4语法
语言学概论_第四章语法
2.语法意义：通过一类共同功能所获得的意义。 语法意义不等于词汇意义。
如：英语中名词加词尾“- s”表示复数， “- s” 就是语法形式，“表示复数”就是语法意义。
3、根据语法形式的共同特点把它们归并为几个基 本类型，这种语法形式的类就叫做“语法手段”。
如：“一张动物园”，看起来是量词误用， 其实是“我要买一张去动物园的票”这句 话的成分省略现象。
初中，某数学老师讲方程式变换，在讲台 上袖子一挽大声喝道：同学们注意！我要 变形了！……
5.语法和逻辑
逻辑是语言表现内容的规律，语法是 语言表达形式的规律，二者的关系非常紧 密。逻辑对语法的影响主要表现为对语言 成分之间搭配关系的制约。从基本要求看， 一般人们说话不但要合语法，也要合逻辑。 个别不合逻辑的，只要大家都这么说，都 懂得是什么意思，就不能完全用逻辑来苛 求了。
“科学”本为名词，后产生出“具有科学属 性的”这一意义，用该词修饰或描写此属
严密的系统性 相对的稳定性
语法的高度抽象性
小明喝牛奶。 妈妈已经吃过饭了。 老师在黑板上写字。
语法规则具有强大的递归性
学生在看书。 隔壁的学生在看他的书。 隔壁在xx小学读书的学生在家里看他的辅
导书。 隔壁在xx小学读书的学生在家里看他昨天
从新华书店买来的他一直想要的辅导书。
语法规则具有严密的系统性
江西人不怕辣 湖南人辣不怕 四川人怕不辣
（4）语调是通过整个句子的音高、重音、停顿等 来表示一定语法意义的形式。语调实际上已经是 表达层面上的一种语法手段了。
如：滚蛋！
6.根据语法手段的不同可把人类语言分为：
语言
综合性语言：主要使用词形变化、 词的轻重音等语法手段的语言。 如俄语、德语
英语专四语法
一些名称Imperative mood祈使句request请求≈祈使句Subjunctive mood虚拟语气Dangling participle 虚悬分词Personal pronoun人称代词：包括属格和反身Generic reference 类指用法：定冠词a/an+名词单数”是表示“类指”/The + 名词复数Specific reference特指用法:定冠词the+名词单数或者加了定语修饰Pronoun代词Attributive后置定语Parenthesis插入语语法动名词做主语，常常表示泛指的一般行为或者概念，否定形式应把否定词放在动名词之前不定时作主语表示一次具体的行为1.语法一致原则（principle of grammatical concord）2.意义一致原则（principle of notional concord）3.就近原则（principle of proximity）单位名词（unit noun）：用来表示不可数名词的数量,即不可数名词的个体性；它也能与可数名词搭配,表示“一双”、“一群”等意义.集合名词（Collective noun）意指一种可用来指称一群对象的字，而这些对象，可以是人、动物、或是一群概念等事物。
举例而言，在英语中，“一群狮子”可称为“a pride of lions”，此时“pride”为一个集合名词。
限定词：限定词分为三种：1、前位限定词（pre-determiner）：all，both，half，分数词（one-third，one-fifth等）, 倍数词（double，twice，three times等），such；2、中位限定词（central-determiner）：冠词（a，an，the），指示代词（this，that，these，those），不定代词（some，any，either），否定词（no，neither），全称限定词（every，each），所有格（my，your，John's)；3、后位限定词（post-determiner）：基数词（three，200），序数词（first，second，300th，last），数量词及短语（many，much，little，few，plenty of，a lot of，a large number of）等。
大学英语四级(cet4)语法讲义
四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。
时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be mad e to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; besimilarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
专四语法——精选推荐
一、附加疑问句 (2)二、比较句式 (2)三、倒装 (4)四、虚拟语句 (5)五、非谓语动词 (8)六、从属分句 (10)(一)状语从句 (10)(二)关系从句（定语从句） (13)(三)名词性从句 (14)一、附加疑问句附加疑问句由两部分组成，前面是一个陈述句，后面是一个简短问句，下面分析几种特殊的附加疑问句形式：1. 如果陈述部分是祈使句，附加疑问句部分一般使用will you, w on’t you例如：Pass me some salt, won’t you?递给我一些盐，好吗？2. 如果陈述部分的主语是this, that, these, those时，附加疑问句部分的主语为it或they例如：This is exciting, isn’t it?这很令人兴奋，不是吗？3. 如果陈述部分是一个复合句，则分两种情况：1) 一般情况下，附加疑问句部分的主语应与陈述部分的主语保持一致，例如：Mary said her son would come, didn’t she? 玛丽说她的儿子要来，不是吗？2) 但如果陈述部分的主语是第一人称，且谓语动词是suppose, think, believe等，附加疑问句的主语则应该与从句的主语保持一致，例如：I think he will come, won’t he?我认为他会来，不是吗？4. 如果陈述部分是there be存在句，附加疑问句部分的主语也应该用there例如：There are some books, aren’t there?有一些书，不是吗？5. 如果陈述部分中带有否定词或半否定词，如never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，no，none，no one，rarely，nowhere，nothing，nobody，few，little等，附加疑问句的谓语要用肯定形式例如:There are rarely extremes of cold or heat in Britain, are there？英国很少出现严寒或酷暑天气，是吗？二、比较句式1. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法1) 比较级修饰语(a) 比较级之前的副词修饰语常用many, much, far, a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot, somewhat, rather, etc.。
人教版九年级全一册英语Unit4单元语法知识点总结
人教版九年级全一册英语Unit4单元语法知识点总结本单元重点短语的具体用法1. used to do：表示过去常常做某事，但现在不再这样做了。
例如：I used to play basketball, but now I prefer swimming.（我过去常打篮球，但现在我更喜欢游泳。
）2. deal with：意为处理、应对。
例如：How do you deal with stress?（你如何应对压力？）3. be proud of：表达为某事感到骄傲。
例如：I am proud of my son's achievements.（我为儿子的成就感到骄傲。
）4. take pride in：与be proud of 意思相近。
例如：She takes pride in her work.（她为自己的工作感到自豪。
）5. from time to time：意思是有时、偶尔。
例如：I still see him from time to time.（我仍然有时会见到他。
）6. in public：指在公共场合。
例如：She is very shy and doesn't like to speak in public.（她很害羞，不喜欢在公共场合讲话。
）7. in person：亲身、亲自。
例如：You should go and see it in person.（你应该亲自去看看。
）8. take up sth：开始做某事，占用（时间或空间）。
例如：He has taken up painting in his spare time.（他在业余时间开始画画。
）9. not...anymore：不再......。
例如：She doesn't live here anymore.（她不再住在这里了。
）10. worry about：担心、担忧。
例如：Don't worry about the exam, just do your best.（不要担心考试，尽力就好。
大学英语四级CET4语法强化知识点汇总
CET4 语法强化基本概念：1.词性/词类2.句子成分3.词的作用4.时态和语态5.主谓一致6.强调与倒装7.语气8.非谓语动词9.简单句 / 从句 /复合句10. it 的特殊用法11. 形容词的级Part One.名词（ n.） P250. 名词的数他接受了父母的建议。
房间里有了几件新的家具。
大量的食物已经送往了灾区。
只剩一块巧克力了。
一瓶牛奶。
一阵掌声。
一块肥皂。
一块面包。
一粒米。
Grain drop一套家具。
一条忠告一件活1.在汉语中属可数范畴，但在英语中属不可数名词的某些词。
(物质名词、抽象名词、气体名词、液体名词、自然现象等均属于不可数名词 )advice 忠告baggage (luggage ) 行李bread 面包equipment furniture information paper population chocolate 巧克力foodhair knowledge progressrice、、、、、、2.可数名词单复数变化的特殊形式可数名词单数变复数通常在词尾加 -s 或 -es，但是有些名词的变化比较特殊。
一．单个名词单复数的特殊形式1.以 -sis 结尾的外来名词变为复数形式为-ses。
He is busy writing his theses which are the requirement to graduate and gain diploma. 他正忙于写论文，这是毕业取得文凭所必需的。
The diagnoses in the two hospitals are the same. 两家医院的诊断结果是相同的。
常这样用的词有：diagnosis-diagnoses analysis-analyses 分诊断析thesis-theses论文axis-axes轴basis-bases基础emphasis-emphases强调2.有些外来词的单复数形式，仍保留原来不规则的复数形式。
CET4语法考点全解析
CET4语法考点全解析在准备英语四级考试的过程中，语法一直是考生们比较头疼的一个部分。
由于语法知识点众多，考试时往往容易混淆，因此，了解并掌握每个语法考点是非常重要的。
本文将对CET4考试中常见的语法考点进行全面解析，帮助考生在备考中有针对性地进行复习。
一、冠词冠词是英语中一种常见的虚词，包括定冠词“the”和不定冠词“a/an”。
定冠词“the”表示特指，常用于特定的人、事物或概念；不定冠词“a/an”表示泛指，常用于不特定的人、事物或概念。
在考试中，考生需要注意正确使用冠词，避免使用错误或遗漏。
二、时态英语时态是考试中的重要考点之一，主要包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时等。
考生需要根据句意和语境选择正确的时态，避免时态错误导致句子不通顺或不符合语法规则。
三、名词名词是英语中一种表示事物、人或概念的词汇，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
在考试中，考生需要注意名词的单复数形式、所有格形式以及名词性从句的使用，避免在句子中出现名词错误。
四、动词动词是英语中一种表示行为或状态的词汇，主要包括一般动词、情态动词、动词的时态和语态等。
在考试中，考生需要注意动词的时态和语态的正确使用，避免主谓不一致或动词形式错误。
五、代词代词是英语中一种用来代替名词或其他词汇的词汇，包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等。
在考试中，考生需要注意代词的正确使用，避免在句子中出现代词错误或误解。
六、连接词连接词是英语中一种用来连接句子、短语或词汇的词汇，包括并列连词、从属连词和连接副词等。
在考试中，考生需要注意连接词的使用，保持句子逻辑性和通顺性。
七、介词介词是英语中一种用来表示位置、方向或关系的词汇，包括时间介词、地点介词和方式介词等。
在考试中，考生需要注意介词的正确使用，避免在句子中出现介词错误或误解。
总结：通过上述对CET4语法考点的全面解析，考生可以更好地理解和掌握英语语法知识，提高语法水平和应试能力。
英语专四语法总结
1.主谓一致就近原则1.由并列结构或连词（either…or，neither…nor，not…but，not only…but also，or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。
2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。
例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。
3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。
例句：It is Ma ry’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
意义一致原则1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，no less than，besides，except，but，including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。
例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。
2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。
3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例句：What I want to say is just “ T ake care!”.我只想说：“多保重！”4. 当主语与all，none，any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。
