考研必看之翻译和Summary(免费)
最新研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写
❖ Lack of clean water further adds to women's burdens: many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at great risk of developing various diseases, further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally.
❖ In the process of urbanization, many women are left behind to take care of everything single-handedly. Those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well, like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions.
武汉大学研究生英语summary写作范文(原文及范文)
WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities—science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process of natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in thedifferent areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave （坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
对考研最有帮助的目前最全面的英汉翻译笔记
对考研最有帮助的目前最全面的英汉翻译笔记第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1.句式特征：by＋名词＋比较级＋thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。
2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋to+n.译为：增加到。
或减少到。
Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。
二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋％The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35％2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋by＋％Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3％The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60％3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词＋to+%表示减少后剩余的数量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20％4.句式特征：％＋比较级＋than表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9％。
5.句式特征：％＋比较级＋名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减10％6.句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20％7.句式特征：％+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字n照译The production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的60％8.句式特征：%＋up on 或over表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20％。
研究生英语考试文章总结summary writing如何写
In
the article,the writer argues that there are synergies between gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.
- Show the relationships among these ideas.
- Omit specifics, such as illustrations, descriptions, and detailed explanations. - Indicate the author’s purpose in writing: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. If the passage is a persuasive piece, report the author’s bias or position on the issue.
In
the process of urbanization, many women are left behind to take care of everything single-handedly. Those who migrate to cities face new challenges as well, like economic exploitation and meanly living conditions. Disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas. To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about "propriety".
研究生英语读写译上下册summary集合
研究⽣英语读写译上下册summary集合上册1. Test A《Recession-proofing your career》To keep a threat awareness in mind and acting for your career are the primary idea of this article. The author develops this text into 2 parts: the necessity for recession-proofing your career and strategies for protecting your career.First, know yourself,including the key skills and the areas of competence. This is the first and a necessary part before embarking on entirely your career. Then, marketing yourself. No one willing to refuse a Mr.right in the career,so do you.Finding right platforms ,you can realize your value. The author also throws out a problem:if you lost main source of income tomorrow ,could you fine an alternate source to replace it? In addition to pursue learning and development opportunities, we also can create a fallback position and stay culturally current to ensure your employability in the future. Moreover,as all we know, we could not hold one career without any obstacle. Rather than being defeated by failure,we must learn from those setbacks and use them to your advantages in the future.Finally ,act type A,think type B, that is thinking and recognizing yourself once again and again. It seems a cycle from knowing yourself to recognize once again in the whole career life.Nowadays, with the fast-shifting of the economic, we are really all living and working in a TempWorld. Preparing before happening never is not a wise idea.2. Test A 《Lies》“Lies”is a typical critical article about whether we can tell lies in our daily life. The author uses abundant examples to convey the existence and necessity for lies and shows his own opinion —mankind must have lies and the bigger the better. To understand this attitude,we must look at the way the author how writes the passage. The author began the essay by telling the fact that although people usually have many negative views about lies,but we tell lies form time to time. Then the body gives us lots of reasons why we need lies sometimes,such as in order to maintain the stabilityof society,ruling the religion etc. I was impressed by the sentence—“Art is a lie that tells the truth”.if someone is not willing to admit he/she have told lies,the facts itself is a lie. People must have told lies for different reasons and in different environments in our past ages. We know the choice between lies and truth decided mainly bases on our purposes. And we prefer to believe lies ,because truth may be frightening. But I just agree the author’s views in a certain degree. Because lies can make the betterment of the world,but can never make the world.下册1. Test B《when goodness isn’t good enough》The author began this essay by telling the characteristics of good person. And throwing out his own perspective—in the modern world, good person suffers. Then the author showed the different about the modern world which is networked, specialized, and filled with impersonal organization whose goals are open-ended. The consequence is that modern people are exposed to various demands our ancestors never could have imagined. In this situation, anyone who tries to fulfill some previous century’s vision of goodness experiences a constant sense of inadequacy. Last, the author suggestion is that each person finds her or his own special passion, makes that the center of a single open-ended commitment and does what is humanly possible.I accept his view of attitude towards good person. Once people could consider themselves among the good if they fulfilled the demands of their roles. But the modern individual belongs to a variety of groups and holds many different roles, each of which attempts to absorb all the energy he or she can muster. We know we are only human that our energy is limit. We must find a way to live within the limits—shamelessly, guiltlessly, with a sense of well being and self-worth. So do what one can and what is humanly possible.2. Test A《the pleasures of ignorance》The author began this essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding a fact that he knew practically nothing about anything. The quantity of thethings he knew was limited except his own experience. However he felt no depress about his ignorance, believing that ignorance would be the greatest help to one. Because sometimes memory is not reliable, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant man seldom make inaccurate judgment without making an investigation first. So the ignorance would lead us to learn more.As we know, the author’s attitude is solely and optimistic. But should we feel ashamed or pessimistic while realizing that we are ignorant? Undoubtedly, one’s knowledge can be out at elbows sometimes, but we can look up in a textbook or the encyclopedia etc. The information can be quickly accessed in various means. What’s more, there is no need to remember too much detail things, such as the mathematical formula, names. If we always pay attention on those things, they will never be our prides but burden! So the answer of the question mentioned above is obvious.4. Test A《Rags to rags, riches to riches》From this essay,“American Dream”is gradually fading with the development of economy, rather than opportunity as the crux, especially for the native. The idea that American is exceptional in its material opportunity is deeply lodged in the culture. And this also has brought so much motivation for the poor. But now pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness and the stiffening of America’s economic is worse than the culture. what’s more, America’s dominant position among those western counties is also becoming unobvious, which also lead challenges among peers depend on their parents. So the real focus of an effort to restore social and economic opportunity in America is to get out of poverty. The author’s advice is paying more attention on education.A kind of culture held in esteem has its irreplaceable advantages. Such as American dream, struggle,risk ,self-determination and material progress are its representations. So the sate that rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor can change. However,with the development of the society ,the change of theenvironment, the culture is hard to keep. What we need to do is to look for means to maintain the culture in order to be ladders out of poverty. I agree with the author’s advice——improve education.Because it’s effective although we need several generations.5. Test A《teaching our children about evil》The author began this essay by asking how to understand the definition of “evil”. In the body, creative and destructive potentials wereraised,which would effect people’s behaviors greatly.our creative potential is to enhance and enrich life,but destructive potential has the opposite result.In the end, with such what’s about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children about evil.According to my understanding, on one hand, there is no absolute good or absolute evil. A thing can be good or evil or both at the same time;On the other hand, good and evil have no difference in size. We can’t deny a thing is good just because it’s too small, such as picking up the rubbish on the road. Or we can’t say a thing is not evil just because it is a small thing, such as spitting everywhere. Finally, I think good and evil can be transformed sometimes. We can’t say one is good or evil forever. In a word, good and evil is a complicated term. The relationship between them is so difficult to define.we should regard them from an overall aspect, don’t treat a thing or a person as good or evil too roughly.。
研究生英语summary
