北航2011年考研真题答案—911材料综合

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北航911材料综合真题

北航911材料综合真题

物化部分:第一大题为填空题(每空一分,有两道题每空两分,其中一个是界面张力公式那个)1、状态函数与状态有什么关系,状态函数与过程函数有什么区别,哪些是状态函数(2个空)那些事过程函数(2个空)2、摩尔反应内能随温度变化等于___,意味着升温回事系统内能___,3、恒压绝热反应,系统温度升高体积增大,问U、H、G、S变化是增大变小还是不确定4、稳态平衡法中什么是稳态,怎么用式子表达出来5、基元反应2A+B——P,怎么表示生成速率公式,反应级数为___6、给了一个图|——|横线下面字母是H,让在图中表达出pV增量,U、G、TS关系7、空气中的肥皂泡,表面张力,直径已知,大家知道问啥了吧8、氮气氢气按1:3投入真空容器,反应达到平衡后问组分数C,相数P,及自由度f第二大题为简答题(每题八分)1、摩尔吉布斯反应函数变与K标准有关,那个公式大家都知道吧,问增加温度一定会使摩尔吉布斯反应函数变减小吗2、请举出两个界面现象中的反常现象,比如过饱和溶液、过冷液体等,这个是要自己举例子的,并用热力学知识解释现象第三大题为计算题1、8mol气体,氮气占0.25,剩下为氩气,恒压绝热反应,给了初始状态,末状态不全知,求H、S、G、W、Q,第二问是能用增加H表示反应热变化吗,增加熵反应系统自发性(18分)2、CdCl2和氯化银的电化学反应,给了平均离子活度系数,溶液浓度,标准电极电势值,第一问为写电极反应和电池反应,第二问为求E标准和E,第三问求反应所做电功(15分)材料分析1、给出了《材料现代分析测试方法》王富耻,北理工版那本书P6图1-3那幅不同管压下Mo的X射线谱(25分)(1)分析图中所给内容(8分)(2)连续谱形成机理(3)特征谱形成机理(4)选用滤波片原子系数(5)短波限与管压关系公式2、关于布拉格方程的(12分)(1)推到布拉格方程(3分)(2)有什么作用和不足(3)如何弥补不足3、上述课本P22图1-19,给了左边那张,让画出他的二维倒易点阵,就是右边那张(3分)4、电子衍射的,给了矩阵排列的衍射图样,但是每个点大小不同(11或12分)(1)为什么会出现强弱不同的变化(2)给出可能可能的晶系(6分)金属学原理1、什么是固溶强化,影响因素,位错机理(10分)2、原子尺寸粗糙界面与光滑界面生长形态与生长机制3、Al-Cu,就是书上时效强化哪里的典型举例,问时效过程中组织结构变化,力学性能变化及其微观机理4、什么是冷加工热加工,简述金属塑性变形后加热过程组织性能变化与力学性能变化(10分)。

北航911材料综合物理化学期末

北航911材料综合物理化学期末

物理化学期末试题例一、填充题1、下列关系式中正确的是;不正确的是。

(a) ⊿c Hθm(石墨,s) = ⊿f Hθm(CO2,g)(b) ⊿c Hθm(H2,g) = ⊿f Hθm(H2O,g)(c) ⊿c Hθm(SO2,g) = 0(d) ⊿f Hθm(C2H5OH,g) =⊿f Hθm(C2H5OH,l) +⊿Vap Hθm(C2H5OH)2、A、B两种理想气体按下式混合,试填<、= 或>。

A(T,V)+B(T,V)→〔A+B〕(T,V)⊿U 0,⊿H 0,⊿S 0,⊿G 0。

3、A、B两种液体在T温度下混合成浓度为x B的溶液,两组分气相平衡分压分别为p A、p B。

已知该温度下纯A、纯B的饱和蒸汽压分别为p*A、p*B,亨利系数分别为k x,A、k x,B;当A、B分别满足下两式时μA=μθA +RTlna A,且x A→1时,a A=x AμB=μθB +RTlna B,且x B→0时,a B=x B由题给条件得:a A= ,γA= ;a B= ,γB= 。

4、水与氯仿部分互溶溶液和其蒸汽相达平衡的体系,独立组分数C=、相数Ф=、自由度数f=;水与氯仿部分互溶溶液和其蒸汽及冰达相平衡的体系,其C= 、Ф= 、f= 。