人教版七年级下册英语Unit 4 知识点语法归纳总结
Unit 4 Don’t eat in class.1.短语归纳2.典句必背3.用法集萃(1)Don’t arrive late for class. 不要上课迟到❖arrive in❖arrive at(2)You must be on time. 你必须准时。
❖on time是固定搭配，意为“按时;准时”。
例：Don’t worry. The train will arrive on time. 别担心。
火车会准时到达的。
❖常见的time短语(3)Don’t listen to music in class. 不要上课时听音乐牛刀小试—Do you like the songs by Taylor?一Yes. Country music ______ nice and full of feelings.A. SoundsB.listensC. hearsD. looks(4)This is very important. 这是很重要的❖important作形容词，意为“重要的”。
如：The first lesson is very important. 第一课是很重要的❖反义词：unimportant adj. 不重要的❖派生词：importance n. 重要;重要性(5)Can we bring music players to school? 我们可以把音乐播放器带到学校里来吗?❖bring作动词，意为“带来；拿来”例：Don’t forget to bring your homework here. 不要忘记把你的家庭作业带过来❖辨析bring, take, carry和get牛刀小试Don’t forget _____ your photos here when you come to school.A.bringingB. to takeC. takingD. to bring(6)Oh, and we also have to be quiet in the library. 哦，我们在图书馆里还必须保持安静❖quiet作形容词，意为“安静的”，可以用来修饰人，也可以用来形容地点或场所等。
专四语法第1节-语法基本概念
第一节语法基本概念一单词句子都是由单词组成的。
英语单词可根据词类或词性（Parts of Speech）分类如下：名词 Noun 代词Pronoun动词Verb 形容词Adjective数词 Numeral 副词 Adverb实词Notional Word冠词Article 介词Preposition连词Conjunction 感叹词Interjection虚词Form Word二短语具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词，叫做短语（Phrase）。
短语的种类很多，除了名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语外，还有不定式短语（Gerundial Phrase）、分词短语（Participial Phrase）、介词短语（Prepositional Phrase）、独立短语（Absolute Phrase）等。
三句子谓语动词是句子的必要成分之一。
由于动词有5种不同的种类，故构成5种不同的基本剧情（Basic Patterns of Sentences）。
1.主语＋谓语动词（不及物动词）Every minute counts. 分秒必争。
2.主语＋谓语动词（及物动词）＋宾语You should look out for pickpockets. 你应当提防扒手。
3.主语＋系动词＋表语Truth is the daughter of time. 时间见真理。
4.主语＋谓语动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语Please pass me the dictionary. 请把字典递给我。
5.主语＋谓语动词＋宾语＋宾语补语All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只用功不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。
四句子成分必须的成分：主语、谓语可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语（定语、状语、同位语）1.主语（1）主语（Subject）一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。
4语法-修改
比句子大的单位是段、大段、全篇（或章、节）。一般讲 语法只讲到句子为止，篇章段落的分析是作文法的范围。事
实上句和句之间的联系，往往也应用语法手段（主要是虚
词）；但是除此之外还有其他手段，如偶句、排句、问答等 等；还常常只依靠意义上的连贯，没有形式标志。因此篇章
段落的分析方法和句子内部的分析方法有较大的差别，语法
1.复合法（词根+词根） 复合法:两个或两个以上词根组合以 构成新词的方法。 用复合法构成的词叫复合词。 2.附加法（词根+词缀） 附加法：在词根上附加词缀以构成新 词的方法。 用附加法构成的词叫派生词。
前缀：老、阿、第、小…… a-、anti-、de-、dis-、im-、inacentric(无中心的) antiwar(反战的) disagree(不同意的) impolite(无礼的) incorrect(不正确的) 后缀：子、儿、头、性、者、化…… -ant、-ar、-ator、-eer、-er、-ist、-or examinant(主考官) scholar(学者) mountaineet(登山者) reader(读者) arist(艺术家) actor(男演员)
1.句子：由词、短语按照一定的规则组合 成的，能表达相对完整的内容，并带有 句调的语言单位。 句子是最大的语言单位（结构规则）和 语法单位，也是最小的交际单位（言语 单位）。
2.特点： 有句调； 表达相对完整的内容； 语法特征→句子的构成有规则； 最基本的交际单位。
有人把句群看作一级语法单位。有人不这样认为。吕叔湘先 生的意见是：语法只研究到句子为止。吕先生下面这段话把 这个问题说得很清楚：
手红、手疼、手麻----能，短语 眼红、心疼、肉麻---不能，词（生理现 象除外）
Unit 4 语法(复习讲义)四年级英语上册(译林版三起)
Unit 4 I can play basketball语法精讲精练(含答案)一、“can”的用法。
解析：1.情态动词can意为“可以；能；会”，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。
2.含有can的肯定句结构为“主语+can+动词原形(+其他).”，表示某人会做某事否定句结构为“主语+can’t+动词原形(+其他).”，表示某人不会做某事。
[例句] Helen can't fly a kite. 海伦不会放风筝。
3.含有can的一般疑问句结构为“Can+主语+动词原形(+其他)?”，用来询问某人是否会做某事。
其肯定回答为“Yes，主语+can.”，否定回答为“No，主语+can’t.”。
[例句]—Can you play football? 你会踢足球吗?—No,I can't. But I can play basketball.不,我不会。
但我会打篮球。
【跟踪练习1】一、根据所给图片提示填空。
第1题图第2题图第3题图第4题图第5题图1. Look!I can very well.2.—Don't in the classroom. —OK.3.—Can you ? —Yes, I can.4.—Let’s go and . —Great!二、单项选择。
()1.—Can he skate? — .A. Yes, I canB. Yes, she canC. Yes, he can()2.—Can you play football? — .A. No, I don’tB. No, I'm notC. No, I can't()3.—Can jump high? —Yes, can.A. Mike; sheB. Su Hai; sheC. Helen; he ()4. Lucy can't well.A. swimsB. swimmingC. swim三、按要求完成句子。
初一下册英语第四单元讲义unit 4 语法篇
Unit 4 语法篇祈使句一、祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。
其主语you常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号，读降调。
二、祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：1.行为动词原形＋其它成分。
例如：Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。
2. Be动词＋其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。
例如：Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。
3. Let＋宾语＋动词原形＋其它成分。
例如：Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。
三.祈使句的否定句式祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Do’t，构成『Don’t＋行为动词原形＋其它成分』。
例如：Don’t say that again!别再那样说了！2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成『Don’t be＋其它成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)』。
例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。
3. Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：(1)Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。
(2)如果以Let’s开头的祈使句，必须在Let’s后加not。
例如：Don’t let me go with her tomorrow. ＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。
4.在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用『No＋名词/V-ing形式』结构，表示『禁止做某事』。
CET-4语法
句子成分主—名，代，动名，不定式谓—实意动词—及物+宾语vt不及物+介词+宾语vi情态动词（aux）+动词原形宾—主定—adj n状—adv,介词短语补—宾补【n v(不定式) adj 分词】主补系--+adj1.感官系动词：sound look smell taste feel2.持续系动词：keep rest remain stay lie stand3.变化系动词：become grow turn fall get go come run4.终止系动词：prove turn out5.表象系动词：seem appear表—系动词后同位五大基本句型1.主谓He is died (不及物)2.主谓宾I love you. (及物)3.主谓宾宾 A handsome boy gives me a kiss. 人是间接宾语物是直接宾语4.主谓宾宾补I find you smart.5.主系表I am crazy.简单句、并列句、复合句简单句：当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的简单句并列在一起。
并列句包含两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构，各分句都同等重要并独立存在，不存在单独的主句和隶属于他的从句英语中常见的并列词复合句：一个句子，如果有一个或多个成分由从句担任，他就是复合句。
复合句包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构是句子主体，即为句子的主谓结构，其他的则为从句中的主谓结构。
从句不能作为独立的句子，只能作为句子的一个成分从句的分类名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句从句1.共同结构：引导词+句子2.共同特点：所有从句都是陈述句语序都不应用do,does,did(助动词)定语从句1.概念：一个句子作定语（修饰名词）2.先行词：定语从句所修是的词3.关系代词*限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句1.限定性定语从句这类定语从句是对其所修饰的名词或代词加以修饰，表示“…的人（事物）”。
cet-4语法结构new
