要我们认真准备，多做练习，就能在这场考试中取得好成绩。
就像小李，经过不懈的努力，最终在考研英语中取得了不错的分数。
所以啊，同学们，别害怕真题的挑战，勇敢地去面对它，相信自己一定能战胜它！。
2008年考研英语二真题试卷及答案
2008年考研英语二（MBA联考）真题试卷及答案Section I V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)1. Oil is an important ______material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A rawB bleakC flexibleD fertile2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ____ 25 percent of the world’s oil.A assumeB consumeC resumeD presume3. You shouldn’t be so ___ ---I didn’t mean anything bad in what I said.A sentimentalB sensibleC sensitiveD sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ___ of art for later generations.A. philosophy B concept C viewpoint D theme5. Member states had the option to ____ from this agreement with one year’s notice.A denyB objectC suspectD withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ____ irritation.A mutualB optionalC neutralD parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ___ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A superiorB rigorousC vitalD unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents a wide ____ of jobs.A rangeB fieldC scaleD area9. Modern manufacturing has ___ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A translatedB transformedC transferredD transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ____ only by flood.A exceededB excelledC excludedD extended11. V oices were ____as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.A.swollenB. increasedC. developedD. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to prefect health, ___others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn’t very ___about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren’t ____a disastrous flood 200.000 years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The water prize is an international award that __outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. In its 14 years of _--------____, the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had __ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18.____widespread belief cockroaches (螳螂) would not take over the world if there were no around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still _____the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ____to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A . turned in B. turned out C. turned up D. turned down Section II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes _21__different nations compete against each other in a __22_ of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the winter Olympics.In order to __23__the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the international Olympic committee (IOC). After all proposals have been _24___, the IOC votes. If one city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues with __25__rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, __26__the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the _27__of theOlympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to _28__the Games effectively.The IOC also _29__which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. _30__,Tolkyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico city, Mexico, the host of the 1968 summer Games , were chosen _31__to popularize the Olympic movement In Asia and in Latin America._32__the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into _33__the host city’s time zone. _34__the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay _35___ higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events __36____, in prime viewing hours.___37__the Games have been awarded. It is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television ___38_ and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many __39___ there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially __40___. When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the city was left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. in case D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1 .(40 points)Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto (座右铭) was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun’, ”says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. ”Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400,000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls “the double coincidence of wants.”That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is “hugely bartered”because many media, particularly on the Web can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don’t register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to “grade”trading partners for honesty quality and so on.. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter globaltrades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38,000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be “liberated from corrupt middlemen.” For them, barter evokes a bright futu re, not a precapitalist past.41. The word “techies” (Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ___.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ___.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ___.A. the size of barter stiesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help ___.A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the follow is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey’s biggest city has seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shooting, have been floodedwith offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50,000 to promise to “stop shooting, start thinking, and keep living.”The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance(监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the city , believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square mile area where 80% of the city’s recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes(or hopes)that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty ----almost one in three people lives below the poverty line----and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the “Community Eye”(Line5,Para2)is_____A. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48.We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT_____A. violenceB. floodC. povertyD. indifference49. Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be ______A. idealisticB. impracticalC. effectiveD. fruitless50. The best title for the passage may be _____A. Stop Shooting, Start Thinking, and Keep LivingB. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. Violent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 percent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship , in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an ”escape fund”.Margaret’s story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100,000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he’d hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn’t sure of the marriage.”He’d think it was my escape fun so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure.”Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her ownmoney.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. ”I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”“When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund that I feel very secure in out relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It’s sensible to build and protect your personal finan cial security.”51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because______A. escape fund helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word “savvy”(Line2,Para 2)probably means_______A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique woman.B. She was once divorced.C. She is going to retire.D. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen’s example to show_____A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summary this passage?A. Secret SaversB. Love Is What It’s WorthC. Banking HonestyD. Once Bitten, Twice ShyQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:“The word ‘protection’is no longer taboo (禁忌语)”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiencyand productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren’t acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they’d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned---though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asian, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That’s why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debates. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in tree trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West, Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Jonoph Schumpeter, who said that ‘creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles, Things have yet to reverse completely. But there’s clearly a negative trend in a Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy (虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Loc k at what’s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund) The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western of ficials put their own interests above everyone else’s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today’s global economy-to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade: Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there’s a real danger that Adam Smith’s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us, worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that “protection”(Line 1, Para.1) means________A. improving economic efficiency.B. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because________A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By “the tables have turned”(Line 3-4,Para.2) the author implies that________A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economies used to like the idea of “creative destruction”because it________A. set a long-term rather than short-turn goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. contained a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses “IMF”was an example to illustrate the point that_______A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries’interests are being ignored by economic leaders Section IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a paragraph in English .Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points) The term ”business model”first came into widespread use with the invention of personal computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序).Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. You could ask what- if questions about the critical assumptions on which. your business depended-for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?-and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any changewould play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spread sheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section V WritingDirections: In this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the information below. You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 . (20 points)以往许多人报考成人高校，是为了圆文凭梦。
02-08年英语在职历年真题及答案
02-08年英语在职历年真题及答案2002年在职攻读硕士学位全国联考英语试题Paper OnePart I Vocabulary and Structure(25 minutes，10 points)Directions：There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section．For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A，B，C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence．Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．1．Experiments in the photography of moving objects in both the United Statesand Europe well before 1990．A．have been conducting B．wereconductingC．had been conducted D．areconducted2．After long negotiations，the firm to build a double-purpose bridge across theriver．A．contracted B．contactedC．consulted D．convinced 3．Diderot was also a philosophical materialist，that thought developed from themovements and changes of matter．A．believing B．have been locatedC．believes D．be locating4．We felt to death because we could make nothing of the lecturer’s speech．A．exposed B．tiredC．exhausted D．bored5．The population of many Alaskan cities has doubled in the past three years．A．larger than B．more than C．asgreat as D．as many as6．It was very difficult to build a power station in the deep valley，but it as wehad hoped．A．came off B．went offC．brought out D．made out7．A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult，he is likely to smile andreach out to another infant．A．if B．whenever C．sothat D．whereas8．Christmas is a holiday usually celebrated on December 25th the birth of JesusChrist．A．in accordance with B．in terms ofC．in favor of D．in honor of 9．Weather ，there will be an open air party with live music here this weekend．A．permits B．should permitC．will permit D．permitting 10．When workers are organized in trade unions，employers find it hard to laythem ．.A．off B．asideC．out D．down11．The symbols of mathematics we are most familiar are the signs ofaddition，subtraction，multiplication，division and equality．A．to which B．whichC．with which D．in which12．The machines in this workshop are not regulated but are jointlycontrolled by a central computer system．A．inevitably B．individuallyC．irrespectively D．irregularly 13．We are sure that to do this face to face，he would find it difficult to expresshimself without losing his temper．A．were he to try B．would he tryC．was he trying D．if he triesl4．The local people were joyfully surprised to find the prices of vegetables no longeraccording to the weather．