“The End of Something" is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it. Hemingway uses this story to convey how this change happens all the time, and however desperately you cling to the "present"This article uses the broken mill, the fish's not striking,and the characters in themselves to tell us a story far beyond what we read.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. Once,their relationship flourished.now they cannot relate as much to each other anymore.Nick has lost interest; the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore. The love is there, but it has ceased to appeal to Nick. The good old past simply isn't good enough anymore. Marjorie, on the other hand, clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.For what was, was, and what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow. It is as Hemingway conveys through this story: the present will not remain present for long, and one must look beyond what was and look at what is in order to be truly happy.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author think his conviction of ignorance was sane ,happy,and irrefutable.which did not depress he,for thinking that he is better as he is.At first, apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. Secondly,the acquisition of this store has cost he long years and much money,compared with all that he do not know,it seems,an inadequate terurn.And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. Just as he write “the happy ignorant man ,the man aware of his own ignorance,and perfectly content with it.”However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.For several decades we have known about one effect of exercise on the brain,the “endorphin high”that make us feel good dueing and right after exercise. And “a sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind. In this way, exercise is a state of mind.In this article the auther uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety,improves sleep,improves resilience in the face of stress and raises self-esteem.and they come from alterations inside your head. Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise. In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.and continuing exercise and motivation is the keys to good health.“Opportunity is what the new world has always represengted:struggle,risk,self-determination,and the hope of spiritual and progress.” But is America any longer a land of opportunity for the people born here?the answer is:no,not especially.And in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged.The writer Clive Crook holds that that phase America is exceptional in its material opportunity has ended.pessimism vies with vitality for command of the national consciousness.Most important of all,the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. America insist a kind of bargain,but it is false advertising.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor. And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get outof poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which cannot do everything ,but dismal school performance is the biggest problem that policy makers concerned with opportunity in American can fix. which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.As we all known, every language has its words to express good and evil,for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? The purpose this article is to propose a preliminary outline for a view of evil.and his basic assumption is that there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, c ustom, or prejudice. Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.The author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”. Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author give us a path which tell how should we teach our children.the path combines self-awareness,empathy,learning,creative compensation and good works.。
考博英语summary作文写作、汉译英及英译汉写作总结
考博英语summary作文及翻译部分博士研究生招生院校考博英语题型中作文部分要求学生写200字左右英文摘要即summary，对于很多没有接触过的考试感到无从下笔，下面新东方在线考博频道将为大家详细介绍2017考博英语作文摘要的写作步骤。
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
考博英语作文摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。
第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
考博英语summary作文写作、汉译英及英译汉写作总结
考博英语summary作文及翻译部分博士研究生招生院校考博英语题型中作文部分要求学生写200字左右英文摘要即summary，对于很多没有接触过的考试感到无从下笔，下面新东方在线考博频道将为大家详细介绍2017考博英语作文摘要的写作步骤。
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
考博英语作文摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。
第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
研究生英语上Summary
研究生英语上Summary第一篇：研究生英语上SummaryUnit1 How to read a book“Some books are to be tasted ,others to be swallowed, and some to be chewed and digested.” Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago.However, what are the criteria for those books to be “chewed and digested?” How to tell good literature form bad literature? On these issues, people don’t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Joseph Brodsky first states that people’s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read.Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job;even book reviewers can’t help muc h.In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the moist concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Unit2 Recession-proofing Your CareerIn the text, Dr.Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today’s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it’s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself fro a change, esp.during periods of recession.She then suggests some skills which areindispensable when responding to new work trends.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any “hot job” which exceeds either yourinterest or talent.Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria.You must be able to “market “yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions “both inside and outside of your professions.” Always follow work trends.Fina lly, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B.In a word, don’t be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you’ll surely get a good job.You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.Unit3 LiesPeople usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival.According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society.Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom.Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.Unit5 Don’t let complexity stop youUN reports say global inequity is still widening over past decades, which poses a serious threat to the prosperity and stability of the world.Whatever disagreements there are, people all over the world seem to agree that, with globalization, it is hightime that such a fundamental problem be solved in a sustainable way, and international cooperation can help in this regard.In this inspiring speech, Bill Gates is calling for a fairer world, one in which people use and apply discoveries for good.“Humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries ar e applied to reduce inequity.” He believes, for higher education, a top mission of policy innovations is to provide students with a more global perspective.Unit6 The riddle of timeSometimes it flies, sometimes it crawls, but it always passes inexorably.We mark it, save it, waste it, bide it, race against it.We measure it incessantly, with a passion for precision.Time is so vitally enmeshed with the fabric of our existence, in fact, that it's hard even to conceive of it as an independent entity, and when we try, the result is less than enlightening.For many people, time is looked upon as a flow like a river, but for theoretical physicists, like Albert Einstein, it is seen as a dimension, like height and width.Throughout history, endless efforts have been put into accurately measuring it, and, consequently, various devices such as calendars and clocks have been devisedNature provides a very accurate timekeeper: the carbon-14 atom, which decays at a known rate during the past 50,000 years.Interesting enough, we human beings also have a body-clock, which is thought to regulate changes in body chemicals, the response of the immune system, and a cyclic rise and fall of heartbeat and blood circulation.第二篇：安徽大学研究生英语上册summary—原创安大研究生英语上册summaryUNIT1Josph Brosky puts himself very clearly in the text.how to reada book.Many books are less limited than ourselves,many writers write a good book through all their lives.therefore,in literature good is defined by its distinction from bad.our readers ought to pick up good books that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possibly focus.the man so called literary criticism all have their limit.the writer accounts poem an a way to develop good taste in literature.he think it as the supreme form of human locution.for it isconcise and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.A man who used to read poetry may have no interest in bad prose.The writer explain his opinion clearly in the text lies.the text can be divided into three parts.Although we all be taught not tu tell lies since our childhood.we can not deny the fact that people tell lies from time to time for different reason.People may tell white lies ro protect their friend, their friend,their family,or even just for themselves.Religions always tell lies to offer people the hope of life.the government may tell lies to ensure their manipulate of encomy.Lies around us everywhere ,it directs our thoughts and actions everyday and we may never doubt big lies to comfort ourselves.most people want sth moreconsoling than terrible facts.peopleneed big lies because lying disguses our morlatity,our indueques ,our fears and anxiety ,our loneliness in the midst of crowd ,we can nor live without lies.John F.kennedy is the 35th president of America.He gave this speech on his inaugural day.I think this exciting inaugural address can be divided into three parts.In the first part,K commit to do what the oath said although the world is different.Heshou his comfidence to maintain human rights and the sucdess of liberty.He speaks to many kinds of people in the second part.he pledge the loyality offairhful friend,shouws whlcome to the new states ,and pledgethem besr efforts to help the struggling national,he offers a special pledge to the south of America that he hopes to convent good words into good deeds.he renews his pledge of support to the United Nations.he even speaks to their hostile state for peace.In the third pare,he calls for citizen to do sth”Ask not what America will do for you,but whar together we can do for the freedom of man”In the article ,the writer light the necessity for recession-proofing our career and gives his stratergies for recession proofing our career.he thinks our world as a TempWorle.everyone of us may be influenced by it,so all of us should be a career activist.The first strategy is to ensure our employability.he adviced us to currency ability,then create a fallback position in case we have to change our mind-set.knowing our key skills will help us to know ourselves well.being prepared for areas of competence will shorten the time we stepping in a new filed.healso advice us to build a knowledge netork and market ourselves in an opporiate way.As for our thought,we should learn to feel good about ourselves and to act ambitiousResilience is very important for every of us.At last,saty culturally current will benefits us a lot no matter in what case. 第三篇：英语summaryFate is sometimes not very kind to policemen like myself.Take as an example the recent trial in which I was involved.When I arrested the young lad I had felt sure he was guilty I had been following him around for a couple of hours and he conduct himself suspiciously.He had been wandering about and it seemed to me that he was looking for an opportunity to steal.When I arrested him, his casual manner only served to confirm my suspicions.I thought I had at last caught the thief who had beentroubling the area for so long.However, my joy was only temporary.When I saw the brilliant solicitor the boy's father had hired to defend him, I knew we didn't stand a chance.It turned out that the boy was simply a student who was looking for temporary employment before going to university.If only he had been a bit more helpful when we arrested him, he could have saved us all a lot of time and trouble.It's enough to make one turn against students!Despite the vast amount of data available for us to download from the worldwide web, we still face a problem in how to make the best use of it.Data on its own has its limitations.It is only when nature is exposed to fruitful questions that we can hope to uncover her secrets.The evolution of science shows this clearly, with many of the most notable discoveries relying on the ability to view matters rather than simply gathering more facts.In short, half the answer lies in thinking up the right question.T o my mind, in any analysis of the professions, few can match teaching.One needs to be energetic, certainly, for occasionally it seems one hardly has time to catch his breath.It can mean staying up late in order to get lessons prepared on time.Nonetheless, I am convinced that the work is more stimulating than that of my administrative colleagues.I certainly would not wish to switch, even though the pay is higher.With teaching, the pace of life is more varied, allowing greater time for reflection and research.Yet most of all it is the chance to see the spark of a fresh idea taking