Cet-4 常考结构Be about to: be on the point of doing sth; just going to do sth:Her father is about to retire.As I was about to say，when you interrupted me.All but:1. all but+a.(very nearly; almost)Crows all but destroyed a farmer’s field of corn.The hikers were exhausted and all but frozen when they were found.2. all but +n.(all except):All but John were present.For all: in spite of.He did not do well in the race, for all his training.For all his money, he was very unhappy.Alternative,n. have no~ but to do.I have no ~ but to walk out.There’s no ~ but to fight.And:省if的条件句中.Five minutes earlier, ~ we could have caught the last train.Turn on the TV or open a magazine ~ you will often see ads showing happy families. Anything but: not at all; far from. 作表语+n./a./p.p.:He’s anything but lazy/ a hero.The bridge is anything but safe/ finished.Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt ~ lonely.As:1.although1)a./ad.+as+主语+谓语:Young as I am, I know some of the family secrets.Much as I like her, I will not marry her.Some memb ers of the staff couldn’t handle the case, hard as they tried.2)V +as+主语+ may/might/will/would:Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.There was not a soul to be found in the house, search as they would.2.关系代词1)such…as(as 接近于who/that/which):Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.I never heard such stories as he tells.He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others.It wasn’t such a good dinner as hshe had promised us.2) the same…as:He doesn’t bel ieve the same thing as you do.3. as+be+表语:He is absent, as is often the case.Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.As was expected, he performed the task with success.As is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.As is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.4.as用于省略句，代替表语和宾语:David is tall, as are my brothers.（正常语序as my brothers are.）The Second World War, as did the earlier one of 1914,promoted public concern about a physical and intellectual well-being of the country’s human resources.5.as用于省略句，引起分词短语作状语:As expected, the afforestation movement rapidly spread.It usually happens as described above.He had failed to visit her as promised.6. as much…as; not so much … as; not so/as + a. + as:He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted.The great use of a school edu is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning.He is not so much a writer as a reporter.7. as if/ as though引导的省略句:He paused as if expect ing Lenny to speak.The boy turned, as if awakened from some dream.He opened his mouth as if to speak sth.8. just as … , so…:Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, so the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words.Before: and then.I must finish my work before I go home.He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner.The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops.It was several years before we meet again.Scientists say it may be five or ten years before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.Busy:busy with/at/over/-ing:Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy preparing for her exam.But for:虚拟if not, but for + n./ but that…:But for the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.He might have been killed but for the arrival of the police.But that:1.虚拟，从句用陈述语气（具体事实）He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.2.it is not that…but that.Not that John doesn’t want to help us, but that it’s beyond his power.Can/could:1. can’t…to:You can’t be too careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case.2.can’t/couldn’t +比较级“不可能再, …最”:The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war-torn country.3.can’t/couldn’t + have p.p.:Mary couldn’t have received my letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.Mr.Li can’t be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few min utes ago.Cannot help v-ing:I couldn’t help overhearing what he said.We couldn’t help their seeing us. (避免不了)Cannot help but do:You can’t help but respect them.Cannot choose but do:He cannot choose but obey.Choice:1. have no ~ but to do/ there’s no ~ for sb but to do:We had no choice but to do what we were asked.2.have no other choice than to do:We had no other choice than to surrender.Do more than do:In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.Colleges have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating.Do nothing but (do):Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man’s bed.He must have done nothing but drink.Nothing to do but to do: (并列)There was nothing for them to do but to take their places at the end of it.Do nothing else than do:He sat there, doing nothing else than laugh.Either…or…:谓语动词的人称、数与or后的名词一致.Either Tom or his brothers have to shovel the snow.The local hunters either shoot or trap them.I was advised either to telephone or to write the hotel.Find: find+宾语+宾补(v-ing/p.p./a./prep./to be)，不定式后移，用it作形式宾语.He was found dying/dead/injured.We found (him to be/ that he was) the right person for the job.I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.For:1. for all:~ our kindness to help her, Sara refused to listen to us.There maybe mistakes occasionally, but for all that, it is the best book on the subject.2.but for/ if it weren’t for:had it not been for your laziness, you would have finished the assignment by now.3.连词Someone must have left the tap on, for the water is running over and flooding the bathroom.4. for there to be/ for it to be:It would be surprising for there not to be any objection to the proposal.He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine.Given (that):Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.Given their inexperience/ that they are inexperienced, they’ve done a good job.Good /point/sense/use:It is no good v-ing.It’s no good my arguing with you.There is no good in v-ing;What’s the good of v-ing?Have+复合结构:have sb do sth; have sb/sth v-ing; have sth done.They have you arrested if you don’t pay your taxes.I didn’t understand what the teacher said, and I had him explain it again to me.In that: because.Liquids are like solids in that they have a definite volume.Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.The instant/ the moment+ 从句: as soon as. / every timeShe must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil.just as…as:Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.Know better than (to do): be wise or experiences enough not to do sth.You ought to know better than to stay away from school.He knew better than to mention the subject to her.Less: even/much/still less.The baby can’t even walk, much less run.I can’t run 100 yards, even less a mile.Lest:They spoke in whisper lest they should be heard.Let alone:I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.