12-13-02跨文化沟通期末考试复习范围

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跨文化商务沟通

跨文化商务沟通跨文化商务沟通期末考试的复习内容一、单选题（10题×2分=20分）1、__A____ i s called interracial communication。

A.The communication between African Americans and European Americans.B.The communication between two people‘/doc/0816729122.html,munication we have with ourselvesD.Interactions among people from different nations.2、The nail that sticks up gets hammered down is a proverb revealing____.A. individualismB. collectivismC. self-centeredD. independence3、The colour red means prosperity(繁荣、兴旺）in___D_____ .A. AmericanB. EnglandC. SpainD. China4、“Yellow dog” refers to ___C___ in England.A.someone who is happyB. Someone who is braveC. Someone who is coward（卑鄙的）D. Someone who is sad.5、A：Thank you so much for what you have done for me and I really appreciate your kindness.B:___C_____ (If you were B, which of the following you would choose as a polite and proper answer)A. It’s my duty to do so.B. No, it’s nothing.C. It’s my pleasure.D. It’s what I Should do.6、___C___ i s not one of the countries with high-context communication.A. ChinaB. MexicoC. CanadaD. Japan7、__D_____ belongs to low uncertainty avoidance.(不确定性回避）A.People develop many rules to control social behaviors.B.People tend to worry abort the future.C.People have a high level of anxiety.D.People believe in accepting dissent among cultural members .8、___C____ tends to be feminine（娇柔倾向） country.A.JapanB. EnglandC. DenmarkD. Germany9、Owl（猫头鹰）is the symbol of misfortune（不幸）in___D____ 。