A．evaluated B．convertedC．fluctuated D．modifiedl5．he realized it was already too late for us to return home．A．No sooner it grew dark whenB．Hardly it grew dark thanC．It was not until dark thatD．Scarcely it grew dark than16．Without computer network，it would be impossible to carry on any businessoperation in the advanced countries．A．practically B．preferablyC．precisely D．possibly17．will Mr．Forbes be able to regain control of the company．A．With hard work B．As regardshis hard workC．Only if he works hard D．Despite hishard Work18．From the incident they have learned a lesson：decisions often lead tobitter regrets．A．urgent B．hastyC．instant D．prompt19．What the teacher of the science class does and says of great importance to thestudents at college．A．was B．areC．is D．were20．The Chinese community there，consisting of67 000 ，is the largest concentrationof Chinese outside Asia．A．visitors B．workersC．adults D．inhabitantsPart II Reading Comprehension(70 minutes，40 points)Directions：There are 5 passages in this part．Each of the passages is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are 4 choices marked A，B，C and D．Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．Passage OneIn the United States the way people spend their leisure time is an important part of their identity．Perhaps everybody does nearly the same thing all day in the office or the factory，but leisure time is what makes people distinct and reveals who they are．Some people like rockmusic，for example，and others may like jazz or classical music．Some people are runners or swimmers，and others are“couch(睡椅)potatoes”who“surf”the television channels with a remote control．Some go to museums while others spend long hours at a shopping centre．These kinds of choices are ways that people define themselves．It hasn’t always been this way．“Leisure time”was almost unknown in the United States in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries．When most people worked on farms，the workday was from sunrise to sunset every day except Sunday，which was devoted to church．Later，with the rise of factories and city populations，people worked equally long hours and had only Sunday for rest．Some people did many of the things then that they do now—attend concerts，have parties，go to restaurants．read novels，or play sports—but to a much lesser extent.Slowly，throughout the twentieth century，leisure time grew．Technology made farm workless burdensome．and changes in laws shortened the factory work day and week．New inventions such as the phonograph(留声机)and the radio gave people access to music and mass entertainment on a scale unknown before．People gradually became consumers of entertainment，and businesses competed fiercely for their dollars．For many people leisure time means going somewhere—to a museum , to a concert , to a restaurant, or to a baseball game , for example. Or it means doing something such as playing volleyball，backpacking，swimming，biking，or playing in a park with their children．For other people free time means staying home with wonderful sources of entertainment，such as a VCR，stereo(立体声系统)，or cable TV with dozens of channels．Others pursue creative activities such as cooking，gardening，and home improvement．The latest stay-at-home activity is “surfing the net”—that is．looking for information and entertainment on the Internet．People in the United States are basically not much different from others in what they do in their leisure time．The real difference may lie in the energy，time，money，and sheer enthusiasm that they devote to it．21．“Couch potatoes”in paragraph 1 refers to those who ．A．control their viewing of TV programs B．are happy watching situation comedies C．watch TV while eating potato chips D．are crazy about watching TV programs 22．According to the passage，in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries，some Americans ．A．worked from sunrise to sunset seven days a weekB．preferred working in factories to working on farmsC．had many of the leisure time activities that people now haveD．fought for shorter working hours and more leisure time23．Apart from technology，the growing leisure time throughout the twentieth century is also due to．A．changes in laws B．mass entertainmentC．new types of consumption D．competitive businesses24．In terms of leisure time activities，people in the United States．A．enjoy a larger variety than people in other countriesB．are not much different from people in other countriesC．enjoy more stay—at—home activities such as“surfing the net’’D．are less energetic and enthusiastic than othersPassage TwoWhether you are logging on to your personal computer，using a credit card，or disarming a door security system，passwords orPINs(personal identification numbers)jealously guard access to numerous regular operations．It is estimated that within ten years，consumers could be faced with handling more than 100 passwords! Given the popularity of passwords，how Can you choose ones that are sufficiently complicated to be secure yet are simple enough to remember?There are basic guidelines to bear in mind．First，the don’ts．Don’t use as a password your name or that of a member of your family，even in modified form．Also avoid use of your telephone number，your Social Security number，or your address．Such information Can easily be obtained by a determined hacker(黑客)．In addition，if possible，don’t use passwords made up entirely of letters or digits．A relatively simple computer program can crack such a code quickly．Finally，do not use a word that can be found in any dictionary，even a foreign-language one．Huge lists areavailable that contain words，place names，and proper names from all languages．Programs can test for variations of these words，such as if they are spelled backward，capitalized，or combined．So，what kinds of passwords should be used? Usually ones that have a minimum of six to eight characters and that have a mixture of upper—and lower-case letters，digits，and punctuation(标点)symbols．How difficult is it to crack such a combination of characters? One source says that“a machine that could try one million passwords per second would require，on the average，over one hundred years．”How can you choose a combination that is easy to remember?Some suggest that you take the title of a favorite book or film or a line from a song or poem and use the first letter from each word as your password，adding capital letters，punctuation，or other characters．For example，“to be or not to be”could become“2B／not2B”．Other suggestions include taking twoshort words and link them with a punctuation character．such as“High。
考研英语真题及答案解析(2008年卷二)
that 大 2 家 bird, a scientist who works independently 大 3 家 any institution. He helped
popularize the idea that some diseases not 大 4 家 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.