hold in a student's mind that is the most rewarding aspect of the job, repaying all one's effortsIt is difficult not to be affected by the tale of Sarah Morris.While her physical conditions made it difficult to interpret her speech, from her writing it would be impossible to spot thatshe suffers from such a severe handicap.Writing slowly with the help of a pointer fastened to her head, her maximum writing speed is no more than eight words per minute.Yet she still manages to write extensively on the team she grew up following.Straining her neck in the gloom of her room, surrounded by her computer equipment and a TV set, she has managed to rise above her situation against all the odds.I recall that it was something of an embarrassment to have my son find me so upset on that Wednesday long ago.He had come home expecting to have the place all to himself, only to find me there, frantic with worry about losing my job.I had assumed that I could master typing in just a few sessions, but it took much longer than I had expected.Try as I might, it seemed I just could not catch on to it in time.I suppose I should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as I did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.I felt helpless and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end I just had to accept defeat and change jobs.Not that I gave up wanting to type.I went on practicing and eventually mastered it.The medicines the doctor prescribed for me tasted horrible.They were supposed to bring down my temperature, but when I heard how high it was I was terrified.I thought I was certain to die.I just didn't see how I could possibly overcome the illness.I couldn't stop worrying about it.All day I just gazed into space, feeling miserable.The fever made me shiver and gave my face a flush I couldn't take an interest in anything and felt very detached from everything around me.I thought my father must know I was going to die, but had said nothing, wanting me to keep from thinking about it.Finally I could bear it no longer and asked him how much longer I could live.When he explained my mistake, all my worriesslid away.Only then was I really able to take it easy.I am still trying to figure out why we all behaved so badly on the night my neighbours tried to break into our family bomb shelter.It was frightening for us down there, hearing those we thought of as our friends heading for something to break down the shelter door.Even though we piled up all we could find against the door, I knew it would eventually give way.And it did.Should I hold it against them? After all, their reactions were born of fear and I would probably have behaved the same way in their shoes.Perhaps it would have been fairer to have drawn lots for who got to use the only shelter in the street, but I was never going to let that happen.I was as scared and selfish as the rest.It seems that underneath we are all more aggressive and greedy than we like to think.Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of success.They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers.Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits.Daydreaming of success, they claim, can contribute to success.One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be.Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true.Of course, you should not neglect necessary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.The beauty of the music was in sharp contrast with the reality of the lives led by the singers.Amid all their suffering, a group of Jewish prisoners had found the courage to stage performances of Verdi's Requiem.Despite the difficulties and dangers, they threw themselves enthusiastically into rehearsals, which had to be kept a secret.An additionaldifficulty was that they had only one instrument, an old harmonium.Their greatest triumph came when they performed before an audience containing the infamous Nazi official, Adolf Eichmann.Their voices swelled with passion as they threw in the faces of the Nazis words which sang of how they would have to pay for their crimes.If we look at the process of innovation, we will see how technology feeds on itself, accelerating the pace of technological advance in our own times.Technological innovation is comprised of three stages: invention, application and diffusion.One of the most important characteristics of advanced technology today is the fantastic speed that occurs between each of these stages.For example, nowadays the time it takes to put ideas to work has been greatly reduced.The progress in transportation is a case in point.Likewise, the time between the application and diffusion stages has been radically shorted.This accounts for the acceleration of present-day technology.And this, in turn, generates more feasible ideas.What sort of future will this process conjure up for us? Will the pace of change exceed our ability to cope with it? Or is it one of our characteristics that we have an impressive ability to adapt to change, no matter how frequent?DictationOne of the ways you can encourage children to be creative is to talk things over rather than to give instructions or make a model when they ask for help.If you show a child how to draw a flower or a person, they will try to draw one just like yours.This can be frustrating because no matter how hard children try, their pictures will not be as “good” as yours because they do not have the skill that you have.Chances are that children will compare the two pictures and not be happy with their own.Theymay even decide not to try.Be creative yourself and think of ways to encourage children's creativity.Baseball is America's national sport, played mainly by men.It developed in the mid 19th century from the British games of rounders and cricket.Baseball is also popular in Japan and several Latin American countries, and has been an Olympic sport since in 1972.Softball is similar but uses a large, softer ball and is popular with women.Many Americans play baseball for fun because players do not have to be strong like football players or tall like basketball players.Some people think baseball is too slow, but the team managers often change their players and plans during the game, and there are many exciting plays.Many American families enjoy going to a Sunday afternoon double-header, that is, two games between the same two teams in one day.The Terezin concentration camp was established by the Nazis in an 18th century fortress in Czechoslovakia on November 24, 1941.More than 150,000 Jews passed through the camp during its four-year existence, which was used as a holding area for eventual murder in Auschwitz.By 1943, rumors began circulating in the international community that the Nazis were exterminating Jews in gas chambers, and that the conditions of the concentration camps did not permit survival.The Nazis rebuilt parts of this camp to serve as a “showpiece” for propaganda purposes.Flowers were planted there.Shops, schools, and a cafe were built.When an investigating commission of the International Red Cross came to visit, they did not see a typical concentration camp.In July 1944 the Nazis made a documentary propaganda film about life in this camp.After the movie was completed, most of the Jewish “actors” were shipped to their death at Auschwitz.第四篇：summary学术英语A summary of Text 12Title:How Radiation Threatens HealthAuthor:Nina BaiSource:Scientific American, 15 March, 2010Summary:The radiation leaks at Fukushima makes people feel worried, and it’s necessary to know that the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.Every person is exposed some background radiation from natural but only beyond this level people can get radiation sickness.At the same time, the radiation which takes different forms is produced by different heavy isotopes.On the other hand, the exposure time is so important that high single dose of radiation can do much more harm to human than the same dosage accumulate st but not least, the government should remember the Chern obyl’s lessons but we’d better not do too many extra measures to make people feel scared.(124 words)第五篇：国际贸易英语沃尔玛summaryWal-Mart : The high cost of low priceThe video has exposed the truth behind Wal-Mart’s low price,which global consumers must know.Low price is the key advantage for Wal-Mart to attract consumers to go shopping there.Now it has become one of the biggest retail chains in the world, making great fortune, creating countless jobs , promoting the global economy and so on.it is an amazing and successful company.However，it has led to negativeconsequences.The Wal-Mart has already 5000 chains in the whole world, and the quantity is still growing.once there is a new chain to be opened, several stores in the streets which is near it will close.most of these stores is managed by family, which is commonphenomenon lasting for a long time in towns of America.When their family estates which was poured into painstaking effort by them disappearing , they are sad.Meanwhile they have to choose a new way to support the family.It is the reason that so many citizens working together to fight against Wal-Mart stores’ settling down in the town.We are happy to see that the video ends with views of community leaders who have prevented Wal-Mart stores from being built in their communities.They have gotten the victory!To support the low cost, all the manufacturing industries are outsourced to the developing countries.A lot of local workers are working for long hours with low salary and the extra working hours willnot be paid often.Their dormitories are crowed and without air-conditioner.This also happens to staff in America.According to related data, the wage rate of the workers in America is lower than the lowest living level.The manufacturing industries’ outsourcing has bad impact on the local environment.Low prices at the first sight, but when you look into, you can have a different view.Do you still choose Wal-Mart for its low price when you go shopping?。
研究生英语考试文章总结summarywriting如何写专选课件
❖ The writer finds that women are unequal to men in every way. (They are underprivileged and put under social and moral restrictions. )He believes that an exploration into biomass energy can shed light on the synergy between gender, poverty and environment issues.
❖ Disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas. To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about "propriety".
❖ The writer calls for forward-looking strategies to integrate gender into environmental analysis. To be more specific: Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on women's part; put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it; resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environmental analysis.
翻译及summary要点
1．《探究手机的新闻软件和定位服务》：研究来自圣迭戈州立大学，由Amy Schmitz Weiss发表在《新闻与大众传媒季刊》。
译者：马攀参考译文：这项研究调查了年轻人如何在手机上阅读新闻和使用定位服务，另外，也调查了有多少新闻机构为手机新闻软件配备了定位功能。
调查发现，年轻人经常在手机上看新闻，而且，智能手机用户使用定位服务的频率很高，但新闻机构仅仅在它们的手机新闻软件上安装了出行和天气预报的定位功能。
这项研究突出了在新闻消费者，尤其是年轻人的行为习惯和手机使用偏好，以及新闻机构能够提供的服务之间存在一个脱节。
新闻媒体会因为未能在它们的手机新闻软件中添加更多的定位功能而正在失去生意和增长机会吗？Weiss 分析了100多个本地软件，从高端的电视网络联播电台，无线电台，到苹果应用软件商店的其他新闻应用软件。
她将内容分析和年轻新闻消费者的网络调查结果结合了起来，这些年轻人会越来越多地用定位连入和定位服务作为他们移动体验的一部分。
Weiss发现，“在调查的传统媒体中不存在定位功能的新闻故事。
6个提供定位新闻的软件是用户开发的软件。
”这个结论批评了新闻机构，涵义明确：“文章中分析的传统新闻机构未能跟上新闻用户，特别是年轻人使用智能手机的步伐，未能满足他们的要求。
这得到了这项研究中已证实的假说的支持，那就是使用定位服务的年轻人往往会在智能手机上看新闻。
”方法这项研究采用了多种方法：（1）四家网络联播电台（美国广播公司，全国广播公司，哥伦比亚广播公司，福克斯广播公司）的移动新闻软件的内容分析，包括25个顶尖的大型市场化电视台（n=100），大型市场化新闻电台（n=25），以及美国发行量最大的几家报纸（n=25）；（2）对苹果商店的手机新闻软件的内容分析；（3）对西南大学18岁及以上的智能手机用户的网络调查。
最后，该研究发现新闻机构和用户之间存在一个缺口。
智能手机用户对定位服务的需求很高，但新闻机构只在他们的移动软件中为交通出行和天气预报配置了定位功能。
研究生英语考试文章总结summarywriting如何写(汇总).ppt
❖ The writer calls for forward-looking strategies to integrate gender into environmental analysis. To be more specific: Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on women's part; put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it; resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environmental analysis.