跨文化期末复习大纲

跨⽂化期末复习⼤纲Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication 1.Definition of Intercultural Communication1.1Definition of Intercultural CommunicationICC is the term first used by Edward Hall in 1959 andis simply defined as interpersonal communication between members of different cultures.1.2According to Rich, ICC can be classified into five forms:(1)Intercultural communication(2)International communication(3)Interracial communication(4)Interethnic of minority communication(5)Contracultural communication1.3Gudykunst and Hammer(1987) classified ICC by using interactive-comparative and mediated-interpersonal dimensions to divide the realm of the inquiry intofour categories:(1)Intercultural communication(2)Cross-cultural communication(3)International communication(4)Comparative communication1.4As a phenomenon, ICC has the following features:(1)Universal phenomenon(2)Long history(3)Daily Occurrence2.Development of ICC2.1The History of ICC Studies in America2.1.1The Burgeoning PeriodUS government in 1946 passed the ForeignService Act and established Foreign Service Institute.2.1.2From 1960 to 1970Books: Oliver’s Culture and Communication(1962) and Smith’s Communication andCulture (1966)The first ICC training actually started in the 1960s with Peace Corps members.The first college class in this field was in 1966 at the University of Pittsburgh.2.1.3From 1971 to 19801970 and 1971 ICA & NCA1975 SIETAR-International (the International Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research)1977 International Journal of Intercultural Relations-Dan Landis2.1.4From 1981 to the Present Time1960s scholars began to make their contribution to ICC in 1980sHart (1996) summarized, the study of ICC gained acceptance through training and testing practice in the 1960s and 1970s, formed its basic framework in the late 1970s and has made great achievements in theory and practice ever since the 1980s both inside and outside the US.2.2The History of ICC Studies in China Professor Hu Wenzhong (1999)(1)The Germinating Period:1980-1990(2)The Establishing Period:1991-2000(3)The Expanding Period:2001-present3.Reasons for Studying ICC3.1Global Demographics(全球⼈⼝统计)3.2Global Economy3.3Technological Development3.4Effective Outcomes3.5Peace and Conflicts3.6Ethical Imperative4.Challenges in Studying ICC4.1Potential Problems in Learning ICC4.1.1Avoidance of the unfamiliar4.1.2Uncertainty4.1.3Withdrawal(退缩)4.1.4Stereotype(刻板印象)4.1.5Prejudice4.1.6Racism4.1.7Ethnocentrism(民族优越感)4.1.8Cultural shock(⽂化冲击)4.2Cultural Shocks and Cross-cultural Adaption3 cross-cultural interactions(1)short-term travelers(2)sojourners(3)immigrantsThe typical pattern of cultural adjustment often consists of distinct phases.(1)Honeymoon(2)Crisis(3)Recovery(4)Adjustment((5) Re-entry Shock-going home)“w-curve” figureHoneymoon-Crisis-Recovery-Adjustment-Honeymoon at home- Crisis at home (reentry shock)-Recovery at home-Adjustment at homeChapter 2 Communication and Culture1.Basics of Communication1.1Definition of CommunicationThe act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.1.2Functions of Communication(1)Practical functions(2)Social functions(3)Decision making functions(4)Personal growth functions1.3Types of CommunicationBased on the channels used for communication(1)Verbal communication(2)Nonverbal communicationBased on the style of communication(1)Formal communication(2)Informal communicationBased on the social levels(1)Intrapersonal communication(2)Interpersonal communication(3)Organizational communication(4)Mass communication1.4Components of Communicationmessage, sender, receiver, channel,noise(disturbances along the communication process), feedback, encoding, decoding1.5Communication Models1.5.1Lasswell’s 5W Linear Model1.5.2Wilbur Schramm’s Ring Model1.5.3The Contextualized Model1.6Characteristics of Communication Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, interactive, learned.2.Basics of Culture2.1Definition of CultureThe total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values behaviors, institutions and communication patternsthat are shared, learned, passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. (Hall) Little culture is concerned with spiritual product such as language, literature, and art.Big culture refers to the sum total of human-made material product and non-material product. Dominant culture includes the cultural components common to most members of society, including the views of politics, conceptions of self and others, basic roles, standard forms of speech and general norms. E.g. Han culture in ChinaSubcultures can be ethnic, regional, occupational, social, economical, religious or gender-related in nature. E.g. northern and southern culture in China 2.2Functions of CultureDressler and Carns (1969):Culture enables us to communicate with others through a language that we have learned and that we share in common.Culture makes it possible to anticipate how others in our society are likely to respond to our actions. Culture gives us standard for distinguishing between what is considered right or wrong, beautiful and ugly, reasonable and unreasonable, tragic and humorous, safe and dangerous.Culture provides the knowledge and skill necessary for meeting sustenance needs.Culture enables us to identify with – that is, include ourselves in the same category with – other people of similar background.2.3Components of CultureCommunication aspect: language and symbols. Environment aspect: geography, climate ad places in the country.Science and technology aspect: math, physics,inventions, roads, bridges, railways.Economic system: money, finance, trade.Spiritual aspect: religion, mythology.Cognitive aspect: values, belief.Artistic aspect: art, literature, architecture.Behavioral aspect: laws, rituals(仪式惯例), mores(习俗)Daily life aspect: family, education, entertainment,dress, food, transportation, house.Social structure: social classes, ethnicityCulture consists of two levels:A level of values (invisible)A level of resultant behavior or artifacts of someform (visible)2.4Characteristics of CultureLearned, transmitted, selective, ethnocentric(民族中⼼主义的), dynamic(动态的), integrated(综合的)2.5Metaphor of Culture2.5.12.5.22.5.32.5.43.Relationship between Communication and CultureOn the one hand, culture is largely created, shaped, shared and learned through communication.Communication is the very medium of human interaction through which created and shared. Culture is considered more as a natural by-product of human communication and interaction than an intentional creation of human beings. In a sense, culture is the “residue(剩余)” of communication. Without communication, culture cannot be passed on and reinforced from generation to generation. Owing to the communication medium and other factors, culture is experiencing constant change.On the other hand, communication is also created, shaped, and transmitted by culture. When people communicate within an intercultural context, they take with them different cultural backgrounds, experiences, values and ways of thinking. Inevitably, human beings communicate with the imprint or mark of their own cultures.!!Chapter 3 Cultural Value Orientation Values are matters of preferences.Behavior Effectiveness) Study(1) Society an Hierarchy in China (2) Role of Family and Family Life (3) Politeness (4) Face(5) Guanxi (Interpersonal relationship) (6) Reciprocity(互惠) (7) HarmonyDeveloping&changing!!Chapter 4 Culture and Verbal Communication1.The Relationship between Language and Culture1.1Language Reflects the EnvironmentWe (only) label the things that are around us.1.2Language Reflects Cultural ValuesE.g. The kinship structure shows a complex butorderly communication system in which a clearterminology describes each positional role. There isan elaborate system of kinship terms, becauseChinese families used to be very big and highlyhierarchical.1.3Language Affects People’s Way of ThinkingLanguage determinism(语⽤决定论) is based on thehypothesis that the language people speakdetermines the way they perceive the world anddetermines culture.(Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis)2.Culture-loaded WordsIt is said in Chapter 2 that the fundamental general communication principle is that symbols the sender uses to communicate must have essentially the same meaning in BOTH the sender’s and the receiver’s minds.