语言学练习Exercise2
语言学练习题 Chapter 2 Linguistics
Chapter Two Linguistics1. Define the following terms.1)syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relation2)langue vs parole3)competence vs performance4)descriptive linguistics vs historical linguistics5)theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics6)deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguistics7)synchronic vs diachronic linguistics8)macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics9)Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguistics2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)( ) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguisticsbecause it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)( ) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3)( ) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky.4)( ) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia.5)( ) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time.6)( ) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not withhow they can be improved.7)( ) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions” what is a language”and “How does a language work”.8)( ) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which showsthe arbitrary nature of languages.9)( ) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of soundand a system of meaning.10)( ) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker.11)( ) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas.12)( ) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehendingan infinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.13)( ) Hall iday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of paroleand performance14)( ) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development oflanguage.15)( ) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject topersonal and situational constraints.16)( ) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‘ communicative skills.17)( ) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics18)( ) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning.19)( ) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)( ) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of alanguage over a period of time.21)( ) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element inan utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belongingto the same sub-system of the language.22)( ) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rulesof a particular language.23)( ) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)( ) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)( ) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accountsfor the rules of language in general.26)( ) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directlyobservable.27)( ) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)( ) All the English words are not symbolic.29)( ) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)( ) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)( ) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how asentence is formed.32)( ) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)( ) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a languageat a particular point of time.3. Multiple Choice1) ______ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. Chomsky C Bloomfiled D. Sapir2) Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of somepractical problems, the study of such applications is knowns as ________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics3) _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof speech community.A. ParoleB. langue C speech D. writing4) Which of the following is not the major brach of linguisticsA. phonologyB. pragmaticsC. syntax D speech5) ________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics6) Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences amonglanguagesA. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. Comparative linguistics.7） ________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons8) The study of language as a whole is often called ---.A. general linguisticsB. sociolingyusticsC. psycholinguisticsD. applied linguistics9) The study of language meaning is called--.A. syntaxB. semantics C morphology D. pragmatics10) The description of a language at some point in time is a – study.A synchronic B. diachronic C descriptive D. prescriptive4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:1) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community.2) is the actual realization of one’s linguistic knowledge inutterances.3) Modem linguistic is in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.4) The description of a language as it changes through time is a study.5) Saussure put forward two important concepts, refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.6) Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s .7) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2)(3) (4)8) Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.9) The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internalstructure of sentences.10) In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier (sound image) andsignified (concept) is .11) is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interestsin language and society, including the social functions of language and thesocial characteristics of its users.12) The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made bythe American linguist .13) The writing English is. known as the sound writing system while that ofJapanese as ___writing system.14) According to John Lyons, ___ linguistics_ deals with language in generaland _ linguistics is concerned with one particular language.15) In de Saussure’s term, _____ refers to the system of language and _____refers to the speaker’s speech.16) _____ is the science that deals with the sound system.17) Syntax studies two kinds of rules: _____ rules and rules18) Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole orperformance is _____ and directly observable.19) A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.20) ___ ___ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and soundpatterns of his language.21) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about how a word is formed.22) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentenceis grammatical or not.23) ______ knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition about the meaning oflanguage, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.24) ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.25) ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.5. Answer the following questions.1) What is the difference between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics2) What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics Is iteasy to draw a sharp line between them if we look at language closely3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studiesof language Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of language5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.6) What are the main differences between “competence” and “performance”7) What is the major difference between Saussure’s distinction of langue andparole and Chomsky’s distinction of competence and performance what should be studies in linguistics in your opinion and why8) Explain “speech and writing”, and cite two ormore examples.Key to Chapter Two1. Define the following terms.1）syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relationEssentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two dimensions, usually syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic or sequential relations are those holding between elements forming serial structure, or “strings’ as they are sometimes called. In syntax, the horizontal relationship between elements shows how a form (X) combines with others (W + X + Y) in a serial combination.It refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.Paradigmatic relations are those holding between comparable elements at particular places in structures. The vertical or substitutional relationship shows how other different forms (Xa, Xb, Xc) can function in the same place in structure in a paradigmatic relation.2) langue vs paroleSaussure refers “langue” to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers” parole” to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, ., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole andmake them the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on laterlinguists.3) competence vs performance(1)According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and “performance” is the arctual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence.(2)Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.(3) Chomsky’s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, t hough similar to, F. de Saussure’s language parole distinction. Langue is a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguisticsLinguistic study can be divided into descriptive linguistics (synchronic linguistic study) and historical linguistics (diachronic linguistic study). The former refers to the description of a language at a particular point of time in history while the latter, a diachronic study of language, studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguisticsA third dichotomy is that which holds between theoretical and applied linguistics. The former copes with language and languages with a view toestablishing a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications that the investigation of language and languages might have, whereas the latter is chiefly concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks, including language teaching.6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguisticsA linguistic study is descriptive if it only describes and analyzes the facts of language, and it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” language behavior. Linguistic studies before 20th century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on “high” (literary or religious) written records. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive, however, which believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy. These, with changes inlvocabulary and structures, need to be explained distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.7) synchronic vs diachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.The description of a languageat some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study (synchrony). The description of a languageas it changes through timeis a diachronic study (diachrony). An essay entitled” On the Use of THE”, for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguisticsMacrolinguistics falls on the verge of linguistics. It includes the following disciplines: philosophical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Lyons has the same distinction.Microlinguistics concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects ofa language system. Traditional linguistic study describes language system fromtwo aspects —lexicon and grammar. Dictionaries and grammar books are products of such researches and studies.9）Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguisticsComparative historical linguistics draws on the special historical comparison in linguistics to study the historical development of some related languages (languages originating from a uniform ancestry). It is in fact a special part of historical linguistics. Thanks to the development of historical comparative linguistics in 19th century, linguistics comes to be an independent discipline. Contrastive linguistics focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages (relevant or unrelated) by means of comparison and contrastive study. This study belongs to descriptive linguistics. It can help people have a deep understanding of the properties and universal characteristics of different languages and thus exerts great influence on foreign language teaching.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1)(F) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptivelinguistics because it can tell us how to speak correct language.2)(T) Competencce and performance refer respectively to a languageuser’s underlying knowledge ab out the system of rules and the actualuse of language in concrete situations.3)(F) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky. (中国矿业大学，2004)4)(T) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia. (中国矿业大学，2004)5)(F) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time. (中国矿业大学，2004)6)(T) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, notwith how they can be improved. (中国矿业大学，2004)7)(T) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions” what is alanguage” and “How does a language work”. （南京师范大学，2002）8)(F) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, whichshows the arbitrary nature of languages. （中国矿业大学，2002）9)(T) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of soundand a system of meaning. （中国矿业大学，2002）10)(T) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker. （中国矿业大学，2002）11)(F) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information andideas. （中国矿业大学，2002）12)(F) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehendingan infinite set of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.（中国矿业大学，2002）13)(F) Halliday’s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of paroleand performance14)(T) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language.15)(T) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subjectto personal and situational constraints.16)(T) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‘ communicative skills.17)(F) Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics.18)(T) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning.19)(F) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20)(T) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical developmentof a language over a period of time.21)(F) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic elementin an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.22)(F) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describesthe rules of a particular language.23)( T) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24)(F) Competence is more concrete than performance.25)(F) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory whichaccounts for the rules of language in general.26)(T) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is notdirectly observable.27)(T) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28)(T) All the English words are not symbolic.29)(F) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30)(T) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31)(F) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker’s intuition abouthow a sentence is formed.32)(F) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33)(F) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state ofa language at a particular point of time.3. Multiple choice1) – 5): BCBDC 6) – 10): DBABA4. Word completion1) Langue 2) Performance3) descriptive 4) diachronic5) langue 6) competence7) (1) consistency (2) economy (3) objectivity (4) exhaustiveness8) Morphology 9) syntax10) arbitrary 11) socialinguistics12) Chomsky 13) syllabic14) general, descriptive 15) langue, parole16) Phonology 17) phrase structure, transformational18) abstract; concrete 19) syntagmatic20) Phonological 21) Morphological22) Syntactic 23) Semantic24) Phonetics 25) Morphology5. Answer the following questions.1) What is thedifference between general linguistics and descriptive linguisticsThe former deals with language in general, . the whole human language whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language. The former aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general while the latter attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language, such as Chinese, English, French, etc. General Linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other. In the first place, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which any particular language can be described, studied and analyzed. Very often, it may supply several different frameworks for descriptive linguists to choose from. Depending on their different views on language, they may follow one model exclusively or combine two or more models. In the second, the resulting descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguistics. In other words, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other despite their different objects of study and different goals.2) What is the difference between diachronic linguistics Is it easy to drawa sharp line between them if we look at language closely(1) Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but notnecessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory;therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(2) Synchronic/diachronic perspective toward language is one of Saussure’smost central ideas expressed in the form of pairs of Concepts. The former sees languageas a living whole; existing as a “‘state” at a particular moment in time; the latter sees it as a continually changing medium. In this view, it is always necessary to carry out some degree of synchronic work before making a diachronic study: before we can say how a language has changed from state X to state Y, we need to about X and Y. Correspondingly, a synchronic analysis can be made without referring to history. This can be illustrated as Sanssure did using an analogy with a game of chess. A state of the set of chessmen is like a state of language. “The respective value of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms.” On the o ther hand, the value of each piece also;depends on the convention--the set of rules that exists before the game begins. This is like the set of rules that exists in language. A state of the game of chess is momentary just like a state of language change. When one piece is moved, the game passes from one state of equilibrium to the next. This corresponds closely to the situation of language between states. To study this static state is called synchronic linguistics. The moving of one piece is like one type of change in language. The consequence of one move can be very big or small; the same is true with language changes. The player of a chess game is solely concerned with the momentary positions of the pieces; he does not need to remember the previous moves so as to decide the next move. A player who knows the history of the game does not necessarily have more to say about the next move than a man who has just come to the game, ignorant of what has happened before. Similarly, a speaker of a language can learn the languagewell without knowing its historical statesl We can describe a state of a game without bothering the techniques both players have used to bring about the state. Likewise, we can describe the state of a language without knowing its history,3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studiesof language Comment on the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.