[B] disproportionately [D] unaccountably
12. [A] missions
[B] fortunes
[C] interests
[D] careers
13. [A] affirm
[B] witness
[C] observe
[D] approve
学诚考研资料
考研资料
2008 年全国研究生入学考 试（二）及参考答案 （精校版）
英语
学诚考研资料
2008 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
2008年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2008年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 【B1】to say it anyway. He is that 【B2】bird, a scientist who works independently 【B3】any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 【B4】thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 【B5】he, however, might tremble at the 【B6】of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 【B7】that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 【B8】are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 【B9】12-15 points above the 【B10】value of 100, and have contributed 【B11】to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 【B12】of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 【B13】. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 【B14】, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 【B15】to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 【B16】education. The latter was seen as a (an) 【B17】of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 【B18】. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 【B19】them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 【B20】state of affairs.1．【B1】A．selectedB．preparedC．obligedD．pleased正确答案：B解析：考查动词搭配和语义。
2002年考研英语真题及答案
2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections：This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English。
You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this Section，Part A，Part B and Part C。
Remember，while you are doing the test，you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1。
Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For Questions 1 —5，you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch。
While you listen，fill out the table with the inf ormation you’ve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table。
2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解
2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解D5、答案：C解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。
Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C6、答案：A解析：本题测试词义搭配。
空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….”“At thought of ”意为“一看到…”；at sight of意为年“一看见”；at cost of 意为“以…的代价”；at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A7、答案：B解析：本题测试动词辨析。
advice意为“建议”；suggest意为“建议，提出’”；protest“主张，断言”；object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B8、答案：D解析：本题测试词组搭配，in progress 意为“进行中”；in fact 意为“事实上”；in need意为“在危难中”；in question 意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“group群体”,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D9. 答案：B解析：本题考查动词辨析。
从该句中的12-15 points 可知，前面的动词是与分数相关的。
score的意思是得分，打分，而其他三项没有这层意思。
故答案为B。
10. 答案：C解析：本题考查形容词辨析。
文中提到这组人IQ测试得分比100分高12-15分，按照常识，100分是平均分，mean的意思是平均的。
所以答案为C。
11. 答案：B解析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和副词辨析。
disproportionately的意思是不成比例地，不相称地，比例太大(或太小的)。
这句话要传达的意思是这组人做贡献的比例非常大，故答案选B。
12. 答案：D解析：本题考查上下文的逻辑关系和名词辨析。
as引导的状语从句用一些精英(包括科学家)的职业证明前面提到的这组人所做的贡献非常大，career的意思是职业，事业，符合此意，故选D。
2008年考研英语试题及答案
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 they also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 are previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at le ast one undesirable category. ―Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased ―opportunities‖ for stress. ―It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,‖ says Dr. Yehuda. ―Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,‖ she observes, ―it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become wor n out from it more visibly and sooner.‖Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ―I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.‖Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ―I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration t hat that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.‖ Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. ―It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived fr om paycheck to paycheck.‖Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence ―I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖ (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids ofthese three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations –apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. ―In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,‖ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients –notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition andchildhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″for men, 5′4″for women –hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limb s. ―There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,‖ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, ―you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.‖31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extractedthem from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not af ford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without pro tections for the ―peculiar institution,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) -------Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) ------- Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ------- Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.(44) ------- These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions. Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote ―The A & P as a State of Mind‖ wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whethe r Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) -------Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write theintroduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences S ammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P ―policy‖ he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in ―A & P,‖ the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the ―Origin of Species‖ i s one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that ―I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense o r judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.‖ (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was ―superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.‖Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond itpoetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: ―Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.‖ (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2002考研英语二真题及答案