(Misunderstanding occurs when the sender and the receiver attribute different meanings to the same word or use different words to express the same meaning.)2.1Denotational(指称)meanings refer to definitionmeaning depending upon our choice of wordselection.2.2Connotational(隐含) meanings refer to extendedmeanings or associated meanings.As busy as a beeAs cunning as a foxAs strong as a horseAs slippery as an eel(鳝鱼)As blind as a batAs meek as a lamb(温顺)As happy as a kingAs foolish as a donkeyAs stubborn as a muleAs wise as an owlAs majestic as a lion(庄严宏伟的)As stupid as a goose3.Culture Rules of SpeakingPragmatic transfer(语⽤迁移) is the use of rules of speaking from one’s own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language.3.1Addressing(1) A proper Chinese name is arranged in the orderof surname plus given name(s).A proper Englishname is arranged in reverse order.(2)Some Chinese kinship term(亲属⽤语) are notonly used within one’s own family, but also onknown or unknown people to show one’spoliteness, respectfulness and friendliness.(3)Most occupational titles(⼯作职称) can be usedas addressing terms(称谓语) in Chinese, buttheir English equivalents are not necessarilyused in the same manner.3.2Greeting and Leave-taking3.2.1GreetingChinese often start with asking personalinformation to show warmth and to shortensocial distance.Native English prefer impersonal questionslike weather.3.2.2Leave-takingChinese: others-orientedWesterner: self-orientedIn English, informal offers are often performed by interrogative sentences(疑问句).Chinese offers may sound a little bit commanding.3.5Invitation and ResponseIn China, a successful inviting-transaction often takes several talk exchanges or preferred pairs, which an American may think the host is imposing and aggressive and the guest is hypocritical(虚伪).3.6Compliment and ResponseChinese regard compliments as virtues, as Americansaccept them as a kind of recognition of theirindividual efforts.3.7ApologiesFor the Chinese, apology most often occurs betweenpeople of unequal social status, and it is usually theperson with less power apologizes to the peosonwith more power.But for the native English speakers, an apology isnecessary whenever inconvenience or offense ismake with little consideration of the status or socialpower of the people concerned.4.Verbal Styles4.14.25 key aspects of Chinese verbal style(1)implicit communication （含蓄）(2)listening centeredness （听话）(3)politeness （客⽓）(4) a focus on insiders （⾃⼰⼈）(5)face-directed communication strategies （⾯⼦）4.38 Chinese and North Americans clash(冲突) ineveryday interactions:(1)What is not said vs. What is said(2)The use of We vs. I(3)Polite vs. Impolite talk(4)Indirect vs. Direct talk(5)Hesitant vs. Assertive speech(6)Self-effacing(谦逊的) vs. Self-enhancing talk(7)Private vs. Public personal questions(8)Reticent(沉默的) vs. Expressive speech!!Chapter 5 Culture and Nonverbal communication 1.The Nature of Nonverbal Communication1.1Definition of Nonverbal Communication Edward Hall: nonverbal communication is metacommunication(元信息传递), paralinguistic(副语⾔如⼿势等，超语⾔如叹息声等), second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.Judee Burgoon defined nonverbal communication as all those messages that people exchange beyond the words themselves.We may simply say that nonverbal communication is communication without the use of words contrary to verbal communication.1.2The Importance of Nonverbal communication Research shows: less than 35% of communication is verbal. 65% of communication takes place nonverbally.1.3Functions of Nonverbal Communication(1)Replacing means that using body language and other gestures to replace verbal communication. (2)Contradicting means that our nonverbal being opposite from the literal meaning.(3)Repeating signifies(表⽰) using body languageto add to the verbal meaning.(4)Conveying means using gestures and expressions to express the emotions and attitudes.(5)Modifying is using expressions, body language and other nonverbal means to correct the verbal meaning.(6)Regulating means using nonverbal gestures to guide the order of speaking.(7)Complementing is adding to the verbal meaning.1.4Similarities and Differences between Verbal andNonverbal communications (Characteristics of Nonverbal communication) 1.4.1Similarities(1)Use symbols(2)Are products of an individual(3)Require that someone attach meaningto these symbols(4)Are coding systems that we learn andpass on as part of the culturalexperience1.4.2Differences(1)Clear vs. ambiguous(2)Conscious vs. unconscious(3)Acquired and controllable vs. Naturaland uncontrollable(4)Nonverbal communication is moreuniversal than verbal communication.1.5Classification of Nonverbal Communication(1)Body movement(Kinesics)⾝势语(2)Eye contact(Oculesic)眼神学(3)Touching(Haptic)接触(4)Spatial language(Proxemics)空间语⾔(5)Chronemics(temporal language)时间语⾔(6)Paralanguage副语⾔学2.Nonverbal Communications in Different cultures 2.1Body Movement2.1.1PostureStanding-northern Europeans (slouch ×)Sitting-Japanese (sit on legs, cross legs ×) Bowing-AsiansSquating-northern and northwesternfarmers in China and Mexicans(less sophisticated)2.1.2GestureVictory,Peace: U.SOffensive Gesture: Britain; South Africa2.1.3Head Movement@Bulgaria no=nod2.1.4Facial expressionsOn the whole, Asian cultures tend to restrictthe range of facial expressions by Western standards.Reasons: People who have rich facial expressions in Asia would be considered as shallow persons (浅薄的⼈). People shouldhide our real feelings2.2Eye ContactVery direct: Middle Easterners, some Latin American groups, FrenchModerate: Mainstream Americans, Northern Europeans, BritishMinimal: East Asians, Southeast Asians, East Indians, Native Americans2.3Body touchTouch: Arabs, Southern and Western Europeans, Jews and Latins.Non-touch: Americans, Northern Europeans, Orientals.2.4Spatial LanguageAccording to Edward Hall, people from high-context cultures tend to stand close when talking to someone. Low-context cultures prefer a greater amount of interpersonal space.2.5.1Monochromic(单时制):Things scheduledonce at a time. @Germany, America2.5.2Polychronic(多时制) different things with2.6.1refers to nonverbal voice qualities, such astone, rate, pitch, accents, laughing, cryingand shouting2.6.2nonword noises “un-huh” in English, “hai” inJapanese2.6.3silence has different interpretations indifferent culturesChapter 6 Thought Patterns and Language1.Culture, Thought Patterns and Language1.1 The Relationships among Culture, Thought and LanguageLanguage is an instrument used in the communication of thought. Thought is influenced by language.Each of them influences and shapes others.They are seen as three parts of a whole.1.2Different Ways of Thinking between Chinese and Westerners1.2.1Cognitive Differences in language learningbetween East Asian and Western cultures:(1)Science and Mathematics(2)Attention and Perception(洞察⼒)(3)Casual Inference(4)Organization of Knowledge(5)Reasoning1.2.2Conceptual differences between Chineseand Western Thinking(1)Chinese traditional way of thinkingemphasizes on the morality andharmony of the society, and promotesthe collectivism, responsibility,devotion and so on.(2)The western way of thinkingemphasizes on logic and science,individual achievement or competition,and so on./doc/3517372007.htmlparing Thought Patterns between Chinese andWesterners2.1Synthetic(综合的) Thinking Mode vs. TheAnalytic(分析的) Thinking Mode(1) Chinese philosophy emphasizes unity of heavenand man, harmony”, t he blending of objects and man.(2) Westerners: man and objects should beseparated from each other, emphasize the formcoherence, logical deduction.2.1.1Holistic(整体论的) Thinking Mode vs.Analytic Thinking ModeChinese: Holistic (整体论的) Thinking:Orientation to the context as a whole, rely on experience-based knowledge Westerners: Analytic Thinking ModeDetachment of the object from its context,Tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to categories2.1.2Dialectical(辩证的)-focus Thinking Mode vs.Formal Logical-focus Thinking ModeChinese: Dialectical-focus Thinking ModeRecognition of contradiction, ”middle way”(中庸之道)Westerners: Formal Logical-focus ThinkingModeAvoidance of contradiction, black of white 2.2The Curvilinear(曲线的) Thinking Mode vs. The Linear(直线) Thinking ModeRobert Kaplan (1966)line”represents the Oriental languagegroup, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, and so on.2.3The Image Thinking Mode vs. The Abstract Thinking Mode(1)Chinese itself is the imagery language.Chinese characters are the mimicry (模仿) ofnatural phenomenon. Chinese people expressabstract things through concrete images.(2)English is a kind of alphabetic writing, man-made regulated signals.Determine the meaning by the soundcombinationWestern people prefer using the abstract notionto express the concrete objects.2.4The Ontological(本体论) Thinking Mode vs. The Objective Thinking Mode(1)The Chinese people regard man as the center to observe, analyze, deduce and study the objects.