(let alone+n/inf/v-ing/p.p.)Most:most students (泛指)，most of the students in the class（特指），the most apples（最多的）Who picked the most apples?Most of them / most of her argumentsMuch:1.not much of a…:not a very good…It wasn’t much of a dinner.2.too much of a…(to do sth):He is too much of a coward to speak the truth.3. much as+ : although:Much as I hate to do it, I must stay home and study tonight.4.as much as:The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soils and the water.5. not so much as/ without so much as:He didn’t so much as thank me for returning his money I found.He left without so much as saying goodbye.6. not so much A as B:Oceans don’t so much divide the world as unite it.7. much less:I didn’t even speak to him, much less discuss your problem with him.Must have done sth:My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I metasked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”No more than:1.no more than+钱数/名词:He gave me no more than $10.2.no more…than…; not any more than: A像B一样不，A和B一样都不:He is no more than a god than we are.The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. No other than/ none other than:The stranger was none other than my old friend John.Not that…but that…:Not that John doesn’t want to help you, but that it’s beyond his power.Not just…, but rather…:Everyone works several hours each day. The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work.Now that:Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.On/upon:1. on+ v-ing:On my return, I learned that prof. Smith had been at the museum and would not be back for several hours.2. on+n:The production is on the decline. (declining)on the increase/ increase/run/rise/boil/move/watch…Only：1.only too+a.(p.p.): very: （Pleased/ ready/ willing/ glad/ happy.）I shall be only too pleased to come.The news was only too good.2. if only:If only I had followed your advice.If only he would stop talking.3. only that: but that:I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.4. only to+ v :We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.5. not only… but als o.Rather:1. would/had rather…than; rather than…would:She would rather have the small one than the large one.He would rather be liked than (be) feared.Rather than refuse to help you, I’d borrow money from my bank.I’d rather you didn’t take those important documents with you.2. rather than; rather…than:He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction.We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people rather than harm them.3.or rather:He arrived very late last night, or rather in the early hours this morning.Same:the same…that/as :He used the same books that/ as you do/ as you.Put the book back in the same place where you found it.The price is the same as before the war.Say:1. sb/sth is said to have done sth: it is said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth.(be said to + havep.p.)The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.2. to say nothing of:The effort required is immense, to say nothing of the cost.So:1.not so + a./ad.+ as:It was not so easy as all that.He was not so much angry as disappointed.2. so +a.+n(可数单): such a + a. + n.I’ve never been so beautiful a child.3. so+a.+as+to v:Would you be so kind as to help me?We’ll be much obliged if you will be so kind as to make suggestions for improvement of our work.He is not so stupid as to do that.4.not so much as: he didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.5.so as to: I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.6. John had been working hard and so had his brother.Sth of a…:He’s sth of a liar, don’t you think?Soon:1. no sooner…than:No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.2. would (just) as soon…(as):I would just as soon stay home (as go for a walk). I’d just as soon you didn’t speak.3. would sooner…than:He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.Such:1.such people as these; people such as these.It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us.2. such as it is/ as they are:you can use my bicycle, such as it is.Jane told her grandmother her grades, such as they were.3. as such:He is a child, and must be treated as such.He is the master and as such must be obeyed.Than:后可以跟一个省略主语只保留系词和表语的省略句We often advised him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.There were more casualties than was reported.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.That:1.代词By 1990, production in the area is expected to double that of 1980.2. 关系代词引导定语从句：在由a.最高级/ the only/ the same/ any /every/ no等修饰的名词后的定语从句和在anything/ nothing/ everything/ much/ all 等后面的定语从句用that 不用which who:Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.He is the only man that can do it.she wore the same dress that she did at Mary’s wedding.Any boy that wants to play can do so.I never have been taken anything that didn’t belong to me.He had read without discrimination everything that he happened to come across.Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; now all that is left is utter poverty.All that is needed is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.3.引导主语从句That the sun and not the earth is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.4. 引导目的、结果、程度状语从句。
(译林版)六年级英语上册 Unit4 语法知识点
三大时态对比：语法小点：1, can/ could/do/ does/ did +动词原形2, use+事物+to +动词原形使用某物做某事He use d the mobile phone to call people anywhere.3, write + a letter (letters)+ to+人（宾格）write+ 人+ a letter (letters) 给某人写一封信（信）He writes letters to his friends. 他给他的朋友们写信。
4. buy +东西+for+人(宾格)buy +人+东西给某人买某物（buy things 买东西do shopping 购物）5. take +东西+to+人（宾格）take +人+东西6. go/went +动词ing 去做某事go on+动词ing 继续做某事7. listen to me 听我说listen to music 听音乐listen to the radio 听收音机8. Monday(Mon.)星期一Tuesday(Tue.)星期二Wednesday(Wed.) 星期三Thursday(Thur.) 星期四Friday(Fri.)星期五Saturday(Sat.)星期六Sunday(Sun.)星期天9. get/ become(变得) +angry 变得生气10. How old +be动词+主语？人名+be动词+数字（基数）人名+be动词+数字(基数)+years old11. 询问天气：How is the weather? It’s +天气类单词.What is the weather like?作文常用句：It was sunny in the morning. I went to the park with my family. We saw many beautiful flowers. Then, the weather became windy and cloudy. We flew kites high in the sky. In the afternoon, there were black clouds in the sky. It was great fun.I went to Shanghai for the holiday. I visited my aunt. I went to the Bund. I visited the Shanghai Museum. I saw many interesting things.I went fishing. It was great fun. That’s great.This was me six years ago. I could draw and walk. But I couldn’t swim or fly kites. Now I am a student. I can cook and sing. I go to school on foot. I can do many things. I like making friends at school. Do you like me？。
英语专四完整语法
专四必备语法一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。
(宾语从句)比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。
(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。
如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。
如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。
Unit 4 语法(复习讲义)五年级英语上册(译林版三起)