❖ Lack of clean water further adds to women's burdens: many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at great risk of developing various diseases, further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally.
❖ Disasters are more likely to strike poor women harder who live in poor-quality houses and disaster-prone areas. To make things worse,they are ill-informed and do not react as quickly as they should in an emergency due to the social restrictions on women about "propriety".
英文summary的汉语是什么意思
英文summary的汉语是什么意思英文summary的汉语是什么意思英文summary是一个很重要的单词，我们一定要清楚它的汉语意思。
下文是店铺为大家准备了英文单词summary所指的汉语意思以及相关例句，希望能对大家有所帮助。
英语summary的汉语意思英 [smri] 美 [smri]第三人称复数：summaries名词摘要，概要; 总结，一览形容词概括的，总结的; 即刻的，立即的相关例句形容词1. He gave a summary report of the day's events.他对一天的事件作了简要的报告。
2. The government took summary action to aid the earthquake victims.政府即刻采取行动救济地震灾民。
名词1. He made a summary of the case.他为这个案件做了一个摘要。
summary的`词典解释1. 总结;摘要;概括A summary of something is a short account of it, which gives the main points but not the details.e.g. What follows is a brief summary of the process...接下来是对此流程的一个简短概括。
e.g. Here's a summary of the day's news...下面是今日新闻简报。
2. 从速的;即决的;草草的Summary actions are done without delay, often when something else should have been done first or done instead.e.g. It says torture and summary execution are common...那上面称酷刑和草草处决很常见。
考研英语核心词汇(整理版)
考研英语必背核心词displacement n.移置, 转移, 取代, 置换, 位移, 排水量dramatic adj.戏剧性的, 生动的eventually adv.最后, 终于exhibit vt.展出, 陈列n.展览品, 陈列品, 展品v.展示exploitation n.开发, 开采, 剥削, 自私的利用, 宣传, 广告fluctuations n.波动, 起伏highlighted adj.突出的implicit adj.暗示的, 盲从的, 含蓄的, 固有的, 不怀疑的, 绝对的induced vt.劝诱, 促使, 导致, 引起, 感应inevitably adv.不可避免infrastructure n.下部构造, 基础下部组织inspection n.检查, 视察intensity n.强烈, 剧烈, 强度,亮度manipulation n.处理, 操作, 操纵offset n.抵销, 弥补, 分支, vt.弥补, 抵销, 用平版印刷vi.偏移, 形成分支paragraph n.(文章)段, 节, 段落plus prep.加上adj.正的, 加的practitioners n.从业者, 开业者predominantly adv.卓越的, 支配的, 主要的, 突出的, 有影响的prospect n.景色, 前景, 前途, 期望vi.寻找, 勘探radical adj.根本的, 基本的, 激进的n.激进分子random n.随意, 任意adj.任意的, 随便的, 胡乱的adv.胡乱地reinforce vt.加强, 增援, 补充, 增加...的数量, 修补, 加固n.加固物restore vt.恢复, 使回复, 归还, 交还, 修复, 重建revision n.修订, 修改, 修正, 修订本schedule n.时间表, 进度表v.确定时间tension n.紧张(状态), 不安, 拉紧, 压力, 张力, vt.拉紧, 使紧张termination n.终止thereby adv.因此, 从而, 在那方面, 在那附近uniform adj.统一的, 相同的, 一致的,；n.制服vt.使成一样, 使穿制服vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆, 媒介物, 传达手段via prep.经, 通过, 经由virtually adv.事实上, 实质上widespread adj.分布广泛的, 普遍的visual adj.看的, 视觉的, 形象的, 栩栩如生的accommodation n.住处, 膳宿, (车, 船, 飞机等的)预定铺位, (眼睛等的)适应性调节analogous adj.类似的, 相似的, 可比拟的anticipate vt.预期, 期望, 过早使用, 先人一着, 占先v.预订, 预见, 可以预料assurance n.确信, 断言, 保证, 担保attain vt.达到, 获得v.达到behalf n.为, 利益bulk n.大小, 体积, 大批, 大多数, 散装vt.显得大, 显得重要ceases v.停止, 终了,n.停止coherence n.一致coincide vi.一致, 符合commence v.开始，着手concurrent n同时发生的事件adj.并发的，协作的，一致的confined adj.被限制的，狭窄的，分娩的controversy n.论战,争论,辩论conversely adv.倒的,逆的device n.装置,设计,图案,策略,发明物,设备；【计】安装设备驱动程序devote v.投身于,献身于diminish v.(使)减少,(使)变小distorted adj.扭曲的,受到曲解的duration n. 持续时间,为期erosion n. 腐蚀,浸蚀ethical adj.与伦理有关的,民族的,民族特有的founded v.建立,创立inherent adj.固有的,内在的,与生俱来的insight n.洞察力,见识integral adj.完整的,整体的,【数学】积分的mature adj. 成熟的,到期的,充分考虑的,(票据等)到期的vt.使成熟vi.成熟,到期mediation n.仲裁,调解,调停advocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹channel n.海峡, 水道, 沟, 路线vt.引导, 开导, 形成河道；信道,频道classical adj.古典的, 正统派的, 古典文学的comprehensive adj.全面的, 广泛的, 能充分理解的, 包容的comprise v.包含, 由...组成confirmed adj.证实的, 惯常的, 慢性的contrary adj.相反的, 逆的,decades n.十年, 十definite adj.明确的, 一定的deny v.否认, 拒绝differentiation n.区别disposal n.处理, 处置, 布置, 安排, 配置, 支配empirical adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, 【化】实验式equipment n.装备, 设备, 器材, 装置, 铁道车辆, 才能extract n.精, 汁, 榨出物, 摘录, 选粹vt.拔出, 榨取, 开方, 求根, 摘录, 析取, 吸取foundation n.基础, 根本, 建立, 创立, 地基, 基金, 基金会guarantee n.保证, 保证书, 担保, 抵押品vt.保证, 担保hierarchical adj.分等级的identical adj.同一的, 同样的innovation n.改革, 创新insert vt.插入, 嵌入n.插入物intervention n.干涉isolated adj.隔离的,孤立的, 单独media n.媒体phenomenon n.现象priority n.先, 前, 优先, 优先权prohibited v.禁止,严禁publication n.出版物, 出版, 发行, 公布, 发表release n.释放, 让渡, 豁免, vt.释放, 解放, 放弃, 发表n.版本, 发布reverse n.相反, 背面, 反面, 倒退adj.相反的, 倒转的, 颠倒的vt.颠倒, 倒转simulation n.仿真, 假装模拟solely adv.独自地, 单独地somewhat adv.稍微, 有点, 有些submitted v.使服从,使顺从,提交successive adj.继承的, 连续的survive v.幸免于, 幸存, 生还thesis n.论题, 论文transmission n.播送, 发射, 传动, 传送, 传输, 转播ultimately adv.最后, 终于, 根本, 基本上unique adj.唯一的, 独特的visible adj.看得见的, 明显的, 显著的n.可见物voluntary adj.自动的, 自愿的, 主动的, 故意的, 非官办的, 志愿的, 自发的abandon vt.放弃, 遗弃n.放任, 狂热accommodate vt.给方便, 帮助;使适应;供给...住宿, 照应, 招待;容纳;调停, 调解ambiguous adj.暧昧的, 不明确的appreciation n.感谢, 感激, 正确评价, 欣赏, 增值arbitrable adj.可仲裁的automatically adv.自动地, 机械地bias n.偏见, 偏爱, 斜线vt.使存偏见chart n.海图, 图表vt.制图clarity n.清楚, 透明conformity n.一致, 符合commodity n.日用品complement n.补足物,【文法】补语, 【数】余角vt.补助, 补足contemporary n.同时代的人adj.当代的, 同时代的contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾crucial adj.至关紧要的currency n.流通,通货denote vt.指示, 表示detected vt.察觉, 发觉, 侦查, 探测v.发现deviation n.背离,异端分子medium n.媒体,方法,媒介adj.中间的,中等的military adj.军事的,军用的minimal adj.最小的,最小限度的mutual adj.相互的,互相的portion n.一部分preliminary n.预备的,初步的relaxed adj.松懈的,放松的,不严格的restraint n.抑制,控制image n.图像,肖像,映象,比喻vt.想象,反映,象征liberal adj.慷慨的,不拘泥的,宽大的licence n.执照,许可证,许可vt.认可,特许,发给执照logic n.逻辑,逻辑学,逻辑性marginal adj.页边的,边缘的mental adj.精神的,智力的modified v.¸改良,改进,修正monitor n.监控,监视v.监视,监控notion n.概念,想法,观念,意见objective n.目标,目的adj.客观的orientation n.方向,方位,定位,向东方perspective n.透视画法,透视图,前景,远景,观点,看法,观察precise adj.精确的,准确的n.精确prime n.最初,青春,精华adj.主要的,最好的,根本的v.预先准备好psychology n.心理学,心理状态pursue n.追赶,追踪,从事,继续rejected n.被弃之物,落选者vt.拒绝,抵制,驳回revenue n.收入,国家税收stability n.稳定性styles n.风格,时尚,问题,风度,类型substitution n.代替,取代作用,置换sustainable adj.可以支撑得起的,养得起的symbolic adj.象征的,符号的target n.目标,对象,靶子transition n.转换,转变,过渡trend n.倾向,趋势v.伸向,通向version n.译文,译本,翻译whereas conj.然而,反之,鉴于,尽管,但是abstract n.摘要,概要,抽象adj.抽象的,深奥的,理论的vt.摘要,提炼,理论化accurate adj.正确的,精确的acknowledged vt.承认,答谢,报偿allocation n.