Architecture
架构的源起
架构的源起“架构（Architecture）”一词，其实来自于建筑行业。
本源自拉丁语的“Architectura”，而最早的词源是来自希腊语的“Arkitekton”一词。
“Arkitekton”或者“αρχιτεκτων”都是主建筑师的意思，“Αρχι”是“主要的、首要的”意思，而“τεκτων”是建筑师或工匠的意思。
架构与建筑的关系，使得它与人类社会文明的发展紧密关联在一起。
当我们翻开各地存在过的文明社会的历史长卷时，首先映入眼帘的是那些留给我们数不胜数的精湛建筑遗迹。
无论是埃及人、中国人、印度人、巴比伦人，还是玛雅人、希腊人、苏美尔人、印加人、波斯人等，都是人类文明的伟大创造者，他们创造着建筑，也在创造着历史。
奇琴伊察（Chichen Itza）玛雅城邦遗址位于中美洲墨西哥境内尤卡坦半岛中部，如图1-6所示，它是古代玛雅文明的见证。
奇琴伊察玛雅城邦始建于公元514年，曾是古玛雅帝国最大、最繁华的城邦。
这里曾经住着一流的艺术家、雕刻家、建筑家、工程师及星相家。
城邦的主要古迹有千柱广场、武士庙及庙前斜倚的两神石像、9层高30米的呈阶梯形的库库尔坎金字塔、圣井（石灰岩竖洞）以及筑在高台上呈蜗形的玛雅人古天文观象台。
这些建筑在空间和造型组合上均充分体现出了玛雅人杰出灵动的建筑意识。
建筑是文明社会的一个重要标志，同时也是人类社会最早形成完善理论和经验的领域。
目前所发现的历史文明社会，无一例外地在建筑方面积累了大量的建筑风格、方法、技巧及工艺。
通过不断积累建筑经验，人类早在古代文明阶段，就为建筑行业里的“架构”一词做了非常完善的界定。
在公元一世纪的De Architectura一书中，古罗马建筑师Vitruvius就严格地规范了一个好的建筑应该满足持久（Durability）、实用（Utility）和美（Beauty）三个基本原则：持久（Durability）——它应该结实坚挺，屹立不倒，长久保持良好的状态，经久不衰。
indigenous architecture英语百科
indigenous architecture英语百科Indigenous Architecture（本土建筑）是指由本地居民自己设计和建造的建筑，通常反映了当地的文化、传统和环境。
这种建筑形式通常与当地材料、技术和工艺相结合，形成了
一种独特的建筑风格。
本土建筑的特点是：
1.适应性和可持续性：本土建筑能够适应不同的环境和气候条件，使用当地可再生和可持续的材料，如木材、石头、泥土等。
这种建筑方式对环境影响较小，而且能够促进当地经济发展。
2.文化和传统：本土建筑通常反映了当地的文化和传统，如建筑风格、装饰和符号等。
这些元素不仅具有美学价值，还能够传承当地的历史和文化。
3.地域特色：本土建筑通常具有明显的地域特色，与当地的环境、气候和文化相融合。
这种特色使得本土建筑成为旅游和探险的重要目的地。
在全球化的背景下，本土建筑的重要性越来越受到认可。
这
种建筑形式不仅有助于保护和传承当地文化和传统，还能够
促进可持续发展和环境保护。
因此，许多国家和地区都在推
动本土建筑的发展和应用。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文3--1 Architecture
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture托福阅读原文Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. T o be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to bothclients and architects.In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum ofmaterial. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built onehundred years ago.Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made ofseparate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.托福阅读试题1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:A.Architecture isvisual art.B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.in existenceB.without questionC.achievableD.most likely3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.protectB.improveanizeD.match4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest inmeaning tobinedB.createdC.introducedD.suggested6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.essentialB.variableC.practicalD.independent7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings?A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built.C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings?A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complex construction methods.9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?plex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body.B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is.D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.difficultB.necessaryC.skilledD.shared11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structuresB.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu PicchuC.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches wereinventedD.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage.█【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █【C】Ofcourse in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. █【D】Where would thesentence best fit?14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for humanuse.B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function.D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of MachuPicchu.F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures.托福阅读答案1.EXCEPT题排除法，以visual art做关键词定位至本段最后一句，A对，不选；以cultural values做关键词定位至第二句，B对，不选；以artistic and scientific dimensions做关键词定位至第一句，C对，不选；D选项与A选项在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文说反，错，选2.feasible可行的，原文说了建筑的若干优点，比如提供遮风避雨的场所，丰富了空间，经济上怎么样，肯定是个正面的词，A存在中性，错；B没有问题，虽然是正面但太过，不选，C正确，D非常可能虽然正面，但程度不足，不选3.词汇题，问的是第二段第三句中的enhance，备选项分别是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中与enhance their way of life并列的动词是shelter，庇护之意，所以再选protect的话重叠，而且也不应该是保护他们的生活方式；organize组织match搭配都不能与庇护并列，所以improve 改善生活方式最靠谱4.In order for只是一个表目的的状语，暂时放弃不看，同时because那部分插入语不看，整个句子就变成了建筑师们采用的方法是不变的，尽管建筑材料发生了很大变化。
关于建筑的英语作文
Architecture is a fascinating field that combines art,science,and engineering to create functional and aesthetically pleasing structures.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay about architecture:1.Historical Context:Start by discussing the historical development of architecture. Mention the different architectural styles that have emerged over time,such as Gothic, Renaissance,Baroque,Modernism,and Postmodernism.2.Cultural Influences:Explore how architecture is influenced by culture.Discuss how different societies and civilizations have unique architectural styles that reflect their values,beliefs,and ways of life.3.Materials and Techniques:Describe the various materials used in construction,such as stone,wood,concrete,and steel,and the techniques employed to create different architectural forms.4.Famous Architects:Mention some of the most influential architects in history,such as Frank Lloyd Wright,Le Corbusier,Zaha Hadid,and I.M.Pei,and discuss their contributions to the field.5.Sustainable Architecture:Address the importance of sustainable architecture in the modern world.Discuss how architects are incorporating ecofriendly materials and designs to reduce the environmental impact of buildings.6.Function and Form:Explain the balance between the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a building.Discuss how architects must consider the purpose of the structure and the needs of its users while also creating visually appealing designs.7.Innovation and Technology:Highlight the role of technology in modern architecture. Discuss how digital tools and software are used in the design process,and how advancements in construction technology are pushing the boundaries of what is possible in building design.8.Urban Planning and Architecture:Talk about the relationship between architecture and urban planning.Explain how architects work with urban planners to create cohesive and functional cityscapes.9.Case Studies:Include specific examples of buildings or architectural projects to illustrate your points.Analyze the design,purpose,and impact of these structures.10.Personal Reflection:Conclude your essay with a personal reflection on the importance of architecture in society.Discuss why you find the field interesting and what you hope to see in the future of architectural design.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide specific examples,and cite any sources you reference.An essay on architecture should not only inform but also inspire readers to appreciate the art and science of building design.。
《英语建筑介绍》课件
The uppermost part of a building that protects it from the elements.
Building Materials
Concrete Steel Wood
Strong and versatile, concrete is commonly used in construction.
Career Opportunities in Architecture
Architect
Designing and planning buildings, coordinating with clients and contractors.
Interior Designer
Creating functional and aesthetically pleasing interior spor public spaces such as government buildings, museums, and educational institutions.
Different Styles of Architecture
Traditional Chinese Architecture
Characteristics
Neoclassical architecture draws inspiration from classical Greek and Roman designs, with symmetrical facades, columns, and pediments.
Famous Examples
Urban Planner
Developing strategies to shape the growth and development of cities and communities.
中国文化概述 chapter 11 Architecture
本章教学的时间安排
教师课堂讲解 (60 minutes)
➢ 1. Architecture in Ancient China (10 minutes) ➢ 2. Famous Styles of Ancient Chinese
Architecture (20 minutes) ➢ 3. Chinese Bridges (15 minutes) ➢ 4. Typical Chinese Structures and Ornaments
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture
Chapter 11
Architecture
本章教学的目的
1. 掌握中国古代建筑的特点 2. 了解中国古代建筑的主要类型 3. 介绍中国桥梁 4. 辨认典型的中国风格建筑
本章教学的重难点
1. 中国古代建筑的特点 2. 中国古代建筑的主要类型 3. 中国的桥梁 4. 典型的中国风格建筑
The building materials
Wooden ancient Chinese buildings and structures were the most common but some were built with either red or grey bricks.
The arflexible and beautiful layout
Chinese structures are based on the principle of balance and symmetry. The main structure is the axis. The secondary structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and yard.