(2)The English-speaking people take the objectiveworld as the center.Chapter 7 Culture and Interpersonal Relationship1.The Nature of Interpersonal Relationship1.1Types of Interpersonal Relationship(1)Kinship and Family Relations(2)Friends(3)Comradeship(同事关系)(4)Soul mates1.2Principles for Establishing Good Interpersonal RelationshipsMutual attractions to both sides(2)Credit principle(诚信原则)Treat others with trust and sincerity(3)Respect principleMaintain equal positions of each party(4)Tolerance PrincipleSeek for common grounds while putting asidedifferences(5)Moderation principleTime, distance, frequency for communicationshall be moderate. The degree of closenessshould be properly maintained.2.Cultural Differences in Interpersonal RelationshipsIn the US, people tend to use four dimensions to distinguish among different types of relationships(1)Cooperative-friendly to competitive-hostile(2)Equal to unequal(3)Intense to superficial(4)Socio-emotional(社会情感性的)-informal to task-oriented-formalIn Japan,(1)In-group(2)Those whose background is fairly well known(3)Out-group/stranger2.1Intercultural FriendshipsGenerally, friendships are closer in collectivistcultures than in individualistic cultures.2.2Intercultural Romantic RelationshipsGenerally speaking, in high power distance cultures,romantic relationships are expected to take placewithin your cultural class. In low power distancecultures, a person is expected to select romanticpartners on the basis of individual factors such aspersonality and appearance.In Western cultures, marriage is seen as the union ofmarriage is seen as the alliance between two families.2.3Intercultural MarriageSubmission(顺从), compromise, obliteration(忘却),consensus(⼀致)(best)2.4Internet Friendship and Love3.Challenges to Intercultural Personal Relationships3.1Possible stumbling block(绊脚⽯) for interculturalrelationships(1)Cultural differences(2)Prejudice and discrimination(3)Historical relationships(4)Different perceptions(认知,观念) ofcommunication competence3.2A key to having a successful intercultural relationshipis establishing an effective relational culture(确⽴相互关系的⽂化).In essence, relational partners develop their ownculture –a mix of both of their larger culturalbackgrounds and their idiosyncratic(有⽓质的)behaviors and personalities.3.3Effective relational cultures are based on(1)Positive affect toward the partner(2)Perception of positive motives (assuming yourpartner is supporting you)(3) A perception of the relationship(4)As a benefit to each other (e.g. I am better offwith my partner than without her.)Chapter 8 Culture and Business Etiquette1.The Basis of Business EtiquetteEtiquette is a set of practices and forms which are followed in a wide variety of situations. Carl Nelson’s eight common protocol element areNamesRank and titleTimeCommunicationsGift givingFood and drink2.Creating a Powerful First Impression2.1Introducing yourself and othersRule 1: show respect for the most important person in the setting by mentioning his/her name first.Rule 2: try to include a brief comment about each person being introduced so that they have some basic knowledge about each other.2.1.1Introducing yourselfTell the name and information about the circumstance2.1.2Introducing othersSay the “more respected” person’s namefirst2.2Greeting peopleUS: first name, middle name, last nameFrench: Monsieur/MadameGermany: last name basisItaly: titles and surnamesBritish: use of first names is prevalent(普遍的)Latin America: add mother’s maiden name to their surnameChina: surname first, often titles are used2.3Card ExchangingBilingual cards: name, job title, company name, address, telephone number, facsimile number, e-mail address2.4Business DressComfortable, tasteful and stylishA reflection of your social status and relative success3.Business Scheduling3.1Appointing MakingMake appointments in advance. E.g. Germans3.2Recognizing Rules and CustomsThe first thing you should know is their typical hoursof work, lunch, and break time so as to makeappointments at a proper time.4.Social Entertaining 4.1Dining Practices4.1.1SeatingBritish method:4.1.2Table setting4.1.3Eating StylesAsians: chopsticksMiddle Easterners: Eat with your fingers, if the host does. But use the right hand only4.1.4Table MannersDo not point or gesticulate with your knife(or any other implement for that manner)while engaged in conversation at table.4.1.5FoodFrance: You may ask for more water, but notwine. You are supposed to wait for your hostto serve you.4.2Drinking ProtocolIn Russia and South Korea, in northern Europe,theability to consume a great quantity of alcohol isconsidered a measurement of an individual'smanhood.Toast:The first toast is offered before eating and serves towelcome the guests.A toast to the guest of honor is made after thedessert course when the wine glasses have been4.3Tipping ProtocolChina, Japan, Australia, New Zealand are some of thenon-tipping countries.A tip of 15% considered generousA tip of 20% when service is excellent5.Gift-giving EtiquetteU.S.Presenting a gift is a thoughtful gesture, but not expected.Business gifts are often presented after the deal is over.In most situations, gifts are opened immediately and shown to all present.For your business associates, you can choose gifts such as useful office items, liquor, wine, or something that comes from your country.JapanGift giving is an important part of business protocol.Business culture emphasizes on the ritual of gift-giving, rather than the gift itself.It is a good policy to prepare enough gifts for your trip.“this is only a small gift or it is a dull thing”Gifts should not be opened in the presence of the giver.Favorite gifts for the Japanese are imported liquor, designer-made also musical tapes and CDs.6.Digital Etiquette6.1Telephone EtiquetteDon’t be distracted by other work or chew gum whileon the phone.This lack of respect is transferred to the other end of the conversation, even though the person can’t see you.If you need to find information for a caller while he or she is on the line, put the caller on hold; offer to phone the caller back if you need to place him or her on hold for more than a minute.Always try to smile when you speak; your warmth and sincerity will come through the person with whom you are speaking.6.2Email EtiquetteBusiness email may involve more traditional use of capitalization and spelling.For external emails, use the recipient’s formal title.Add headings, lists, or numbers that will make your email easier to skim.Use jokes, slang, emotional punctuations, and emotions with care.Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication Competence1.The Challenges in the Setting of Glocalization1.1The Concept of Glocalizationthe local considerations.“Think globally and act locally.”全球化视⾓本⼟化⾏动1.2Facing the Challenges of Glocalization1.2.1The ethics of intercultural competenceThree dilemmas(1)How much do you think we should giveup of ourselves to become “Romans”?(2)Should belief, value, norm or socialpractice be judged by your ownknowledge and value system?(3)Should all intercultural contacts be encouraged?Is ICC always positive?1.2.2Appropriateness and EffectivenessThey are two primary criteria of Intercultural Communication CompetenceAppropriateness means that the valuedrules, cultures, norms and expectances ofthe relationships are not violatedsignificantly.Effectiveness is the achievements of thegoals.2.Becoming a Competent Intercultural Communicator 2.1The Components of Intercultural Communication Competence2.1.1Cross-cultural Attitude ModelThis approach pays more attention tocultural knowledge and affective aspect ofthe communicator.2.1.2Behavioral-skill ModelIncorporate the different approachesThey believe that the most ideal condition ofICC competence occurs when an individual possesses high degrees of interculturalknowledge, motivation and skills.2.1.3Young Yun Kim’s ICC Competence ModelCognitive components (knowledge ofcommunication codes/rules, culturalunderstanding, cognitive complexity)Affective components ( adaptationmotivation, identity flexibility, emotionalcoorientation成对取向).[inward components] in one’s mindOperational components (technicalcompetence, synchrony⼀致性,resourcefulness善于随机应变)[outward components] behavior The three facts are inseparable in reality.⼗⼩时泣⾎之作T T2013-1-9 0:42:56加油！！灰⾊背景为2013.1.9的问答框架Case analysis 是到中国来教外语的mark和中国同事的相处⽭盾判断和选择要求对知识点感性认识，注意重点细节问答注意那种不太长⼤概涉及四五个知识点的内容，还要举个栗⼦=w=Case analysis要扯术语，上课好好听Ps知识点整理和考试题回忆都不是重点，上课要好好听考前好好复习！！⾄少两个下午⼀个晚上吧学姐只能帮你到这了T T2013-1-9 13:21:25。

跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)

跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。

2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。

观念的整合性和动态的可变性。

3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。

4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。

5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。

主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。

8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。

10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。

第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy：It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化水平intercultural competence：refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍水准。

跨文化交际-期末复习资料-重点笔记

Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric.Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication.The affective component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently. Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages.World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern does not have a fixed center) The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect what is inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle;decentralized pattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1. Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2. Positive stereotype of one’s own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics: universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色): Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touch more, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a far distance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the whole picture, without actually feeling or sensing the other person’s body heat or subtle smell.So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from high contact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality insocial relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to benatural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions toothers with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status;tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike. Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another. Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness.Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intracultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings and oneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.U-Curuemodel:Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation。

跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细

Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。

跨文化交际复习资料

第一章跨文化交际概述第一节文化、交际和语言1.“文化”的定义这个概念的内涵、外延差异很大，所以文化有广义和狭义之分。

①广义文化的内部结构包括物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、心态文化四个层次。

物态文化层是人类的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和，是可触知的具有物质实体的文化事物。

饮食、服饰、建筑、交通、生产工具以及乡村、城市等。

制度文化层是人类在社会实践中组建的各种社会行为规范构成，行为文化层是人际交往中约定俗成的以礼俗、民俗、风俗等形态表现出来的行为模式。

以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。

心态文化是人类在社会意识活动中孕育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等主观因素，②狭义文化指意识形态所创造的精神财富，包括宗教、信仰、风俗习惯、道德情操、学术思想、文学艺术、科学技术、各种制度等。

专注于精神创造活动，所以又被称作“小文化”。

2.定势（文化定势）的定义、分类及成因（1）定义：定势指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象。

定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势。

文化定势指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的，简单的看法，或指一个群体对另一群体成员按某种先入为主的标准或尺度的概括的、形象化的认知。

这些标准或尺度带有较大的主观性，是一种思维方式，一种无视群体内部存在差异、无视普遍性还存在特殊性的思维方式。

（2）分类文化定势可分为“自定势”和“他定势”两类。

前者是指某一个社会和文化群体对本群体共同认可的价值和行为特征普遍性、概括性的表述，这些价值在跨文化交际研究中也常常被称为“自我图像”。

本群体成员往往会不加反思地对这些价值观和行为特征做出简单的认同。

后者是指某一社会和文化群体对另一社会和文化群体的价值观和行为特征的共同认定，也常常被称作“他者图像”。

（3）成因社会和个体。

从孩子出生开始便不断经历着各种各样的教育。

家庭教育,孩子关于世界的认知里就自然而然地打上了父母文化定势的烙印。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy：It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individualinitiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化水平intercultural competence：refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍水准。

跨文化交际期末试题及答案

跨文化交际期末试题及答案试题一：1. 跨文化交际的概念是什么？2. 跨文化交际中可能遇到的困难有哪些？如何应对？3. 请列举两个不同文化背景下的沟通误解，并说明产生误解的原因。

4. 如何加强跨文化交际的能力？5. 请描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，并谈谈你从中学到了什么。

答案如下：1. 跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的个体之间进行信息传递和相互理解的过程。

它涉及到语言、行为、价值观等方面的差异，需要在尊重和理解对方文化的基础上进行有效交流。

2. 在跨文化交际中，可能遇到语言障碍、文化差异导致的误解、价值观冲突等困难。

要应对这些困难，首先需要学习对方的语言，尽量减少语言障碍。

其次，要了解对方文化的特点，避免由于文化差异而引起的误解。

最后，要保持开放心态，尊重不同的价值观，通过倾听和理解来解决潜在的冲突。

3. （1）例子一：在西方国家，直接表达意见被视为开放和直率的表现，但在东方文化中，过于直接的表达会被视为冒犯和不尊重他人。

这种差异可能导致沟通中的误解和冲突。

原因：西方文化注重个人主义和直接表达，而东方文化注重集体主义和含蓄表达。

双方的价值观和文化习惯差异导致了沟通误解。

（2）例子二：在某些非洲国家，左手被视为不洁之手，不可用于触摸或传递物品；而在西方国家，左手并没有特殊的意义。

如果一个西方人无意中用左手递给非洲人物品，可能会被视为不尊重对方的文化。

原因：非洲文化中，左手被认为是不洁的，使用左手被视为不尊重和不礼貌的行为。

而在西方文化中，没有类似的禁忌。

4. 加强跨文化交际的能力需要多方面的努力。

首先，要增加对不同文化背景的了解，包括语言、历史、价值观等方面。

其次，要培养跨文化沟通的敏感性和意识，学会观察和尊重不同文化之间的差异。

此外，多与来自不同文化的人交流，积累经验和技巧，不断提升自己的跨文化交际水平。

5. 描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，得以学习到很多。

我在一次国际研讨会上结识了一位来自日本的研究者。

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料

跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。

跨文化交际期末复习资料

Components of large C Culture :Social institutions and organizations.Language and other communication systems.Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.Culture OnionDutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols ofa deeper level of culture.b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factorsc) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense "culture is anything but nature ." Characteristics of Culture1. Culture is transmissible2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture.3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.4.Culture is symbolic.5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.Key termsEnculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。

跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细

跨文化交际期末考问题及答案课件

跨文化交际期末考问题及答案课件
目录
• 跨文化交际概述 • 跨文化交际中的文化差异 • 跨文化交际中的语言交际 • 跨文化交际中的非语言交际 • 跨文化交际案例分析与实践
01
跨文化交际概述
跨文化交际的定义和意义
定义意义
跨文化交际的重要性和应用领域
重要性
应用领域
跨文化交际的基本概念和理论
基本概念
反思与总结
D
C
B A 增强跨文化意识
实践交际技巧
04
跨文化交际中的非语言交际
非语言交际的定义和表现形式
定义
表现形式
例如，微笑、皱眉、耸肩、握手、姿势、身体接触、眼神交流等。
非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用
传递信息
强化语言信息
代替语言交际
不同文化间的非语言交际差异与应对策略
差异
应对策略
05
跨文化交际案例分析与实践
文化、交际、语境、语言、符号等。
理论
跨文化交际涉及多种理论，其中包括文化差异理论、文化适应理论、交际行为理论等。这些理论为跨文化交际的研究和实践提供了重要的指导和支持。在实际应用中，我们需要充分理解和应用这些理论，以更好地进行跨文化交际。
02
跨文化交际中的文化差异
文化差异的定义和表现形式
文化差异对跨文化交际的影响
案例一：商务场合中的跨文化交际
文化差异的认识和尊重语言沟通的技巧礼仪和习俗的把握
案例二：旅游场合中的的重要性
案例三：教育场合中的跨文化交际
教育理念的差异跨文化教育方法的运用语言障碍的克服
THANKS
感谢观看
01
02
沟通障碍
冲突增加
03 交际兴趣降低