分配,安置assigned n.分配,指派attached v.缚上,贴上,系上bond n.结合物,连接,公债,债券,合同brief n.摘要,大纲adj.简短的,短暂的capable adj.有能力的,能干的,可以…的cited v. 引用,引证,提名表扬cooperative adj.合作的,协力的discrimination n.辨别,区别,辨别力,歧视display v陈列,展览,显示n.陈列,展览,显示diversity n.差异,多样性domain n.领土,领地,范畴,领域edition n.版本,版enhance v.提高,增强estate n.状态,不动产,时期,阶层exceed v.超越,胜过其他expert n.专家.行家.adj.老练的,内行的explicit adj.外在的,清楚的,直率的federal n.联邦的,联盟的,联合的fee n.费,酬金flexibility n. 弹性，适应性，机动性，挠性furthermore adj.此外，而且ignore vt. 不理睬，忽视;【律】（因证据不足而驳回）诉讼incentive n.动机adj.激励的incorporated adj.合并的，结社的，一体化的vt.合并，使组成公司,inhibition n.禁止，阻止，禁止，抑制initiative n.主动instruction n.指示, 用法说明(书), 教育, 指导, 指令neutral n.中立者, 中立国, 非彩色, 齿轮的空档adj.中立的, 中立国的, 中性的,nevertheless conj.然而, 不过adv.仍然, 不过preceding adj.在前的, 前述的presumption n.假定rational adj.理性的, 合理的, 推理的n.【数】有理数scope n.(活动)范围, 机会, 余地subsidiary adj.辅助的, 补充的transformation n.变化, 转化, 改适, 改革, 转换transport n.传送器, 运输, 运输机, 激动, 流放犯, 狂喜vt.传送, 运输, 流放, 放逐underlying adj.在下面的, 根本的, 潜在的, 【商】优先的adaptation n.适应, 改编, 改写本adult n.成人, 成年人adj.成人的, 成熟的benefit n.利益, 好处;vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益consistent adj. 调和的, 坚固的（常与with连用）与…一致的context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系contract n.合同, 契约, 婚约v.使缩短, 感染, 订约create vt.创造, 创作, 引起, 造成data n.【计】资料, 数据definition n.定义, 解说derived vt.得自vi.起源constraints n.约束，强制，拘束contribution n. 捐献，贡献，投稿convention 大会，协定，习俗，惯例coordination n.同等,调和,配合corresponding adj.相应的,通讯的criteria n.标准deduction n.减除,扣除,演绎,推导demonstrate vi.示范,证明vt.示威emphasis n.强调,重点ensure v.确保,保证;保证得到excluded vt.排除在外,拒绝接纳immigration n.外来移民,移居入境implies v.暗示,意味着initial adj.最初的,词首的,初始的;n.词首字母instance n.实例,建议,要求,场合interaction n.相互作用justification n.辩护,释罪layer n.层,阶层minorities n.少数,少数民族,未成年negative n.否定adj.否定的消极的v.否定,拒绝接受outcomes n.结果,成果partnership n.合伙,合伙企业,合伙契约physical adj.身体的,物理的,自然的,物质的proportion n.比例,均衡,面积,部分vt.使成比例,使均摊published v.出版,刊印,发表reaction n.反应,反作用registered adj.已登记的,已注册的,记名的reliance n.信任,信心,依靠的人或物scheme n.安排,配置,方案v.计划,设计,图谋sequence n.次序,顺序,序列挨次specified v.指定,详细说明,列入清单sufficient adj.充分的,足够的technical adj.技巧的,技术的project n.计划, 方案, 事业, 企业, 工程v.设计, 计划, 发射(导弹等), 凸出promote vt.促进, 发扬, 提升, 提拔, 晋升为retain vt.保持, 保留series n.连续, 系列, 丛书, 级数status n.身份, 地位, 情形, 状况stress n.重压, 逼迫, 压力, 重点, 着重, 强调, 重音vt.着重, 强调, 重读subsequent adj.后来的, 并发的sum n.总数, 和, 金额, 算术题summary n.摘要, 概要undertaken vbl. undertake的过去分词academic adj.学院的, 理论的adjustment n.调整, 调节, 调节器amendment n.改善, 改正aware adj.知道的, 明白的, 意识到的capacity n.容量, 生产量, 容量, 智能, 才能, 能力, 接受力challenge n.挑战vt.向..挑战clause n.子句,条款compounds n.混合物adj.混合的v.混合,配合conflict n.斗争,冲突,vi.抵触,冲突consultation n.请教,咨询,磋商,会诊contact n.接触,联系vt.接触,联系decline vi.下倾,下降,下垂v.婉拒,衰落n.下倾,下降,下垂draft n.草稿,草案,草图v.草拟,起草enable vt.使能够,給予权利或方法energy n.精力,精神,活力enforcement n.执行,强制equivalent adj.相等的,相当的n.等价物,相当物evolution n.进展,演变,进化exposure n.暴露,揭露,揭发,位置,方向,陈列facilitate vt.使…容易,使…便利,推动fundamental adj基础的,基本的n.基本原则,基础原理generated vt.产生,发生distribution n.分配, 分发, 配给物, 销售,区分, 分类,发送,发行economic adj.经济(上)的, 产供销的, 经济学的environmental adj.周围的, 环境的evidence n.明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, 【物】证据, 证物factors n.因素,要素,因数financial a.财政的金融的formula n.公式,客套语function n.功能,作用,典礼,仪式；v.起作用,运行identified 被识别的,被认可的individual n.个人, 个体; adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的interpretation n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译involved adj.棘手的,有关的issues n.出版, 发行, (报刊等)期、号, 论点, 问题, 结果, vi.发行, 流出,【律】后嗣labour n.劳动, 劳力, 劳工, 努力, 分娩, 工作;v.劳动, 苦干, 费力地前进legal adj.法律的, 法定的, 合法的major n.[美]【教】主修课, 【律】成年人adj.主修的, 成年的, 大调的; vi.主修principle n. 法则，原则，原理procedure n.程序, 手续required adj.必需的response n.回答, 响应, 反应sector n.部分, 部门;v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形significant adj.有意义的, 重大的, 重要的similar adj.相似的, 类似的specific n.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的,效的;structure n.结构, 构造, 建筑物vt.建筑, 构成, 组织theory n.理论, 学说, ...论, 原理, 意见, 推测variables n.【数】变数, 可变物, 变量; adj.可变的, 不定的, 易变的, 【数】变量的achieve vt.完成, 达到acquisition n.获得, 获得物administration n.管理, 经营, 行政部门affect vt.影响, 感动, 侵袭, 假装appropriate adj.适当的vt.占用, 据为己有; 盗用, 挪用aspect n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面assistance n.协助, 援助, 补助commission n.委任, 委托, 代办(权), 佣金；vt.委任, 任命, 委托,community n.公社, 团体, 社会, (政治)共同体, 共有, 一致, 共同体, (生物)群落complex adj.复杂的, 合成的, 综合的n.联合体conclusion n.结束, 缔结, 结论conduct n.行为, 操行v.引导, 管理, 为人, 传导consequences n.结果, 【逻】推理, 推论, 因果关系, 重要的地位credit n.信任, 信用, 声望, 荣誉,【财务】贷方, 银行存款;vt.相信, 信任, 把...归给cultural adj.文化的distinction n.区别, 差别, 级别, 特性, 声望, 显赫evaluation n.估价, 评价, 赋值features n.面貌的一部分(眼,口,鼻等)特征, vt.是…的特色, 特写, 放映vi.起重要作用final n.结局, 决赛, 期末考试, adj.最后的, 最终的, 决定性的focus n.(兴趣活动等的)中心, 焦点, 焦距, vi.聚焦, 注视;, 定焦点, 调焦, 集中impact n.碰撞, 冲击, 冲突, 影响, 效果; vt.挤入, 撞击, 压紧, 对...发生影响institute n.学会, 学院, 协会; vt.创立, 开始, 制定, 开始(调查), 提起(诉讼)告某人maintenance n.维护, 保持, 生活费用, 扶养normal n.正规, 常态, adj.正常的, 正规的, 标准的obtained v.获得participation n.分享, 参与perceived vt.察觉v.感知, 感到, 认识到positive adj.肯定的, 实际的, 积极的, 绝对的, 确实的potential adj.潜在的, 可能的, n.潜能, 潜力previous adj.在前的, 早先的adv.在...以前region n.区域, 地方, (艺术,科学等的)领域, (大气, 海水等的)层regulations n.规则, 规章, 调节, 校准relevant adj.有关的, 相应的resident n.居民adj.居住的, 常驻的restricted adj.受限制的, 有限的security n.安全(感)确信; 安心,保护,保护物(against; from)【常用复】证券, 债券survey n.测量, 调查, 俯瞰, 概观, 纵览, 视察text n.正文, 原文, 课文, 课本transfer n.迁移, 移动, 传递, 转移, 调任, vt.转移, 调转, 调任, 传递,alternative n.二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物adj.选择性的, 二中择一的circumstances n.环境, 详情, 境况compensation n.补偿, 赔偿components n.成分adj.组成的, 构成的considerable adj.相当大的，可观的，值得考虑的revolution n.革命,旋转route n.路线,路程,通道v.发送subordinate adj. 次要的,从属的n.下属v.服从supplementary n.附属,附属物suspend v.吊,悬挂延缓trigger v.引发,触发n.扳机unified adj统一的,一元化的violation n违反,违背,强奸adjacent adj.相邻的,临近的assembly n.集合,集会colleague n.同事complied v遵照,顺从conceived vt.构思,以为,持有;vi 怀孕,考虑,设想convinced adj. 确信的,深信的;v. 说服inclination n.倾斜,弯曲,爱好integrity n.完全,正直,诚实intrinsic adj.固有的,内在的likewise adv.同样的,又n.同样nonetheless adv.虽然如此,但是panel n.面板, 嵌板, 仪表板, 座谈小组, 全体陪审员vt.嵌镶板persistent adj.