Unit 4 Hobbies语法梳理：like的用法+动词-ing精讲精练(含答案)一、“like+代词/名词”泛指喜欢某种事物时，如果是可数名词，要用复数形式。
例如：I like dogs.我喜欢狗。
二、“like to do sth”表示具体地、趋向性地、特定时间里“喜欢做某事”，侧重表达愿意去做。
例如：Jack likes to play the piano in the afternoon.杰克喜欢在下午弹钢琴。
三、“like doing sth”(1)表示经常或习惯性地“喜欢做某事”，侧重表达长期爱好。
例如：Lucy likes swimming very much. 露西非常喜欢游泳。
(2)动名词，即动词的-ing形式，兼有动词和名词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，但没有复数形式。
例如：Skating is interesting. 溜冰是有趣的。
(作主语)My hobby is skating.我的爱好是溜冰。
(作表语)I have a dancing lesson. 我有一节舞蹈课。
(作定语)I like dancing.我喜欢跳舞。
(作宾语)(3)动词-ing的构成规则例如：look → looking read → readingdance → dancingrun → running swim → swimming shop → shopping【考题精练】一、写出下列动词的动词-ing形式。
1. read —____________2. dance —______________3. make _____________4. sing —____________5. swim —______________6. run _______________7. watch —__________8. skate —______________9. like ________________10 go —_____________ 11. draw —______________二、用所给单词的适当形式填空。
四级语法：cet4-语法-it的用法
四级语法：cet4-语法-it的用法As soon as is born he begins to die.It 的用法一．It做人称代词1.指事物作为人称代词，it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。
如：I dropped my watch and it broke.It’s hard work, but I enjoy it.“Where is the dog?” “It’s in the room. ”------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.指人it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。
如：Is it a boy or a girl?There is a knock on the door. It must be my brother.说明:在答语中，常用来指本人，如说It’s me。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.代替某些代词代词it 还可用于代替上文提到的指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等。
如：---“What’s this?”---“It’s a new kind of mobile phone. ”Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题，是吗?----------------------------------------------------------------二．It做非人称代词it有时并不指具体的东西，而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等，称为非人称的it：1.指天气：It is a lovely day, isn’t it?It is a bit windy.2.指时间: It was nearly midnight when she came back.3.指环境: It was very quiet in the café.4.指距离：It is half an hour’s walk to the city centre.5指日期：What's the date today? It's the eleventh,October.6指季节：It is summer now.7指度量：It is about 20 pound/kg8.指价值：--- What's the cost of the dictionary?---It is sixty-three.9 It's 35 centigrade now. So I feel hot.----------------------------------------------------------------------Tom's mother kept telling him that he should work harder,but______didn't help.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it---------------------------------------------------------------------------------It用于强调句：1. eg: It was the boy who caused the fire yesterday.It’s I that/who am going to see my dentist.It’s him that my sister love best.It was at five o’clock that he came here.Where is/was it that you met your formal teacher?以上为it’s(was)+强调部分+tha t(who)…wh-is it that+s+V?h------------------------------------------------------------------------ He was nearly drowned once.-When was ______?-______was in 1998 that he was in middle school.A.that;ItB.this;ThisC.this;ItD.that;This Was ______ that I saw last night at the concert?A.it youB.not youC.youD.that yourself ----------------------------------------------------------------------- it充当形式主语：1. It was very obvious that he was telling a lie.=That he was telling a lie was very obvious.It is true that the earth moves around the sun.=That the earth moves around the sun is true.以上为it’s clear/true/certain/possible/obvious+that(主语从句)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.It’s important that we (should) help each other.It’s necessary that he remember as many words as possible.It is strange that he stands here who left for US an hour ago.以上为It’s i mportant/necessary/strange+that+S+(should)+V特殊形容词，切记虚拟--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 可别忘了：it’s important/necessary/strange+for sb+to do sth1.Is______necessary to complete the design before National Day?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he------------------------------------------------------------------------3.It’s suggested that sports meeting (should) put off.以上为it’sordered/commanded;suggested;required;proposed+that+S(should)+V 表建议，要求，命令，主语从句------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4..It’s a shame that such a thing should happen in my class.It’s a pity that he was ill,so he didn’t came here.It’s a pity/shame that +should +V,译为竟然S+V(该什么就什么)------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 还有It’s a fact/a wonder/no wonder that______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It-------------------------------------------------------------5.It’s reported that another accident happened in this area.It’s said that he would come.It’s estimated that 1.8 persons die and 4.1 persons was given to birth per seconds.It’s said/reported/announced/claimed/believed/thought/accepted/estimated/announced…+that S+V------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. It doesn’t matter if they are young or lack of experience.It didn’t m atter whether you understood me.It doesn’t matter whether you are rich,I will marry to you.以上为it doesn’t/didn’t if/whether--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.eg:It happened that he met his friend in the street.It seems that no one knows he is a liar.It appeared that she didn’t like him.It occurs to me that I can solve the problem in this way.以上为It occurs/happens/disappears/appears/seems/occurs to sb that +S+V(主语从句)Vi linkV-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. eg:It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.It takes me the whole morning to accomplish the work.It takes me quite a long time to understand the meaning of the painting by PICA-SSO.以上为it takes/took sb some time to do sth-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.eg：It’s kind of you to say so.=You are kind to say so.It’s brave of you to save the girl who was in the river.=You were brave to save the girl who was in the river.It’s cruel of him to do that.=He is cruel to do that.---------------------------------------------------------------------以上为it作形式主语替代不定式It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由of引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。
