论文外文翻译正文

Technique summary on the deformation monitoring

towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement.

Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement

1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel

The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures.

To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope.

2 Coordinate system

(1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954;

(2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956;

(3)Gauss projection 3° Zone;

(4)Central Meridian 111°.

3 Introdution to deformation of Structures

When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self

weight of the structure itself and the effect of the dynamic weight (such as the wind, the vibration etc.)

These phenomena generally called as deformation.

Deformation can be classified into two kinds according to the time, namely, long-period deformation and short-period deformation; it can also be classified into static deformation and dynamic deformation.

3.1 deformation observation and its characteristics

The term “deformation observation” means such work that by using surveying tools or specific tools get the deformation result periodically that caused by structure weight and the outside factors.

Through the deformation monitoring, we can check the stability of the structure and the geological components, timely find some unusual problems, guarantee the quality and the safety of the structure, get an insight into the mechanics of the deformation, test related theory of the structure design and the hypothesis of the movement of the crust, build the forecast deformation model and theory, and give a scientific and objective appraisal towards the attribute of some new structure, new material.

The deformation includes the inner observation and outer observation. The two kinds of observations are independent on one hand; on the other hand, both of them also rely on the other. So the two kinds of observations should go hand in hand so that they can verify and complement each other. 3.2 the characteristics of deformation observation

Compared with the conventional survey, deformation observation has such the following characteristics:

(1) Require more rigorous precision;

(2) Require more observations;

(3) Require more rigorous adjustment;

(4) The basic methods for deformation observation.

The methods for deformation observation can be classified into four categories:

No.1 conventional geodetic methods. such as: leveling, trigonometric leveling, trilateration, triangulations, traverse survey etc. The method has such the following advantages as: high precision, more flexible, suitable to different deformation body and working environment, but it also has some drawbacks. For example, it needs more tough work, not easy to carry out