2002考研英语二真题及答案Section II: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened __21__. As was discussed before, it was not __22__ the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic __23__, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the __24__ of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution __25__ up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading __26__ through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures __27__ the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in __28__. It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, __29__, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, __30__ by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, __31__ its impact on the media was not immediately __32__. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as __33__, with display becoming sharper and storage __34__ increasing. They were thought of, like people, __35__ generations, with the distance between generations much __36__.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the __37__ within which we now live. The communications revolution has __38__ both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been __39__ view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed __40__ “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.21. [A] between[B] before[C] since[D] later22. [A] after[B] by[C] during[D] until23. [A] means[B] method[C] medium[D] measure24. [A] process[B] company[C] light[D] form25. [A] gathered[B] speeded[C] worked[D] picked26. [A] on[B] out[C] over[D] off27. [A] of[B] for[C] beyond[D] into28. [A] concept[B] dimension[C] effect[D] perspective29. [A] indeed[B] hence[C] however[D] therefore30. [A] brought[B] followed[C] stimulated[D] characterized31. [A] unless[B] since[C] lest[D] although32. [A] apparent[B] desirable[C] negative[D] plausible33. [A] institutional[B] universal[C] fundamental[D] instrumental34. [A] ability[B] capability[C] capacity[D] faculty35. [A] by means of[B] in terms of[C] with regard to[D] in line with36. [A] deeper[B] fewer[C] nearer[D] smaller37. [A] context[B] range[C] scope[D] territory38. [A] regarded[B] impressed[C] influenced[D] effected39. [A] competitive[B] controversial[C] distracting[D] irrational40. [A] above[B] upon[C] against[D] withSection III: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D] Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stompsover to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.41. To make your humor work, you should ________.[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________.[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________.[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________.[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible45. The best title for the text may be ________.[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics -- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy -- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented -- and human perception far more complicated -- than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work47. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.[A] programs[B] experts[C] devices[D] creatures48. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can ________.[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery[B] interact with human beings verbally[C] have a little common sense[D] respond independently to a changing world49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.[A] make a few decisions for themselves[B] deal with some errors with human intervention[C] improve factory environments[D] cultivate human creativity50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________.[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information[D] best used in a controlled environmentText 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, thiswould increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies -- to which heavy industry has shifted -- have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.[A] global inflation[B] reduction in supply[C] fast growth in economy[D] Iraq’s suspension of exports52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________.[A] price of crude rises[B] commodity prices rise[C] consumption rises[D] oil taxes rise53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________.[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________.[A] optimistic[B] sensitive[C] gloomy[D] scaredText 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,”a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,”to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.58. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________.[A] prolonged medical procedures[B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse[D] insufficient hospital care59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (line 3, paragraph7)?[A] Bold[B] Harmful[C] Careless[D] Desperate60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________.[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section IV: Writing66. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures -- National and International”.In the essay you should1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2) give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume (服装)参考答案Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. sociology2. 19303. 234. religions5. 1954Part B (5 points)6. cameramen/camera men7. a personal visit8. depressed9. among advertisements10. take firm actionPart C (10 points)11. [D] 12. [B] 13. [C] 14. [D] 15. [B]16. [A] 17. [A] 18. [D] 19. [C] 20. [B]Section II: Use of English (10 points)21. [A] 22. [D] 23. [C] 24. [B] 25. [B]26. [A] 27. [D] 28. [D] 29. [C] 30. [B]31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [A] 34. [C] 35. [B]36. [D] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [B] 40. [C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points)41. [C] 42. [B] 43. [D] 44. [D] 45. [A]46. [C] 47. [C] 48. [D] 49. [B] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [D] 53. [D] 54. [A] 55. [A]56. [B] 57. [C] 58. [B] 59. [A] 60. [D]Part B (10 points)61. 难题这一大于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
08年考研英语真题答案
08年考研英语真题答案2008年的考研英语真题是许多考生备考过程中参考的重要资料，下面就将为大家提供2008年考研英语真题的详细答案解析。
阅读理解部分Passage 1文章主要讲述了技术进步对美国产品供给曲线的影响。
技术进步使得产品成本下降，促使供给曲线向右移动。
文章认为，技术进步不仅提高了生产效率，也有助于降低产品价格，提高消费者福利。
答案解析：1. C：根据第二段的第一句话，“Productivity growth, which stems from technological change that enables firms to produce more output from a given amount of inputs, underlies the sustaind growth in real income that supports rising living standards.”2. D：根据第四段的第一句话，“Rather, supply shifts to the right as the knowledge embodied in the invention filters through the economy and enables firms to lower costs and improve their products.”3. B：根据文章最后一段的最后一句话，“As a result, the benefits of technological change largely accrue to consumers.”Passage 2文章主要讲述了经济对于能源开发的需求和相关的环境问题。
文章指出，经济增长和全球人口增加导致能源需求增加，同时也引发了能源开发对环境的冲击。
文章强调需要政府、企业和公众共同努力，找到平衡点，实现经济增长与环境保护的可持续发展。