持久稳固的pose n.姿势, 姿态v.(使...)摆好姿势, 形成, 引起, 造成; vi.摆姿势, 矫揉造作reluctant adj.不顾的, 勉强的, 难得到的, 难处理straightforward adj.正直的, 坦率的, 简单的, 易懂的, 直接了当的adv.坦率地undergo vt.经历, 遭受, 忍受whereby adv.凭什么, 为何analysis 分析，分解，解剖approach 接近，靠近assessment 评估，估算，评价assume 假定, 设想，担任; 承担; 接受available 可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的constant adj.不变的，持续的，坚决的apparent adj.显然的, 外观上的approximated adj.近似的, 大约的v.近似, 接近, 接近, 约计attributed vt.把...归因于(to).. n.属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于commitment n.委托事项, 许诺, 承担义务communication n.传达, 信息, 交通, 通讯concentration n.集中, 集合, 专心, 浓缩, 浓度conference n.会议, 讨论会, 协商会contrast vt.使与...对比, 使与...对照vi.和...形成对照n.对比, 对照, (对照中的)差异despite prep.不管, 尽管, 不论dimension n.尺寸, 尺度, 维(数), 度(数), 元domestic adj.家庭的, 国内的, 与人共处的, 驯服的emerged vi.显现, 浮现, 暴露, 形成, (由某种状态)脱出, (事实)显现出来hence adv.因此, 从此hypothesis n.假设, 【逻】前提implementation n. 执行, 履行; 落实implication n.牵连, 含意, 暗示, 含蓄impose vt.征税,强加vi.利用,欺骗integration n.综合,集合,集中internal adj. 国内的,内在地investigation n.调查研究obvious adj.明显的,显而易见的occupation n.职业,占有,占有期间option n.选项, 选择权, 【经】买卖的特权predict v.预言,预报,预报principal n.负责人,首长,主犯,校长adj.首要的,主要的professional n.自由职业者, 专业人员, 职业运动员, adj.专业的, 职业的format n.开本,版式,形式,格式vt.安排…的格局(或规格),【计】格式化(磁盘)。
大英一各单元summary与英汉互译
第一单元The writer describes the first few days of university life in the diary with a casual , informal style full of humor and exaggeration. As a fresher, the writer has many probl ems: feeling lonely and l ost, not having a good appetite for the food in the dining hall, feeling not as intelligent and knowledgeable as others; not knowing how to take notes and how to wash clothes. Besid es, her d ormitory looks very small. The tutor seems unfriendly and uncaring. The library rul es are too strict. The writer tries to solve the probl ems: joining many clubs and societies to make more friends, talking to Mum on the phone to get some comfort and advice.The writer of the text newly arrived in New York as an immigrant. He worked full time with a variety of manual jobs while taking courses at the university. He was faced with many problems. He felt inferior (自卑) to his classmates because he didn’t have a high school diploma and he had a strong Irish accent. He didn’t know how to take notes in the class. He was puzzl ed by what the professor said about the Pilgrims and dared not ask questions in the class. Being lonely and insecure, he was dreaming of a good-l ooking girl who was impressed by what he had read and what he would fall in l ove with him.第二单元It was the first time that I had oyster. Before I had it, I thought it was disgusted to eat. And I even missed mother’s cook and fish and fries. But my father encouraged me to swall ow it, which he thought was delicious. In order to earned his love and respect, I did, and that was the last time I had oyster.The passage tells us the history of chocolates and the progress of making cocoa beans into chocolates. It also tells us the reason we like chocolate so much and according to experiment, which proves that genetic trait makes us prefer to eat things with a sweet taste. But we just like chocolate not other sweet things. Although there are about 300 different chemicals in chocolate, we really d on’t know how all of these affect us.第三单元“Thinking for oneself”means consid ering facts and making d ecisions for oneself, instead of d epending on someone else’s judgment or d oing as they are told. Every step of real progress in our society has come from it, yet thinking for ourselves is still a radical act. In most circles, especially in places that shape our lives, thinking for ourselves is regarded with suspicion, and even seen as dangerous. Hardly anyone has been encouraged, much l ess trained to d o it. I was once forced by my advanced algebra mentor to write d own the sum of a number that d oes not exist. Even though scared by such a humiliating experience, I gradually examined and valued the concept of d eveloping our own thinking which has at least been introduced into my academic life. Thinking for oneself is associated with the positive values of being independent, creative and original.Activist learners generate new ideas and try things out; Reflectors form their own judgments from listening, observing and reflecting; Theorists resort to logical reasoning and assimilating new information into a rational scheme. Pragmatists prefer testing ideas withpractical values to open-ended discussions. This passage tells us how to improve study skills among these ways, such as lectures and note-taking, earning styles, activist, reflector, theorist, pragmatist, doing research, writing essays.Tips for d oing research1. Do not get bogged d own in the research2. Break up the process into stages3. Apply a step-by-step approach to reading4. Decid e a reading rate and style in accordance with the type of reading material and your purpose in readingTips for writing essays1. Have a plan2. Work out the title3. Finish the first draft4. Make modifications for the sake of read ers第四单元As far back as I can remember, the large pickle jar sat on the floor beside the dresser in my parents’ bedroom. When Dad got ready for bed, he would empty pockets and toss his coins into the jar. When the jar was full, the money were for my college fund. The year passed and I finished college and the jar was gone. A lump rose in my threat, because the pickl e had taught me the values of determination, perseverance, and faith. The first Christmas after my daughter born, I returned with my family. To my amazement, on the floor besid e the dresser stood the pickl e jar again. I realized my father was saving for my daughter’s education. The jar shows a continuity of family.Venus and Serena Williams are two of the most famous tennis players in the world. They have differences the way any siblings do. For instance, Serena is a littl e bit more outgoing than Venus ,a little bite more prepared to take risks. But on the other hand, she is more prepared to take risks. But on the other hand ,she is more outspoken, more likely to get things off her chest. What’s more, Serena is not as humorous as Venus.In spite of so many differences in their characters, they have a lot in common. Both of them started playing tennis at an age when kids seld om played. Whil e playing tennis ,they had no distractions. Since they weren’t born with sliver spoons in their mouth, they are cl ear that they have to earn anything that come their way. Most of importance of all is that both of them are very determined to d o well, to succeed, to do the best they possibly can. All these similarities in their characters play significant parts.