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Grammar1.It is necessary that an efficient worker______his work on time.A.accomplishesB. can accomplishC. accomplishD. will accomplish2.I know this is the right train. The ticket agent said it would be on______.A.Platform ThreeB. the Platform ThreeC. Third PlatformD. the Three Platform3.William is very hardworking, but his pay is not______ for his work.A.enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough4.I won’t take Susan’s pen because I don’t like______.A.that pen of hersB. that her penC. her that penD. that pen of her5.I didn’t call the hotel to make a room reservation, but I _____.A.may haveB. must haveC. should haveD. shall have6.My sister will be here tomorrow, but at first I thought that she ______today.A.was comingB. is comingC. must comeD. may comend belongs to the city; there is ______ thing as private ownership of land.A.no such aB. not suchC. not such anyD. no such8.The flats I have looked at so far were too expensive. So I’m better off ____ where I am.A.stayB. stayingC. to stayD. stayed9.Since the family are moving to a new house, they have to buy ____ new furniture.A. a lot ofB. manyC. a fewD. quite a few10.My son walked ten miles today. We never guessed that he could walk ____ far.A./B. suchC. thatD. as11.If talks for the new trade agreements take ____, food industries in both countries will beseriously affected.A.much too longB. too much longerC. too much longD. much long12.You and I could hardly understand each other, ____?A.could IB. couldn’t youC. could weD. could n’t we13.We ____ the visitor with an apartment, but he specifically asked for a single room.A.could provideB. could have providedC. couldn’t provideD. couldn’t have provided14.The missile is designed in such a way that once ____ nothing can be done to retrieve it.A.firedB. being firedC. they firedD. having fired15.________, he would not have recovered so quickly.A.Hadn’t he been taken good care ofB. Had he not been taken good care ofC. Had not he been taken good care ofD. Had he been not taken good care of16.You ______ a new bicycle, since the one you lost the other day has already been found.A.should not buyB. need not buyC. need not have boughtD. should not have bought17.It was not until midnight ______ the camping site.A.that they reachedB. that they did not reachC. did they reachD. did they not reach18.It is predicted that existing reserves of fossil fuel ______ by 2045.A.have been run outB. are going to be run outC. will have run outD. have run out19.Only by increasing its exports drastically ______ from the present trade imbalance.A. the country can emergeB. the country might emergeC. can the country emergeD. the country has emerged20. Since the mid-1960’s considerably research ______ in embryo transplant in many countries.A. has carried outB. was carried outC. carried outD. has been carried out21. If the temperature of the reactor ______ 500 degrees higher, meltdown would have occurred.A. wasB. had beenC. was beingD. had22. The more acid you add to the solution, ______ it becomes.A. cloudierB. the cloudierC. more cloudyD. the cloudier23. The lecturer said “It’s time you ______ the literature review.”A. beganB. should beginC. beginD. are beginning24. After ______ your results, you should make an appointment with your tutor.A. you receivingB. you have receivedC. you would have receivedD. you received25. You ______ the experiment twice, not once.A. haven’t carried outB. shouldn’t have carried outC. should have carried outD. might have carried out26. It looks ______ you’ve made a serious mistake.A. asB. ifC. thoughD. as though27. _______ the right answer I would have got full marks in the exam.A. If I would have knownB. If I’ll knowC. Had I knownD. If I was knowing28. ______ way you do it, the answer is always the same.A. HoweverB. WhicheverC. WhoeverD. Why ever29. ______ producing methane, the process also produces carbon monoxide.A. ApartB. As wellC. BesidesD. In addition30. He appears ______ some minor problems.A. to have hadB. havingC. was havingD. had31. Einstein, _______ changed our ways of seeing the universe, did not learn to read until he wasten.A. which theoriesB. that his theoriesC. whose theoriesD. who theories32. It is not so much the language______ the legal jargons that makes the book difficult tounderstand.A. butB. norC. asD. like33. The shop has sold many refrigerators of this kind and the rest ______ on sale today.A. isB. hasC. haveD. are34. The owner and captain refused to leave ______ ship which was sinking.A. hisB. aC. theirD. /35. The petrol station lies within _____ of Victoria’s farm.A. fifteen-minute-driveB. fifteen minutes’ driveC. fifteen minute’s driveD. fifteen minutes drive36. Some of his answers were correct, but I don’t remember ______.A. what oneB. which oneC. what onesD. which ones37. This leather purse is too expensive; that one is too cheap. _______ the leather purses issatisfactory.A. Neither ofB. Both ofC. Either ofD. None of38. There is ______ man downstairs waiting for you.A. anyB. someC. fewD. not39. Bill ______ as Mark.A. doesn’t run so fastB. runs not so fastC. does n’t run fasterD. runs less fast40. This CD costs me ______ the one I bought the other day.A. as much as three timesB. as much money as three timesC. three times as much asD. three times as expensive as41. Ian studies harder than ______ in our class.A. allB. everyoneC. anyone elseD. any other42. ______ our dear sister rest in peace.A. CanB. MayC. MustD. Will43. Nobody saw the CEO at the conference; he _______ at it.A. couldn’t have spokenB. couldn’t speakC. mustn’t have spokenD. shouldn’t have spoken44. Who _____ it be at the door?A. mayB. canC. mustD. need45. The line is busy; someone ______ the telephone.A. must useB. must be usingC. must have been usingD. has been using46. If there were no subjunctive mood, English ______ much easier.A. would beB. could have beenC. will beD. would have been47._______ for his timely help, I could not have completed my project in time.A. If it was notB. If it were notC. Had it not beenD. Were it not48. I wish I ________you yesterday.A. did telephoneB. telephonedC. had telephonedD. were to telephone49. How about us ________ a concert at the weekend?A. to go toB. going toC. go toD. to be going to50. I would appreciate ________ to see me in my office.A. your comingB. you to comeC. you comeD. you to be coming51. __________, the glass would break into pieces.A. If having handled carelesslyB. To handle carelesslyC. Handling carelesslyD. If handled carelessly52. The drunkard was found ________ under the bench in the park.A. to lie deadB. lying deadC. lie deadD. lying die53. Now Tim regrets _________ hard enough while at the university.A. not to workB. having not workedC. not having workedD. not have worked54. Please show me the table ________.A. for placing the vaseB. to place the vase onC. to place the vaseD. placing the vase on55. The bed sheets and pillow will want _________, I suppose.A. washingB. to