跨文化交际_期末复习资料

Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。

Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Components of Communication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference:language, thought patterns…Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, wemean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality) Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time commitments seriouslyAre committed to the jobAdhere religiously to plansEmphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre committed to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationshipHave strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drivefrom Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?PWhat is the character of innate human nature? What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life? What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships? 11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family communicationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.。

跨文化沟通复习

《跨文化沟通》考点整理一、名词解释1．外在文化2．内在文化3．交易性文化4．文化5．高语境文化6．低语境文化7．个人主义8．集体主义9．权力距离10．不确定性规避11．不确定性容忍12．男性化13．女性化14．副语言15．空间语言二、论述题及简答题考点1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、政治因素就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~82．高语境文化与低语境文化P19~203．语言反映环境P28~294．语言体现价值观P295．如何选择正确的语言（语言因素、商业因素、、适当的流利程度）P32~356．五个范畴（结合小结P72~73、P91重点复习）7．副语言P120~1218．在面对面沟通中的非言语行为习惯（七个方面，重点看“口头沟通中的话语权”、“空间语言”、“沉默”三个部分，注意区分不同文化差异的行为习惯P121~137）9．如何表达尊重：权势地位、服饰作为权威的象征P140~14210．绩效奖励P150~15211．界定问题并解决问题（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的差异阐述）P176~17712．冲突管理（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的的不同理解以及低语境文化对冲突管理方法的排次）P177~18013．冲突沟通的策略（五点）P180~18214．谈判要素（四个方面）P190~19915．谈判的阶段划分（四个阶段）P200~205《跨文化沟通》论述题及简答题语言归纳1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~8文化的三个特点：（1）文化是连贯一致的原理：文化具有一致性和完整性，①它是某些特定社会成员所获得的一切能力和习惯，是其在遇到困难时所产生的统一持久的愿景的外在表现；②它也会让群体成员从自己狭隘的宇宙观出发，忽略其他文化并产生误解的原因之一。

跨文化交际导论期末复习整理by_Tiger[1]

perceived by the receiver. • Feedback refers to the reaction from the message receiver to the message sender. Feedback can be further divided into two pairs: positive feedback vs. negative feedback; internal feedback vs. external feedback. •
不过呢最终我还是纠结下来最终跨文化92班上第4好像是感到很自豪毕竟在大一的时候在大二大三的班上也小小的牛了一今天我把这个资料自己应同学要求发给大家希望能有所帮助期待更优秀的资料出现在bbs上让大家以后都可以更从容参加期末考试贸大考试牛人其实很多但都藏着掖着希望在考试结束后大家都可以把自己的资料分享出来齐努力让期末考试不再折腾人part1outlineiccinterculturalcommunicationintroductionbasictheoriesculturalvaluesverbalcommunicationnonverbalcommunicationbusinessnegotiation资料说明
Functions of communication Practical function: buying food, renting an apartment, securing a job, etc. Social function: to meet others, establish ties, maintain friendships, etc. Decision making function:
The Silent Language (Hall, 1959) is considered the classic

跨文化交际期末复习资料整理.doc

跨文化交际期末考试资料整理一名词解释1.高语境：指的是人们在交流过程中，运用的一些非语言要素本身的交际手段所形成的一个语境，比如眼神，语气等等。

说话人的语义送达不直接，比较含蓄，不明朗。

主要指亚洲人和拉丁美洲人的交流语境。

例如对高语境的交际者而言，合同可以被看成是双方关系发展的框架，中国人认为如果关系好，人们可以合作调整以适应出现的新情形，毕竟合同只是字词，真正重要的是关系。

2.低语境：指的是说话双方依赖于语言本身进行交际，语言清晰明朗，说话方式比较直接。

主要是指美国、瑞士、欧洲等等。

例如对低语境的交际者而言，合同是双方按约定方式履行的不能更改的承诺，双方按约定的方式获利，美国人总是想在合同中包含所有能应对将来可能出现的问题的语言。

3.副语言：也叫身态语言，是指除语言以外的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态等表达手段，这些表达手段也叫副语言表情手段。

副语言表情手段运用得当可以对语言表达起到补充、辅助、强化的作用。

可分为听觉的（伴随声音、音乐语言、其他声响符号）、视觉的（表情、体态等；图表、公式等；绘画语言；舞蹈语言；蒙太奇语言；符号、标识语言；其他视觉符号）、触觉的（盲文等）三类。

4.形合语言：所谓形就是形式，形合即形式的合拍；形合借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的衔接。

如中国的古诗词。

5.意合语言：意即意义，意合即追求意义的整合；意合不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系來实现词或句子的连接。