第五单元All over the English-speaking worl d, newspaper circulation has been confronted with a long-term trend of d ecline. The decline comes much from the challenge of Internet and the negative environmental impact of newspaper industry . The challenge of internet mainly focuses on its attraction to read ers and minute-by-minute ads monitoring system. But maybe the newspaper won’t die without struggle. Besid es its convenience over laptop, the demand for local news and the exploitation of lifestyl e journalism will create new revenue streams. And more interestingly, the ritual of reading the newspaper has become a hard habit tobreak.What exactly is news? The objective importance and the historical, international significance of an event is not enough. It is the odd, unexpected and human nature that mad e news like 9/11 memorable and newsworthy. So is immediacy which refers to the nearness of the event in time.When it comes to immediacy, those media like TV, radio and Internet have an enormous advantage over the press. However, no matter what form it may take, all the media more or less covertly, influence the public. That is the so-called power of the media.In the new millennium, maybe the press or TV are not going to disappear overnight, but the power of the media may be erod ed.第六单元George lived on his own in a flat in south Lond on. He felt overwhelmed by the stupidity of people and ugliness of his surroundings, so he spent his days in an old and comfortabl e armchair reading great works of literature ,esp the classic works of travel writing, so that from the d eep warmth of his armchair ,he could travel in his mind to the far reaches of the world. One morning, he was browsing through a book by Marcel Pagnol, whose visions of Provence aroused his keen interest to see Provence for himself. Unable to contain his curiosity, he went to the station and departure time approached, he gradually felt that it woul d be tiring and uncomfortable to travel. He was sudd enly stuck by the realization that as a stranger, he woul d never experience the warmth and col ors of his mind,so he went back home and resolved never to l eave home again.On a warm July night ,we arrived late in Druskininkai for a Lithuanian conference for English teachers. We were tired and decided to rest, but the car d oors banging and slamming on the hotel door at approximately two-minute intervals prevent us from sleeping . Although the mayor was as good as his word the hotel was cl osed the next night, but the noise was worse than the night before. At the farewell party, two song-and-dance groups were invited to perform traditional Lithuanian folk singing and dancing. But unfortunately, they were not only rivals but deadly enemies, and neither wanted to yield to, the other. So the concert was twice as l ong as had been intended. Some peopl e tried to leave quietly by a side door. However they came to a dead end and were squashed into a cupboard. Sud denly ,the d oor burst open and people fell out and ran away, with handkerchiefs stuffed in their mouths to stop themselves laughing.第一单元Today, a gap year refers mostly to a year taken before starting university or college. During their gap year, American students either engage in advanced academic courses or do some volunteer work to improve their knowledge, maturity, decision-making, leadership, independence, self-sufficiency and more, thus improving their résumés before going to college. British and European students, however, take a much more holiday-style approach to the gap year by generally working for 3–6 months and then travelling around the world before college begins. This is intended to expand their minds, personal confidence, experiences and interests prior to college. It is a much less structured approach than taken in the United States, and is generally viewed by parents as a formative year for young adults to become independent and learn a great deal of responsibility prior to engaging in university life.如今，间隔年最为普遍的含义是指上大学前的一年。
研究生英语考试文章总结summarywriting如何写(ppt)
❖ The writer calls for forward-looking strategies to integrate gender into environmental analysis. To be more specific: Allow more participation in environmental policies and actions on women's part; put the government priority on fostering gender equity and subsidize it; resort to a scientific paradigm as well as a social approach in the environmental analysis.
❖ To begin with, environmental deterioration like deforestation reduces biomass energy dramatically, sending poor women to collect wood fuel for long hours instead of studying or working, perpetuating their poverty.
❖ Even in developed countries, they have to live with inequality in such realms as energy, education and labor division.
❖ The worsening environment and changing climate affect women negatively by increasing water scarcity,increasing the disease burden, etc. But women can help reverse the downward trend by taking public transportation more and promoting renewable energy.