Coach与Bus,Building与Architecture
版权所有：贺寒辉，湖南文理学院土木建筑工程学院Coach与Bus，Building与Architecture维基百科对于coach的解释是，A coach (also motor coach) is a large motor vehicle, a type of bus, used for conveying passengers on excursions and on longer distance between cities - or even between countries. Unlike buses designed for shorter journeys, coaches often have a luggage hold separate from the passenger cabin and are normally equipped with facilities required for longer trips including comfortable seats and sometimes a toilet. Coach（也称为motor coach）是一种大型机动车，Bus的一种，用于运送乘客进行短途旅行或在城市间甚至国家间进行更长距离的出行。
与bus主要为短距离出行设计不同，coach通常在乘客车厢外单独设置有行李架，并通常配备有长途出行所需的设施，包括舒适的座椅，有时还有厕所。
所以，对于我国常见的公路客运车辆，准确地讲，应该称为“coach”。
Building和Architecture是两个常见词汇。
Building的解释是：Any human-made structure or the act of construction. 人们建造的任何结构或建造的行为。
Architecture的解释是：The process and product of planning, designing and construction. 人们规划、设计与施工的过程和产物。
建筑的英语知识点总结
建筑的英语知识点总结IntroductionArchitecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It is a field that requires a comprehensive understanding of various disciplines, including engineering, design, art, and social sciences. The practice of architecture involves creating functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces that meet the needs of the people who use them.In this article, we will discuss key knowledge points in architecture, including architectural history, design principles, construction techniques, and sustainable architecture. Architectural HistoryArchitecture has a rich history that dates back to ancient civilizations. Some of the earliest known architectural structures can be traced back to the ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. These early architectural marvels include the pyramids of Egypt, the Parthenon in Greece, and the Colosseum in Rome.Throughout history, architecture has evolved and been shaped by various cultural, technological, and political influences. Different architectural styles have emerged in different periods and regions, including Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, and Modernism, to name a few.Architectural history provides valuable insights into the development of architectural styles, construction techniques, and the role of architecture in shaping societies and cultures. It also serves as a source of inspiration and reference for contemporary architects and designers.Design PrinciplesArchitectural design is guided by a set of principles that govern the creation of buildings and spaces. These design principles include:1. Function: Architecture should be designed to meet the functional needs of the people who use the space. This includes considerations for activities, circulation, and spatial organization.2. Form: The form of a building should be aesthetically pleasing and harmonious with its surroundings. This involves the use of proportion, scale, and symmetry to create visually appealing structures.3. Structure: The structural system of a building is essential in providing stability, support, and safety. Different structural systems, such as post-and-beam, load-bearing, and frame construction, are used to accommodate different architectural designs.4. Materials: The selection of materials in architecture affects the durability, appearance, and environmental impact of a building. Common building materials include concrete, steel, wood, glass, and masonry.5. Context: Architecture should respond to its physical, cultural, and historical context. This involves considering the site, climate, local traditions, and social dynamics in the design process.6. Sustainability: Sustainable design principles promote the use of environmentally friendly materials, energy-efficient systems, and green building practices. This includes considerations for energy consumption, water conservation, and waste reduction.Construction TechniquesArchitectural construction involves the process of building physical structures based on architectural designs. Construction techniques have evolved over time and continue to be influenced by advancements in technology, materials, and building methods. Some key construction techniques in architecture include:1. Traditional construction: Traditional construction methods, such as masonry, timber framing, and adobe construction, have been used for centuries to build durable and functional structures.2. Modern construction: Modern construction techniques involve the use of advanced materials, equipment, and processes to achieve efficient and high-quality construction. This includes the use of steel, concrete, precast elements, and modular construction.3. Sustainable construction: Sustainable construction techniques focus on reducing the environmental impact of buildings through green building practices, energy-efficient systems, and renewable materials.4. Building systems: Building systems, such as structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, are essential in providing the functionality and comfort of a building. These systems are integrated into the architectural design to ensure a seamless and efficient building operation.5. Construction management: Construction management involves the planning, coordination, and supervision of construction projects to ensure that they are completed on time, within budget, and to the desired quality standards.Sustainable ArchitectureSustainable architecture, also known as green architecture or eco-friendly architecture, promotes environmentally conscious design and construction practices. It aims to minimize the environmental impact of buildings while creating healthy and efficient spaces for the occupants. Key principles of sustainable architecture include:1. Energy efficiency: Sustainable buildings are designed to consume less energy through the use of passive design strategies, energy-efficient systems, and renewable energy sources.2. Water conservation: Sustainable buildings incorporate water-efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and greywater recycling to reduce water consumption and promote water stewardship.3. Material selection: Sustainable architecture emphasizes the use of environmentally friendly materials, such as recycled, low-impact, and renewable materials, to minimize resource depletion and waste generation.4. Indoor environmental quality: Sustainable buildings prioritize indoor air quality, natural ventilation, daylighting, and thermal comfort to create healthy and comfortable living and working environments.5. Site planning: Sustainable architecture considers the site's ecological and social context, promoting site preservation, biodiversity, and community connectivity.6. Life cycle assessment: Sustainable design takes into account the life cycle impact of buildings, from materials extraction and manufacturing to construction, operation, and end-of-life disposal.ConclusionArchitecture is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses a wide range of knowledge points, including architectural history, design principles, construction techniques, and sustainable architecture. Understanding these knowledge points is essential for architects, designers, builders, and other professionals involved in the planning, design, and construction of buildings and spaces. As the field of architecture continues to evolve, it is important to stay informed about the latest developments, trends, and best practices in architecture to create a built environment that is functional, aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable for future generations.。
Architecture-建筑艺术
∙Durability - it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.∙Utility - it should be useful and function well for the people using it.∙Beauty - it should delight people and raise their spirits.Leone Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden Mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari.[14] The treatises, by the 18th century, had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.In the early nineteenth century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image ofneo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only “true Christian form of architecture.”The 19th century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849,[15] was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure". For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.On the difference between the ideals of "architecture" and mere "construction", the renowned 20th C. architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".[16]The National Congress of Brazil, designed by Oscar Niemeyer.Modern concepts of architectureThe great 19th century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: "Form follows function".While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.Sydney Opera House, designed by Utzon.Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".[17]Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability. To satisfy the modern ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.Historyempirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural styles developed.Texts on architecture began to be written in the Classical period. These became canons to be followed in important works, especially religious architecture. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of Vitruvius , the Kao Gong Ji of ancient China [18] and Vaastu Shastra of ancient India .The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines to that of Europe, Buddhist, Hinduand Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. In many Asian countries a pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape .The Medieval builderThis section does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)Wells Cathedral, Somerset, England.In Europe, in both the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individuals and the names of the architects frequently unknown, despite the vast scale of the many religious buildings extant from this period. During the Medieval period guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with master builder, except in the case where a cleric, such as the Abbot Suger at Saint Denis, Paris, provided the design. Over time the complexity of buildings and their types increased. General civil construction such as roads and bridges began to be built. Many new building types such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities emerged.Renaissance and the architectThis section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)St Pancras Midland Hotel, London There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles.Formal architectural training, inthe 19th century, at, for example Ecole des Beaux Arts in France , gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for massproduction and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.Modernism and reaction of architectureThis section does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008)The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here.Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in 1919, consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology.When Modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order.Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright.The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings that displayed their construction and structure, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind traditional forms, were seen as beautiful in their own right. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution.Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles. As the founders of the International Style lost influence in the late 1970s, Postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (a buildingin which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach.Architecture todayMain article: Contemporary architecturePostmodern design at Gare do Oriente, Lisbon, by Santiago Calatrava.Part of the architectural profession, and also some non-architects, responded to Modernism and Postmodernism by going to what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment. The Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Christopher Alexander started searching for more people-oriented designs. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioral, environmental, and social sciences were done and started informing the design process.As the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary. Architecture today usually requires a team of specialist professionals, with the architect being one of many, although usually the team leader.During the last two decades of the twentieth century and into the new millennium, the field of architecture saw the rise of specializations by project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [a] from the 'project' architect.[b]Moving the issues of environmental sustainability into the mainstream is a significant development in the architecture profession. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. It is now expected that architects will integrate sustainable principles into their projects.[19]。
Architecture建筑专业英语词汇(附加英标读音)
建筑专业英语词汇a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称e. ROOFING['ru:fiŋ] & CEILING['si:liŋ]屋面及天棚f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH [trentʃ]地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY ['aɪɚn,mʌŋgəri](HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE['steəkeɪs]、LANDING &LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles[tail]砖和瓦Lime[laim], Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石Cement [si'ment], Mortar ['mɔ:tə] and Concrete[kən'kri:t, 'kɔnkri:t]水泥、砂浆和混凝土Facing And Plastering ['plɑːstərɪŋ] Materials[mə'tiəriəlz]饰面及粉刷材料Asphalt ['æsfælt](Bitumen) and Asbestos[æz'bestɔs]沥青和石棉Timber ['timbə]木材Metallic [mi'tælik] Materials[mə'tiəriəlz]金属材料Non-Ferrous['nʌn'ferəs]Metal ['metəl]有色金属Anti-Corrosion [kə'rəʊʒ(ə)n] Materials 防腐蚀材料Building Hardware['hɑ:dwεə]建五金Paint [peint]油漆k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline 专业Conventional Terms 一般通用名词Architectural Physics 建筑物理Name Of Professional role 职务名称Drafting 制图a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书planning proposals[prə'pəʊz(ə)l]设计任务书design [di'zain]order标准规范standards['stændəd] and codes[kəud]条件图information drawing设计基础资料basic['beisik]data for design工艺流程图process flowchart['fləu,tʃa:t]工程地质资料engineering[,endʒi'niəriŋ] geological [dʒiə'lɔdʒikəl] data ['deitə]原始资料original data设计进度schedule['skedʒu:əl] of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案scheme[ski:m], draft [drɑ:ft ],草图sketch [sketʃ]会谈纪要summary ['sʌməri]of discussion 谈判negotiation [ni,ɡəuʃi'eiʃən]可行性研究feasibility [,fi:zə'biliti] study初步设计preliminary [pri'liminəri]design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design询价图enquiry[ɪn'kwaɪrɪ] drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing竣工图as-built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照sunshine风玫瑰wind rose主导风向prevailing[pri'veiliŋ]wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电thunder['θʌndə]and lightning飓风hurricane['hʌrikən]台风typhoon旋风cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity[in'tensəti]年降雨量annual rainfall湿球温度wet bulb temperature干球温度dry bulb temperature冰冻期frost period冰冻线frost line冰冻区frost zone室外计算温度calculating['kælkjuleitiŋ] outdoor temperature采暖地区region with heating provision[prəu'viʒən]不采暖地区region ['ri:dʒən]without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative ['relətiv] humidity [hju:'midəti]d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室office服务用房service room换班室shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室living room浴室bathroom淋浴间shower更衣室locker room厕所lavatory ['lævətəri,]门厅lobby ['lɔbi]诊室clinic['klinik]工作间workshop电气开关室switchroom走廊corridor['kɔridɔ:]档案室archive['ɑ:kaiv]电梯机房lift motor room车库garage ['ɡærɑ:dʒ,]清洁间cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting room衣柜间ward robe暖风间H.V.A.C room饭店restaurant餐厅canteen [kæn'ti:n], dining room厨房kitchen入口entrance ['entrəns]接待处reception area会计室accountant[ə'kauntənt]room秘书室secretary['sekrətəri]room电气室electrical[i'lektrikəl] room控制室control room工长室foreman ['fɔ:mən] office开关柜室switch [switʃ]gear [ɡiə]前室antecabinet (Ante.)生产区production area马达控制中心Mcc多功能用房utility [ju:'tiləti] room化验室laboratory[lə'bɔrətəri]room经理室manager['mænidʒə]room披屋(阁楼) penthouse ['penthaus]警卫室guard[ɡɑ:d]housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙parapet['pærəpɪt]雨蓬canopy['kænəpɪ]屋脊roof ridge坡度slope [sləup]坡跨比pitch [pitʃ]分水线water-shed[ʃed]二毡三油2 layers['leiəs] of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic [,bitju:'mæstik]附加油毡一层extra['ekstrə]ply of felt [felt]檐口eave[i:v]挑檐overhanging [əuvə'hæŋiŋ]eave檐沟eave gutter ['ɡʌtə]平屋面flat roof坡屋面pitched roof雨水管downspout['daʊnspaʊt], rain waterpipe)(R.W.P)汇水面积catchment ['kætʃm(ə)nt] area泛水flashing内排水interior [in'tiəriə] drainage ['dreinidʒ]外排水exterior [ik'stiəriə]drainage滴水drip屋面排水roof drainage找平层leveling course卷材屋面built-up roofing天棚ceiling['si:liŋ]檩条purlin['pɜːlɪn]屋面板roofing board天花板ceiling board防水层water-proof course检查孔inspection[in'spekʃən]hole人孔manhole吊顶suspended [sə'spendid]ceiling, false ceiling 檐板(窗帘盒) cornice ['kɔ:nis]f. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick wall砌块墙block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum['dʒɪpsəm]board, plaster board 空心砖墙hollow ['hɔləu]brick wall承重墙bearing wall非承重墙non-bearing wall纵墙longitudinal [,lɒn(d)ʒɪ'tjuːdɪn(ə)l; ]wall横墙transverse wall外墙external[ik'stə:nəl] (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙filler wall防火墙fire wall窗间墙wall between window空心墙cavity['kævəti]wall压顶coping圈梁gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断glazed wall防潮层damp-proof['dæmppru:f]course (D.P.C) 遮阳板sunshade['sʌnʃeɪd]阳台balcony['bælkəni]伸缩缝expansion[ik'spænʃən] joint[dʒɔint]沉降缝settlement['setlmənt]joint抗震缝seismic['saizmik] joint复合夹心板sandwich board压型单板corrugated['kɔruɡeitid]single steel plate 外墙板cladding panel ['pænl]复合板composite ['kɔmpəzit] panel轻质隔断light-weight partition [pɑ:'tiʃən]牛腿bracket ['brækit]砖烟囱brick chimney ['tʃimni]勒脚(基座) plinth[plɪnθ]g. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪grade[ɡreid]地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实rammed earth炉渣夯实tamped[tæmp]cinder填土filled earth回填土夯实tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding['blaindiŋ]面层covering, finish结合层bonding (binding) course找平层leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement[si'ment] binding course 混凝土地面concrete floor水泥地面cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor 水磨石地面terrazzo[te'rætsəʊ] flooring马赛克地面mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic [si'ræmik] tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum [li'nəuliəm] flooring预制水磨石地面precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面hard-wood parquet['pɑ:kei] flooring搁栅joist硬木毛地面hard-wood rough [rʌf] flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant ['æsidri'zistənt] floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced [,ri:in'fɔ:s] concrete slab ['slæbi] (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl ['vainil] flooring水磨石嵌条divider [di'vaidə] strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡floor with 2% slope集水沟gully ['ɡʌli]集水口gulley排水沟drainage ['dreinidʒ] trench [trentʃ]沟盖板trench cover活动盖板removable cover plate集水坑sump [sʌmp]pit孔翻边hole up stand电缆沟cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS &IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled ['pænəld] door夹板门plywood door铝合金门aluminum[ə'lju:minəm]alloy ['ælɔi,]door 卷帘门roller shutter['ʃʌtə] door弹簧门swing door推拉门sliding['slaidiŋ]door平开门side-hung door折叠门folding door旋转门revolving [ri'vɔlviŋ]door玻璃门glazed door密闭门air-Tight door保温门thermal['θə:məl]insulating['insjuleitiŋ] door 镀锌铁丝网门galvanized['gælvənaizd] steel wire mesh door防火门fire door(大门上的)小门wicket门框door frame [freim]门扇door leaf [li:f]门洞door opening 结构开洞structural opening单扇门single['siŋɡl]door双扇门double door疏散门emergency[i'mə:dʒənsi]door纱门screen door门槛door sill门过梁door lintel ['lɪnt(ə)l]上冒头top rail下冒头bottom rail门边木stile门樘侧料side jumb槽口notch木窗wooden window钢窗steel[sti:l]window铝合金窗aluminum alloy window百叶窗(通风为主) sun-bind, louver['luːvə] (louver, shutter, blind)塑钢窗plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow steel window固定窗fixed window平开窗side-hung window推拉窗sliding window气窗transom上悬窗top-hung window中悬窗center-pivowted indow下悬窗hopper window活动百叶窗adjustable louver天窗skylight老虎窗dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced brick lintel窗扇casement sash窗台window sill窗台板window board窗中梃mullion窗横木mutin窗边木stile压缝条cover mould窗帘盒curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴pivot长脚铰链parliament hinge闭门器door closer地弹簧floor closer插销bolt门锁door lock拉手pull链条chain门钩door hanger碰球ball latch窗钩window catch暗插销insert bolt电动开关器electric opener平板玻璃plate glass夹丝玻璃wire glass透明玻璃clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃bullet-proof glass石英玻璃quartz [kwɔ:ts] glass吸热玻璃heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃polished glass着色玻璃pigmented glass玻璃瓦glass tile玻璃砖glass block有机玻璃organic[ɔ:'ɡænik] glassI. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEVATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯stair [stεə]楼梯间staircase疏散梯emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane[krein] ladder['lædə]直爬梯vertical['və:tikəl]ladder踏步step扇形踏步winder (wheel step)踏步板tread [tred]档步板riser踏步宽度tread width [witθ]防滑条non-slip insert['insə:t] (strips)栏杆railing['reiliŋ](balustrade)[,bælə'streɪd]平台栏杆platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手handrail['hændreil]梯段高度height[hait]of flight防护梯笼protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing (platform)操作平台operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair landing客梯passenger ['pæsindʒə]lift货梯goods lift客/货两用梯goods/passenger lift液压电梯hydraulic lift自动扶梯escalator ['eskəleitə]观光电梯observation elevator['eliveitə]电梯机房lift mortar['mɔ:tə] room电梯坑lift pit电梯井道lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦红砖red brick粘土砖clay brick瓷砖glazed [ɡleizd] brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire brick空心砖hollow brick面砖facing brick地板砖flooring tile [tail]缸砖clinkery brick马赛克mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦glazed tile脊瓦ridge tile石棉瓦asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石石膏gypsum ['dʒɪpsəm]大理石marble['mɑ:bl]汉白玉white marble花岗岩granite['ɡrænit]碎石crushed[krʌʃt]stone毛石rubble['rʌbl]蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩pearlite['pɜːlaɪt]水磨石terrazzo [te'rætsəʊ]卵石cobble砾石gravel粗砂course sand中砂medium sand细砂fine sandCement, Mortar ['mɔ:tə] and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥silicate['silikit,] cement火山灰水泥pozzolana cement白水泥white cement[si'ment]水泥砂浆cement mortar石灰砂浆lime [laim] mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal['θə:məl]mortar防水砂浆water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆acid['æsid] -resistant [ri'zistənt]mortar耐碱砂浆alkaline['ælkəlain]-resistant mortar沥青砂浆bituminous [bi'tju:minəs]mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar joint素混凝土plain concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete轻质混凝土lightweight concrete细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土foamed concrete炉渣混凝土cinder concreteFacing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料水刷石granitic plaster斩假石artificial stone刷浆lime wash可赛银casein大白浆white wash麻刀灰打底hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰lath and plasterAsphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉沥青卷材asphalt felt沥青填料asphalt['æsfælt]filler沥青胶泥asphalt grout冷底子油adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝bitumastic oakum石棉板asbestos sheet [ʃi:t]石棉纤维asbestos fiberTimber 木材['timbə]裂缝crack透裂split环裂shake[ʃeik]干缩shrinkage翘曲warping原木log圆木round timber方木square timber板材plank木条batten板条lath木板board红松red pine[pain]白松white pine落叶松deciduous [di'sidjuəs]pine云杉spruce [spru:s]柏木cypress ['saipris]白杨white poplar ['pɔplə]桦木birch[bə:tʃ]冷杉fir[fə:]栎木oak榴木willow['wiləu]榆木elm[elm]杉木cedar['si:də]柚木teak [ti:k]樟木camphor ['kæmfə]wood防腐处理的木材preservative [pri'zə:vətiv]-treated lumber胶合板plywood三(五)合板3(5)-plywood企口板tongued and grooved board 层夹板laminated['læmineitid] plank胶合层夹木材glue-laminated lumber纤维板fiber-board竹子bamboo[bæm'bu:]Metallic Materials 金属材料黑色金属ferrous metal圆钢steelbBar方钢square steel扁钢steel strap,flat steel型钢steel section (shape)槽钢channel角钢angle steel等边角钢equal-leg angle不等边角钢unequal-leg angle工字钢I-beam宽翼缘工字钢wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧hot-rolled冷轧cold-rolled冷拉cold-drawn冷压cold-pressed合金钢alloy steel钛合金titanium alloy不锈钢stainless['steinlis]steel竹节钢筋corrugated steel bar变形钢筋deformed bar光圆钢筋plain round bar钢板steel plate薄钢板thin steel plate低碳钢low carbon steel冷弯cold bending钢管steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管seamless steel pipe [paip]焊接钢管welded steel pipe黑铁管iron ['aiən]pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast iron生铁pig iron熟铁wrought iron镀锌铁皮galvanized ['gælvənaizd] steel sheet镀锌铁丝galvanized steel wire['waiə]钢丝网steel wire mesh[meʃ]多孔金属网expanded metal锰钢managanese steel高强度合金钢high strength alloy steelNon-Ferrous Metal 有色金属金gold白金platinum['plætinəm]铜copper黄铜brass青铜bronze银silver ['silvə]铝aluminum [ə'lju:minəm]铅leadAnti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料聚乙烯polythene, polyethylene [,pɔli:'eθə,li:n]尼龙nylon聚氯乙烯PVC (polyvinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯polycarbonate聚苯乙烯polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic resin乙烯基酯vinyl ester橡胶内衬rubber lining氯丁橡胶neoprene沥青漆bitumen['bɪtjʊmən]paint环氧树脂漆epoxy resin['rezin]paint氧化锌底漆zinc oxide primer防锈漆anti-rust paint耐酸漆acid-resistant[ri'zistənt] paint耐碱漆alkali-resistant paint水玻璃sodium silicate树脂砂浆resin-bonded mortar['mɔ:tə]环氧树脂epoxy resinBuilding Hardware 建筑五金钉子nails[neil]螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum['dʒɪpsəm] board nail螺丝screws[skru:]平头螺丝flat-head screw螺栓bolt普通螺栓commercial[kə'mə:ʃəl] bolt高强螺栓high strength bolt预埋螺栓insert bolt胀锚螺栓cinch[sintʃ]bolt垫片washerPaint 油漆底漆primer['praimə]防锈底漆rust-inhibitive[in'hibitiv]primer防腐漆anti-corrosion paint调和漆mixed paint无光漆flat paint透明漆varnish['vɑ:niʃ]银粉漆aluminum paint磁漆enamel paint干性油drying oil稀释剂thinner['θinə]焦油tar沥青漆asphalt paint桐油tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹red lead铅油lead oil腻子putty['pʌti]k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语Discipline['disiplin]专业建筑architecture土木civil给排水water supply and drainage['dreinidʒ]总图plot plan采暖通风H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning)电力供应electric power supply电气照明electric lighting电讯telecommunication仪表instrument热力供应heat power supply动力mechanical[mi'kænikəl]power工艺process technology管道piping['paipiŋ]Conventional Terms 一般通用名词建筑原理architectonics建筑形式architectural style民用建筑civil architecture城市建筑urban architecture农村建筑rural ['ruərəl] architecture农业建筑farm building工业建筑industrial building重工业的heavy industrial轻工业的light industrial古代建筑ancient['einʃənt] architecture现代建筑modern architecture标准化建筑standardized buildings附属建筑auxiliary [ɔ:ɡ'ziljəri] buildings城市规划city planning厂区内within site厂区外offsite封闭式closed type开敞式open type半开敞式semi-open type模数制modular system单位造价unit cost概算preliminary[pri'liminəri]estimate ['estimeit]承包商constructor, contractor现场site扩建extension[ik'stenʃən]改建reconstruction防火fire-prevention防震aseismatic, [,eisaiz'mætik]quake-proof防腐anti-corrosion防潮dump[dʌmp]-proof防水water-proof防尘dust-proof防锈rust-proof车流量traffic volume['vɔlju:m]货流量freight traffic volume人流量pedestrian [pi'destriən]volume透视图perspective drawing建筑模型building model建筑物理Architectural Physics照明illumination [i,lju:mi'neiʃən]照度degree of illumination亮度brightness日照sunshine天然采光natural lighting光强light intensity侧光side light顶光top light眩光glaze方位角azimuth['æziməθ]辐射radiation对流convection传导conduction遮阳sun-shade保温thermal['θə:məl] insulation恒温constant temperature恒湿constant humidity噪音noise隔音sound-proof吸音sound absorption[əb'sɔ:pʃən]露点dew point隔汽vapor-proofName Of Professional role 职务名称项目经理project manager (PM)设计经理design manager首席建筑师principal architect总工程师chief[tʃi:f] engineer [,endʒi'niə]土木工程师civil engineer工艺工程师process engineer电气工程师electrical engineer机械工程师mechanical engineer计划工程师planning engineer助理工程师assistant[ə'sistənt]engineer实习生probationer[prə'beɪʃ(ə)nə]专家specialist, expert制图员draftsman['drɑ:ftsmən, 'dræft-]技术员technician[tek'niʃən]Drafting 制图总说明general specification [,spesifi'keiʃən]工程说明project specification采用标准规范目录list of standards and specification adopted图纸目录list of drawings平面图plan局部放大图detail with enlarged scale[skeil]．．．平面示意图schematic[ski:'mætik]plan of... ．．．平剖面图sectional plan of... 留孔平面图plan of provision of holes剖面section纵剖面longitudinal section横剖面cross (transverse) section立面elevation[,eli'veiʃən]正立面front elevation透视图perspective drawing侧立面side elevation背立面back elevation详图detail drawings典型节点typical ['tipikəl]detail节点号detail No.首页front page图纸目录及说明list of contents and description图例legend['ledʒənd]示意图diagram['daiəɡræm]草图sketch荷载简图load diagram流程示意图flow diagram标准图standard drawing．．．布置图layout['leiaut]of ...地形图topographical map土方工程图earth-work drawing展开图developed drawing模板图formwork drawing配筋arrangement of reinforcement表格tables工程进度表working schedule{'skedʒu:əl}技术经济指标technical and economical index ['indeks]建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures ['strʌkt ʃə]编号coding序列号serial No.行和栏rows and columns备注remarks等级grade[ɡreid]直线straight Line曲线curves [kə:v]曲折线zigzag line虚线dotted 'dɔtid] line实线solid line影线hatching line点划线dot and dash line轴线axis ['æksis]等高线contour Line中心线center Line双曲线hyperbola[haɪ'pɜːbələ]抛物线parabola[pə'ræbələ]切线tangent ['tændʒənt]Line尺寸线dimension[di'menʃən,Line园形round环形annular ['ænjulə]方形square矩形rectangle['rek,tæŋɡl]平行四边形parallelogram[,pærə'leləgræm]三角形triangle['traiæŋɡl]五角形pentagon['pentəɡən]六角形hexagon['heksəɡən]八角形octagon ['ɔktəɡən梯形trapezoid ['træpɪzɒɪd;圆圈circle弓形sagment扇形sector球形的spherical ['sferikəl抛物面paraboloid圆锥形cone椭圆形ellipse, oblong面积area体积volume['vɔlju:m]容量capacity重量weight质量mass力force米meter厘米centimeter毫米millimeter公顷hectate牛顿/平方米Newton/square meter千克/立方米kilogram/cubic meter英尺foot英寸inch磅pound吨ton加仑gallon千磅kip平均尺寸average dimension变尺寸variable dimension外形尺寸overall dimension展开尺寸developed dimension内径inside diameter外径outside diameter净重net weight毛重gross weight数量quantity百分比percentage净空clearance净高headroom净距clear distance净跨clear span截面尺寸sectional dimension开间bay [bei]进深depth[depθ]单跨single span [/spæn/]双跨double span 多跨multi-span标高elevation, level绝对标高absolute['æbsəlju:t, elevation设计标高designed elevation室外地面标高ground elevation室内地面标高floor elevation柱网column grid坐标coordinate [kəu'ɔ:dinit,厂区占地site area使用面积usable area辅助面积service area通道面积passage area管架pipe rack管廊pipeline gallery架空管线overhead pipeline排水沟drain[drein] ditch [ditʃ]集水坑sump pit喷泉fountain['fauntin]地漏floor drain消火栓fire hydrant['haidrənt]灭火器fire extinguisher[ik'stiŋɡwiʃ]二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher 卤代烷灭火器halon extinguisher。
建筑设计英语词汇ARCHITECTUREDESIGNEnglishChinese
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING ROOFING & CEILING f. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件i. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT (ELEV A TOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MA TERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语砖和瓦】【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】灰、砂和石】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】饰面及粉刷材料】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】沥青和石棉】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】木材】【Timber 木材】金属材料】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】有色金属】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】防腐蚀材料】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】建筑五金】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】油漆】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语专业】【Discipline 专业】一般通用名词】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】建筑物理】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】职务名称】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】制图】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业结构专业a. LOAD 荷载荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构钢结构钢结构 e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据设计依据设计依据 计划建议书planning planning proposalsproposals 设计任务书design design orderorder 标准规范standards and codes条件图information information drawingdrawing 设计基础资料设计基础资料 basic data for design工艺流程图process process flowchartflowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料original original data data 设计进度设计进度 schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段设计阶段方案scheme, scheme, draftdraft 草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究feasibility feasibility studystudy 初步设计preliminary preliminary designdesign 基础设计basic basic designdesign 详细设计detail detail designdesign 询价图enquiry enquiry drawingdrawing 施工图施工图 working drawing, construction drawing竣工图竣工图 as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件气象条件气象条件 日照 sunshine风玫瑰wind wind roserose 主导风向prevailing prevailing windwind wind direction direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载wind wind loadload 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电雷击及闪电 thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量annual annual rainfallrainfall 湿球温度wet wet bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 干球温度dry dry bulbbulb bulb temperature temperature 冰冻期frost frost periodperiod 冰冻线frost frost lineline 冰冻区frost frost zone zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度relative relative humidityhumidity d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房service service roomroom 换班室shift shift roomroom 休息室休息室 rest room (break room)起居室living living roomroom 浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室locker locker room room 厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房电梯机房 lift motor room车库 garage清洁间cleaning cleaning roomroom 会议室(正式) conference room会议室meeting meeting roomroom 衣柜间ward ward roberobe 暖风间 H.V .A.C .A.C roomroom 饭店 restaurant餐厅canteen, canteen, diningdining dining room room 厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处reception reception areaarea 会计室accountant accountant roomroom 秘书室secretary secretary roomroom 电气室electrical electrical roomroom 控制室control control roomroom 工长室foreman foreman officeoffice 开关柜室switch switch geargear 前室antecabinet antecabinet (Ante.)