5、某气相反应为:dD+eE=gG+rR在一带有活塞的汽缸中进行。

实验发现:当温度恒定时,随外压的增加,平衡转化率降低;当外压恒定时,随温度的升高,平衡转化率增大。

则该反应的计量系数关系为d+e g+r;且反应向右进行时为(吸热或放热)。

6、已知反应:α-HgS =β-HgS其⊿r Gθm/J·mol-1 =980-1.456T/K。

则100℃、101kPa下稳定的晶型为,101kPa下晶型转变温度为K。

7、温度T下,某纯液体的平面、凸面及凹面的饱和蒸汽压p平、p凸、p凹的大小关系为。

8、液体L能在固体S表面铺展时,界面张力σs-g、σs-l、σl-g之间应服从的条件为。

2011考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析

2011考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析

2011年管理类联考综合能力真题一、问题求解:第1~15小题,每小题3分,共45分。

下列每题给出的A、B、C、D、E五个选项中,只有一项符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1.已知船在静水中的流速为28km/h,则此船在相距78km的两地间往返一次所需时间是(A)5.9h (B) 5.6h(C) 5.4h (D) 4.4h (E)4h2.若实数a,b,c满足︳a -3︳+√(3b﹢5)+﹙5c-4﹚²=0,则abc=(A)-4 (B)-5/3(C)-4/3 (D) 4/5 (E)43.某年级60名学生中,有30人参加合唱团、45人参加运动队,其中参加合唱团而未参加运动队的有8人,则参加运动队而未参加合唱团的有(A)15人(B)22人(C) 23人(D) 30人(E)37人4.现有一个半径为R的球体,拟用刨床将其加工成正方体,则能加工成的最大的正方体的体积是(A)8/3R³(B)(8√3)/9R³(C) 4/3R³(D)1/3R³(E) (√3)/9R³5.2007年,某市全年研究与试验发展(R&D)经费支出300亿元,比2006年增长20%,该市的GDP为10000亿元,比2006年增长10%2006年,该市的R&D经费支出占当年GDP的(A)1.75% (B)2%(C) 2.5% (D) 2.75% (E) 3%6.现从5名管理专业、4名经济专业和1名财会专业的学生中随机派出一个3人小组,则该小组中3个专业各有1名学生的概率为(A)1/2 (B)1/3(C) 1/4 (D) 1/5 (E) 1/67.一所四年制大学每年的毕业生七月份离校,新生九月份入学,该校2001年招2000名之后每年比上一年多招200名,则该校2007年九月底的在校学生有(A)14000名(B)11600名(C) 9000名(D) 6200名(E) 3200名8.将2个红球与1个白球随机的放入甲、乙、丙三个盒子中,则乙盒中至少有1个红球的概率为(A)1./9 (B)8/27(C) 4/9 (D) 5/9 (E) 17/279.如图Ⅰ,四边形ABCD是边长为1的正方形,弧AOB,BOC,COD,DOA均为半圆,则阴影部分的面积为(A)1/2 (B)π/2(C) 1-π/4 (D) π/2-1(E)2-π/210.3个3口之家一起观看演出,他们购买了同一排的9张连坐票,则每一家的人都坐在一起的不同坐法有(A)(3!) ²种(B)(3!)³种(C)3(3!)³种(D)(3!)4 (E)9!种11.设P是圆x2+y2=2上的一点,该圆在点P的切线平行于直线x+y+2=0,则点p的坐标为(A)(-1,1)(B)(1,-1)(C)(0,√2)(D)(√2,0)(E)(1,1)12.设a,b,c是小于12的三个不同的质数(素数),且︱a-b︱+︱b-c︱+︱c-a︱=8,则a+b+c=(A)10 (B)12(C)14 (D)15 (E)1913.在年底的献爱心过程中,某单位共有100人参加捐款。

北京航空航天大学材料学专业模拟题3试卷-3

北京航空航天大学材料学专业模拟题3试卷-3

北京航空航天大学2011年硕士生入学考试模拟试题考生注意:1 所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上,写在本试题单上的答题一律无效,本答题单不参与阅卷。

2 试卷中“物理化学”和“材料现代研究方法”两部分所有学生必答。

“金属学原理”、“无机非金属材料学”和“高分子物理”三部分任选其一,必须在答题纸开头醒目位置注明所选内容。

3答本试卷需用有对数功能的计算器。

“物理化学“部分一、选择题(2’x15=30’)( )1. 关于热和功, 下面的说法中, 不正确的是(A) 功和热只出现于系统状态变化的过程中, 只存在于系统和环境间的界面上(B) 只有在封闭系统发生的过程中, 功和热才有明确的意义(C) 功和热不是能量, 而是能量传递的两种形式, 可称之为被交换的能量(D) 在封闭系统中发生的过程中, 如果内能不变, 则功和热对系统的影响必互相抵消( )2. dU=CvdT及dUm=Cv,mdT适用的条件完整地说应当是(A) 等容过程(B)无化学反应和相变的等容过程(C) 组成不变的均相系统的等容过程(D) 无化学反应和相变且不做非体积功的任何等容过程及无反应和相变而且系统内能只与温度有关的非等容过程( )3. 当某化学反应ΔCp<0,则该过程的ΔH随温度升高而(A) 下降 (B) 升高 (C) 不变 (D) 无规律( )4. 关于基尔霍夫定律适用的条件,确切地说是(A) 等容条件下的化学反应过程(B) 等压条件下的化学反应过程(C) 等压或等容且不做非体积功的化学反应过程(D) 纯物质在不同温度下的可逆相变过程和等压反应过程( )5. 关于热机的效率, 以下结论正确的是(A) 可逆热机的效率可以等于1, 但不能大于1(B) 可逆热机的效率与工作物质的种类有关(C) 可逆热机的效率与工作物质的状态无关(D) 可逆热机的效率均可表示为η=(T2-T1)/T1( )6. 若N2 (g)和CO2 都视为理想气体, 在等温等压下, 1mol N2 (g)和2 mol CO2 (g)混合后不发生变化的一组热力学性质是(A) U, H, V (B) G, H, V (C) S, U, G (D) A, H, S( )7. 在25℃时, H2 O(l)→H2 O(g)的Δvap G°m =44.02KJ/mol, 但实际上H2 O(l)在25℃及101325Pa压力下的空气中一般都会慢慢蒸发,从热力学上分析,这是由于(A) 对于这种过程, 吉氏函数不能作判据(B) 应当用Δvap Gm 而不是Δvap G°m 作判据(C) 应当用ΔA°作判据(D) 只能用ΔS总作判据( )8. 在下列过程中, ΔG=ΔA的是(A) 液体等温蒸发 (B) 气体绝热可逆膨胀(C) 理想气体在等温下混合 (D) 等温等压下的化学反应( )9. 影响沸点升高常数和凝固点降低常数值的主要因素是(A) 溶剂本性(B) 温度和压力 (C) 溶质本性(D) 温度和溶剂本性( )10. 要使一个化学反应系统在发生反应后焓值不变, 必须满足的条件是(A) 温度和内能都不变 (B) 内能和体积都不变(C) 孤立系统 (D) 内能, 压力与体积的乘积都不变( )11. 由Fe(s), FeO(s), C(s), CO(g), CO2 (g)五种物质组成一系统, 这些物质之间建立了化学平衡, 该系统的独立组分数(A) C=2 (B) C=3 (C) C=4 (D) C=5( )12. 某可逆性电池在以下三种情况下放电: (1)电流趋近于零;(2)有一定大小的工作电流; (3)短路。