(1) The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things actually are. The essence of prescriptivism is the notion that one variety of languages has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. Although prescriptivismis still with :us, descriptivism wins more and more understanding. It proposes that the task of the grammarian is to describe, not prescribe——to record the facts of. linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of being language police and trying to. stop language from changing, or imposing on members of a language community the so-called norms of correctness.(2) Weakness of prescriptive grammar (Merits of descriptive grammar). ①The reason why present-day linguists are so insistent about the distinction between the two is simply that traditional grammar was very strongly normativein character, . “you should never use a double-negative”;“you should not split the infinitive” etc. People realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority, stipulated “standards!’. We can appeal neither to logic nor to Latin granunar when it comes to deciding whether something is oris not correct in English. ② Prescriptivism is an individual attitude. The related social attitude that goes to the extreme of prescriptivism is purism, which is something we should guard against. Pure prescriptive grammar will leadto artificial claims that are hard to maintain in light of the facts. While prescriptivists would prefer the use of the past subjunctive after if (If I were you, etc.), it is very difficult to claim that everyone who uses “was” is wrong, especially are the majority in spoken language. While there are still traditionalist grammarians claiming that they are right and half the populationis wrong, most have modified their approach and talk of this form as preferable, or describe it as formal register. ③ The prescriptive attitude seems to ignore the fact that English has evolved over the centuries into what it is today whereas the descriptive attitude seems to be more sensitive to anything that goes on to a certain extent. A language is a living creature. There is no fixed form for any language. No one speaks Shakespearean medieval English today. However, no one says the British today speaks the incorrect English. It will and should change over time.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of languageThe four principles to make a scientific study of language are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy, and objectivity.(1) Exhaustiveness: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. Language is extremely complex; he cannot attempt to describe all aspects of language at once, but to examine one aspect at a time.(2) Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement.(3) Economy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is preferred to a longer or more involved one. The best statements are the shortest possible, which can account most fully for all facts.(4) Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis’of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. He should not omit any linguistic facts because he himself considers there to be “inelegant” or “substandard”. Nor should he conceal facts that do not conform to his generalizations. His aim should be to present his analysis in such a way that every part of it can be tested and verified; not only by himself, but by anyone else who makes a description of different。
语言学教程各章节练习及答案
Exercises to Linguistics外语系黄永亮Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics1.Define the following terms:Langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community.Parole:parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Prescriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct andstandard”behaviour in using language, i.e. to tell people what they shouldday and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Descriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use, it is said to be descriptive;competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: Chomsky defines performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Synchronic: The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study;Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Linguistics：Linguistics may be defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language.language： Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.”2.Does the traffic light system have duality, why?No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combined freely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one to one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, re-stop, green-go and yellow-get ready to go or stop.munication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialexpression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?Less arbitrary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.4.Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite numbers of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. Thus, Chomsky proposed that linguists should focus on the study of competence, not performance. The distinction of the two terms “competence and performance”represents the orientation of linguistic study. So we can say competence and performance is an important distinction in linguistics.5.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in the following basic ways: Firstly, priority is given, as mentioned earlier, to spoken language. Secondly, focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language. Thirdly, modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. Linguists endeavor to state objectively the regularities of a language. They aim at finding out how a language is spoken: they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken. Fourthly, modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguists strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general. These features distinguished modern linguistics from traditional grammar. The two are complementary. Not contradictory. Knowledge of both is necessary for a language teacher: knowledge of the latter is necessary for a language learner.Chapter 2 Phonetics1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English1)[❆] voiced dental fricative2)[☞] voiceless alveolar fricative3)[☠] velar nasal4)[♎] voiced alveolar stop5)[☐] voiceless bilabial stop6)[ ] voiceless velar stop7)[●] (alveolar) lateral8)[♓] high front lax unrounded vowel9)[◆:] high back tense rounded vowel10)[ ] low back lax rounded vowel2. How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are described according to manner and place of articulation while vowels are described with four criteria: part of the tongue that is raised; extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate; kind of opening made at the lips; position of soft palate.3. Which sound may be described asa voiced bilabial plosive [♌]a voiced labio-dental fricative [ ]a voiceless velar plosive [ ]4. Why might a photographer ask the person she is photographing to say cheese?The vowel of the word cheese [♓:] is produced with the lips spread, this resemblinga smile.5.Account for the difference in articulation in each of the following pairs of words:coast ghost; ghost boastboast most; ghost mist;The words coast and ghost are distinguished by the fact that the initial segment is voiceless in the case of the former and voiced in the case of the latter.The word ghost and boast are distinguished by the place of articulation of the initial segment, [♑] being velar while [♌] is bilabial.Boast and most are distinguished by the manner of articulation of the initial segment, [❍] being nasal.Most and mist are distinguished by the fact that the former has a rounded back vowel shile the latter has a spread front vowel.Chapter 3 Phonology1.Define the following termsPhonology: Phonology is concerned with the sound system of languages. It is concerned with which sounds a language uses and how the contribution of sounds to thetask of communication.Phone: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phonesPhoneme: Phoneme is the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive ina particular language.Allophone: Allophone refers any of the different forms of a phoneme is an allophone of it in English. Compare the words peak and speak, for instance. The /☐/ in peak is aspirated; phonetically transcribed as [☐♒] while the /☐/ in speak is unaspirated, phonetically [☐＝ ]. [☐,☐♒] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /☐/. Such variants of a phoneme are called Allophone of the same phoneme.Suprasegmental features:.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called Suprasegmental features. Suprasegmental features include: stress, tone and intonation.2.Transcribe the realization of the past tense morpheme for each of the following words:Waited waved wiped waded. account for the differences.[id] in “waited”and “waded”follows another alveolar plosive. [d] in “waved”follows voiced consonants.[t] in “wiped” follows voiceless consonants, there being voicing assimilation. 3. which of the following would be phonologically acceptable as English words?Thlite grawl dlesher shlink tritch sruck stwondle“grawl” and “tritch”4.Why can we not use the sequence [☠kl] in twinkle as an example of a consonant cluster?The sequence [☠kl] bridges two syllables.5.For each of the following pairs compare the position of the stress. Comment.Economy/economic wonder/wonderfulBeauty/beautiful acid/acidicIn adjectives ending in –ic the stress moves to the following syllable, in adjectives ending in –ful it does not.6.Explain why somebody might choose to stress the following utterances as indicated bythe bold type:a) John want ed to do this today. b) John wanted to do this today. c) John wantedto do this to day.The first utterance implies that John was unable to do what he wanted.The second implies that he was only able to do something else.The third implies that he was only able to do it some other day.Chapter 4 Morphology1.Define the following terms:Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Compound:Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc.Allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme -‘s but it is pronounced differently in different environments as /s/ in cats, as /z/ in dogs and as /iz/ in classes. So /s/, /z/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dogs”.Free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.plete the words with suitable negative prefixesa. ir removable g. in humanb. in formal h. ir relevantc. im practicable i. un evitabled. in sensible j. im mobilee. in tangible k. il legalf. il logical l. in discreet3. “Morpheme” is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationshipbetween expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical conceptor a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme?Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, it at the same time covers the grammatical and semantic aspect of linguistic unit. A morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. and independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.4. Identify in the following sentence four bound morphemes. State the function ofeach and say whether each is derivational or inflectional.The teacher’s brother considered the project impossible.The –er and the –‘s of teacher’s are bound morphemes, the former being derivational, as it produces a lexeme that denotes the person who does an action, the latter being an inflectional morpheme, as it indicates possession.The –ed of considered is inflectional, indicating that the action took place in the past. The im- of impossible is derivational, producing a new lexeme that denotes the opposite of possible.Chapter 5 Syntax1.Define the following terms:Category: parts of speech and functions, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate, etc.Concord:also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more wordsin a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of somecategoriesSyntagmatic relation:. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. Paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element presentand the others absent.Deep structure: is defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relationsbetween its different constituentsSurface structure: is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of aconstruction people actually produce and receive.Theme: The Theme is the first constituent of the clause.Rheme: All the rest of the clause is simply labeled the Rheme.2.Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntaxgmaticand paradigmatic relations?As the relation between a signifier and signified is arbitrary, the value of a sign can not be determined by itself. To know the identity of a sign, the linguist will have to know the signs it is used together with and those it is substitutable for.The former relation is known as syntagmatic and the latter paradigmatic.3.In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing?In traditional parsing, a sentence is mainly seen as a sequence of individual words, as if it has only a linear structure. IC analysis, however, emphasizes the hierarchical structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.In this way the internal of structure of a sentence is shown more clearly, hence the reason of some ambiguities may be revealed.4.What are the problems in IC analysis?There are some technical problems caused by the binary division and discontinuous constituents. But the main problem is that there are structures whose ambiguities cannot be revealed by IC analysis, e.g. the love of God. In terms of both the treediagram and the label, there is only one structure, but the word God is in two different relations with love, i.e. either as subject or object.5.Clarify the ambiguity in the following sentence by tree diagrams:Old teachers and priests fear blackbirds.SNP VPAdj. NP V NOld fear blackbirds.N Conj. Nteachers and priestsSNP VPNP Conj. N V NAdj. N and priests fear blackbirds.Old teachersChapter 6 Semantics1. defining the following terms:semantics: The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics units,words and sentences in particular.Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entitya word denotes.Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.Reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.Synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.Antonymy: is the name for oppositeness relation:hyponymy: a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym) semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g. [+human].2. Some people maintain that there are no true synonyms. If two words mean really thesame, one of them will definitely die out. An example often quoted is the disuse of the word “wireless”, which has been replaced by “radio”. Do you agree? In general what type of meaning we are talking about when we say two words aresynonymous with each other?It is true that there are no absolute synonyms. When we say two words are synonymous with each other, we usually mean they have the same conceptual meaning.3. For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they maynot be considered to be synonyms:man boy toilet loo determined stubbornpavement sidewalk walk runThe words man and boy are principally distinguished be age, the words walk and run by speed. The principal distinction between the words toilet and loo is one of social register. Determined and stubborn are largely distinguished by attitude—a person reluctant to give up is described as determined by those who sympathize and as stubborn by those who do not. The difference between the words pavement and sidewalkis a matter of geography, the former being used in Britain and the latter in America.Chapter 7 Pragmantics1. defining the following terms:Performative:an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed toa constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false. Constative:an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.Locutuonary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of asentence with determinate sense and reference.Illocutuonary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. Cooperative principle:in making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He calls this guidingprinciple the Cooperative Principle, CP for short.. It runs as follows:"make your conversational contribution such as is required, at thestage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of thetalk exchange in which you are engaged.”Conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’sknowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one ofthe four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)2. Consider the following dialogue between a man and his daughter. Try to explain the illocutionary force in each of the utterances.[The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes so e popcorn.]Father: I thought you were practicing your violin.Daughter: I need to get the violin stand.Father: Is it under the popcorn?The illocutionary force of “I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin. That of the daughter’s answer is a defense for herself—I’m going to do that. And that of the father’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.3.If you ask somebody “Can you open the door?”he answered “Yes”but does not actuallydo it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to see it in the light of speech act theory.I would be angry with him. “Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his ability. The fact that he answers “Yes” but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.4. A is reading the newspaper. When B asks “What’s on television tonight?” he answers “Nothing.” What does A mean in normal situations? Think of two situations in which this interpretation of “Nothing” will be cancelled.Normally “Nothing” here means “Nothing interesting”. If A adds after “Nothing” “The workers are on strike today” or “There’s going to be a blackout tonight”, then the interpretation of “Nothing interesting’ will be cancelled.。
语言学练习Exercise2
Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle
Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F
语言学练习（一,二）
语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。
语言学练习第二章
语言学练习第二章(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate[ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are allb_______ sounds.4． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.C. pronunciation2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.C. phoneme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.C. morpheme4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phonetics phoneticsC. auditory phonetics of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulationA. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibratingA. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stop10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricativeA. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme 4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics phonetics 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone 音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not。
linguistics exercise 2
Chapter oneI.选择题1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet “A rose by anyother name would smell as sweet”” well illustrates_____.A.the arbitrary nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is_____.A.ArbitraryB.Non-arbitraryC.LogicalD.Non-productive3.Linguistics is the scientific study of _____.A.A particular languageB.The English languageC.Human languages in generalD.The system of a particular language4.Chomsky uses the term ____ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistics communication.ngueB.ParolepetenceD.Performance5.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ____ study.parativeB.DiachronicC.Up-to-dateD.DescriptiveII.填空题1.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links withother branches of s__ studies, such as sociology and psychology.nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a languageat some point of time is called a s___ study of language.3.As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have toobserve and collect linguistic f___ before they can do anything else.4.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it issaid to be d___.III.判断题1.In the history of any language, the writing system always came into being beforethe spoken form.2.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.3.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language use.4.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.5.Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic.。
语言学第2章习题
语言学第2章习题Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.220. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. 30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stressand s_________ stress.3III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.4A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics5656. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is7usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.8。
语言学练习题Chapter2Linguistics
Chapter Two Linguistics1. Define the following terms.1) syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relation2) langue vs parole3) competence vs performance4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguistics5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguistics6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguistics7) synchronic vs diachronic linguistics8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguistics9) Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguistics2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1) ( ) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics because it can tell ushow to speak correct language.2) ( ) C ompetencce and performance refer respectively to a language user 'sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concretesituations.3) ( ) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky.4) ( ) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia.5) ( ) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of language development throughtime.6) ( ) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can beimproved.7) ( ) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions ” what is a language ” and “Howdoes a language work ”.8) ( ) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which shows thearbitrary nature of languages.9) ( ) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of sound and a system ofmeaning.10) ( ) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must belearned a new by each speaker.11) ( ) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information and ideas.12) ( ) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set ofsentences, which accounts for syntactic universality.13) ( ) Hall iday ' s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole and performance14) ( ) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and development of language.15) ( ) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal andsituational constraints.16) ( ) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students is basicallydescriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners ‘ communicative skills.17) ( ) Saussure ' s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school ofhistorical linguistics18) ( ) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning.19) ( ) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20) ( ) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical development of a language over aperiod of time.21) ( ) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element inan utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.22) ( ) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of a particularlanguage.23) ( ) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24) ( ) Competence is more concrete than performance.25) ( ) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for the rules oflanguage in general.26) ( ) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.27) ( ) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28) ( ) All the English words are not symbolic.29) ( ) All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.30) ( ) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31) ( ) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker ' s intuition about how asentence is formed.32) ( ) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33) ( ) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at a particularpoint of time.3. Multiple Choice1) ___ made the distinction between competence and performance.A. SaussureB. Chomsky C Bloomfiled D. Sapir2) Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is knowns as ______________ .A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics3) _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof speech com mun ity.A. ParoleB. la ngue C speech D. writ ing4) Which of the follow ing is not the major brach of lin guisticsA. phono logyB. pragmaticsC. syn tax D speech5) _______ deals with Ian guage applicati on to other fields, particularlyeducati on.A. Lin guistic geographyB. Socioli nguisticsC. Applied lin guisticsD. Comparative lin guistics6) Which branch of linguistics studies the similarities and differences amongIan guagesA. Diachro nic lin guistics.B. Synchronic lin guistics.C. Prescriptive lin guistics.D. Comparative lin guistics.7) ________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. Joh n Lyons8) The study of Ian guage as a whole is ofte n called ---.A. gen eral lin guisticsB. socioli ngyusticsC. psycholi nguisticsD. applied lin guistics9) The study of Ian guage meaning is called--.A. syn taxB. sema ntics C morphology D. pragmatics10) The descripti on of a Ian guage at some point in time is a —study.A syn chro nic B. diachro nic C descriptive D. prescriptive4. Fill in the bla nks with appropriate words:1) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech com muni ty.2) is the actual realizati on ofone'slin guistic kno wledge inuttera nces.3) Modem linguistic is jn, the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatIanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.4) The descriptio n of a Ian guage as it cha nges through time is a study. __5) Saussure put forward two importa nt con cepts, refers to the abstractlin guistic system shared by all members of a speech com mun ity.6) Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure' s Iangue and Chomsky s .7) The four prin ciples in the lin guistic study are (1) (2) ____________⑶ _(4) _________8) Morphology is the branch of lin guistics which studies the form of words.9) The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internalstructure of senten ces.10) In Saussure ' s view, the relati on ship betwee n sig ni fier (so und image) andsig ni fied (con cept) is . _______11) ___ is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interestsin Ianguage and society, including the social functions of Ianguage and thesocial characteristics of its users.12) The distinction between Iangue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. The disti nctio n betwee n compete nee and performa nee is made by the America n lin guist . ____13) The writing English is. known as the sound writing system while that ofJapa nese as _ _writ ing system.14) Accord ing to Joh n Lyons, _ lin guistics_ deals with Ian guage in gen eraland _ linguistics is concer ned with one particular Ian guage.15) In de Saussure ' s term, _____ r efers to the system of Ianguage and ______refers to the speaker ' s speech.16) __ is the scie nee that deals with the sound system.17) Syn tax studies two kinds of rules: ___ rules and_ rules _18) Lan gue or compete nee is ____ a nd not directly observed, while parole orperforma nee is ___ and directly observable.19) A _______ relati on refers to the seque ntial characteristic of speech.20) ______ knowledge is a native speaker' s intuition about the sounds and soundpatter ns of his Ian guage.21) _____ knowledge is a native speaker' s intuition about how a word is formed.22) _____ knowledge is a native speaker' s intuition about whether a sentenceis grammatical or not.23) _____ knowledge is a native speaker ' s intuition about the meaning ofIan guage, in clud ing meaning of words and meaning of senten ces.24) _____ is the study of speech sounds of all huma n Ian guages.25) _____ exam ines word formatio n and the in ternal structure of words.5. An swer the follow ing questi ons.1) What is the differenee between general linguistics and descriptive lin guistics2) What is the differenee between synchronic and diachronic linguistics Is iteasy to draw a sharp line betwee n them if we look at Ian guage closely3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of Ianguage from descriptive studiesof Ianguage Commenton the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar andprescriptive grammar.4) What are the four prin ciples for the scie ntific an alysis of Ian guage5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.6) What are the main differe nces betwee n “ compete nee” and “ performa nee ”7) What is the major differenee between Saussure' s distinction of Iangue andparole and Chomsky s disti ncti on of compete nee and performa nee what should bestudies in lin guistics in your opinion and why8) Explain “speech and writing ” , and cite two ormore examples.Key to Chapter Two1. Define the following terms.1) syntagmatic relation vs paradigmatic relationEssentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two dimensions, usually syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic or sequential relations are those holding between elements forming serial structure, or “strings ' as they are sometimes called. In syntax, the horizontal relationship between elements shows how a form (X) combines with others (W + X + Y) in a serial combination. It refers to the linear ordering of the words andthe phrases within a sentence. Paradigmatic relations are those holding between comparable elements at particular places in structures. The vertical or substitutional relationship shows how other different forms (Xa, Xb, Xc) can function in the same place in structure in a paradigmatic relation.2) langue vs paroleSaussure refers “langue ” to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers ” parole ” to the actual or actualized language, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole, ., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole andmake them the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on laterlinguists.3) competence vs performance(1) According to N. Chomsky, “ competence” is the ideal language user ' s knowledge of the rules of his language, and “ performance ” is the arctual realization of this knowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker ' s competence is stable whilehis performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker 's performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence .(2) Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.(3) Chomsky' s competence -performance distinction is not exactly the same as, t hough similar to, F. de Saussure ' s language parole distinction. Langueis a social product and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemedas a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.4) descriptive linguistics vs historical linguisticsLinguistic study can be divided into descriptive linguistics (synchronic linguistic study) and historical linguistics (diachronic linguistic study). The former refers to the description of a language at a particular point of time in history while the latter, a diachronic study of language, studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5) theoretical linguistics vs applied linguisticsA third dichotomy is that which holds between theoretical and applied linguistics. The former copes with language and languages with a view toestablishing a theory of their structure and functions and without regard to any practical applications that the investigation of language and languages might have, whereas the latter is chiefly concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks, including language teaching.6) deccriptive linguistics vs prescriptive linguisticsA linguistic study is descriptive if it only describes and analyzes the facts of language, and it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct ” language behavior. Linguistic studies before 20th century were largely prescriptive because many early grammars were based on“high ” (literary or religious) written records. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive, however, which believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy.These, with changes inlvocabulary and structures, need to be explained distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.7) synchronic vs diachronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.The description of a languageat some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study (synchrony). The description of a languageas it changes through timeis a diachronic study (diachrony). An essay entitled ” On the Use of THE ” , for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, and it may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time wherein THE has undergone tremendous alteration.8) macrolinguistics vs microlinguisticsMacrolinguistics falls on the verge of linguistics. It includes the following disciplines: philosophical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc. Lyons has the same distinction.Microlinguistics concentrates on the study of all the interior aspects ofa language system. Traditional linguistic study describes language system from two aspects —lexicon and grammar. Dictionaries and grammar books are products of such researches and studies.9) Comparative historical linguistics vs contrastive linguisticsComparative historical linguistics draws on the special historical comparison in linguistics to study the historical development of some related languages (languages originating from a uniform ancestry). It is in fact a special part of historical linguistics. Thanks to the development of historical comparative linguistics in 19 th century, linguistics comes to be an independentdiscipline. Contrastive linguistics focuses on structural similarities and differences of two or more languages (relevant or unrelated) by meansof comparison and contrastive study. This study belongs to descriptive linguistics. It can help people have a deep understanding of the properties and universal characteristics of different languages and thus exerts great influence on foreign language teaching.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1) (F) Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics because it cantell us how to speak correct language.2) (T) Competencce and performance refer respectively to a language user 's underlyingknowledge ab out the system of rules and the actualuse of language in concrete situations.3) (F) The antithesis of langue and parole was created by Chomsky. ( 中国矿业大学，2004)4) (T) Cockoo in English is onomatopoeia. ( 中国矿业大学，2004)5) (F) Synchronic linguistics is concerned with the study of languagedevelopment through time. ( 中国矿业大学，2004)6) (T) Prescriptive linguists are concerned with how languages work, notwith how they can be improved. ( 中国矿业大学，2004)7) (T) Linguistics tries to answer the basic questions ” what is a language ” and“How does a language work ”. (南京师范大学，2002)8) (F) Onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which shows thearbitrary nature of languages. (中国矿业大学，2002)9) (T) Each language contains two systems rather than one, a system of sound and asystem of meaning. (中国矿业大学，2002)10) (T) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that the details of thelinguistic system must be learned a new by each speaker. (中国矿业大学，2002)11) (F) Phatic function refers to language used to exchange information and ideas. (中国矿业大学，2002)12) (F) Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infiniteset of sentences, which accounts for syntactic universality. (中国矿业大学，2002)13) (F) Halliday 's linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole and performance14) (T) By diachronie study we mean to study the changes and developmentof language.15) (T) Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal andsituational constraints.16) (T) In language classrooms nowadavs the grammar taught to students isbasically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners‘ communicative skills.17) (F) Saussure' s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallinguistics.18) (T) Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to languageteaching and learning.19) (F) Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.20) (T) A diachronic study is concerned with the historical developmentof a language over a period of time.21) (F) A paradigmatic relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utteranceand linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.22) (F) General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of aparticular language.23) ( T) English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.24) (F) Competence is more concrete than performance.25) (F) Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for the rules oflanguage in general.26) (T) Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.27) (T) General linguistics deals with the whole human language.28) (T) All the English words are not symbolic.29) (F) All sounds produced by humanspeech organs are linguistic30) (T) Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.31) (F) Morphological knowledge is a native speaker 's intuitionhow a sentence is formed.32) (F) Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.33) (F) A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state ofa language at a particular point of time.3. Multiple choice4. Word completion symbols.about1) - 5): BCBDC 6) - 10): DBABA1) Langue3) descriptive5) langue7) (1) consistency (2) economy exhaustiveness8) Morphology10) arbitrary12) Chomsky14) general, descriptive2) Performance4) diachronic6) competence(3) objectivity (4)9) syntax11) socialinguistics13) syllabic15) langue, parole16) Phonology 17) phrase structure, transformational 18) abstract; concrete 19) syntagmatic20) Phonological 21) Morphological22) Syntactic 23) Semantic24) Phonetics 25) Morphology5. Answer the following questions.1) What is thedifference between general linguistics and descriptive linguisticsThe former deals with language in general, . the whole human language whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language. The former aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of human language in general while the latter attempts to establish a model that describes the rules of one particular language, such as Chinese, English, French, etc. General Linguistics and descriptive linguistics are dependent on each other. In the first place, general linguistics provides descriptive linguistics with a general framework in which any particular language can be described, studied and analyzed. Very often, it may supply several different frameworks for descriptive linguists to choose from. Depending on their different views on language, they may follow one model exclusively or combine two or more models. In the second, the resulting descriptions of particular languages, in turn, supply empirical evidence which may confirm or refute the model(s) put forward by general linguistics. In other words, general linguistics and descriptive linguistics are complementary to each other despite their different objects of study and different goals.2) What is the difference between diachronic linguistics Is it easy to drawa sharp line between them if we look at language closely(1) Synchronic linguistics takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present)as its point of observation. In contrast, diachronie linguistics is the study of a language through the Course of itshistory; therefore, it is also called historical linguistics.(2) Synchronic/diachronic perspective toward language is one of Saussure' sthe form of pairs of Concepts. The former sees most central ideas expressed inlanguageas a living whole; existing as a “‘ state ” at a particular momentin time; the latter sees it as a continually changing medium. In this view, it is always necessary to carry out some degree of synchronic work before making a diachronic study: before we can say how a language has changed from state X to state Y, we need to about X and Y.Correspondingly, a synchronic analysis can be made without referring to history. This can be illustrated as Sanssure did using an analogy with a game of chess. A state of the set ofchessmen is like a state of language. “ The respective value of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms. ” On the o ther hand, the value of each piece also;depends on theconvention--the set of rules that exists before the game begins. This is like the set of rules that exists in language. A state of the game of chess is momentary just like a state of languagechange. When one piece is moved, the game passes from one state of equilibrium to the next.This corresponds closely to the situation of language between states. To study this static state is called synchronic linguistics. The moving of one piece is like one type of change in language.The consequence of one move can be very big or small; the same is true with languagechanges. The player of a chess game is solely concerned with the momentary positions of the pieces; he does not need to remember the previous moves so as to decide the next move. A player who knows the history of the game does not necessarily have more to say about the next move than a man who has just come to the game, ignorant of what has happened before.Similarly, a speaker of a language can learn the languagewell without knowing its historical statesl We can describe a state of a game without bothering the techniques both players have used to bring about the state.Likewise, we can describe the state of a language without knowing its history,3) What distinguish prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of languageCommenton the merits and weaknesses of descriptive grammar and prescriptive grammar.(1) The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how thingsactually are. The essence of prescriptivism is the notion that one variety of languages has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of thespeech community. Although prescriptivism is still with :us, descriptivism wins more and more understanding. It proposes that the task of the grammarian is to describe, not prescribe ——to record the facts of. linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of being language police and trying to. stop language from changing, or imposing on members of a languagecommunity the so-called norms of correctness.(2) Weakness of prescriptive grammar (Merits of descriptive grammar). ① The reasonwhy present-day linguists are so insistent about the distinction between the two is simply that traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character, . “you should never use a double - negative ”; “you should notsplit the infinitive ” etc. People realize nowadays the facts of usage countmore than the authority, stipulated “standards! '. We can appeal neither to logic nor to Latin granunar when it comes to deciding whether something is or is not correct in English. ② Prescriptivism is an individual attitude. Therelated social attitude that goes to the extreme of prescriptivism is purism, which is something we should guard against. Pure prescriptive grammar will lead to artificial claims that are hard to maintain in light of the facts. Whileis wrong, most have modified their approach and talk of this form as preferable, or describe it asformal register. ③ The prescriptive attitude seems to ignore the fact that English has evolved prescriptivistswould prefer the use of the past subjunctive after if (If I were you, etc.), itis very difficult to claim that everyone who uses “was ” is wrong, especially are the majority in spoken language. While there are stillover the centuries into what it is today whereas the descriptive attitude seems to be more sensitive to anything that goes on to a certain extent. A language is a living creature. There is no fixed form for any language. No one speaks Shakespearean medieval English today. However, no one says the British today speaks the incorrect English. It will and should change over time.4) What are the four principles for the scientific analysis of languageThe four principles to make a scientific study of language are exhaustiveness, consistency, economy, and objectivity.(1) Exhaustiveness: the linguist should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. Language is extremely complex; he cannot attempt to describe all aspects of language at once, but to examine one aspect at a time.(2) Consistency: there should be no contradiction between different parts of the total statement.(3) Economy: other things being equal, a shorter statement or analysis is preferred to a longer or more involved one. The best statements are the shortest possible, which can account most fully for all facts.(4) Objectivity: a linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis' of data, allowing no prejudice to influence his generalizations. He should not omit any linguistic facts because he himself considers there to be“inelegant ” or “ substandard ”. Nor should he concealfacts that do not conform to his generalizations. His aim should be to present his analysis in such a way that every part of it can be tested and verified;not only by himself, but by anyone else who makes a description of differentdata based on the same set of principles. It is the insistence on these principles, particularly objectivity that gives linguistics the status of a science.5) Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.(1) Most linguistic analysis today is focused on speech rather than writing. Everything considered, speech is believed to be more representative of human language than writing. In。
语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章
语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章Chapter Two Speech SoundsI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.In a syllable, a vowel often serves as _______.A. Peak or NucleusB. OnsetC. CodaD. Rhyme2. Conventionally a ______ is put in slashes / /.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated [p h], an unaspirated [p o] and an unreleased [p﹁] are ____ of the /p/ phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movementA. wideB. closingC. narrowD.centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop ?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]8. Which one is different from the others according to places fo articulation ?A.[n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels ?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating ?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are trueor “F” if they are false.(10%)1. [f] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make a different word, are phones.4. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme.6. The last sound of cut can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are NOT in complementary distribution.7. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not.8. Distinctive features can show phonological contrasts or oppositions of language sounds.9. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.10. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to placea consonant. It is put into coda than the onset.11. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.12.The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula.14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and CODA.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)1. V________ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in cat.2. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing f_______.3. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t_________ and the lips.4. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the h_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.5. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o______.6. In phonological analysis the words fail/veil are distinguishbable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ —/v/. This is an example for illustrating m_______ pairs.7. In English there are a number of d_______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.8. C__________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.9. P________ is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the a_________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Assimilation2. Suprasegmental feature3. Complementary distribution4. Distinctive feature.V. Answer the following question.1. What is acoustic phonetics ?2. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.A B(1) Approximant a. tool and stool(2) Labiodental b. tool and pool(3) Aspirated and unaspirated c. produced by pushing air out(4) English syllable d. (C)V(C)(5) Chinese syllable e. [v](6) minimal pair f. Roman Jacobson(7) pulmonic g. (((C)C)C)V(((C)C)C)C)(8) non-pulmonic h. Otoo Jespersen(9) distinctive features I. [w](10) IPA j. produced by sucking air inVII. Essay question.1.Illustrate phonological processes and phonological rules.2.Illustrate the differences between phonetics and phonology.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the _________ phonetics studies sounds fro the speaker’s point of view; the _________ phonetics looks at sounds from the hearer’s point of view; and the __________ phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.2. The ________, mouth, and ________ form the three cavities ofthe vocal tract.3. In terms of places of articulation, __________ is a retroflex.4. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _________.5. Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the ______, ________ at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.6. Affricates consist of a _________ followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.7. [z, ?,?,h] are ______ in terms of manners of articulation.8. Name four oral stops besides [p] and [t]: ___, ____, ___, __, and nasals __, __, __.9 According to the places of articulation, [f] and [v] are ______.10. In terms of places of articulation, [ ?] and [?] can be classified into the category of _____.11. [j] is a __________ in terms of places of articulation.12. In English and Chinese, vowels with an audible change of quality are called ________.13. [P o, P h] are ________ of the same phoneme /p/.14. [?, e] belong to the category of ________ in accordance with their places of articulation.15. Besides [s], [z], other four sibilants are ____, ___,_____,____.16. A syllable that has no _____ is called an open syllable.17. An example of four consonants occurring after the peak is the word ____.18. The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called ______, which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.19. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: __________ and ___________.20. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are pharyngeal cavity, _____, ____ and ______.21. Name five of the English front vowels: _______, ______, _______, ______, _____.22. The [p] sound in peak is called an ______ [p], and the [p] sound in speak is an _______ [p].23. The main suprasegmental feature include _____, _____, and ______.24. The _____________ rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations.25. In English, all the front vowels and central vowels are ______ vowels.26. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its ________.27. ___________ refers to the degree of force used in producinga syllable.28. In terms of the height of tongue rising, vowels can be classified as _____, ______ and ______ vowels.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1. Phonetics is of a general nature, and it is interested in ______.A. all the speech sounds used in all human languagesB. has speech sounds are producedC. how speech sounds differ from each otherD. how speech sounds can be classified2. The study to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns should be included in ______.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. articulatory phoneticsD. acoustic phonetics3. The sound [l] in _____ is a clear one.A. tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel4. The basic unit in phonology is called ___, and it is a unit that of distinctive value.A. phonemeB. phoneC. allophoneD. sound5. ______ does n’t form a minimal pair.A. Gap and capB. Pat and padC. Tip and dipD. Map and tam6. _____ is not in complementary distribution.A. Spot and potB. Stop and topC. School and coolD. Light and glad7. The following pairs form a minimal pair EXCRPT _____.A. look and bookB. pin and binC. kill and dillD. beat and pee8. ______ is not the term used ot classify the English consonants in terms of manners of articulation.A. ApproximantB. LateralC. PlosiveD. Bilabial9. In the following word ____, the articulation of bilabial is not manifested.A. petB. metC. howD. web10. The distinctive feature of the sound [s] is ______.A. voiceless alveolar fricativeB. voiced alveolar fricativeC. voiceless dental affricativeD. voiced dental fricative11. The sounds in _____ are alveolars.A. [f] and [v]B. [t] and [d]C. [?] and [?]D. [k] and [g]12. The sound with the features bilabial nasal is _____.A. [j]B. [t]C. [m]D. [?]13. Diphthongal glides in English can be heard in following words EXCEPT _____.A. wayB. towerC. tideD. how14. Words in the pair ____ form a minimal pair.A. beat and seenB. pig and padC. choke and jokeD. but and heart15. In the word ____, [l] is palatalized.A. leadB.stealC. lilyD. lied16. In terms of narrow transcription, [l] is dark in the word ____.A. ledB. languageC. dealD. clear17. Each pair of words manifests complementary distribution EXCEPT _____.A. spot and payB. stop and topC. replay and payD. school and cool18. For the word direction, Americans usually pronounce it as [dair?k??n] whereas most British people say [dir?k??n]. This phenomenon can be interpreted in terms of ____.A. phonetic similarityB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allophones19. In all the following words we can find examples of regressive assimilation EXCEPT ______.A. sinkB. ninthC. capD. help20. ______ gives the correct description of the sound [u:].A. Velar nasalB. High back tense rounded vowelC. Low back lax rounded vowelD. High front lax unrounded vowel21. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be ______.A. [p]B. [t]C. [l]D. [s]22. The vowel in _____ should be nasalized according to the assimilation rules.A. teaB. peepC. fleeD. bean23. The sound assimilation is not manifested in the spelling of the word _____.A. implausibleB. illegalC. irregularD. input24. When we produce the back vowels, we hold the ____ partof the tongue higher than the rest of it.A. centralB. frontC. backD. the tip25. _____ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation.A. StopsB. LiquidsC. GlidesD. Dental26. The one that does not belong to the alveolar is ______.A. [t]B. [m]C. [n]D.[r]27. Sounds like [?], [?], and [j] are realized by the obstruction between the back of the tongue and the hard palate. They belong to the type of _______.A. palatalB. glottalC. bilabialD. velar28. The distinctive features of the sound [] are ______.A. voiced, nasalB. velarlabial, nasal, voicedC. voiced, alveolar, nasalD. voiced, labial, palatal29. The labiodentals sounds in English are _____.A.[p] and [b]B. [f] and [v]C. [?] and [e]D. [k] and [g]30. According to the rule of _____, the article an, instead of a, is used before the word apple.A. nasalizationB. dentalizationC. epenthesisD. velarization31. The sound _____ does not belong the group of fricative.A. [f]B. [v]C. [k]D. [h]32. If we follow the English vowel system of Radford, we can describe the vowel [i:] in the way of _____.A. high front tense rounded vowelB. high back lax unroundedC. high front tense unrounded vowelD. low back lax rounded vowel33. _____ does not contain a bilabial sound.A. MyB. YouC. BuyD. Pie34. _____ ends with an affricateA. RackB. SuchC. BoozeD. Tip35. The word ____ begins with the sound of a palato-alveolar consonant.A. shipB. lipC. zipD. sip36. The articulation of ______ is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other.A. uvularB. glottalC. velarD. palatal37. Triphthongal glides in English can be heard in ______.A. tideB. toyC. howD. wire38. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. lotB. matC. mudD. boot39. All the following words contain front vowels EXCEPT _______.A. bookB. sleepC. slipD. shed40. The sound ______ is usually formed in English by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge.B. [j]C. [h]D. [w]41. In the word ____, there is no syllabic consonant.A. cottonB. bottomC. tableD. national42. Pitch variation is known as _____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice43. [p] in the word peak can be described as ____.A. voiced bilabial stopB. voiceless bilabial stopC. voiced bilabial plosiveD. voiceless labiodentals stop44. The description voiceless alveolar fricative describes the following consonant ____.A. [p]B. [b]C. [s]D. [z]45. The vowel ____ can be described with features of mid, central, lax, unrounded.A. [?]B. [i:]D. [?]46. The idea of ____ is introduced to indicate the difference between [i] and [l], [?] and [?].A. tensenessB. lip-roundingC. height of tongue risingD. voicing47. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds ?A. Acoustic PhoneticsB. Articulatory PhoneticsC. Auditory PhoneticsD. None of the above.48. In narrow transcription the word help should be presented as _____.A. [h??p]B. [h?lp]C. [help]D. [h??p]49. The word below ____ refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. phoneticsD. phonology50. Among the following words, _____ does no form a minimal pair with the sound of the word highA. buyB. foeD. shy.IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.In English, the description of vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements.What are they? Explain them and offer at least one example.2.Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples.3.What do you know about RP? Does it change with time ?。
语言学exercises
Chapter 1Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. A symbol consists of two parts: 1) a concrete ______ and 2) the ______ which it conveys.2. By saying language is ______ we mean we can‘t give a sound reason why such a form is pr onounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form.3. Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.4. Human languages have such design features as ________, ________, _________, ________, ________, _________ and __________.5. Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people‘s actual speech or writing.6. By saying language is ________ we mean that every language contains an infinite number of sentences, which, however, are generated by a small set of rules and a finite set of words.II. True or false questions:1. Every language contains a finite number of sentences; however, it has an infinite set of words and a large set of rules, so language is creative.2. Language is primarily speech, and not the written form.3. In theory, the length of sentences is limited.4. Change is not natural for living languages and such a change is a sign of corruption and decay.5. The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.6. According to Chomsky, langue refers to the system of a language.7. Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.8. Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.9. Every language has two levels: grammatically — meaningless and sound — meaningful.10. Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.III. Explain the following terms:1. design feature2. productivity3. arbitrariness4. symbol5. discreteness6. displacement7. duality of structure 8. cultural transmission 9. interchangeabilityIV. Answer the following questions:1. What is language?2. What are the design features of language?3. Why do we say language is a system?4. According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children‘s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language?Chapter2Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. According to John Lyons, ______ deals with language in general and ______ is concerned with one particular language.2. In de Saussure‘s term, ______ refers to the system of language and ______ refers to the speaker‘s speech.3. ______ is the science that deals with the sound system.4. Syntax studies two kinds of rules: ______ rules and ______.5. According to Chomsky, ______ is ―the speaker-hearer‘s knowledge of his language‖, while ______ is ―the actual use of language in concrete situations‖.6. Langue or competence is ______ and not directly observed, while parole or performance is ______ and directly observable.7. The scientific method involves four stages: ________, ________, ________ and ________.8. ________ is the father of modern linguistics.9. The ________ study of a language is concerned with a ―state‖ of a language at a particular point of time.10. A ________ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech.11. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language.12. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about how a word is formed.13. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.14. ______ knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.15. ______ is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.16. ______ examines word formation and the internal structure of words.17. ______ is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.18. ______ is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.19. A ______ study is concerned with the historical development of a language over a period of time.20. A ______ relation is a relation between a linguistic element in an utterance and linguistic elements outside that utterance, but belonging to the same sub-system of the language.II. True or false questions:1. General linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of a particular language.2. English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.3. Competence is more concrete than performance.4. Descriptive linguistics attempts to establish a theory which accounts for the rules of language in general.5. Langue is more abstract than parole and therefore is not directly observable.6. General linguistics deals with the whole human language.7. All the English words are not symbolic.8. All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.9. Language is arbitrary, which means that any individual speaker has the freedom to determine the pronunciation of a word.10. Descriptive linguistics studies one specific language.11. Some languages are primitive and some languages are advanced.12. Morphological knowledge is a native speaker‘s intuition about how a sentence is formed.13. Phonetics is the science that deals with the sound system.14. A diachronic study of a language is concerned with a state of a language at a particular point of time.III. Explain the differences between each of the following pairs:1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics5. langue and parole6. competence and performance7. speech and writing8. linguistic behaviour potential and actual linguistic behavior9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation10. verbal communication and non-verbal communicationIV. Answer the following questions:1. How does John Lyons classify linguistics?2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.3. What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Chapter3Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. Phonetics has three sub-branches: ______ phonetics, ______ phonetics and ______ phonetics.2. The vocal tract can be divided into two parts: the ______ and the ______.3. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air-stream from the lungs is either ______, or ______ or where the opening is so narrow that the air escapes with ______. A vowel is usually produced with ______ of the vocal cords.4. ______ phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.5. ______ phonetics deals with how a sound is transmitted from the speaker‘s mouth to the listener‘s ears.6. ______ phonetics investigates how a sound is perceived by the listener.7. According to the position of the velum, consonants are divided into ______ and ______.8. The production of a stop consists of three stages: 1) ______ stage, 2) ______ stage and 3) ______ stage.9. The ______ of the soft palate causes the production of oral consonants while the ______ of the soft palate brings about the production of nasal consonants.10. In English, there are ______ nasal consonants. They are [__, ___, ___].11. According to the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration, the English consonants can be classified into two groups: ______ and ______.12. In terms of lip rounding, vowels are classified into ______ and ______.13. The space between the vocal cords is called ______.14. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air-stream is not blocked at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract without vocal-cord vibration. The sounds produced in this way are called ______.15. When the vocal cords are nearly touching each other but not completely closed, the air-stream passing through the glottis has to cause vibration. The sounds made in this way are called ______.16. Stops can be divided into two types: ______ and ______.17. According to the state of the velum, vowels are divided into ______ and ______.18. In English, nasal vowels occur only before ______, and oral vowels before ______ or at the end of words.19. In English, all the back vowels except ______ are ______.20. In terms of ______, vowels can be classified into front, central, back, high, mid and low vowels.II. True or false questions:1. Phonology is the study of speech sounds of all human languages.2. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with how a sound is produced by the vocal organs.3. All consonants are produced with vocal-cord vibration.4. The spelling of words is not a reliable means of describing the English sounds.5. There are 72 symbols for consonants and 25 for vowels in English.6. Bilabials are different from alveolars in terms of manner of articulation.7. When two articulators are brought together to form a complete closure which is followed by a sudden release, the sounds are calledaffricates.8. [z] is an oral voiced post-alveolar fricative.9. In terms of tension of the muscles at pharynx, vowels are grouped into tense vowels and lax vowels.10. All the back vowels are rounded vowels.11. Triphthongs are produced by a glide from one vowel to another rapidly and continuously.12. [e] may be marked with [-high], [+low], [+front], [-back], [-rounded] and [-tense].III. Explain the following terms:1. articulatory phonetics2. acoustic phonetics3. auditory phonetics4. consonant5. vowel6. bilabials7. affricates 8. glottis 9. rounded vowels 10. diphthongs 11. triphthongs 12. lax vowelsIV. Answer the following questions:1. How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?2. How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?3. What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?4. What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?V. Practical Work1. Describe the consonants using the chart below:2. Describe the vowels using the chart below:Chapter4Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. English phonology investigates the ______ of English. It‘s different from English phonetics, which is concerned with ______ that occur in the English language. English phonology studies the abstract aspects: ______ and ______.2. A phoneme is defined as a ______ ______ unit in the ______ system of a language.3. Two forms are a minimal pair when they meet three conditions: 1) they are different in ______, 2) they differ only in one ______, 3) the different sounds occur in the same ______ in the strings. When a group of words meet all the three conditions, they are called a ______.4. There are three types of distribution: _______, ______ and ______.5. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in ________.6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in ________.7. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning, then they are said to be in ________.8. The ______ features are the features that can contrast words.9. ______ features are used to describe phonemes, while ______ features are used to describe their allophones.10. The distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called ______ features.11. The distinctive features that can affect more than one sound segment and can also contrast meaning are called ________ features. There are three kinds of them: ______, ______ and ______.12. The position of ______ can bring about a change of meaning in a word.13. ______ languages are languages that use pitch to contrast meaning at word level, whereas ______ languages are languages that use pitch to distinguish different meanings at phrase level or sentence level.14. ______ refers to the phonetic boundary features that may mark grammatical units such as word and clause.15. If we are interested in the phonetic units of a word, the resulting transcription is ______; if we are only interested in its distinctive features, the resulting transcription is ______.16. The function of phonological rules is to change a ______ transcription into its ______ transcription.II. True or false questions:1. A phoneme is an abstract element in the sound system of a language while allophones are variants of a single abstract element.2. The sounds that are in contrastive distribution are different phonemes.3. In general, a set of distinctive features that define and characterize a phoneme is much larger than a set of phonetic features that characterizes any one of its allophones.4. Two plosives cannot go together at the beginning of words.5. Only short vo6.7.8. The sounds that are in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme.9. The sounds that are in complementary distribution and also phonetically similar are allophones of the same phoneme.10. All languages have sequential constraints.11. English is a tone language.12. No word begins with more than three consonant phonemes and no word ends with more than three consonant phonemes.13. All consonant phonemes can occur initially and all consonant phonemes can occur finally.14. If the initial sound is an affricate, the next sound must be a vowel.15. Chinese is an intonation language.16. Phonetic transcriptions include all the linguistically relevant features of sounds; phonemic transcriptions only record distinctive qualities of sounds which can differentiate the meanings of words.17. A phoneme is defined as a minimal meaningful unit in the sound system of a language.18. The two words ‗bit‘ and ‗bought‘ form a minimal pair.19. Allophones are the realizations of phonemes in general.20. Phones are the realizations of a specific phoneme.21. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are in free variation.22. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.23. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for the other does not cause a change of meaning, then they are said to be in complementary distribution.24. The phonemes /p t k b d/ do not form a natural class.25. In English, the suprasegmental features include stress, tone, and juncture.26. A palatal plosive appears before or after a front vowel.III. Explain the following terms:1. phonemes2. allophones3. phones4. minimal pair5. contrastive distribution6. complementary distribution7. free variation 8. distinctive features 9. suprasegmental features10. tone languages 11. intonation languages 12. junctureIV. Answer the following questions:1. What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?2. Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.3. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?4. Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.5. What‘s the difference between segmental features and su prasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?6. What‘s the difference between tone languages and intonation languages?7. What‘s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?V. Practical Work1. Which of the following is a minimal pair?1) 2)3) /bet/ /pet/ 4) beat bought5) /li:v/ /fi:l/ 6) /beit/ /bet/2. Judge according to the data whether the two sounds [s] and [h] are separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme:[s] [sei] [mes] [bi‘said][sit][h] [hai] [hit] [hen] [bi‘haind]3. List all those forms from the following which you consider acceptable in English:1) /fsem/ 6) /griz/2) /mdik/ 7) /sbit/3) /aid/ 8) /lriz/4) /si:/ 9) /ka:/5) /tne/ 10) /prem/4. Change the following phonemic transcriptions into phonetic transcriptions:1) /'k/ 2) /'ritn/ 3) /fi:l/ 4)5) 6) /skin/ 7) /kis/ 8) /'9) /'10) 11) 12) /'13) /spit/ 14) /'piti/ 15) 16) /hen/17) /'18) '/ 19) /nait/ 20) /rent/Chapter5Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. Semantically, morphemes can be grouped into ______ and ______.2. ______ is a science that examines word formation and the internal structure of words.3. A morpheme is defined as a ______ ______ unit in the ________ system of a language.4. Structurally, morphemes fall into two kinds: ______ and ______.5. The ______ is the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.6. ______ are lexically dependent on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.7. ______ morphemes are those that can stand by themselves as individual words.8. ______ morphemes are never found alone as words, but are always joined with other morphemes.9. In terms of position, we may divide affixes into ______, ______ and ______.10. According to function, we can classify affixes into ______ and ______.11. ______ are related to morphemes in general, while ______ are always related to a specific morpheme.12. If two or more morphs are ________ and also in ______ distribution, they are said to be allomorphs of the same morpheme.13. A morph that has form but no meaning is called a(n) ______ morph while a morph that has meaning but no form is called a(n) ______ morph.14. There are two kinds of relations between the morphemes within a word: ______ order and ________ order.15. In the IC analysis of a word, the forms at the bottom of the tree-branch diagram are called ________, which are individual morphemes and therefore cannot be further divided into smaller parts.16. All the forms in a tree-branch diagram, except the word itself at the top, are the _______ of the word.17. The constituents which are involved directly in forming a larger constituent are called the ___________ of the larger form.18. ______ rules are the rules that determine how morphemes are combined to form new words.19. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called ______.20. Free morphemes can be further grouped into ______ morphemes and ______ morphemes.21. Generally, affixation in English may be further divided into two types: _______ and _______.22. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called ______.23. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as ________.24. ________ is a process in which a compound is made by blending parts of two words.25. ______ refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.26. ______ is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together.27. By ______, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation.28. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as _______, ________, _______, _______, _________ and ________.II. True or false questions:1. A morpheme is not equated with a syllable.2. A morpheme is a minimal distinctive unit in the grammatical system of a language.3. Morphs are obtained on the basis of spelling forms of words.4. All free morphemes are roots.5. IC analysis is arbitrary segmentation.6. All roots are not free morphemes.7. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called affixation. Here the term base refers to the root.8. All bound morphemes are affixes.9. In IC analysis, divisions should conform to meaningful relationships.10. Not all affixes are bound morphemes.11. Inflectional affixes serve to create new words.12. Derivational affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.13. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are identical in both form and meaning, then they are regarded as one morph.14. When a new word is formed by putting an affix to the base, the process involved is called affixation. Here the term affix refers to both inflectional and derivational affix.15. Inflectional affixes never cause a change in grammatical class.16. In IC analysis, divisions should be compatible with morphological rules.17. Derivational affixes cause a change in grammatical class.18. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in meaning but different in form, then there are as many morphs as there are forms.19. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are the same in form but different in meaning, then they are regarded as one morph.20. If two or more minimal meaningful sequences of phonemes are different both in form and in meaning, then there are as many morphs as there are different forms and meanings.21. -ing and -ed are both inflectional affixes.22. If both inflectional and derivational affixes occur in the same word, derivational affixes always appear before inflectional affixes.23. Phonemes are said to be minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.24. Morphemes are defined as minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.25. Phones are the realizations of a particular morpheme.26. Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general.27. The word SARS (from severe acute respiratory syndrome) is formed by the process of acronymy.28. Allophones are the realizations of a specific phone.29. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called blending.30. Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morph.31. Some new words are created simply by changing their parts of speech. The process involved is called affixation.32. If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as blending.33. Compounding is a process in which a compound is made by blending parts of two words.34. Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.35. Acronymy is the process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together.36. By prefixation, we delete a suffix from an apparently complex form instead of adding a suffix. It may be regarded as the opposite case of suffixation.III. Explain the following terms:1. morphemes, allomorphs, morphs2. roots, affixes, free morphemes, bound morphemes3. inflectional affixes, derivational affixes4. empty morph, zero morph5. IC Analysis6. immediate constituents, ultimate constituents7. morphological rules8. word-formation processIV. Answer the following questions:1. What is IC analysis?2. How are morphemes classified?3. Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.4. What‘s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph?5. Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position.6. What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.V. Practical Work:Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a + between each morpheme and the next:allomorph enrich television basically holidayreceiving illogical incorruptible unsuccessfully weakeneddisagreed invisible endearment window manageofficer children tourists decentralizedAnalyze the following words by IC analysis:replacements decentralized untruly disapproval unmanlydisgraceful dislikes untouchable inspector unknowingunacceptable typewriter enlargement tastelessnesschapter6Exercises:I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:1. Sentences can be studied in two ways: ______, we make structural descriptions of sentences to illustrate the parts of sentences and the relationships among them; ______, we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules.2. ______ is a science that is concerned with how words are combined to form phrases and how phrases are combined by rules to form sentences.3. The ________ relation refers to the linear ordering of the words and the phrases within a sentence.4. The ________ relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence.5. The linguistic forms that have _______ relations belong to the same ________.6. Syntactic categories can be further divided into two groups: ________ category, such as Noun and Verb; ________ category, such as Sentence, Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase.7. The ________ relation shows us the inner layering of sentences.8. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, there are three distinct levels or hierarchies: ________ which is the highest; ________ which is the lowest; ________ which is in between.9. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence, the forms at the word-level are ________ of the sentence; the forms at the word-level and the phrase-level are the ________ of the sentence; the constituents connected by the two lines that are branching from the same point are called the ________ of the form above that point.10. The same phrase or sentence may have two or more interpretations depending on the hierarchical arrangement of its constituents. Such a case is called ________.11. Each branching point in a phrase marker is called a ________.12. TG Grammar claims that the static study of sentences is only concerned with one level of structure, i.e. ________ structure, but the dynamic study of sentences deals with two levels of structure: both ________ structure and ________ structure.13. TG Grammar has assumed that to generate sentences, we start with ______ structures and then transform them into ________ structures.14. Deep structures are generated by ______ rules, and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by ________ rules.15. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the ________ of words as they are pronounced.16. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the ________ of words.17. A surface structure is relatively concrete and gives the ______ of a sentence as it is used in communication.18. A deep structure is abstract and gives the ________ of a sentence.19. The constituent which is always present on the right side of the arrow in a PS rule is called a(n) ________ constituent.20. In the deep structure, verbs always take the ______ form. That is to say, at the level of deep structure, the inflectional endings do not occur together with the verbs. They are separated from the verbs and are part of an ________ phrase.21. The verbs in verb phrases are called ______ verbs; the other verbs are ________ verbs.22. In TG Grammar, an auxiliary phrase consists of four components: ______, ______ verbs, the _______ aspect and the ________ aspect.23. To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule: __________.24. All transformational rules perform three kinds of operations: ______ the sentence elements; ______ a new element to the phrase。