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TranslationUnit1 Text ATranslation (para 20)那时，我就像一个跳伞员正准备第一次跳伞，舱门打开了，要跳的距离高不见底，谁知道这一跳是令人兴奋陶醉，还是粉身碎骨。
天真无知曾经掩盖了恐惧，突然间要面对现实，天真消失了。
当然，此时此刻，再回头已经不可能。
一想到那是自己的主张，就感到有些荒诞，觉得自己仿佛是地球上唯一的人。
于是，闭上双眼，深深地吸了口气，纵身跳了下去。
Unit3 Text ATranslation (para 1)仅仅两年多以前，总统们和诺贝尔奖得主们纷纷登台为现代生物学领域里最重要的事件喝彩。
由于世界各国同心协力，人类基因组的31亿个碱基已经提前排序成功。
比尔.克林顿总统称之为“人类绘制出的最完美的图谱”。
然而，这一事件余热未消，人们可能会惊讶地听说一场更大的生物学革命，它将使基因组学研究所取得的成就黯然失色，生物学研究将转向更大的物质。
蛋白质组学（即识别蛋白质并了解蛋白质在人体细胞内的作用）开始取代基因研究在生物医学的前沿性地位。
2003年很可能会成为生物医学中的蛋白质组年。
Translation (para 8)2003年将仅仅是蛋白质组研究的开始。
终有一天，我们能够绘制出一个完整的百万个蛋白质功能图谱。
然而，正如血浆蛋白质组项目所展现的那样，即使是在蛋白质分类的初始阶段，我们也将受益匪浅。
而且，如果竞争极其激烈的人类基因组研究所取得的出人意料的技术飞跃能为后来的研究提供依据，蛋白质组的分类图谱等研究会比我们预想的更快一些完成。
Cloning studies are challenging many orthodox views in genetics. A common idea is that hu man behavior and even our complex society are somehow “determined” by our genes. Socialists have always challenged this simplistic viewpoint, pointing out that humans long ago broke free of evolution.克隆研究正在挑战人们对于基因的许多传统认识。
通常人们认为人类的传统行为和我们这个复杂的社会的联系在某种程度上是由基因决定的。
但是社会主义者向来反对这种幼稚的观点并指出人类早已摆脱了进化论的束缚。
Unit4 Text ATranslation (para 7)自由塔建筑方案的重新设计使政府及私营部门深受鼓舞，它肩负公众的嘱托，将按照建筑，环境以及安全的最高标准重建新的纽约。
Unit5 Text BTranslation (Para 11)作家诺曼梅勒一只拿不定主意，认为登月计划到底是20世纪科技最高尚的表达方式还是我们极端愚蠢的一种行为。
梅勒已经确认，实质上登月计划是资本主义本身自相矛盾的产物。
一方面，人类集中的灵感和智慧使得人类通向天体的道路成为可能，这件事已经震惊了过去的几代人。
另一方面，它也成为利用登月计划发展更大规模杀伤性武器的一种借口。
Unit6 Text BTranslation (Para 1)华盛顿和华尔街正陷于一片恐慌，因为网络公司的兴起和计算机迷地增加。
新经济所带来的异乎寻常的财富以及网民背离常规的态度令喜欢旧章程的人苦恼不已。
结果是最引人注目的微软公司案例所展示的文化冲突。
令人诧异的是，该冲突主要在于我们阅读时是否还会翻阅书籍。
Translation (Para 4)屏幕文化是信息不断变化的世界，是原声摘要，剪辑和不成熟观点源源不断播出的世界。
它是花边新闻，新闻标题和第一印象不断变化的世界。
观点不是独立存在的而是和其他任何事物相互联系的。
事实不是由作家和权威人士发布的，而是由听众组合的。
屏幕文化快的像30秒的电影新片预告，像网站一样随意无限制。
Unit7 Text ATranslation (Para 13--14)这并不是说竞争者总是勾心斗角，但试图胜过某人的这一做法有损于信任的建立—信任一个从你的失败中获取利益的人实在是荒唐之举。
往最好处说，竞争让人相互鄙视；往最坏处说，竞争使人兵戎相见。
但是不管在竞争中产生多少不良情绪，我们总是善于指责个人，却没能注意到比赛方式本身，这种比赛把个人的成功建立在他人的失败上。
比赛作弊可能不是心理失常的表现，而是这种组织形式的必然结果，体育道德只不过是人为地减少竞争危害的补救措施而已。
如果我们在球场上或者田径场上没有进行较量，我们就不必反复要求人们具有体育精神，他们很可能从一开始就相互合作了。
Unit8 Text ATranslation (Para 2)Solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power - the preserves of visionaries and enthusiasts little more than a decade ago - are now poised on the brink, helped in no small part by the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels. (para 2)Little more than: 仅仅太阳能，风能以及其他各种清洁能源在十几年前还只是幻想家和热衷者们的研究领域，如今就要成为重要的能源, 这主要是因为矿物燃料污染环境。
SummaryUnit1 Text BSummary (para 1-2)The traditional American family has lost its leading place. Compared with traditional American family, more couples are unmarried or without children. In only about 20 percent of families, father is the only economic source. Due to some reasons like delaying marriage, divorce, cohabit before marriage and births to unmarried mothers, at present, only about 50 percent adults are married. So there are fewer children and working parents in the new American family. In addition, mothers give birth to their children at an ever older age and space them further apart.Unit2 Text ASummary (para 1-4)In connection with news and rumors from the Middle East, crude-oil prices have been drastically gone up and down. Although people aware that the world trends to be short of oil supply, the spending is increasing. With the question about the possibility of another oil crisis, some people believe that there will be a tremendous amount of pressure on prices. However, others don’t agree with them. They point out that oil producers will not interrupt their supply for long. More important, thanks to technology, the supply has been increasing steadily.Unit3 Text BSummary (1-2)Clone is a controversial area in science. Recently, the scientists announce that they have successfully cloned a human embryo. Act aims to produce human stem cells through cloned embryos, which can mature into any cell type in the body and be perfect match with the receiver’s organs. Act’s achievement is doubted by many biologists, for no cloned human embryos they produced can grow enough to be used for medical purposes. Although it is extremely difficult to clone a man, with conceited efforts, a breakthrough may occur in this area.Take safety into account, every serious scientist opposes to clone a person today. Animal studies show that only a small tiny of cloned ones can reach their adulthood, all of who have a variety of defects. Different from orthodox genetic views, cloning studies agree the complex interaction between genes and the environment. Cloned animals can develop successfully, even when there have some significant malfunctions in their genes. Except for safety, the author is still against to clone a baby. Take test tube baby as an example. There are some potential health problems as well as ethnical issues.Unit4 Text BSummary (1-2)The World Trade Center towers have been ruinously attacked for one year. However, questions are still about the perspective of skyscrapers, for no one wants to work or live in a huge, symbolic building which distinguishes him/her from others and therefore is prone to be attacked. To the tragedy, A. Eugene Kohn points out that though the U. S. A may not build high buildings for ten years, actually it will be only a sad break in the development of tall buildings. He notes that the reasons for building skyscrapers have remained: high land cost in crowded cities, demanding economic needs (especially in developing Asia) and the developers’ egos.Unit6 Text ASummary (3-5)In their book, the Myth of the Paperless Office, the co-authors describe the quandary we’re all in by describing the problem of a manager whose office is full of paper. Although he can find the documents he needs very quickly, the mess room really embarrasses his boss. Paper has some advantages. Through indentifying the different locations of various papers, it is easy for us to know those hot files, warm files and cold files. In addition, paper can avoid some troubles caused by computers.Paper brings much more convenience in our reading, writing, delivery, and etc. People can easily read from more than one paper, mark in more varied ways, and skim paper briefly. （People easily read from more than one paper, annotate as well as mark paper in varied ways and skim it briefly）Paper is also often indispensable for writing with various source documents and easier correction. Paper is also well suited in meetings or any place where people collaborate. Finally, we can deliver paper in person and feel assured.Unit7 Text ASummary (10--13)Some people believe that activities have to be related to win/lose. One reason is that they may have not tasted the games without competition, which make participants fun. The other reason is that those people neglect/overlook the psychological costs of competition. Due to competition, the feeling of self-worth is assessed /evaluated by exterior resources. Competition poisons our relationship. It makes it difficult for anyone to regard others as possible friends or cooperators. At best, competition leads one to look down upon others; at worst, it causes direct attack/offense, so to speak.Unit7 Text BSummary (3--6)Competition is clearly a part of human nature and exists in many cultures, even youth games. Some believe that competitive experiences in childhood help teenagers achieve an advantage in the adult competition. Although it is not clear how competition stimulates young people, some studies show that competition enables preteens to compare their skills with their peers and find their own niches. Cox even offers useful strategies for designing some competitions good for teenagers’ development.The majority of this research suggests cooperation rather than competition improves social condition. Competition often leads to internal social conflict, while cooperation often leads to group harmony and improved productivity. Stimulating structured competition among young children may be particularly harmful, and they can’t effectively use competitive results to compare their performances with others’. In addition, competition causes an over dependence on external rewards like financial reward.Unit8 Text ASummary (6--11)Although the sun’s power is phenomenal, the price of solar technology is its sticking point. To slash/decrease the cost, today, some companies are developing a new generation of wafer-thin photovoltaic solar panels. Solar power could offers thousands of times more energy than the world currently uses and its power can be widely used. It is sure that solar energy is becoming an alternative energy. In addition, advocates claim that PV could be the simplest and most elegant technology to harness the power of the sun.Summary (12--16)The power of moving water is another renewable energy source. However, there is a series of hurdles in the exploration and development of moving water such as the intrinsic difficulties of rough sea, financial shortage and continuously varying flow. Although hydroelectric is well establish, producing a extremely huge amount of electricity and power, the construction of mighty dams often leads to serious environmental problems. Apart from such obvious deficiencies, hydropower is a clean, renewable source of energy offering cheap electricity.Because of being simple in concept, practical in reality, wind power has been studied / prepared by energy providers for centuries. Lots of areas in our globe can provide ideal conditions to use wind power, and the energy produced by wind resource is incongruously large. However, its potential has been prevented by opponents for the visible and invisible impacts. According to opponents, firstly, wind farms spoil the beauty of the landscape. Secondly, the noise caused by turbine gearing systems and blades is unacceptable in some places.Unit8 Text BSummary (5--8)In connection with the question why PV system drives the increased interest, there are four reasons. Firstly, the solar panel demonstrates a much more advanced technology for students. Secondly, the market transforming ability of school-hosted PV systems has been appreciated by so many facilities. Schools are a wonderful place to demonstrate the viability of solar technologies. Thirdly, PV systems offer American students an excellent means to study relative science directly. Finally, environmental education has provided an opportunity for us to accept school-based PV systems.。