北航911材料综合答案

北航911材料综合答案

北航20XX 年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案参考一、 选择题1.D2.C3.B4.C5.A6.A7.C8.D9.D 10.C 二、解答题 1.1→2为等温可逆膨胀,熵增过程 2→3为绝热可逆膨胀,恒熵过程 3→4为等温可逆压缩,熵减过程 4→1为绝热可逆压缩,恒熵过程34.244)90.838(51515234.244)41.1576(31323234.244)00.805(21212134.24420.36334.24457.569.25524323221+-⨯=∆+→++-⨯=∆+→++-⨯=∆+→++-=∆+→++-=∆+→+θθθθθ,,,,,m r m r m r m r m r G FeO Sb FeO G FeO Al Al FeO G Fe SiO Si FeO G Fe MnO Mn FeO G FeMgO Mg FeO 通过比较,θ1,m r G ∆最小,因而选用Mg 将使反应进行更为彻底,从热力学角度考虑Mg 最佳。

. NaCls O H NaBr PaP Pa Pa P s O H O B Na Pa P s O H O B Na O H O H O H 和适合的干燥剂有由以上条件,可选出最即,使使多余的水分除去,必须使不变质,必须使使)(223149122314)](10[912)](10[.3227422742222∙<<<∙>∙⎰∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∆+∆=∆>∆>=∂∂∴>∂∂-∂∂=∂∂∴∂∂<∂∂T m p r m r m r m p r m p B PB B PB B P B B P B B P B B P B B dTC K H T H G B C T HT HT H T H T HT H 298,.,)298()((00)()(0])([])([])(])([])([.4θθννννννν基尔霍夫定律)即反应物产物产物反应物)(0)(0)T ()T (0)298()2(0)(02980)298()1(,>∆=∆<∆∆<∆>∆∴>∆>>∆T H T H H H K H T H C K T K H m r m r m r m r m m r m p r m θθθθθθθ,此后后经某一温度,逐渐变大,开始时时,随温度升高,当,,时,又当 4321 S T三、计算题kJW W U Q W W Q U kJnRT V P W r r 823.33)0.144()477.2(3.180''477.2298314.8.1-=-----=--∆=⇒++=∆-=⨯-=-=∆-=过程所做体积功1130,0,0,130833.01214381121.2---∙∙≈====-=∙s mol dm k c c s t ktc c c mol dm A A A A A 代入得,当其反应速率方程为应,且可判断此反应为二极反由反应截距的单位5227.121298314.81046.30013111111110653.4exp expexp46.300)1095.10(2982.29777.100732.99745.1032.9972982972002.2973.09.29695.1055.3203.20553.248.33⨯≈===∙-=⨯⨯--=∆-∆=∆∙∙=+=∆+∆=∆∙∙==-=∆∙-=--==∆=∙∙=--==∆⨯⨯--∆----------∑∑RTG m r m r amb sys isoamb BB B m r BB B sys m r K mol kJ S T H G K mol J S S S K mol J T Q S mol kJ H H Q K mol J S S θθθνν四、选做题177111098.313.1105.413.165.3678.37)()(.1-----∙⨯=⨯=∆∆=∆∆=∆∆=∙∙=-=∆→Pa K S V TH V H V T dp dT K mol J S S S mm m m m m m r βαβαβαβαβαβα据克拉佩龙方程单斜斜方22222222224423.122436.122.2Cl O H Cl Mn MnO Cl H VOH Mn e H MnO V e Cl Cl +++→+++=++-+=-+-++-+--电池反应:阴:阳:可能制得氯气。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(含答案)

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(含答案)

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Osa ma government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a ―voluntary identify‖ system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ in safe ―neighborhoods‖ and bright ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license‖ mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the ―voluntaryand identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University in Rhode Island. For the rest of the decade she apparently juggled both roles (as well as several other directorships) without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire from students and alumni for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February Ms Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. Leaders from other fields are frequently in demand: former presidents or Cabinet members, retired CEOs, and yes, university presidents. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms, although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up", leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives, such as increasing pay, says Dr Fahlenbrach.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1,Ms Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profits B .failing to fulfill her dutyC .refusing to make compromises D. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investors B .unbiased executivesC .share price forecastersD .independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University,after an outside director’s Surprisedeparture ,the fire is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC .do less well in the stock market D. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers form the firm.B. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm.C. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm.D. will decline incentives from the firm.25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A permissiveB positiveC scornfulD criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting on June 15th. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. GermA.n and Brazilian papers shrugged off the recession (see article). Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the OECD. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely pruned. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. Just look at the fate of Otis Chandler’s creation.26.By saying ―Newspapers like ….their own doom‖(lines 3-4,para,1) the author indicates that newspapers .A .neglected the sign of crisisB .failed to get state subsidiesC .were not charitable corporationsD .were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .A .readers threatened to pay lessB .newspapers wanted to reduce costsC .journalists reported little about these areasD .subscribers complained about slimmer products.pared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspaper are much more stable because they .A .have more sources of revenueB .have more balanced newsroomsC .are less dependant on advertisingD .are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?A .Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B .Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers.C .Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspapers business.D .Readers have lost their interest in car and firm30.The most appropriate title for this text would beA .American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalB .American Newspapers: Gone with the WindC .American Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessD .American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase ―less is more‖ was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood — materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation ma sked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet —than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward ―less‖ was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses —usually around 1,200 square feet —than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The ―Case Study Houses‖ commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ―less is more‖ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the land scape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though mosteventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .A. prosperity an growthB. efficiency and practicalityC. restraint and confidenceD. pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?A. It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .A. was related to large spaceB. was identified with emptinessC. was not reliant on abundant decorationD. was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?A. They ignored details and proportions.B. They were built with materials popular at that time.C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the ―Case Study Houses‖?A. Mechanical devices were widely used.B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded outlandish not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a ―Bermuda triangle‖ of debt, demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that stray. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a count ry’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French dirigisme.A ―southern‖ camp headed by France wants something different: ―European economic government‖ within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: eg, curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA .it has more or less lost faith in marketsB .even its supporters begin to feel concernedC .some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD .it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powersA .are competing for the leading positionB .are busy handling their own crisesC. fail to reach an agreement on harmonisationD .disagree on the steps towards disintegration38 To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed thatA .EU funds for poor regions be increasedB .stricter regulations be imposedC .only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD .voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA. poor countries are more likely to get fundsB .strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC .loans will be readily available to rich countriesD .rich countries will basically control EurobondsA .pessimisticB .desperate C. conceited D. hopefulPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A — G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41 — 45). There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt toimprove school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals – areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.Section III TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)We would have thought that globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment Google search an leak between 0.2 and 0.7 grams of C2O,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right‖ answer. To deliver results to its needs quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of C2O,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centre need to be well air-confirmed gases even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency quickly and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the need to production, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her, and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图参考答案选择题:1-5ACBDD 6-10BACCA 11-15DBACA 16-20CDACD21-25BBDAA 26-30DBCBB 31-35BDCDB 36-40DCBAC 41-45EDCFG46翻译有谁会想到,在全球范围内,IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多?占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。