语言学练习2
I. There are four choices below each question. Choose the best one to complete the blank:(1 x 15 = 15 )1.As modern linguistic aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be __c___.a. prescriptiveb. sociolinguisticc. descriptived. psycholinguistic2.Of all the speech organs, the ___c___ is/ are the most flexible.a. mouthb. lipsc. tongued. vocal cords3.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) __d____.a. bound morphemeb. bound formc. inflectional morphemed. free morpheme4.The Speech Act Theory is a classical theory of pragmatics. It was first advanced by ______.a. Saussureb. Chomskyc. Sapird. Austin5.“Can I borrow your bike?” ___d___ “You have a bike.”a. is synonymous withb. is inconsistent withc. entailsd. presupposes6.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof thathuman language is ___a___.a. arbitraryb. dualc. of displacementd. productive7.All the following vowels are rounded vowels, EXCEPT ___a___.a. /a:/b. /u:/c. /o:/d. /u/8.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonlytermed the __d____.a. phrase structureb. surface structurec. syntactic structured. deep structure9. _______ in modern linguistics originated with Halliday.a. The Speech Act Theoryb. The Relevance Theoryc. The Register Theoryd. The Context Theory10. __a____ is the personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regardingregional, social, gender, and age variations.a. regional dialectb. sociolectc. ethnic dialectd. idiolect11. The utterance “We work 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” obviously violates the maxim of___b? ___.a. qualityb. quantityc. relationd. manner12. The fundamental distinctions between competence and performance are discussed by __c____.a. Austinb. Saussurec. Chomskyd. Halliday13. ___b____ studies the rules governing the pattern, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds.a. Phoneticsb. Phonologyc. Syntaxd. Morphology14.The minimal distinctive unit and the minimal meaning unit of language refer to __d? __ and_____ respectively.a. phoneme, morphemeb. morpheme, wordc. morpheme, phonemed. phoneme, word15. Among the four maxims, the maxim of quality means _______.a. making as much information as requiredb. being relevantc. avoiding ambiguityd. saying what you think is trueII．Fill the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to write down the whole word without changing the letter given: (2 x 10 = 20)nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at somepoint of time is called a synchronic______ study of language.17.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from thelungs meets with any obstruction______ when a sound is produced.18.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with othermorphemes to form words are called bound______ morphemes.19.XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes his puppy”consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier ______, N the head and S the complement.20.According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “to suggest that someone should seethe doctor” should fall into the category of d______.21.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. Theword that is more general in meaning is called superordinate______.22.In spite of the fact that “Does he smoke?’is an interrogatory sentence while “He doesn’tsmoke”is a declarative one, they may both be analyzed as HE (SMOKE) in terms of predication____.23.Regularization of exceptional plural forms provides a good example of analogical_______change.24.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is thecharacteristic of complementary______ antonyms.25.Sentence meaning is different from utterance meaning in that it is d________.III．Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write a T for true and anF for false on the answer sheet. (1 x 15 = 15)26.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability toacquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. F27.A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on theproduction of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds are arranged to distinguish meaning. T28.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. F29.Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set ofsyntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order. T30.The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For example, “female” occursonly in nouns such as “mother”, “woman”, “girl”, “tigress” and so on, but not in other parts of speech. T31.According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, such an utterance as “I name the shipElizabeth” falls into the category of representatives. F32.New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix that is thought to bepart of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus “peddle” was derived from “peddler” on the mistaken assumption that the “-er” was the agentive suffix. T33.Women in Western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to thesocial significance of certain linguistic variables.34.“Lift” in British English has a counterpart “elevator” in American English. They are usuallycalled dialectal synonyms. T35.The study objects of both semantics and pragmatics are meaning, with semantics focusing onmeaning in context and pragmatics on static meaning. F36.Obviously, linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations. T37. N. Chomsky’s book Course in General Linguistics marks the beginning of modern linguistics. T38. English consonants are classified only in terms of place of articulation. F39. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. T40. John bought something entails John bought two pens. FIV. Match the terms in Column A with the statements in Column B. Write down the letter of your choice on the answer sheet: (1x10=10)A B41. langue b a. It is the basic abstract unit in phonology; itis a unit that is of distinctive value. In otherwords, it is not a sound, but a collection ofdistinctive features.42. phoneme a b. It is the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community. Inother words, it is a set of conventions andrules which its users have to abide by.43. X-bar theory e c. It is one of the design features of language,which means that language can be used torefer to things that are present or absent, realor imaginary, at present, in the past or in thefuture.44. pragmatics d d. It is the study of how speakers of a languageuse sentences to effect successfulcommunication.45. displacement c e. It refers to the part of grammar that regulatesthe structure of phrases.46. positional relation j f. It refers to two different wordswhich are identical in every wayexcept for one sound segment inthe same place in the strings.47. homonymy h g. It refers to the sequentialarrangement of words in a language.48. Cooperative Principle g h. It refers to the phenomenon thatwords having different meaningshave the same form, that is, different wordsare identical in sound or spelling or in both.49. language family i i. It refers to a group of historically orgenetically related languages thathave developed from a commonancestral language.50. minimal pair f j. It refers to the general principlefollowed by participants ofconversations to carry on the talk.V. Do the following as you are asked to: (40)51. In the following sentence, identify four bound morphemes, state the function of each of themand say whether each is derivational or inflectional.(2x4=8)The teacher’s brother considered the project impossible.52. The following sentence expresses two meanings. Draw two tree diagrams to show the twomeanings: (3x2=6)The dog bit the man in the car.53. Comment on the following statement by the British linguist J. R. Firth, supplying an example:(4x1=4)“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.”54. Say what is the basic lexical relation between the following pairs of words: (1x3=3)(a) shallow / deep:(b) suite / sweet:(c) table / furniture:55. Say whether each of the following opposites is gradable or complementary: (1x2=2)(a) absent / present:(b) high / low:56. Identify the sense relation between the two sentences in each pair in the following: (1x3=3)(a) X: He has written a poem in English.Y: He knows English.(b) X: John bought two pens.Y: John bought something.(c) X: George was a bachelor all his life.Y: George never married all his life.57. Comment on the sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously and say what you have learnedfrom this sentence: (1x4=4)58. Say how your knowledge about linguistics can help you become a good language teacher:(10x1=10)。
语言学第三章练习2
语⾔学第三章练习2Chapter 3：From Morpheme to Phrase 形态学I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words a re formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free m orphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categ ories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, whi ch can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to for m a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acc eptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish”in the word boyish conveys a grammatical meaning.13. Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be co mbined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivative affixes.15. Derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. Compounding is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to cr eate new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called morphological rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affix es to stems to form new words.20. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to whicha derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can be st complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore”is the place where books are sold. This indica tes that the meaning of a compound ______.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of spee ch of _______.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined wi th other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and t he rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of spee ch of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the li nguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational morphology34. morpheme 35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme粘着语素37. root 38. affix 39. prefix 40. suffix 41. derivation 42. Compounding31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example,“book-”in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish”in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-”in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s”in the word “books”to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-”in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ”in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less”in the word “friendless”.。
(完整word版)语言学练习二第2次作业 Microsoft Word 文档
烟台南山学院2015—2016学年第一学期《英语语言学练习》二(课程代码：11120210专业：英语学习层次：本科年级：2014级)(第二次作业针对第一、二章。
试题总分100分。
本次练习只有多选题。
)一、单项选择（共40题，每小题2.5分，满分100分)Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. （2.5%×40=100%）（答题时请按照本答卷上的题号标注，每5个一行。
）1. The study of language at one point of time is a _A______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive11. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be C .A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguisticnguage is a system of arbitrary _D________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal19. Of all the speech organs, the _C_______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20. Chomsky uses the term __D______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. Performance33. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?AA. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]37.What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have ?BA. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative40.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C_______.A. semanticsB. sociolinguisticsC. pragmaticsD. psycholinguistics41. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____A___ .A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took apsychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took asociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semanticpoint of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmaticpoint of viewnguage is a system of ___D______ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary44. A(n) ___C_____ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound51. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B_________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community52. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? AA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang53.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is____C______.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative54. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?CA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational55. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?CA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness56. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.BA. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal57. ______A___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole58. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ___C_______.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality59. _______A__ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics60. _______C___ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics61. Pitch variation is known as ____A______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice62. Conventionally a ____C______ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme64. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ___A_______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula65. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ________A__ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering66. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ___D_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones67. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?BA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above68. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]69. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?BA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]70. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?BA. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant122. All syllables contain a _A_______.A. nucleusB. codaC. onsetD. stem123. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ______C__. A. manners of articulation B. place of articulationC. narrow transcriptionD. voicing124. In syllable, a vowel often serves as ____A____.A. peak or nucleusB. onsetC. codaD. morph129. According to F. De Saussure, _C_______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language 130. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. /n/B. /m/C. /b/D. /p/140. The consonant /s/ in the word “smile” can be described as: ____A____.A. voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB. voiceless nasal bilabial liquidC. voiced oral alveolar plosiveD. voiced oral bilabial fricative141. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B________. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 143.Saussure took a(n) ________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.AA. sociological... PsychologicalB. psychological... SociologicalC. applied... PragmaticD. semantic... Linguistic145. ____C____ deal with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics146. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?AA. /li:f/ /fi:l/B. /sip/ /zip/C. /sai/ /sei/D. /keit/ /feit/。
语言学练习第二章word精品
Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of En glish consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [] voiceless alveolar stop [] voiceless velar stop []bilabial n asal []velar n asal []voiced postalveolar affricate [] voiceless labiolde ntal fricative[]voiced labiolde ntal fricative[]voiceless dental fricative[]voiced den tal fricative[]voiceless alveolar fricative[]voiced alveolar fricative[]voiced alveolar trill[]voiceless post-alveolar fricative[]voiced post-alveolar fricative []bilabial approxima nt II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ___ refers to a stro ng puff of air stream in the producti on of speech soun ds.2. _____ A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in com mon, i.e, they are all b _____ soun ds.4. ______________________________ Of all the speech orga ns, the t is the most flexible, and is resp on sible for varieties of articulati on tha n any other.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p ___ of articulati on.6. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstructi on audibly released and the air pass ing out aga in is called a s ____________ . <![e ndif]>7. S ________ f eatures are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segme nts. They in clude stress, tone, inton ati on, etc.8. The rules that gover n the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage are called s____ rules.9. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad tran scripti on while the tran scripti on with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n ________ tran scriptio n.10. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word [ ] voiced bilabial stop[]voiced alveolar stop[]voiced velar stop[]alveolar n asal[] voiceless postalveolar affricate[]alveolar lateral[]glottal fricative []palatal approxima ntin isolati on, they are collectively known as i ________ .11. P ______ i s a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularIan guage and how sounds are comb ined into meanin gful un its to effect lin guistic com muni cati on.12. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the phary ngeal cavity, the o _____ cavity and the n asal cavity.13. T ____ a re pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration ofthe vocal cords and which can disti nguish meaning just like phon emes. <![e ndif]>14. Depe nding on the con text in which stress is con sidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s _______ stress.15. The sound /f/ is _________________ .A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiode ntal fricative16. Dist in ctive features can be found running over a seque nee of two or morephon emic segme nts. The phon emic features that occur above the level of the segme nts are called _______________________ .A. phon etic comp onentsB. immediate con stitue ntsC. suprasegme ntal featuresD. sema ntic features17. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of disti nctive value. It is an abstract un it, acollecti on of disti nctive phon etic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allopho neD. phon eme18. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticen vir onments are called the ___ of that phon eme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phon emesD. alloph ones19. Of all the speech orga ns, the ______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. ton gueD. vocal cords20. ____________________________________________________ The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________________________ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonan tal21. __________ i s a voiced alveolar stop.22. The assimilatio n rule assimilates one sound to ano ther by“ copy ing a seque ntial pho neme, thus making the two phones __________ .A. ide nticalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variati on is known as __ when its patter ns are imposed on senten ces.A.i nton atio nB.t oneC. pronun ciati onD.voice 2. Conven tio nally a ___ is put in slashes.A.alloph oneB.ph oneC. pho nemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an un aspiratep and an un released) are _ of thep phon eme.A.a naloguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.alloph ones4. A pho neme is a group of similar sounds called ______ .A. mini mal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allopho nes5. Which branch of pho netics concerns the producti on of speech soun ds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is differe nt from the others accord ing to manners of articulati on?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ 9 ]D.[v]7. which one is differe nt from the others accord ing to places of articulatio n?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is differe nt from the others accordi ng to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made whe n the vocal cords are vibrati ng?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represe nts the followi ng descripti on: voiceless labiode ntal fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false1. of the three phon etics bran ches, the Ion gest established one, and un til rece ntly the most highly developed, is acoustic phon etics.2. sound [p] in the word 'bpit” is an unaspirated stop. A. Izl B. Idl C. Ikl D.lbla featu3. Supersegme ntal phono logy refers to the study of phono logical properties of un its larger than the segme nt-ph on eme, such as syllable, word and senten ce.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to un dergo a nu mber of modificati on to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variati on whe n they occur in the same environment and do not con trast, n amely, the substituti on of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a differe nt pronun ciati on..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7. Acoustic phon etics is concerned with the percepti on of speech soun ds.8. AII syllables must have a nu cleus but not all syllables contain an on set and code.9. When pure or mono phth ongs are pronoun ced, no vowel glide take place.10. accord ing to the len gth or tensen ess of the pronun ciati on, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronun ciati on is the pronun ciatio n accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. pho no logy2. phon eme3.allopho ne4. acoustic phon etics5.. i ntern ati onal phon etic alphabet6. inton ati on7.. phon etics8.auditoryphon etics 9.pho ne 10 tone 11. mini mal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of Ian guage, why do you think speech is more basic tha n writi ng?2. What are the criteria that a lin guist uses in classify ing vowels?3. What are the major differe nces betwee n phono logy and phone音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegme ntal features can affect mea ning.5. In what way can we determ ine whether a phone is a phon eme or n ot?。
Exercise_语言和语言学
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semanti c…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of al l the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphem es in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultim ate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s ter minology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. H alliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic compete nceC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ oppo sites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ ar e used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is ca used by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously violatesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
语言学第二章练习题
Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?V oicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。
英语语言学练习
英语语言学练习### English Linguistics ExercisesExercise 1: Phoneme IdentificationIdentify the phonemes in the following words. Write the phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).1. cat2. dog3. tree4. sheep5. fishExercise 2: Morpheme AnalysisAnalyze the following words into their constituent morphemes.1. unbelievable2. rebuild3. understand4. unseen5. multicoloredExercise 3: Word Class IdentificationDetermine the word class (part of speech) of the underlinedword in each sentence.1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.2. She is very interested in linguistics.3. The children were playing in the park.4. He gave her a beautiful gift.5. They are working on the project.Exercise 4: Sentence Structure AnalysisAnalyze the sentence structure by identifying the subject, verb, and object in the following sentences.1. The linguist is studying the syntax of the English language.2. A new theory has been proposed by the researchers.3. What she said surprised everyone in the room.4. To learn a new language is an exciting challenge.5. The book, which was published last year, is a bestseller.Exercise 5: Tense and AspectIdentify the tense and aspect of the verbs in the following sentences.1. She is reading a book.2. They have been working on the project for two years.3. He had finished his homework before the class started.4. We were playing tennis when it started to rain.5. The company will be launching a new product next month.Exercise 6: Passive Voice TransformationTransform the following active voice sentences into passive voice.1. The chef cooks the meal every evening.2. Someone left the door open.3. The teacher assigns homework every week.4. The company produces high-quality products.5. They will build a new bridge over the river.Exercise 7: Modal VerbsFill in the blanks with the correct modal verb to complete the sentences.1. You must be careful when crossing the street.2. She might be at the library.3. We could go for a walk if it doesn't rain.4. He should study harder for the exam.5. They may have already left the building.Exercise 8: Conditional SentencesFormulate the second conditional sentences based on the given situations.1. If she had enough money, _____________ (buy) a new car.2. If it were not for the rain, _____________ (go) for a picnic.3. If he had studied harder, _____________ (pass) the exam.4. If they had known the truth, _____________ (tell) us.5. If you had been there, _____________ (see) the accident.Exercise 9: Direct and Indirect SpeechConvert the following direct speech into indirect speech.1. "I am going to the library," she said.2. "We have finished our homework," they told me.3. "I saw him yesterday," he explained.4. "She will be late," they warned us.5. "I can speak three languages," she boasted.Exercise 10: CollocationMatch the words in the left column with their collocations in the right column.- Left Column:1. make2. take3. give4. have5. leave- Right Column:a. a decisionb. a breakc. a messaged. a vacatione. a mistakeAnswers:1. make a decision2. take a break3. give a message4. have a vacation5. leave a mistake。
Exercise_语言和语言学
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic‘A rose by any other 9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ____.name would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ____A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semantic…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”？A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ ?]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. Vowels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. Vowels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”？A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. Voiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootes in it.4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemA. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”？A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultim ate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”？A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowingminology is called ___.15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s terA. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. H alliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.nceA. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic competeC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words?20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical techniqueA. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学belong isand “lass” 1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”called _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymysites.3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ oppoA. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)ague” are a pair of _____.7. “Clear” and “ＶA. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ W e have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.” ________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contrariespower to manage the power”．11. _______ are used in the sentence “With IBM we have theA. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonymshas different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its 20. The color “yellow” __________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonymsused by _________.25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caA. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”．A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”．A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously violthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiativea(n) ____________.14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” isA. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive____.16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _____A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete—this is the main idea of __________.21. “We do things with words”A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
英语语言学练习题(8页)
Linguistics supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement 55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
(完整word版)语言学练习Chapter2习题
Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21．A ___ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A ___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to producethe speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t __ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p ______________ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s __________________ .27．S ________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s __________ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i __________ .31．P __________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguisticcommunication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the o _____________ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress:word stress and s ______________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choicethat can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37． ________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/a featu 38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “ copyinga sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones __________ .A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ________________ .A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _______________ .A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ___ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called .A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) _________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ______________ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. internationalphonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels ?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not ?。
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Chapter 2 11
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant B 24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative? A. [f] B. [q] C. [z] D. [s] A
Chapter 2 8
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer.
Exercises
17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _____ diphthongs. A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering D 18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____. A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones D
Chapter 2 1
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 3. Consonant sounds can be either _____ or _____, while all vowel sounds are _____. voiced; voiceless; voiced 4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _____. friction
Chapter 2 12
Exercises
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 25. Of the three phonetic branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. F __ 26. Sound [p] in the word "spit" is an unaspirated stop. T
Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle
Chapter 2 4
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 9. In English there are a number of _____, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. diphthongs 10._____ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually showing the influence of their neighbors. Coarticulation
Chapter 2
6
II. Choose the best answer. 13. Pitch variation is known as _____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice A 14. Conventionally a _____ is put in slashes. A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme C
Chapter 2 15
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F __ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. T
Chapter 2 3
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _____. obstruction 8. In phonological analysis the words fail veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _____. minimal pairs
Chapter 2 16
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __33. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. T __ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F
C. Auditory phonetics. D. Neither of them. B 20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation? A. [z] B. [w] C. [q] D. [v] B
Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2
9
II. Choose the best answer. 19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
Exercises
A. Acoustic phonetics.
B. Articulatory phonetics.
Chapter 2 2
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _____ and the lips. tongue 6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _____ to which that part of the tongue is raised. height