(Ante.) 生产区production production areaarea 马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房utility utility roomroom 化验室laboratory laboratory roomroom 经理室manager manager roomroom 披 屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室guard guard househouse e. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊roof roof ridgeridge 坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油二毡三油 2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层附加油毡一层 extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐overhanging overhanging eave eave 檐沟eave eave guttergutter 平屋面flat flat roofroof 坡屋面pitched pitched roofroof 雨水管雨水管 downspout, rain water pipe(R.W.P) 汇水面积catchment catchment areaarea 泛水 flashing内排水interior interior drainagedrainage 外排水exterior exterior drainagedrainage 滴水 drip屋面排水roof roof drainagedrainage 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 卷材屋面built-up built-up roofingroofing 天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板roofing roofing boardboard 天花板ceiling ceiling boardboard 防水层water-proof water-proof coursecourse 检查孔inspection inspection holehole 人孔 manhole吊顶吊顶 suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体墙体(外墙板)砖墙brick brick wallwall 砌块墙block block wallwall 清水砖墙清水砖墙 brick wall without plastering抹灰墙rendered rendered wallwall 石膏板墙石膏板墙 gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙空心砖墙 hollow brick wall承重墙bearing bearing wallwall 非承重墙non-bearing non-bearing wallwall 纵墙longitudinal longitudinal wallwall 横墙transverse transverse wallwall 外墙external external (exterior)(exterior) (exterior) wall wall 内墙内墙 internal (interior) wall填充墙filler filler wallwall 防火墙fire fire wallwall 窗间墙wall wall betweenbetween between window window 空心墙cavity cavity wallwall 压顶 coping圈梁gird, gird, girt,girt, girt, girth girth 玻璃隔断glazed glazed wallwall 防潮层damp-proof damp-proof coursecourse course (D.P.C) (D.P.C) 遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony 伸缩缝expansion expansion jointjoint 沉降缝settlement settlement jointjoint 抗震缝seismic seismic jointjoint 复合夹心板sandwich sandwich boardboard 压型单板压型单板 corrugated single steel plate外墙板cladding cladding panelpanel 复合板composite composite panelpanel 轻质隔断light-weight light-weight partitionpartition 牛腿 bracket砖烟囱brick brick chimneychimney 勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面地面和楼面 ground and floor素土夯实rammed rammed earthearth 炉渣夯实tamped tamped cindercinder 填土filled filled earthearth 回填土夯实tamped tamped backfillbackfill 垫层垫层 bedding course, blinding面层covering, covering, finishfinish 结合层bonding bonding (binding)(binding) (binding) course course 找平层leveling leveling coursecourse 素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面concrete concrete floorfloor 水泥地面cement cement floorfloor 机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor水磨石地面terrazzo terrazzo flooringflooring 马赛克地面mosaic mosaic flooringflooring 瓷砖地面瓷砖地面 ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面linoleum linoleum flooringflooring 预制水磨预制水磨 石地面precast precast terrazzoterrazzo terrazzo flooring flooring 硬木花地面hard-wood hard-wood parquetparquet parquet flooring flooring 搁栅 joist硬木毛地面hard-wood hard-wood roughrough rough flooring flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面acid-resistant acid-resistant floorfloor 钢筋混凝土楼板钢筋混凝土楼板 reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面vinyl vinyl flooringflooring 水磨石嵌条水磨石嵌条 divider strip for terrazzo地面做2％坡％坡 floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟drainage drainage trenchtrench 沟盖板trench trench cover cover 活动盖板活动盖板 removable cover plate集水坑sump sump pitpit 孔翻边hole hole upup up stand stand 电缆沟cable cable trenchtrench h. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件门、玻璃、窗及五金件 木 (钢)门 wooden (steel) door镶板门panelled panelled doordoor 夹板门plywood plywood doordoor 铝合金门铝合金门 aluminum alloy door卷帘门卷帘门 roller shutter door弹簧门swing swing doordoor 推拉门sliding sliding doordoor 平开门side-hung side-hung doordoor 折叠门folding folding doordoor 旋转门revolving revolving doordoor 玻璃门glazed glazed doordoor 密闭门air-Tight air-Tight doordoor 保温门保温门 thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门fire fire doordoor (大门上的)小门 wicket门框door door frameframe 门扇door door leafleaf 门洞door door openingopening 结构开洞structural structural openingopening 单扇门single single doordoor 双扇门double double doordoor 疏散门emergency emergency doordoor 纱门screen screen doordoor 门槛door door sillsill 门过梁door door lintellintel 上冒头top top railrail 下冒头bottom bottom railrail 门边木 stile门樘侧料side side jumbjumb 槽口 notch木窗wooden wooden windowwindow 钢窗steel steel windowwindow 铝合金窗铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window百叶窗百叶窗 (通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗塑钢窗 plastic steel window空腹钢窗hollow hollow steelsteel steel window window 固定窗fixed fixed windowwindow 平开窗side-hung side-hung window window 推拉窗sliding sliding windowwindow 气窗 transom上悬窗top-hung top-hung windowwindow 中悬窗center-pivoted center-pivoted windowwindow 下悬窗hopper hopper windowwindow 活动百叶窗adjustable adjustable louverlouver 天窗 skylight老虎窗dormer dormer windowwindow 密封双层玻璃密封双层玻璃 sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁reinforced reinforced brickbrick brick lintel lintel 窗扇casement casement sashsash 窗台window window sillsill 窗台板window window boardboard 窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条cover cover mouldmould 窗帘盒curtain curtain boxbox 合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链parliament parliament hingehinge 闭门器door door closercloser 地弹簧floor floor closercloser 插销 bolt门锁door door locklock 拉手 pull链条 chain门钩door door hangerhanger 碰球ball ball latchlatch 窗钩window window catchcatch 暗插销insert insert boltbolt 电动开关器electric electric openeropener 平板玻璃plate plate glassglass夹丝玻璃wire wire glassglass 透明玻璃clear clear glassglass 毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃bullet-proof bullet-proof glassglass 石英玻璃quartz quartz glassglass 吸热玻璃heat heat absorbingabsorbing absorbing glass glass 磨光玻璃polished polished glassglass 着色玻璃pigmented pigmented glassglass 玻璃瓦glass glass tiletile 玻璃砖glass glass block block 有机玻璃organic organic glassglass i. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯emergency emergency stairstair 旋转梯旋转梯 spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯crane crane ladderladder 直爬梯vertical vertical ladderladder 踏步 step扇形踏步winder winder (wheel(wheel (wheel step) step) 踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度tread tread widthwidth 防滑条non-slip non-slip insertinsert insert (strips) (strips) 栏杆railing railing (balustrade)(balustrade) 平台栏杆platform platform railingrailing 吊装孔栏杆吊装孔栏杆 railing around mounting hole 扶手 handrail梯段高度height height ofof of flight flight 防护梯笼防护梯笼 protecting cage (safety cage)平台landing landing (platform)(platform) 操作平台operating operating platformplatform 装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台stair stair landinglanding 客梯passenger passenger liftlift 货梯goods goods liftlift 客/货两用梯goods/passenger goods/passenger liftlift 液压电梯hydraulic hydraulic liftlift 自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯observation observation elevatorelevator 电梯机房电梯机房 lift mortar room电梯坑lift lift pitpit 电梯井道lift lift shaftshaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦砖和瓦】红砖red red brickbrick 粘土砖clay clay brickbrick 瓷砖瓷砖 glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖fire fire brickbrick 空心砖hollow hollow brickbrick 面砖facing facing brickbrick 地板砖flooring flooring tiletile 缸砖clinkery clinkery brick brick 马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土ceramsite ceramsite concreteconcrete 琉璃瓦glazed glazed tiletile 脊瓦ridge ridge tiletile 石棉瓦石棉瓦 asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】灰、砂和石】石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉white white marblemarble 花岗岩 granite碎石crushed crushed stonestone 毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂course course sandsand 中砂medium medium sandsand 细砂fine fine sandsand 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】水泥、砂浆和混凝土】波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥silicate silicate cementcement 火山灰水泥pozzolana pozzolana cementcement 白水泥white white cementcement 水泥砂浆cement cement mortarmortar 石灰砂浆lime lime mortarmortar 水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆thermal thermal mortarmortar 防水砂浆water-proof water-proof mortarmortar 耐酸砂浆acid-resistant acid-resistant mortarmortar 耐碱砂浆alkaline-resistant alkaline-resistant mortarmortar沥青砂浆bituminous bituminous mortarmortar 纸筋灰纸筋灰 paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰麻刀灰 hemp cut lime mortar灰缝mortar mortar jointjoint 素混凝土plain plain concreteconcrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced reinforced concreteconcrete 轻质混凝土lightweight lightweight concreteconcrete 细石混凝土细石混凝土 fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土asphalt asphalt concreteconcrete 泡沫混凝土foamed foamed concrete concrete 炉渣混凝土cinder cinder concreteconcrete【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】饰面及粉刷材料】水刷石granitic granitic plasterplaster 斩假石artificial artificial stonestone 刷浆lime lime washwash 可赛银 casein大白浆white white washwash 麻刀灰打底麻刀灰打底 hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash 分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned 板条抹灰板条抹灰 lath and plaster【Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】沥青和石棉】 沥青卷材asphalt asphalt feltfelt 沥青填料asphalt asphalt fillerfiller 沥青胶泥asphalt asphalt groutgrout 冷底子油adhesive adhesive bitumenbitumen bitumen primer primer 沥青玛啼脂asphaltic asphaltic masticmastic 沥青麻丝bitumastic bitumastic oakumoakum 石棉板asbestos asbestos sheetsheet 石棉纤维asbestos asbestos fiberfiber【Timber 木材】木材】裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木round round timbertimber 方木square square timbertimber 板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松red red pinepine 白松white white pinepine 落叶松deciduous deciduous pinepine 云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨white white poplarpoplar 桦木 birch冷杉 fir 栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木camphor camphor woodwood 防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber 胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板企口板 tongued and grooved board层夹板laminated laminated plankplank 胶合层夹木材glue-laminated glue-laminated lumberlumber 纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo【Metallic Materials 金属材料】金属材料】黑色金属ferrous ferrous metalmetal 圆钢 steelbBar方钢square square steelsteel 扁钢steel steel atrapatrap 型钢steel steel