北京航空航天大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题

北京航空航天大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题

北京航空航天大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码:996专业基础知识综合(共6页)考生注意:所有答题务必书写在考场提供的答题纸上,写在本试题单上的答题一律无效(本题单不参与阅卷)。

一、选择题,从A.B.C.D选项中选择一个正确答案(本题共60分,每一小题各1分)。

1.历史悠久的中国古代绘画可以概括为民间画、宫廷画、()三大类。

A.文人画B. 水墨画C. 工笔画D. 写意画2.1983年在()的牛河梁村发现红山文化女神庙遗址。

A.江苏B. 甘肃C. 陕西D. 辽宁3.1986年,在四川()的三星堆发现晚商时代的大型祭祀遗址,并出土了一大批青铜器以及铸像。

A.广元B.广汉C. 江油D. 内江4.战国时期的帛画《龙凤人物图》,1942年2月自()楚墓出土。

A.河南洛阳东郊B. 湖北江陵马山C. 湖南长沙陈家大山D. 湖南长沙子弹库5.中国山水画理论中的“六要”是五代时期的荆浩在其()中提出的。

A.《笔法记》B. 《山水要诀》C. 《山水记》D. 《山水画要诀》6.花鸟画史上所说的“黄家富贵,徐熙野逸”是指五代时期南唐的()和西蜀的徐熙为代表的不同绘画风格。

A.黄筌B. 黄荃C. 黄峑D. 黄全7.阎立本的作品()描绘的是唐太宗谓文成公主和吐蕃王松赞干布联姻的事件。

A.《职贡图》B. 《步辇图》C. 《文成公主降蕃图》D. 《朝贡图》8.现存故宫博物院的南宋作品()是马远大幅山水画的代表作。

A.《寒江独钓图》B. 《对月图》C. 《高阁听秋图》D. 《踏歌图》9.郭熙在其山水画论著()中提出了“三远”。

A.《画继》B. 《林泉高致》C. 《图画见闻志》D. 《笔法记》10.《苦瓜和尚画语录》的作者是()。

A.石涛B. 髡残C. 朱耷D. 弘仁11.北宋时期的官方绘画机构是()。

A.如意馆B. 画作处C. 秘书省D. 翰林图画院12.敦煌莫高窟北朝壁画的代表性题材是()。

A.经变故事B. 孝子故事C. 佛本生故事D. 神话故事13.()在系统总结文人画历史的过程中,以佛家禅宗分南北为喻,推出了“南北宗论”。

2011年北京航空航天大学行政管理考研真题及解析-基础

2011年北京航空航天大学行政管理考研真题及解析-基础

官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军 2011年北京航空航天大学考研真题及解析行政管理基础一、名词解释(本题共30分,每小题各6分)。

1.立宪主义【育明教育解析】这道题考察的是政治学的内容。

立宪主义﹙constitutionalism ﹚是一种关于人类社会应如何组织其国家及其政治生活的规范性思想,其精髓在于以宪法和法律来规范政府的产生、更替及其权力的行使,藉以防止人民的人权受到政权的侵害,并进而确保政权的行使能符合人民的利益。

立宪主义既是一个价值目标,也是一种手段 — 就是实现自由主义理想的其中一种方法:自由主义高扬每个个人的尊严、价值、自主性、自由和人权,并指出国家统治者所掌握的政权是人权和自由的最大威胁。