如英文。

6.耻感文化：本尼迪克特认为所谓的耻感文化指的是“公认的道德标准借助于外部强制力来发展人的良心的社会”。

具体来说有以下三个方面：①强调外在的约束力（社会群体的压力）。

②耻感文化中的个人，其所作所为首先考虑的是他人、社会的评价③强烈的心理反应。

耻感文化具有“他律”的特征。

中国文化某种程度上就是耻感文化。

7.罪感文化：本尼迪克特认为罪感文化就是“提倡建立道德的绝对标准，并且依靠其发展人的良心的社会。

12-13-02跨文化沟通期末考试复习范围

12-13-02跨文化沟通期末考试复习范围一．选择题1. When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ______ perspective.A. anthropologicB. intellectualC. socialD. psychological2. _____ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source3. _____ refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context4. _____ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source hasknowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. ReceiverB. DecodingC. EncodingD. Feedback5. Definitions of communication from many Asian countriesstress ________,which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.A. exchanging informationB. harmonyC. respectD. instrumental function6. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes placein a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Which characteristic of communication does this statement reflect _____?A. SymbolicB. SystematicC. IrreversibleD. Transactional7. The _____ is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.A. messageB. sourceC. contextD. feedback8. An American company that operates in Japan almost caused a disaster in theUnited States—Japanese relations by addressing 500 red Christmas cars to its Japanese joint-venture partner, since funeral notices are red in Japan. This case has reflected that each country has its art for _____.A. tippingB. greetingC. card exchangeD. giving gift9. _____ is the environment in which the communication takes place and whichhelps define the communication.A. ContextB. SourceC. Receiver responseD. Feedback10. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided bya particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect11. It is quite common in many English speaking countries for ____________.A. students to ignore their professors.B. students to address their professors by the title “Mr”.C. students to ignore any form of address for their professors.D. students to address their professors by their first name.12. Normally, when hearing compliments, a typical Chinese reaction is to show________.A. disagreement and angerB. modesty and humilityC. enjoyment and prideD. pride and gratitude13. In the West, it is regarded polite to open gifts as soon asthey are given to express_________.A. greedinessB. understandingC. gratitudeD. Appreciation14. According to intercultural communication theories, collectivism and _________are basic clusters of values and assumptions.A. independenceB. IndividualismC. imbalanceD. communication15. _______ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact.A. ChromaticsB. OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics16. ________ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics17. Communication improvement between cultures requires an ability to ___ .A. speak some of the language and master some non-verbal behaviorB. speak some of the language and master all non-verbal behaviorC. speak the language and master all non-verbal behaviorD. speak the language and master some non-verbal behavior18. It is all right to ask someone what their job or position is, but it’s not polite to askthem their salary. This is considered a ______ matter in English speaking countries.A. humbleB. secretC. privateD. taboo19. Hofstede’s ________ index indicates how much a society feels threatened by ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them by providing rules, believing in absolutetruths, and refusing to tolerate deviance.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. uncertainty avoidanceD. power distance20. Hofstede’s _____ index measures the extent to which the less powerful membersof organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. cultural valuesD. power distance21. Today, in England, people usually call each other by their first names inA. formal situations outside workB. formal meetings at workC. informal situations outside workD. informal meetings with bosses22. ________ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style canbe found in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate23. Li Ming, a Chinese student, had lived several years in the United States. A monthago, he came back to China and found everything was unfamiliar and weird.Liming is in_____ stage of intercultural adaptation.A. honeymoon phaseB. adjustment periodC. reentry shockD. crisis period24. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called ___________.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization25. _______ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. AcculturationC. Cultural identityD. Integration26. The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A.interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.international communicationD. interpersonal communication27. In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.internationalcommunicationD. interpersonal communication28. _____ refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominantculture within a country.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Intercultural CommunicationC. international CommunicationD. Interregional Communication29._____ occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are fromdifferent races with different physical characteristics.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Interracial CommunicationC. Intracultural communicationD. Intercultural communication30. _____ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.A. Cultural identityB. Cultural valueC. Cultural normD. Subculture31. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called_____.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization32. Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States.In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in_____ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoonB. crisisC. reintegrationD. gradual adjustment33. _____ refers to maintaining one’s original culture a nd not participating in thenew culture.A. Separation and segregationB. AssimilationC. MarginalizationD. Integration34. _____ refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values ofthe new host culture.A. AcculturationB. DeculturationC. MarginalizationD. Assimilation35. _____ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. IntegrationC. Cultural identityD. Acculturation36. In______, the handshake is accompanied with a light kiss; even males kiss bothcheeks after a handshake.A. the United StatesB. Saudi ArabiaC. RussiaD. France37. _____ style focuses on the speaker and role relationships. People with suchcommunication style stress high power distance. This style is popular in collectivist and high-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate38. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided bya particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect39. The _________ refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e., the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s comm unication and interaction according to the context.A. intercultural competenceB. social competenceC. communication competenceD. cultural competence40. _________ refers to losing one’s cultural ide ntity and not having anypsychological contact with the larger society.A. MarginalizationB. AcculturationC. Culture shockD. Separation and segregation41. _________ refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounterwhen entering a different society.A. DissimilationB. AssimilationC. IntegrationD. Culture shock42. _____ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eyecontact.A.ChromaticsB.OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics43. While writing business messages, ______is usually the first step.A. predictionB. selectionC. analysisD. planning44. While the highest goal of communication in the Eastern Culture is to achieve ___,the highest goal of communication in the West is to achieve the practical cooperation from others.A. proprietyB. further relationshipC. practical purposeD. definite result45. _____ is the study of communications sent by the eyes.A. OculesicsB. HapticsC. KinesicsD. Chromatics46. Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is not true?A. It is communication between people of different cultures.B. We need understanding and acceptance in intercultural communication.C. During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s backon one’s own culture.D. We should develop tolerance and acceptance in intercultural communication.47. _____ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ChronemicsB. ProxemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics48. _____is the traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Koreaand Japan.A. BowingB. Firm handshakeC. EmbracingD. Handshake49. _____ means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for oneconsidered harsh, blunt, or offensive.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect50. _____ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style can befound in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate51. ______ refer to rules for appropriate behavior, whichprovide the expectationspeople have of one another and of others.A. BeliefsB. ValuesC. RolesD. Norms52. _____ refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specificmessage.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. Nonverbal communicationD. Olfactics53. _____is considered inappropriate as a form of greeting in the United States andmodern China.A. EtiquetteB. BowingC. EmbracingD. Handshake54. In the _____ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of thegroup.A. masculinityB. femininityC. individualistD. collectivism55. ______ is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just becausethe person is a member of a specific group.A. RacismB. PrejudiceC. SexismD. Stereotyping56. In the United States, the main meal is ______.A. in the morningB. at noonC. in the eveningD. B or C57. _______ refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous withdecoding.A. PerceptionB. InterpretationC. SensationD. Selection二．判断题的范围：1-7单元课后的判断题三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?2. What is the nature of culture?3. What are the characteristics of communication?4. What are the components of communication?5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?7. What are the four modes of acculturation?8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?9. How is sex different from gender?10. How to distinguish high context culture from low contextculture?11. What are the forms of culture shock?12. What are the components of cultural patterns?13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?四．案例分析重点考察内容：verbal communication; nonverbal communication; communication styles。