sectionsection section (shape) (shape) 槽钢 channel角钢angle angle steelsteel 等边角钢equal-leg equal-leg angleangle 不等边角钢unequal-leg unequal-leg angleangle 工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢宽翼缘工字钢 wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢T-bar T-bar (Z-bar)(Z-bar) 冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢alloy alloy steelsteel钛合金titanium titanium alloyalloy 不锈钢stainless stainless steelsteel 竹节钢筋corrugated corrugated steelsteel steel bar bar 变形钢筋deformed deformed barbar 光圆钢筋plain plain roundround round bar bar 钢板steel steel plateplate 薄钢板thin thin steelsteel steel plate plate 低碳钢低碳钢 low carbon steel冷弯cold cold bendingbending 钢管steel steel pipe pipe pipe (tube) (tube) 无缝钢管无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe焊接钢管welded welded steelsteel steel pipe pipe 黑铁管iron iron pipepipe 镀锌钢管镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe铸铁cast cast ironiron 生铁pig pig ironiron 熟铁wrought wrought ironiron 镀锌铁皮镀锌铁皮 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝 galvanized steel wire 钢丝网钢丝网 steel wire mesh多孔金属网expanded expanded metalmetal 锰钢managanese managanese steelsteel 高强度合金钢高强度合金钢 high strength alloy steel【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】有色金属】 金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】防腐蚀材料】聚乙烯polythene, polythene, polyethylenepolyethylene 尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯聚氯乙烯 PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯acrylic acrylic resinresin 乙烯基酯vinyl vinyl esterester 橡胶内衬rubber rubber lininglining 氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆bitumen bitumen paintpaint 环氧树脂漆epoxy epoxy resinresin resin paint paint 氧化锌底漆zinc zinc oxideoxide oxide primer primer 防锈漆anti-rust anti-rust paintpaint 耐酸漆acid-resistant acid-resistant paintpaint 耐碱漆alkali-resistant alkali-resistant paintpaint 水玻璃sodium sodium silicatesilicate 树脂砂浆resin-bonded resin-bonded mortarmortar 环氧树脂epoxy epoxy resinresin【Building Building Hardware Hardware 建筑五金】建筑五金】钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail 环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝flat-head flat-head screwscrew 螺栓 bolt普通螺栓commercial commercial boltbolt 高强螺栓high high strengthstrength strength bolt bolt 预埋螺栓insert insert boltbolt 胀锚螺栓cinch cinch boltbolt 垫片 washer【Paint 油漆】油漆】底漆 primer防锈底漆rust-inhibitive rust-inhibitive primerprimer 防腐漆anti-corrosion anti-corrosion paintpaint 调和漆mixed mixed paintpaint 无光漆flat flat paintpaint 透明漆 varnish银粉漆aluminum aluminum paintpaint 磁漆enamel enamel paintpaint 干性油drying drying oiloil 稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆asphalt asphalt paintpaint 桐油桐油 tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹red red leadlead 铅油lead lead oiloil 腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】专业】建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水给排水 water supply and drainage总图plot plot planplan 采暖通风H.V H.V.A.C.A.C .A.C (heating (heating 、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应电力供应 electric power supply电气照明electric electric lightinglighting 电讯 telecommunication 仪表 instrument热力供应heat heat powerpower power supply supply 动力mechanical mechanical powerpower 工艺process process technologytechnology 管道 piping【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】一般通用名词】建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式architectural architectural stylestyle 民用建筑civil civil architecturearchitecture 城市建筑urban urban architecturearchitecture 农村建筑rural rural architecturearchitecture 农业建筑farm farm buildingbuilding 工业建筑industrial industrial buildingbuilding 重工业的heavy heavy industrialindustrial 轻工业的light light industrialindustrial 古代建筑ancient ancient architecturearchitecture 现代建筑modern modern architecturearchitecture 标准化建筑standardized standardized buildingsbuildings 附属建筑auxiliary auxiliary buildingsbuildings 城市规划city city planningplanning 厂区内within within sitesite 厂区外 offsite封闭式closed closed typetype 开敞式open open typetype 半开敞式semi-open semi-open typetype 模数制modular modular systemsystem 单位造价unit unit costcost 概算preliminary preliminary estimateestimate 承包商constructor, constructor, contractorcontractor 现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震aseismatic, aseismatic, quake-proofquake-proof 防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量traffic traffic volumevolume 货流量freight freight traffictraffic traffic volume volume 人流量pedestrian pedestrian volume volume 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 建筑模型building building modelmodel【Architectural Architectural Physics Physics 建筑物理】建筑物理】照明 illumination照度degree degree ofof of illumination illumination 亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光natural natural lightinglighting 光强light light intensityintensity 侧光side side lightlight 顶光top top lightlight 眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温thermal thermal insulationinsulation 恒温constant constant temperaturetemperature 恒湿constant constant humidityhumidity 噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音sound sound absorptionabsorption 露点dew dew pointpoint 隔汽 vapor-proof【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】职务名称】项目经理项目经理 project manager (PM)设计经理design design managermanager 首席建筑师principal principal architectarchitect总工程师chief chief engineerengineer 土木工程师civil civil engineerengineer 工艺工程师process process engineerengineer 电气工程师electrical electrical engineerengineer 机械工程师mechanical mechanical engineerengineer 计划工程师planning planning engineerengineer 助理工程师assistant assistant engineerengineer 实习生 probationer专家specialist, specialist, expertexpert 制图员 draftsman 技术员 technician【Drafting 制图】制图】总说明general general specificationspecification 工程说明project project specificationspecification 采用标准规范目录采用标准规范目录 list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录图纸目录 list of drawings 平面图 plan局部放大图局部放大图 detail with enlarged scale．．．平面示意图schematic schematic planplan plan of... of... ．．．平剖面图．平剖面图 sectional plan of... 留孔平面图留孔平面图 plan of provision of holes 剖面 section纵剖面longitudinal longitudinal sectionsection 横剖面横剖面 cross (transverse) section 立面 elevation正立面front front elevationelevation 透视图perspective perspective drawingdrawing 侧立面side side elevationelevation 背立面back back elevationelevation 详图detail detail drawingsdrawings 典型节点typical typical detaildetail 节点号detail detail No.No. 首页front front pagepage 图纸目录及说明list of contents and description 图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图load load diagramdiagram 流程示意图flow flow diagramdiagram 标准图standard standard drawingdrawing ．．．布置图layout layout ofof of ... ... 地形图topographical topographical mapmap土方工程图earth-work earth-work drawing drawing 展开图developed developed drawing drawing 模板图formwork formwork drawingdrawing 配筋配筋 arrangement of reinforcement 表格 tables工程进度表working working scheduleschedule 技术经济指标technical and economical index 建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号serial serial No. No. 行和栏rows rows andand and columns columns 备注 remarks 等级 grade直线straight straight Line Line 曲线 curves曲折线zigzag zigzag lineline 虚线dotted dotted lineline 实线solid solid lineline 影线hatching hatching line line 点划线点划线 dot and dash line 轴线 axis等高线contour contour Line Line 中心线center center LineLine 双曲线 hyperbola 抛物线 parabola切线tangent tangent Line Line 尺寸线dimension dimension LineLine 园形 round 环形 annular 方形 square 矩形 rectangle 平行四边形 parallelogram 三角形 triangle 五角形 pentagon 六角形 hexagon 八角形 octagon 梯形 trapezoid 圆圈 circle 弓形 sagment 扇形 sector 球形的 spherical 抛物面 paraboloid 圆锥形 cone椭圆形ellipse, ellipse, oblongoblong面积 area 体积 volume 容量 capacity 重量 weight 质量 mass 力 force 米 meter 厘米 centimeter 毫米 millimeter 公顷 hectate 牛顿/平方米Newton/square Newton/square metermeter 千克/立方米kilogram/cubic kilogram/cubic metermeter 英尺 foot 英寸 inch 磅 pound 吨 ton 加仑 gallon 千磅 kip平均尺寸average average dimension dimension 变尺寸variable variable dimension dimension 外形尺寸overall overall dimension dimension 展开尺寸developed developed dimension dimension 内径inside inside diameter diameter 外径outside outside diameter diameter 净重net net weight weight 毛重gross gross weight weight 数量 quantity 百分比 percentage 净空 clearance 净高 headroom净距clear clear distance distance 净跨clear clear spanspan 截面尺寸sectional sectional dimensiondimension 开间 bay 进深 depth单跨single single span span 双跨double double span span 多跨 multi-span标高elevation, elevation, levellevel 绝对标高absolute absolute elevation elevation 设计标高designed designed elevationelevation 室外地面标高ground ground elevation elevation 室内地面标高floor floor elevation elevation 柱网column column gridgrid坐标 coordinate厂区占地site site areaarea 使用面积usable usable area area 辅助面积service service area area 通道面积passage passage area area 管架pipe pipe rackrack 管廊pipeline pipeline gallerygallery 架空管线overhead overhead pipeline pipeline 排水沟drain drain ditch ditch 集水坑sump sump pit pit 喷泉 fountain地漏floor floor drain drain 消火栓fire fire hydrant hydrant 灭火器fire fire extinguisherextinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher卤代烷灭火器halon halon extinguisherextinguisher2. STRUCTURE 结构专业 a. Load 荷载荷载拔力pulling pulling force force 标准值standard standard value value 残余应力residual residual stressstress 冲击荷载冲击荷载 impact load, punch load残余变形residual residual deflectiondeflection 承压 bearing承载能力bearing bearing capacitycapacity 承重承重 bearing, load bearing承重结构bearing bearing structure structure 脆性材料brittle brittle material material 脆性破坏brittle brittle failure failure 抵抗力resisting resisting power, power, power, resistance resistance 吊车荷载crane crane load load 分布荷载distributed distributed load load 风荷载wind wind loadload 风速风速 wind velocity, wind speed风压wind wind pressure pressure 风振wind wind vibration vibration 浮力buoyance, buoyance, floatage floatage 符号symbol, symbol, mark mark 负弯矩负弯矩 negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载additional additional load load 附加应力additional additional stress stress 副作用side side effect,effect, effect, by-effect by-effect刚度 rigidity 刚度比刚度比 ratio of rigidity刚度系数rigidity rigidity factor factor 刚接rigid rigid connectionconnection 刚性节点rigid rigid joint joint 恒载dead dead load load 荷载传递荷载传递 transmission of load固端弯矩fixed-end fixed-end moment moment 活荷载live live load load 积灰荷载dust dust load load 集中荷载concentrated concentrated loadload 加载, 加荷 loading 剪力剪力 shear, shearing force剪切破坏shear shear failure failure 剪应变shear shear strain strain 剪应力shear shear stress stress 简支simple simple support support 静定结构静定结构 statically determinate structure 截面模量截面模量 modulus of section,section section modulusmodulus 静力static static forceforce 静力分析static static analysisanalysis 局部压力局部压力 local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈local local bulkling bulkling 绝对值absolute absolute valuevalue 均布荷载均布荷载 uniformly distributed load抗拔力pulling pulling resistance resistance 抗剪刚度shear shear rigidityrigidity 抗剪强度抗剪强度 shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度tensile tensile strength strength 抗扭torsion torsion resistanceresistance 抗扭刚度torsional torsional rigidity rigidity 抗弯bending bending resistanceresistance 抗弯刚度bending bending rigidityrigidity 抗压强度抗压强度 compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计reliability reliability design design 拉力tensile tensile force force 拉应力拉应力 tensile stress, tension stress 拉应变拉应变 