2.左派【育明教育解析】在政治中,左派,又称左翼,是指支持改变传统社会秩序,创造更为平等的财富和基本权利分配。

“左派”这名词是来自法国大革命时期,在议会中坐在左侧,支持共和制、大众政治运动和世俗化的人。

左派的概念起源于1848年的六月革命。

第一国际的组织者视自己为法国大革命左派的后继者。

“左派”在欧洲适用于一些革命运动,特别是社会主义、无政府主义3和共产主义,也可用来称呼社会民主主义。

在当代政治话语中,“左派”通常是指社会自由主义或社会主义。

3.统计性标准【育明教育解析】略4.彼德原理【育明教育解析】本题考察的是张国庆公共行政学第一章的知识点。

彼得原理(The Peter Principle)是由美国教育学家、心理学家和管理学家彼得根据千百个有关组织中不能胜任的失败实例的分析而归纳出来 。

其具体内容是:“在一个等级制度中,每个职工趋向于上升到他所不能胜任的地位”。

彼得指出,每一个职工由于在原有职位上工作成绩表现好(胜任),就将被提升到更高一级职位;其后,如果继续胜任则将进一步被提升,直至到达他所不能胜任的职位。

由此导出的彼得推论是,“每一个职位最终都将被一个不能胜任其工作的职工所占据。

北京航空航天大学911材料综合材料现代研究方法作业习题精选全文

北京航空航天大学911材料综合材料现代研究方法作业习题精选全文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版作业习题一、主要参考书1.王富耻. 材料现代分析测试方法[M],北京理工大学出版社,2006.2.高家武等. 高分子材料近代测试技术[M],北京航空航天大学出版社,1998.二、学习指导阅读作业:参考书1:材料现代分析测试方法第七章(266-288页)第六章(248-259页)第九章(334-337页)参考书2:高分子材料近代测试技术第三章(85-125页)总体学习目标:1.定性理解差热分析(DTA)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重法(TG)和动态力学热分析(DMTA)等热分析技术的基本原理及影响因素;2. 掌握热分析曲线解析方法和热分析技术在材料研究领域中的具体应用;3.定性地理解在红外光谱(IR)中分子结构对吸收峰位置的影响;4.学会利用解析红外光谱图谱并辨别未知物分子结构中的官能团;5.定性地理解核磁共振(NMR)的物理原理及影响化学位移和自旋-自旋裂分的因素;6.学会解析核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR),并学习综合利用IR和NMR等分析推断有机分子和聚合物的结构。

三、思考题节选X射线衍射解释名词:1.特征X射线 2.相干散射 3.倒易矢量 4.倒易球 5.光电效应 6.吸收限 7.俄歇效应 8.X射线的激发电压 9.X射线的工作电压 10.非相干散射11.晶带 12.晶带定律 13.倒易点阵简答题1.X射线产生的条件是什么?2.空间点阵与晶体结构是什么关系?3.干涉指数与晶面指数是什么关系?4.X射线在晶体中产生衍射的极限条件是什么?5.倒易矢量的基本性质?6.X射线分析中工作电压如何选择?7.X射线衍射仪中测角仪其什么作用?8.写出X射线定性物相分析的程序?9.X射线衍射仪有什么用途?10.什么是厄瓦尔德作图法?11.正点阵中,同一晶带的面在倒易空间中与什么相对应?12.四种类型点阵的系统消光规律?13.用厄瓦尔德图法解释劳厄法的成像原理和劳厄斑点的分布规律?14.什么是X射线粉末法衍射花样指数化方法?15.什么是X射线谱中,波长最短的短波限对应的X射线光子能量应是最大,但为什么最大强度出现在中央、16.说明标识X射线谱产生的机理。

北航911材料综合物理化学期中

北航911材料综合物理化学期中

物理化学期中试题班级 学号 姓名 分数一、填充题(共32分)1、公式⊿U =∫nC V ,m dT 的应用条件是 ; 或者是 。

2、使某一封闭体系由某一指定的初态变化到某一指定的终态。

Q 、W 、Q+W 及⊿U 中确定的量是 ;不确定的量是 。

3、对一定量的纯物质体系,在不做非体积功时=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂p T H ;=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂pT G ;=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂Tp G 。

4、1mol 某液体在其沸点蒸发为气体,下列各量中增加的有 ,不变的有 。

a 蒸汽压、b 汽化热、c 熵、d 吉布斯能、e 内能、f 体积5、下列各量中是偏摩尔量的为 ;是化学势的为 。

a.)(,,B C n p T B C n U ≠⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂b.)(,,B C n S T B C n U ≠⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂ c.)(,,B C n p S B C n H ≠⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂ d.)(,,B C n p T B C n G ≠⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂ 6、氧气和乙炔气溶于水中的亨利系数分别为7.20×107Pa·kg·mol -1和1.33×108Pa·kg·mol -1,由此可知,相同条件下,在水中溶解度较大的气体是 。

7、由A 、B 组成液体混合物时,若组分A 对理想溶液产生正偏差,则A 的活度a A =γA ·x A其中γA 1,且x A 时,γA =1。

8、化学反应的等温方程式为 ,其中用于判断反应限度的是 ;用于判断反应方向的是 。

9、水煤气反应C(s) + H 2O(g) = CO(g) + H 2(g) ,在400℃时达平衡,1m r mol kJ 5133H -θ⋅=∆.。

为使平衡右移或提高产率,可采取的措施有(1) ;(2) ;(3) ;(4) ;(5) 。

二、填充下表(共44分)判断进行表中各过程时,指定的物理量是“+”、“-”、“0”或“不定”?并指出相应过程所选方向判据函数及判据式。

2011年北航行管考研真题及答题思路解析

2011年北航行管考研真题及答题思路解析

育明教育2014年北京航空航天大学行政管理考研辅导再创佳绩2014年,育明教育共有6名学员成功考上北京航空航天大学行政管理专业,包括贾yue学员(二本),朱lilin学员(二本)等等北大人大教授+阅卷名师+精准的押题2015年北京航空航天大学行管考研全程班(基础+强化+冲刺)优惠价2500元!赠送阅卷人指导一对一指导!北京航空航天大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题(科目代码:712)行政管理基础一、名词解释(本题共30分,每小题各6分)。

1、立宪主义立宪主义﹙constitutionalism﹚是一种关于人类社会应如何组织其国家及其政治生活的规范性思想,其精髓在于以宪法和法律来规范政府的产生、更替及其权力的行使,藉以防止人民的人权受到政权的侵害,并进而确保政权的行使能符合人民的利益。

立宪主义既是一个价值目标,也是一种手段—就是实现自由主义理想的其中一种方法:自由主义高扬每个个人的尊严、价值、自主性、自由和人权,并指出国家统治者所掌握的政权是人权和自由的最大威胁。

2、左派在政治中,左派,又称左翼,是指支持改变传统社会秩序,创造更为平等的财富和基本权利分配。

“左派”这名词是来自法国大革命时期,在议会中坐在左侧,支持共和制、大众政治运动和世俗化的人。

左派的概念起源于1848年的六月革命。

第一国际的组织者视自己为法国大革命左派的后继者。

“左派”在欧洲适用于一些革命运动,特别是社会主义、无政府主义3和共产主义,也可用来称呼社会民主主义。

在当代政治话语中,“左派”通常是指社会自由主义或社会主义。

3、统计性标准4、彼德原理彼得原理(The Peter Principle)是由美国教育学家、心理学家和管理学家彼得根据千百个有关组织中不能胜任的失败实例的分析而归纳出来。