2008年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2008年考研英语真题和答案解析Section I U se of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. ButGregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have abacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is aboutto do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paperwhich not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligentthan the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.The group in 8 are a particular people originated from centralEurope. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seenas a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously[D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable[D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,”says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from theselonger relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para.5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, suchas delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper isrequired to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations –apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according tothe text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probablyagree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jeffersonhad fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,”including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicatesituations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’slife.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S.history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42)Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search forerrors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space betweenlines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of yourpaper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh offa printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinkingand writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that youhave developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with thethesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A& P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you wantto say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to composea perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing thingswhich easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年考研英语真题答案2008年考研英语真题详细解析完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
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2002Directions：Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET．Since 1981，farmers in Holland have been encouraged to adopt“green”farming techniques that were thought to benefit plant and bird life．Farmers who have voluntarily adopted these measures are compensated by the European Union．The goal of the program is to work against the negative effects of modem fanning，such as declines in species diversity and the disturbance of local nesting grounds．The“green”methods of farming cost the European Union about 1.7 billion Euros annually．This is about 4 percent of the budget for“Common Agricultural Policy,”and the compensation is expected to rise to 10 percent within the next few years．Various forms of“green farming”employed around the world have proved successful, and all new methods thought to be environmentally sensitive should be subject to sound scientific evaluation to determine whether they are actually meeting the intended goals．Part V Writing(30 minutes，15 points)Directions：You are to write in no less than 120 words about the title“What I Consider Important in Life”．Your composition should be based on the Chinese outline given below．1．人生有不同的目标：富有、名气、地位、幸福的家庭等…2．其中我认为重要的是…；理由是…3．结论…2003Paper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The generation gap is so great in Hong Kong that the teenagers there rarely turn to their parents or teachers for advice on anything. Whether it be sex, AIDS, school worries or family problems, adults are not considered up to the job.Until now, no one has asked Hong Kong youth, “What do you think?” Some understanding of the emotions of Hong Kong’s youth, how ever, has come from the work of Dr. Jeffrey Day－at the University of Hong Kong. His survey of young people does not focus, for example, on how many drugs they take-but tries to answer the question why.Dr. Day hopes the results, which he plans to explain in full next week, will reveal what troubles－as well as pleases－today’s high-school students. Conclusions will be passed on not only to government departments but back to the schools which took part.Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Y ou are to write in no less than 120 words about the title “Lifelong Learning”. You should base your composition on the Chinese outline given below:1.终身学习对每个人的重要性。
2.终身学习的方式有多种…3.你认为你应该采取哪种方式，为什么？2004Paper TwoPart V Transl ation (3 0 minutes，l 5 points)Directions：Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translation on the ANSWER SHEETOne of the really nice features about e-mails is that they allow us to send files as attachments to other users．This is a very good thing．If I’m working with a colleague and want to send him an image file or a word file，I can do so very quickly and easily，without having to fax it to him．This saves on long distance bills and printing costs．It also，however，presents a problem，because attachments can take a long time to download．For those of us who pay by the hour for Internet service，unwanted attachments can be quite costly and time-consuming．I once had someone send me fifteen large image files，and it tied up my computer for 20 minutes just to download one of them．So，in short，if you’re going to send an attachment，get permission first．Part VI Writing (30 minutes，15 points)Directions：You are to write in no less than 120 words on the title of “College Students Should (Not)Be Permitted to Live Off Campus”．You are to take a position, either for or against the matter, and give your reasons．You should base your composition on the following Chinese outline．近年来大学生在校外租房居住的现象越来越多，这个问题已引起社会各界的关注。
人们对这一现象的看法不一，各持己见。
1．你对这个问题的观点是…2．理由是……3．结论……2006Part V Translation (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and put your translationon the ANSWER SHEET.Each year in the United States more people are killed or injured in accidents--athome, at work or school, at play, or while traveling-than were killed or injured in theVietnam war. In the early 1990s. about half of these accidental deaths were the resultof motor-vehicle accidents. Other major causes of accidental deaths were falls, fires,and poisoning. On a worldwide basis, accidents involving motor vehicles are theprimary cause of accidental deaths, followed by accidents in industry and in the home.Efforts to lessen or to eliminate the hazardous conditions that cause accidents areknown as safely measures. Safety is a growing concern around the world, and safetyskills are being taken more seriously today than ever before. People have come torealize that safety skills can be learned, and most safety experts agree that it is possibleto predict, and take steps to prevent, the majority of accidents. Few accidents simply "happen". Most are caused by ignorance, carelessness, neglect, or lack of skill.Part VI Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions:You are to write in no less than 120 words about the topic "On the Significance of the Qing-Zang Railroad". Your composition should be based on theChinese clues given below.青藏铁路于今年7月1日通车。