washC. being washedD. to have washed56. The couple feel more comfortable on a plane than they would be if they ______ any other way.A. are travelingB. have traveledC. travelD. traveled57. A hundred dollars ________ not buy as much as _______ used to.A. do…theyB. dose…itC. dose…thatD. do…it58.Child _________ she is, the girl is quite independent.A. likeB. whenC. forD. as59. ________ goes to the seminar will find it really interesting and informative.A. No matter whoB. WhoeverC. WhomeverD. No matter which60. If we work hard, we can overcome any difficulty, ________great it is.A. howeverB. whatC. howD. no matter61. These photos will show you ________.A. what dose our university look likeB. what our university looks likeC. how dose our university look likeD. how our university looks like62. Go and get your suitcase. It is ________ you left it.A. whenB. whetherC. howD. where63. ________ John won the first prize at the speech contest made the whole class very excited.A. HowB. WhatC. ThatD. Whether64. I guess Patricia will invite ______ you want.A. whomeverB. whateverC. whoeverD. whichever65. Mr. Johnson said that Beijing was the first city ______ he had visited in China.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. what66. Tomorrow will be Monday. ________.A. So will it.B. So it will.C. Neither it will.D. Neither will it.67. Neither Tim nor I had ever heard of, let alone _______ such a fascinating book.A. seeB. to seeC. seeingD. seen68. One of her longest _____ dreams was to visit her birthplace again.A. heldB. holdingC. holdD. being held69. You must have waited for me for a long time, _______?A. mustn’t youB. needn’t youC. didn’t youD. haven’t you70. –Many of us thought that last night’s play was generally poor.--I didn’t find _____.A. it soB. itC. it beD. it is71. Mr. Clark seldom spends the weekend with his family, _______?A. hasn’t heB. has heC. does heD. doesn’t he72. The shirt made of a new material is quite easy ______.A. to washB. on washingC. being washedD. to be washed73. _______ about the food in the restaurant, but she also refused to pay for her meal.A. She did not only complainB. Not only she did complainC. Not only did she complainD. She not only did complain74. The boy kicked the ball ______ hard, and it broke the window.A. very littleB. a little tooC. quite a littleD. too little75. I hadn’t expected George to apologize but I had hoped _______.A. him to phone meB. that he would phone meC. him phoning meD. him phone me76. Do you remember _______ to Professor Day during his last visit to our department?A. to be introducedB. to introduceC. being introducedD. introducing77. –What does your new car look like?--It is similar in shape ______ yours.A. withB. likeC. asD. to78. The visitors expressed the hope ________ they would come to the fair again next year.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. when79. Not until late in the evening ________.A. did the campers put up their tentsB. the campers put up their tentsC. the campers did put up their tentsD. the campers had put up their tents80. _________, his idea was accepted by the participants at the meeting.A. Weird as might it soundB. As it might sound weirdC. As weird it might soundD. Weird as it might soundVocabulary1. She did her best to stay awake, but the performance was so boring that she just ________ to sleep.A. dropped inB. dropped outC. dropped offD. dropped down2. Paul was a very lively child, always in ________.A. excellent spiritsB. good spiritsC. high spiritsD. bright spirits3. Lilly made no attempt to _________ the problem.A. tackleB. tryC. undertakeD. achieve4. The boy began to cry and tears slowly _______ down his face.A. oozedB. trickledC. dribbledD. leaked5. On January 1st, many people make a New Year ________.A. intentionB. determinationC. dedicationD. resolution6. In this country it is against the ________ not to wear seat belt in a car.A. ruleB. regulationC. lawD. order7. Johnny’s parents always let him have his own _________.A. willB. wayC. wishD. demand8. Our telephone has been _________ for a month.A. out of orderB. out of lifeC. out of touchD. out of place9. She was extremely ________, always ready to agree with other people’s wish.A. mellowB. moderateC. adaptableD. supple10. The woman tripped over the uneven pavement and _______ her elbow.A. distortedB. dislodgedC. disabledD. dislocated11. He knew that he couldn’t change anything so he just _______ himself to the situation.A. assignedB. resignedC. retiredD. kept12. Game pie was a(n) ________ of this famous restaurant.A. singularityB. particularityC. specialityD. originality13. Mr. Williamson was acting peculiarly and seemed in a funny _________.A. state of affairsB. state of mindC. state of graceD. state of nature14. The scientists became very excited as they felt they were _________ of a discovery.A. on the crestB. on the surfaceC. on the borderlineD. on the brink15. An ________ degree was conferred on the distinguished economist.A. honorB. honoredC. honoraryD. honorable16. Mary is very set in her ways, but her brother has a more ______ attitude to life.A. changeableB. changingC. variableD. flexible17. My passport _______ last month, so I will have to get a new one.A. expiredB. endedC. finishedD. terminated18. Your room must be _______ by 12 o’clock, but your luggage may be left with the porter.A. evacuatedB. vacatedC. desertedD. abandoned19. My grandma’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if she will _______.A. pull upB. pull inC. pull outD. pull through20. The purpose of the survey was to ______ the school inspectors with local school conditions.A. informB. acquaintC. instructD. notify21. Sam is being _______ for his stomachache at the hospital now.A. curedB. healedC. treated D operated22. Because of his poor health, it took him a long time to _______ his bad cough.A. throw offB. throw awayC. throw downD. throw over23. People under 21 are not _______ to join the sports club.A. desirableB. eligibleC. advisableD. admissible24. Though seriously damaged by a fire, the ancient mansion was eventually ______ to its originalsplendor.A. repairedB. renewedC. restoredD. renovated25. I cannot bear the noise coming from my neighbour’s house; it _____ me from my work.A. distractsB. annoysC. interruptsD. disturbs26. Vincent cannot ______ without at least one pack of cigarettes.A. get onB. get throughC. get overD. get by27. In Scotland, minor cases were _____ with a jury in the Sheriff courts.A. testedB. examinedC. triedD. considered28. Lisa Black is ______ as a Labour candidate