其具体内容是:“在一个等级制度中,每个职工趋向于上升到他所不能胜任的地位”。

彼得指出,每一个职工由于在原有职位上工作成绩表现好(胜任),就将被提升到更高一级职位;其后,如果继续胜任则将进一步被提升,直至到达他所不能胜任的职位。

2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 管理类联考综合真题及答案详解

2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 管理类联考综合真题及答案详解

- 2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 管理类专业学位联考综合能力试题一、问题求解:第 1~15 小题,每小题 3 分,共 45 分。

下列每题给出的 A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个 选项中,只有一项是符合试题要求的。

请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。

1.已知船在静水中的速度为 28km / h ,河水的流速为 2km / h .则此船在相距 78km 的两地间往 返一次所需要的时间是( ) .A.5.9hB.5.6hC.5.4hD.4.4hE.4h2.若实数 a,b,c 满足a 3+ 3b + 5 +(5c 4)2 = 0 ,则 abc = ( ) .A. 4B. 5C. 4D. 4E.33 3 53. 某年级 60 名学生中, 有 30 人参加合唱团、45 人参加运动队,其中参加合唱团而未参加运 动队的有 8 人,则参加运动队而未参加合唱团的有( ) .A.15 人B.22 人C.23 人D.30 人E.37 人4.现有一个半径为 R 的球体,拟用刨床将其加工成正方体,则能加工成的最大正方体的体积 是( ) .A. R 33B. R 39C. R 33D. R 33E. R 395.2007 年,某市的全年研究与试验发展( R & D )经费支出 300 亿元,比 2006 年增长 20%, 该市的 GDP 为 10000 亿元, 比 2006 年增长 10%.则 2006 年,该市的 R & D 经费支出占当年 GDP 的( ) .A.1.75% B .2% C.2.5% D.2.75% E.3%6.现从 5 名管理专业、4 名经济专业和 1 名财会专业的学生中随机派出一个 3 人小组,则该3 4 8 8 3 1小组中 3 个专业各有 1 名学生的概率为( ) .1 A.21B.31C.41D.51E.67.一所四年制大学每年的毕业生七月份离校,新生九月份入学.该校 2001 年招生 2000 名,之后每年比上一年多招 200 名,则该校 2007 年九月底的在校学生有( ) .A.14000 名 B.11600 名 C.9000 名 D.6200 名 E.3200 名8.将 2 个红球与 1 个白球随机地放入甲、乙、丙三个盒子中,则乙盒中至少有 1 个红球的概率为( ) .1 A.9B.274C.9D.9E.279.如图 1,四边形 ABCD 是边长为 1 的正方形,弧A一OB,,,D一OA 均为半圆,则阴影部分的面积为( ) .A.12 B.2C.14D.12E.2210. 3 个 3 口之家一起观看演出,他们购买了同一排的 9 张连座票,则每一家的人都坐在一起的不同坐法有( ) .A.(3!)2 种 B.(3!)3 种 C. 3( 3!)3 种 D.(3!)4 种 E.9! 种11.设 P 是圆x2 + y2 = 2 上的一点,该圆在点 P 处的切线平行于直线 x + y + 2 = 0,则点 P 的坐标为( ) .A. ( 1,1) B. (1, 1) C. (0, 2 ) D. ( 2 , 0) E. (1,1)-851712.设a,b,c 是小于 12 的三个不同的质数(素数),且a 一 b+ b 一 c + c 一 a = 8 ,则a + b+ c = ( ) .A.10 B.12 C.14 D.15 E.1913.在年底的献爱心活动中,某单位共有 100 人参加捐款.经统计,捐款总额 19000 元,个人捐款数额有 100 元、500 元和 2000 元三种.该单位捐款 500 元的人数为( ) .A.13 B.18 C.25 D.30 E.3814.某施工队承担了开凿一条长为 2400m 隧道的工程,在掘进了400m 后,由于改进了施工工艺,每天比原计划多掘进 2m ,最后提前 50 天完成了施工任务.原计划施工工期是( ) . A.200 天 B.240 天 C.250 天 D.300 天 E.350 天15.已知 x2 + y2 = 9, xy = 4 ,则= ( ) .1 A.21B.51C.61D.131E.14二、条件充分性判断:第 16~25 小题,每小题 3 分,共 30 分。

北京航空航天大学911材料综合研究生入学考试大纲(2012版)

北京航空航天大学911材料综合研究生入学考试大纲(2012版)

911材料综合考试大纲(2012版)《材料综合》满分150分,考试内容包括《物理化学》、《材料现代研究方法》《材料科学基础》三门课程,其中《物理化学》占总分的50%,《材料现代研究方法》占总分的30%,《材料科学基础》占总分的20%。

特别注意:《材料科学基础》分为三部分,考生可任选其中一部分作答。

物理化学考试大纲(2012版)适用专业:材料科学与工程专业《物理化学》是化学、化工、材料及环境等专业的基础课。

它既是专业知识结构中重要的一环,又是后续专业课程的基础。

要求考生通过本课程的学习,掌握化学热力学及化学动力学的基本知识;培养学生对化学变化和相变化的平衡规律及变化速率规律等物理化学问题,具有明确的基本概念,熟练的计算能力,同时具有一般科学方法的训练和逻辑思维能力,体会并掌握怎样由实验结果出发进行归纳和演绎,或由假设和模型上升为理论,并能结合具体条件应用理论分析解决较为简单的化学热力学及动力学问题。

一、考试内容及要求以下按化学热力学基础、多组分系统热力学、相平衡、化学平衡、界面现象、电化学、以及化学动力学六部分列出考试内容及要求。

并按深入程度分为了解、理解(或明了)和掌握(或会用)三个层次进行要求。

(一)化学热力学基础理解平衡状态、状态函数、可逆过程、热力学标准态等基本概念;理解热力学第一、第二、第三定律的表述及数学表达式涵义;明了热、功、内能、焓、熵和Gibss函数,以及标准生成焓、标准燃烧焓、标准摩尔熵和标准摩尔吉布斯函数等概念。