tensile strain, tension strain临界点critical critical point point 临界荷载critical critical load load 临界应力critical critical stressstress 密度 density离心力centrifugal centrifugal forceforce 摩擦力friction friction forceforce 摩擦系数frictional frictional factorfactor 挠度 deflection内力内力 internal force, inner force 扭矩扭矩 moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度fatigue fatigue strengthstrength 偏心荷载偏心荷载 eccentric load, non-central load偏心距eccentric eccentric distance,distance, distance, eccentricity eccentricity 偏心受拉eccentric eccentric tension tension 偏心受压eccentric eccentric compressioncompression 屈服强度yield yield strengthstrength 使用荷载working working loadload 水平力horizontal horizontal forceforce 水平推力horizontal horizontal thrustthrust 弹塑性变形elastoplastic elastoplastic deformationdeformation 弹性弹性 elasticity, resilience, spring塑限plastic plastic limitlimit 弹性变形elastic elastic deformationdeformation 塑性变形plastic plastic deformationdeformation 弹性模量弹性模量 modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积体积 volume, bulk, cubature, cubage 土压力土压力 earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩bending bending moment,moment, moment, moment moment 弯曲半径弯曲半径 radius at bent, radius of curve 位移 displacement温度应力temperature temperature stressstress 温度作用temperature temperature actionaction 系数coefficient, coefficient, factorfactor 雪荷载snow snow loadload 压应变compression compression strainstrain 压应力compression compression stressstress 应力集中应力集中 concentration of stress 预应力预应力 prestressing force, prestress 振动荷载振动荷载 vibrating load, racking load支座反力support support reactionreaction 自重own own weightweight 作用action, action, effecteffect 作用点作用点 point of application,application jointb. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础地基及基础板桩板桩 sheet pile, sheeting pile 板桩基础板桩基础 sheet pile foundation。
第1篇Architecture
ArchitectureArchitecture is the art of building．建筑学是建筑的艺术。
Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. 实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关。
The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within．建筑物内部一些空间的大小和形状是由那些将要容纳在该建筑物（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室）里的确切活动所规定。
These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other．这些空间的排列还应有合理的关系。
ArchitectureFurthermore，the movement of human beings within the building--“circulation” in architectural parlance--requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic．另外，人在建筑物中的走动（在建筑学的说法中叫“流通”）需要有走廊、楼梯或电梯，其尺寸受预期交通负荷的支配。
The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building．建筑物的结构平面图，总是建筑师的第一考虑，它把对建筑物的各种要求安排成体现建筑意图的空间组合。
托福阅读 TPO03 第1篇 Architecture
托福阅读TPO03 ArchitectureArchitecture is theart and science of designingstructures that organize and e nclose spaceforpractical and symbolic purposes. Becausearchitecture grows out of human needsandaspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. O f all the visualarts, architecture affects ourlives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, li ne, light, andcolor.To be architecture, a building must achieve a working har mony with avariety of elements.Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is thework of architects to createbu ildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter,enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The c lientwho pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmembe r of the architecturalteam. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildi ngs can be traced to both clients andarchitects.In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are b ased onphysicallaws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materialshavechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architectur alstructures have also beendevisedin relation tothe objectivelimitations of mat erials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwithdownward for ces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compre ssion (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combinatio n of thesein different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological c hanges. Materialsandmethods of construction are integral parts of the desig n of architecturestructures. Inearlier times it was necessary to design structur al systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progressed to the point where it ispossible to inv ent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormouscha nges inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generati ons havemadeit possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material.Progress in this area can be measured by th e difference inweight between buildings built nowand those of comparable si ze built onehundred years ago.Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comp arable toelementsof the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an o uter skinenclosing the interiorspaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vit al organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, h ot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos a nd adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton andskin were often one.Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty,permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew fro m thearduoustask of cutting andpilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest s tonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of theancient Inca city of Machu Picc huhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorwaysandwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the phy sical limitations ofstone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but itwas the Roman s who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structure s.Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a methodof spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight th an a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne bythevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportantstructural breakthrou ghs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.1. According toparagraph 1, all of the followingstatements about arch itecture are true EXCEPT:A.Architecture isvisual art.B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in mean ing toA.in existenceB.without questionC.achievableD.most likely3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in mea ning toA.protectB.improveanizeD.match4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential informat ion inthehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices changethemeaning in important ways or leave out essential i nformation.A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings th at can be madewithmaterials discovered long ago.B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and s trength,butphysical laws of structure have not changed.C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide st rength and sizewereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws .D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changedovertime because they are based on physical laws.5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest in mean ing tobinedB.createdC.introducedD.suggested6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.essentialB.variableC.practicalD.independent7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about mate rialsused intheconstruction of buildings?A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques h ave changedverylittle from past generations.B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of st ructures thatmaybe built.C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, an d brick.D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings ?A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred yea rs ago.B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hun dred years ago.D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complex construction m ethods.9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship betw een the humanbody andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?plex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architect ure that resemblesacomponent of the human body.B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the humanbody.C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the huma n body is.D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in me aning toA.difficultB.necessaryC.skilledD.shared11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways a ndwindows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchuweresimilar to igloos and adobe structuresB.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu P icchuC.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required befo re archeswereinventedD.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to co nstruct buildingsfrom stone12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sent ence could beadded to the passage.█【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscompa rable toelements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anout er skin enclosing theinterior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vita l organs and systems. █【B】Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditi oning. █【C】Ofcoursein early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, andtheskeleton and skin were often one. █【D】Where would thesentence best fit?14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the pa ssage is plete the summary by selecting the THRE E answer choices that expressthemost important ideas in the passage . Some sentences do not belong in thesummarybecause they express i deas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas inthe pa ssage. This question is worth 2 points.Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited forhumanuse.B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and metho ds ofconstructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express thems elves.C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, ne eding distinct“organ”systems inorder to function.D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of som e modernbuildings.E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as t hose ofMachuPicchu.F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture adv ances bydevelopingmore efficient types of structures.1.EXCEPT题排除法，以visual art做关键词定位至本段最后一句，A对，不选；以cultural values做关键词定位至第二句，B对，不选；以artistic and scientific dimensions做关键词定位至第一句，C对，不选；D选项与A 选项在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文说反，错，选2.feasible可行的，原文说了建筑的若干优点，比如提供遮风避雨的场所，丰富了空间，经济上怎么样，肯定是个正面的词，A存在中性，错；B没有问题，虽然是正面但太过，不选，C正确，D非常可能虽然正面，但程度不足，不选3.词汇题，问的是第二段第三句中的enhance，备选项分别是protect, improve, organize,match，enhance提高，原文中与enhance their way of life并列的动词是shelter，庇护之意，所以再选protect的话重叠，而且也不应该是保护他们的生活方式；organize组织match搭配都不能与庇护并列，所以improve改善生活方式最靠谱4.In order for只是一个表目的的状语，暂时放弃不看，同时because那部分插入语不看，整个句子就变成了建筑师们采用的方法是不变的，尽管建筑材料发生了很大变化。
architecture 建筑
Open architectural appearance is lightsome Seems to visitors on invitation. [,invi'teiʃən]
开放状的建筑外形轻盈而飘逸，似乎 在向参观者们发出真挚的邀请。
What is this building?