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一．选择题1. When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ______ perspective.A. anthropologicB. intellectualC. socialD. psychological2. _____ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source3. _____ refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context4. _____ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source hasknowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. ReceiverB. DecodingC. EncodingD. Feedback5. Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress ________,which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.A. exchanging informationB. harmonyC. respectD. instrumental function6. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes placein a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Which characteristic of communication does this statement reflect _____?A. SymbolicB. SystematicC. IrreversibleD. Transactional7. The _____ is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.A. messageB. sourceC. contextD. feedback8. An American company that operates in Japan almost caused a disaster in theUnited States—Japanese relations by addressing 500 red Christmas cars to its Japanese joint-venture partner, since funeral notices are red in Japan. This case has reflected that each country has its art for _____.A. tippingB. greetingC. card exchangeD. giving gift9. _____ is the environment in which the communication takes place and whichhelps define the communication.A. ContextB. SourceC. Receiver responseD. Feedback10. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect11. It is quite common in many English speaking countries for ____________.A. students to ignore their professors.B. students to address their professors by the title “Mr”.C. students to ignore any form of address for their professors.D. students to address their professors by their first name.12. Normally, when hearing compliments, a typical Chinese reaction is to show________.A. disagreement and angerB. modesty and humilityC. enjoyment and prideD. pride and gratitude13. In the West, it is regarded polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express_________.A. greedinessB. understandingC. gratitudeD. Appreciation14. According to intercultural communication theories, collectivism and _________are basic clusters of values and assumptions.A. independenceB. IndividualismC. imbalanceD. communication15. _______ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact.A. ChromaticsB. OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics16. ________ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics17. Communication improvement between cultures requires an ability to ___ .A. speak some of the language and master some non-verbal behaviorB. speak some of the language and master all non-verbal behaviorC. speak the language and master all non-verbal behaviorD. speak the language and master some non-verbal behavior18. It is all right to ask someone what their job or position is, but it’s not polite to askthem their salary. This is considered a ______ matter in English speaking countries.A. humbleB. secretC. privateD. taboo19. Hofstede’s ________ index indicates how much a society feels threatened by ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them by providing rules, believing in absolutetruths, and refusing to tolerate deviance.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. uncertainty avoidanceD. power distance20. Hofstede’s _____ index measures the extent to which the less powerful membersof organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. cultural valuesD. power distance21. Today, in England, people usually call each other by their first names inA. formal situations outside workB. formal meetings at workC. informal situations outside workD. informal meetings with bosses22. ________ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style canbe found in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate23. Li Ming, a Chinese student, had lived several years in the United States. A monthago, he came back to China and found everything was unfamiliar and weird.Liming is in_____ stage of intercultural adaptation.A. honeymoon phaseB. adjustment periodC. reentry shockD. crisis period24. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called ___________.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization25. _______ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. AcculturationC. Cultural identityD. Integration26. The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A.interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.international communicationD. interpersonal communication27. In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.internationalcommunicationD. interpersonal communication28. _____ refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominantculture within a country.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Intercultural CommunicationC. international CommunicationD. Interregional Communication29._____ occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are fromdifferent races with different physical characteristics.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Interracial CommunicationC. Intracultural communicationD. Intercultural communication30. _____ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.A. Cultural identityB. Cultural valueC. Cultural normD. Subculture31. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called_____.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization32. Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States.In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in_____ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoonB. crisisC. reintegrationD. gradual adjustment33. _____ refers to maintaining one’s original culture a nd not participating in thenew culture.A. Separation and segregationB. AssimilationC. MarginalizationD. Integration34. _____ refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values ofthe new host culture.A. AcculturationB. DeculturationC. MarginalizationD. Assimilation35. _____ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. IntegrationC. Cultural identityD. Acculturation36. In______, the handshake is accompanied with a light kiss; even males kiss bothcheeks after a handshake.A. the United StatesB. Saudi ArabiaC. RussiaD. France37. _____ style focuses on the speaker and role relationships. People with suchcommunication style stress high power distance. This style is popular in collectivist and high-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate38. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect39. The _________ refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e., the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s comm unication and interaction according to the context.A. intercultural competenceB. social competenceC. communication competenceD. cultural competence40. _________ refers to losing one’s cultural ide ntity and not having anypsychological contact with the larger society.A. MarginalizationB. AcculturationC. Culture shockD. Separation and segregation41. _________ refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounterwhen entering a different society.A. DissimilationB. AssimilationC. IntegrationD. Culture shock42. _____ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eyecontact.A.ChromaticsB.OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics43. While writing business messages, ______is usually the first step.A. predictionB. selectionC. analysisD. planning44. While the highest goal of communication in the Eastern Culture is to achieve ___,the highest goal of communication in the West is to achieve the practical cooperation from others.A. proprietyB. further relationshipC. practical purposeD. definite result45. _____ is the study of communications sent by the eyes.A. OculesicsB. HapticsC. KinesicsD. Chromatics46. Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is not true?A. It is communication between people of different cultures.B. We need understanding and acceptance in intercultural communication.C. During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s backon one’s own culture.D. We should develop tolerance and acceptance in intercultural communication.47. _____ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ChronemicsB. ProxemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics48. _____is the traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Koreaand Japan.A. BowingB. Firm handshakeC. EmbracingD. Handshake49. _____ means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for oneconsidered harsh, blunt, or offensive.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect50. _____ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style can befound in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate51. ______ refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectationspeople have of one another and of others.A. BeliefsB. ValuesC. RolesD. Norms52. _____ refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specificmessage.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. Nonverbal communicationD. Olfactics53. _____is considered inappropriate as a form of greeting in the United States andmodern China.A. EtiquetteB. BowingC. EmbracingD. Handshake54. In the _____ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of thegroup.A. masculinityB. femininityC. individualistD. collectivism55. ______ is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just becausethe person is a member of a specific group.A. RacismB. PrejudiceC. SexismD. Stereotyping56. In the United States, the main meal is ______.A. in the morningB. at noonC. in the eveningD. B or C57. _______ refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous withdecoding.A. PerceptionB. InterpretationC. SensationD. Selection二．判断题的范围：1-7单元课后的判断题三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?2. What is the nature of culture?3. What are the characteristics of communication?4. What are the components of communication?5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?7. What are the four modes of acculturation?8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?9. How is sex different from gender?10. How to distinguish high context culture from low context culture?11. What are the forms of culture shock?12. What are the components of cultural patterns?13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?四．案例分析重点考察内容：verbal communication; nonverbal communication; communication styles。