熟练掌握在物质的p、T、V变化,相变化和化学变化过程中求算热、功以及各种热力学状态函数变化值的原理和方法;在将热力学公式应用于特定体系的时候,能应用状态方程(主要是理想气体状态方程)和物性数据(热容、相变热、蒸汽压等)进行计算。

掌握熵增原理和吉布斯函数减小原理判据及其应用;明了热力学公式的适用条件,理解热力学基本方程、对应系数方程。

(二)多组分系统热力学及相平衡理解偏摩尔量和化学势的概念;理解并掌握化学势判据及其应用;理解并掌握Clapeyron公式和Clausius-Clapeyron方程,并能进行有关计算。

北航911材料综合考试大纲(2011版)

北航911材料综合考试大纲(2011版)

911材料综合考试大纲(2011版)《材料综合》满分150分,考试内容包括《物理化学》、《材料现代研究方法》《材料科学基础》三门课程,其中《物理化学》占总分的50%,《材料现代研究方法》占总分的30%,《材料科学基础》占总分的20%。

特别注意:《材料科学基础》分为三部分,考生可任选其中一部分作答。

物理化学考试大纲(2011版)适用专业:材料科学与工程专业《物理化学》是化学、化工、材料及环境等专业的基础课。

它既是专业知识结构中重要的一环,又是后续专业课程的基础。

要求考生通过本课程的学习,掌握化学热力学及化学动力学的基本知识;培养学生对化学变化和相变化的平衡规律及变化速率规律等物理化学问题,具有明确的基本概念,熟练的计算能力,同时具有一般科学方法的训练和逻辑思维能力,体会并掌握怎样由实验结果出发进行归纳和演绎,或由假设和模型上升为理论,并能结合具体条件应用理论分析解决较为简单的化学热力学及动力学问题。

一、考试内容及要求以下按化学热力学基础、多组分系统热力学、相平衡、化学平衡、界面现象、电化学、以及化学动力学六部分列出考试内容及要求。

并按深入程度分为了解、理解(或明了)和掌握(或会用)三个层次进行要求。

(一)化学热力学基础理解平衡状态、状态函数、可逆过程、热力学标准态等基本概念;理解热力学第一、第二、第三定律的表述及数学表达式涵义;明了热、功、内能、焓、熵和Gibss函数,以及标准生成焓、标准燃烧焓、标准摩尔熵和标准摩尔吉布斯函数等概念。

熟练掌握在物质的p、T、V变化,相变化和化学变化过程中求算热、功以及各种热力学状态函数变化值的原理和方法;在将热力学公式应用于特定体系的时候,能应用状态方程(主要是理想气体状态方程)和物性数据(热容、相变热、蒸汽压等)进行计算。

掌握熵增原理和吉布斯函数减小原理判据及其应用;明了热力学公式的适用条件,理解热力学基本方程、对应系数方程。

(二)多组分系统热力学及相平衡理解偏摩尔量和化学势的概念;理解并掌握化学势判据及其应用;理解并掌握Clapeyron公式和Clausius-Clapeyron方程,并能进行有关计算。