The building of a country, a
s]
澳大利亚馆宛如澳大利亚 内陆的红土.
As the Australian outback museum display of clay. Australia‘s theme of “rock bed （岩床）". "Rock bed" is the traditional and modern art in Australia's unique form.
Cherish all around，be self-confidence， You also attract people.
珍惜身边的一切，对自己有自信，你也一样吸引人，成为万众瞩目的焦点
city is represents a unique architectural culture.
一个国家，一个城市的建筑是 代表着一份独特的建筑文化。
The unique architectural culture to the whole country adds color.
独特的建筑文化为整个国家增添了的色彩.
长大以后，我爱上了旅游， 欣赏独特的建筑文化.
• • • • • • • •
fantasy architectural traditional timberwork development element Denmark lightsome
architecture 怎么读
architecture 怎么读
“Architecture”是一个英语单词，发音为英式音标/ˈɑːkɪtekt ʃə(r)/ 和美式音标/ˈɑːrkɪtektʃər/。
这个单词的发音可以拆分为两个音节：“arch-”和“-itecture”，并在“arch-”上放置重音。
在发音时，注意保持整个单词的音调平稳，并确保清晰地发出每个音节。
“Architecture”的基本含义是“建筑学”或“建筑式样”，它涉及建筑物的设计、构造、风格和外观等方面。
这个单词通常用于描述建筑物的整体结构和外观设计，也可以指建筑艺术的风格和流派。
此外，“Architecture”还可以引申为“体系结构”或“组织结构”的意思，用于描述系统、机器、软件或组织的内部结构和构成方式。
这种用法通常用于技术、工程或管理领域。
总之，“Architecture”是一个具有描述性和专业性的名词，用于表示建筑学、建筑式样、体系结构或组织结构等概念。
在发音时，注意将重音放在正确的音节上，并保持清晰的发音。
同时，在使用时也需要注意具体语境和语法规则，以确保表达的准确性和清晰度。
此外，由于“Architecture”是一个较为专业的词汇，因此在不同的领域和语境中可能会有不同的含义和用法，需要根据具体情况进行理解和运用。
我们知道建筑architecture,是一个外来的词,在牛津字典里面
《中华人民共和国学位条例》对授予博士学位的要求是：
（一）在本门学科上掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门 知识；（“本门学科”是指一级学科吗？是原来的建筑学一级学科，还是
现在的三个一级学科中的一个？“广义建筑学”还成立吗？）
（二）具有独立从事科学研究工作的能力； （三）在科学或专门技术上做出创造性的成果。 从这三条要求来看，中国的博士与美国的Ph.D大致相当，属于
研究性学位。
但美国还有一种Professional Doctor，例如在医学，8年的大学学习， 可以获得Doctor of Medical，这是专业性学位，可以当临床医生，但不是 做医学研究的Ph.D。艺术方面也类似，Doctor of Music Art 是Professional 学位，要进行声乐训练，要舞台演出，而Ph.D in Music Art 是研究性学 位，进行音乐艺术研究，没有演出要求。 哈佛大学建筑学有两种博士学位，一个是PhD，另外一个是，D Des Doctor of Design，这是一个professional的学位，不是PhD，PhD in Architecture要念六到七年，D Des是四年。哈佛有关建筑学的PhD program主要是在Art and Science文理学院。但在中国不分PhD与Doctor of Design，都叫博士。但是实际上很多博士生在那儿做工程，将来要到 设计单位去工作，而且我们也没有像哈佛那样花七年的时间，所以好像 是Doctor of Design。尤其是建筑设计与理论的博士点，13个博士点学校 个个都有，而且学生也比较多，真要做理论研究，选题其实是挺困难的。 如果我们能够区分一下PhD和Doctor of Design，事情就好办了。这是值 得研究的问题。但美国有Professional Doctor 的建筑院系很少，只有哈佛等一
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Agenda
Why Software Architecture? What’s Software Architecture? Architecture types ? Levels ??? Introduction to Architecture Documentation
Selection of the structural elements and their interfaces by which a system is composed Behavior as specified in collaborations among those elements Composition of these structural and behavioral elements into larger subsystems Architectural style that guides this organization
Agenda
Why Software Architecture? What’s Software Architecture? Software Architecture types ? Levels ??? Introduction to Architecture Documentation
Business Architecture
Time To Market Cost and Benefits Projected life time Targeted Market Integration with Legacy System Roll back Schedule
Business Community view
A list of quality attributes exists in ISO/IEC 9126-2001 Information Technology – Software Product Quality
System Quality Attribute
Performance Availability Usability End User’s view Security
Maintainabilit y Portability Developer’s view Reusability Testability
/architecture/definitions.html
Common elements 1/2
Architecture defines major components Architecture defines component relationships (structures) and interactions Architecture omits content information about components that does not pertain to their interactions Behavior of components is a part of architecture insofar as it can be discerned from the point of view of
Common elements 2/2
Every system has an architecture (even a system composed of one component) Architecture defines the rationale behind the components and the structure Architecture definitions do not define what a component is Architecture is not a single structure -no single structure is the architecture
Architecture defined
Software architecture is what software architects do
Beck
Architecture defined
Formal Definition IEEE 1471-2000
Software architecture is the fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution
IEEE 1471-2000
Architecture defined
Another Go
Software architecture encompasses the set of significant decisions about the organization of a software system
Technical Architecture
Specific to technology and the use of this technology to structure the technical points (Technology Mapping) of an architecture
Differences
Scale Process Cost Schedule Skills and development teams Materials and technologies Stakeholders Risks
Agenda
Why Software Architecture? What’s Software Architecture? Architecture types ? Levels ??? Introduction to Architecture Documentation
Booch, Kruchten, Reitman, Bittner, and Shaw
Architecture defined
Few More
Perry and Wolf, 1992
A set of architectural (or design) elements that have a particular form
பைடு நூலகம்
Clements et al., 1997
The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them
non-functional requirements (“ilities”)
architecture
functional requirements (domains)
design
Important : this is a general guideline – sometimes the borders are blurred
.NET J2EE Hardware architects
Solutions Architecture
Specific to a particular business area (or project) but still reliant on being a technical focal point for communications between the domain architect, business interests and development.
Architecture Drives
Architecture serves as the blueprint for the system but also the project:
Team structure Documentation organization Work breakdown structure Scheduling, planning, budgeting Unit testing, integration
Architecture is Early
Architecture represents the set of earliest design decisions
Hardest to change Most critical to get right
Architecture is the first design artifact where a system’s quality attributes are addressed
Architecting a house
Built most efficiently and timely by a team Requires Modeling Well-defined process Power tools
Kruchten
Architecting a high rise
Kruchten
Architecture establishes the communication and coordination mechanisms among components
Architecture vs. Design