in the forthcoming election.A. standingB. sittingC. contendingD. entering29. Eighteen is the _______ voting age in our country.A. competentB. minimalC. minimumD. maximum30. Cases involving young people under 18 are heard in specially constituted _______ courts.A. juniorB. youthC. infantileD. juvenile31. According to the latest _______ poll, the Opposition is likely to win the next General Election.A. inquiryB. opinionC. questionD. impression32. After three hours, the jury were still unable to reach a unanimous ________.A. verdictB. decisionC. judgmentD. conclusion33. A _______ survey was conducted among local families to find out the average amount ofexpense on their children’s education.A. representationB. questionnaireC. referendumD. question34. A popular way of keeping fit is to go ________ which is a kind of slow- to medium- pacedrunning.A. trottingB. saunteringC. strollingD. jogging35. Piles of old books and newspapers _______her desk.A. spreadB. litteredC. heapedD. puffing36. Exercising generally begins with standing up straight, _________slowly and then letting yourbreath out evenly.A. exhalingB. drawingC. inhalingD. puffing37. The woman remained depressingly fat _________ all her efforts to slim.A. againstB. despiteC. althoughD. contrary38. Many Asian people are of ______ build while Europeans often have a heavier frame.A. slimB. slightC. leanD. thin39.The pupil ________ a story to explain why he was absent from school.A. developedB. describedC. inventedD. outlined40. There are ________ that the weather is changing in the region.A. associationsB. indicationsC. commentsD. concerns41. It is an encouraging sign that people’s purchasing power is _______ the rise recently.A. onB. inC. atD. with42. The speaker had no ________ in himself when facing a large audience.A. experienceB. progressC. objectionD. confidence43. The man drew the curtain and ________ the painting behind it.A. projectedB. revealedC. exposedD. brought44. The football club tried to __________ the famous player with a generous offer of money.A. promoteB. defendC. temptD. force45. Cindy ________ some sweets from her bag and insisted they be shared among her friends.A. distributedB. pulledC. producedD. drew46. Not a _________ has been found so far that can help the police find the robber.A. factB. clueC. markD. sign47. She is a teacher ________ of our great respect.A. awareB. confidentC. capableD. worthy48. They had ________ it for granted that they would succeed in their research.A. takenB. madeC. hadD. thought49. The final cost was considerably higher than the builder’s original _________.A. amountB. sumC. accountD. estimate50. He couldn’t tell _________ from a distance whether it was Sam or his brother.A. at largeB. in nameC. for sureD. in short51. No matter how much progress we’ve made in our work, we shouldn’t get _______.A. complacentB. prefectC. satisfactoryD. fortunate52. The ________ instrument requires a skilled operator.A. artificialB. fashionableC. difficultD. intricate53. We should _______ all possible ways to create jobs for the unemployed.A. provideB. reviewC. exploreD. make54. The coupon ______ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A. confersB. entitlesC. grantsD. offers55. The old woman opened the box and emptied the ______ into a jar.A. insidesB. interiorC. refillsD. contents56. At the weekend, all the local TV channels provide extensive _______ of sporting events.A. viewB. coverageC. broadcastD. network57. In order not to be heard, the woman ______ that someone was moving about in the bush.A. screamedB. shoutedC. spokeD. whispered58. The appeal to the senses known as _______ is a common technique in poetry.A. imaginativeB. imaginableC. ingeniousD. imagery59. The possibility that the explosion was caused by sabotage cannot be ______.A. broken outB. ruled outC. cancelled outD. wiped out60. The headquarters of this oil company is in London while its _______ companies are located indifferent parts of the world.A. parentB. inferiorC. subsidiaryD. ultimate61. Sitting on the table, two small cats were ______ round the inside of the empty ham tin.A. swallowingB. lickingC. chewingD. munching62. The Renaissance was a(n) ______ of unparalleled cultural achievement and had a great impacton almost all European countries.A. momentB. dynastyC. epochD. instant63. Absorbed in her work, she was totally ________ her surroundings.A. liable forB. oblivious ofC. separated byD. concerned about64. The young man has ______ some brilliant scheme to double his income.A. come outB. come toC. come aboutD. come up with65. Social _______ vary greatly from country to country.A. customsB. rulesC. habitsD. regulations66. He is our best player, and is _______ to our team.A. internalB. integralC. intelligentD. insistent67. The Olympic Games ______ in 776 B.C. in Olympia, a small town in Greece.A. descendB. stemmedC. derivedD. originated68. As a developing country, we must keep ______ with the rapid development of the worldeconomy.A. motionB. paceC. speedD. step69. I gave the car a thorough _____ before buying it.A. inspectionB. reviewC. surveyD. check-up70. Sue joined the drama society but didn’t seem to ______ , so she left.A. fit outB. fit upC. fit inD. fit in with71. The company _________ the crisis by obtaining a low-interest loan from the bank.A. got aroundB. got throughC. got off toD. got into72. The lecture was boring and the students could hardly _______ their yawns.A. depressB. suppressC. oppressD. press73. Please dispose ________ those old books while you’re cleaning up the room.A. outB. awayC. inD. of74. As we’ve run out of beef, we’ll have to ________ with pork for dinner.A. make doB. do it upC. make upD. compensate for75. An important property of scientific theory is its ability to _________ further research.A. renewB. arouseC. advocateD. stimulate76. In education, there should be a good ________ among the branches of knowledge thatcontribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.A. balanceB. distributionC. combinationD. spread77. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ______.A. irrationalB. unreasonableC. irrelevantD. invalid78. The mayor is a woman with great ______ and therefore deserves our political and financialsupport.A. intentionB. integrityC. instinctD. intensity79. When the working committee ________ to details, the proposed plan seemed unworkable.A. got downB. set aboutC. went offD. came up80. He spoke so ________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.A. franklyB. emphaticallyC. determinedlyD. convincingly。