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-3-
2011 年金属学原理参考答案
九、
解:(1)扩散的基本机制:
a) 间隙机制:在间隙固溶体中,溶质原子从一个间隙未知跳到另外一个间隙位置的扩 散。碳,氮氢等小的间隙原子更容易采用间隙机制扩散
b) 空位机制:晶体中存在着空位。纯金属中的自扩散和置换固溶体中的扩散就是通 过原子与空位交换位置实现的。这种扩散方式称为空位机制.大多数情况下原子扩 散是借助空位机制实现的。
十、
a) 由于相变阻力大,相变的过冷度一般很大 b) 固态相变都非自发形核 c) 晶体缺陷对固态相变形核、生长及固态相变组织和性能具有决定性影响 d) 新相与母相间往往存在严格的晶体学取向过程 e) 相变历程复杂,往往晶粒溶质偏析—过渡相析出—稳定相析出等一系列历程。
十一、
一、控制凝固过程:
a) 加快冷却速度,获得较大过冷度(降低浇铸温度、提高铸型冷却能力、减小零件壁厚、 强制冷却、内外“冷铁”,等等),使液态金属同时大量形成晶核。形核率和晶体长大 速率都增大但是形核率增长的更快
十二、
1
a) 细晶强化:由霍儿-配奇公式s 0 kd 2 ,晶粒细化后s 增大相当于屈服强度增
大,故细化晶粒可以达到强化的目的,主要是由于晶界处的原子排列不规则,晶界处杂 质原子富集形成各种气团,而且晶界两侧的晶粒取向不同,因此常温下晶界的存在会对 位错的运动起阻碍作用致使塑性变形抗力提高宏观表现为晶界比晶内具有较高的强度 和硬度。 b) 加工硬化:由于位错间交互作用产生位错增殖,位错密度急剧增加,位错难于移动,位 错交割形成大量割阶,钉孔位错,位错交割形成位错网,位错反应形成 Lomer 或 Lomer -Contrell 位错锁,以上都会阻止位错的运动滑移都有利于硬化 c) 固溶强化:由于位错与溶质原子的交互作用而产生的强化。溶质原子的存在会产生晶格 畸变和弹性应变场阻碍位错的正常运动,溶质原子可能会与位错产生弹性交互作用、化 学交互作用、以及静电交互作用;位错运动时会改变溶质原子的分布情况引起系统能量 升高,由此也会增加滑移变形的抗力。(或者更简单的解释:溶质原子会向位错偏聚, 形成溶质气团,降低位错的应变能和系统能量,位错变得稳定从而难以移动) d) 粒子强化:a 绕过粒子:强化效果取决于粒子尺寸以及粒子间距,与粒子本性无关。运 动中心位错在滑移面上受到第二相质点阻碍时,如质点尺寸和间距较大,则位错线将绕 其弯曲,且形成包围质点的位错环,同时原位错继续前进,但位错间这种方式运动所受 阻力大。b 切割粒子:第二相强度不大时,可随基体一起变形,且第二相质点与位错间 作用力不足以把位错组织在质点处时,位错会直接切过质点使质点分成两部分,除质点 周围应力场阻碍位错运动外,质点本身对位错亦有阻力。强化效果取决于粒子的本性(界 面共格错配度、界面能、弹性模量差、层错能差、有序度等)。
-2-
六、 (1)
2011 年材料现代研究方法参考答案
1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1∶1
d12
d22
d32
d
2 4
d52
d62
d72
d82
d92
3∶4∶8∶11∶12∶16∶19∶20∶24
符合面心立方的结构。
(2)(111), (200), (220), (311), (222), (400), (331)(, 420)(, 422)
c) 交换机制,需要的激活能较大,一般较少 d) 晶界相界表面位错等缺陷处的扩散,扩散速率较晶内大得多
(2)影响扩散的主要因素:
a) 温度,温度是影响扩散速率最主要的因素,温度越高,原子热激活能量越大,越 易发生迁移
b) 固溶体类型,间隙固溶体的扩散激活能比置换固溶体的小,更易扩散 c) 晶体结构,体心立方结构的致密度较小,原子更易迁移 d) 晶体缺陷,位错晶界表面对原子扩散起着快速通道的作用 e) 化学成分,熔点高的金属自扩散激活能大,杂质对组元的扩散也有影响 f) 应力的作用,应力可以提供原子扩散的驱动力
Ssu,2
Qsy,2 Tsu
W2 Tsu
psu
nR p2
nR p1Biblioteka 74.8JK
1
S su ,3
Qsy,3 Tsu
0
四、 解: (1)二级反应(由反应物初始浓度与半衰期的乘积的单位得出)
(2)反应完成一半时: 1
1 2
C
A,0
1 CA,0
kt1 /
2
反应完成7 / 8时: 1
1 8
二、选择题
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
C
B
A
C
D
B
A
B
B
C
D
A
三、 解:∵三过程的始末态相同,,∴系统熵变相同
Ssy,3 Ssy,2 Ssy,1 ST nRn( p1 / p2 ) {10.008.314}[J K 1]n 1.000 0.100 191 J K1
Ssu,1 Ssy,1 191 J K1 ,
八、 (1)①从 X 射线管中的阳极发出的电子,在高电压的作用下,以很快的速度撞到阳极耙 上时,如果电子的能量足够大,就可以将原子内层电子击出,此时,原子处于高能 的不稳定状态,外层电子将向内层跃迁,并同时将多余的能量以 X 射线的形式释放 出来,该 X 射线即特征 X 射线。 ②当加速电压低于临界值 Uk 时,不能将原子内层电子击出,不产生特征 X 射线。 (2)样品的原子序数 Z (3)原子中的电子数,fx=Z(θ = 0)
北航 2011 年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案参考
2011 年物理化学参考答案
一、判断题 1. 错(适用条件为组成不变,非体积功为零的定压变温过程。) 2. 对(乙醇和水混合形成完全互溶溶液沸点介于乙醇和水的沸点之间。) 3. 对(C=3,P=2,F=C-P+1=3-2+1+2) 4. 错(C=2,F=C-P+2≥0,P≤C+2,故最多只能三相共存) 5. 错(表面张力的方向和液面相切)
五、(1)Hg2SO4(s)+Cd(Hg)(a)+8/3H2O→CdSO4·8/3H2O(s)+Hg(l)
(2)常温时(25℃),镉汞齐为糊状,即在 L+α相区,L+α相区的镉含量在 5%-14%之 间。
(3)D 处的相数为 3,相变化:L 冷 加却 热 ,D 处的相点为:L、α、β三相共存。
CA,0
1
CA,0
kt7/8
∴t7/8 7∶1 t1/ 2
(3)∵t1/2
cA,0
=50,t 1/ 2
1 k1cA,0
,∴k1
0.02mol 1
L S 1
-1-
由阿累尼乌斯方程:l nk Ea l nA 得, - Ea
RT
R
∴Ea 1 6 . 6 2K8J mol1
2000,
-5-
七、 入射波的波长为λ,作以 C 为球心,半径为 1/λ球,即厄瓦尔德球。当波长λ很小时,厄
瓦尔德球半径极大,在 O*附近可近似为平面,所以,只有满足布拉格方程 2dsinθ = λ,并 与入射方向近似平行(衍射角θ 很小),且在 O*附近的倒易点可以产生衍射斑点,这些倒易 点所构成的二维图形相当于一个与厄瓦尔德球相截,且垂直于入射波矢的二维倒易平面点阵 (uvw)*。
b) 提纯熔体以扩大过冷度(深过冷) c) 加强液态金属的流动(浇铸方式、机械搅拌与振动、电磁及超声搅拌与振动等等),使
形成的枝晶打断和型壁晶体游离,这些枝晶碎片又可以成为新的结晶核心从而细化晶粒。 d) 孕育处理,加入晶粒细化剂促进形核,加入形核剂促进非均匀形核 e) 微合金化处理
-4-
二、变形热处理,即通过塑性变形后再结晶形成大量新的无畸变晶核细化晶粒 三、固态相变,即通过固态相变新相大量非均匀形核来细化晶粒
(3) F=fa [1+cos (h+k)+cos (k+l)+cos (h+l)]
若h、k、l全奇或者全偶时,F=4f
,有衍射;
a
若h、k、l不是全奇或者全偶时,F=0,没有衍射。
(4)第八,第九的衍射峰分为k1和k 2两个峰,角度小强度大的为k1。
(5)由布拉格方程2d sin ,可得出高角度时,d小,大,分辨率高,出现分峰现象, 低角度时,d大,小,分辨率低没有出现分峰现象。
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