曼昆经济学原理第七版第10章 外部性 PPT课件
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• Positive externality
– Impact on the bystander is beneficial
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
of sellers. The equilibrium quantity, QMARKET, maximizes the total value to buyers minus the total costs of sellers. In the absence of externalities, therefore, the market
Quantity of Aluminum
In the presence of a negative externality, such as pollution, the social cost of the
good exceeds the private cost. The optimal quantity, QOPTIMUM, is therefore smaller than the equilibrium quantity, QMARKET.
equilibrium is efficient.
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
adversely by the negative externality
– Social cost curve is above the supply curve
• Takes into account the external costs imposed on society
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
8
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 2
Pollution and the Social Optimum
10
Externalities
PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University
wenku.baidu.com
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
• Efficient • Maximizes the sum of producer and
consumer surplus
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
• Negative externalities
– Cost to society (of producing a good)
• Larger than the cost to the good producers
“All I can say is that if being a leading manufacturer means being a leading polluter, so be it.”
Price of Aluminum
External Cost
Optimum
Social cost (private cost and external cost)
Supply (private cost)
Equilibrium
Demand (private value)
0
QOPTIMUM QMARKET
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
2
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
6
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
• Welfare economics: a recap
– Demand curve: value to consumers
• Prices they are willing to pay
– Supply curve: cost to suppliers – Equilibrium quantity and price
• Government – correct market failure
– Internalizing the externality
• Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
– Exhaust from automobiles – Barking dogs
• Positive externalities
– Restored historic buildings – Research into new technologies
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
9
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
7
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
3
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities
• Negative externalities
– Why markets sometimes fail to allocate resources efficiently
– How government policies can potentially improve the market’s allocation
– What kinds of policies are likely to work best
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
• Negative externalities
– Optimum quantity produced
• Maximize total welfare • Smaller than market equilibrium quantity
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
• Negative externalities
– Social cost
• Private costs of the producers (supply) • Plus the costs to those bystanders affected
Externalities
• Externality
– The uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander
– Market failure
• Negative externality
– Impact on the bystander is adverse
Price of Aluminum
Supply (private cost)
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
QMARKET
Quantity of
Aluminum
The demand curve reflects the value to buyers, and the supply curve reflects the costs
5
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 1
The Market for Aluminum
1
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities
• Government action can sometimes improve upon market outcomes
4
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
– Impact on the bystander is beneficial
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
of sellers. The equilibrium quantity, QMARKET, maximizes the total value to buyers minus the total costs of sellers. In the absence of externalities, therefore, the market
Quantity of Aluminum
In the presence of a negative externality, such as pollution, the social cost of the
good exceeds the private cost. The optimal quantity, QOPTIMUM, is therefore smaller than the equilibrium quantity, QMARKET.
equilibrium is efficient.
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
adversely by the negative externality
– Social cost curve is above the supply curve
• Takes into account the external costs imposed on society
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
8
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 2
Pollution and the Social Optimum
10
Externalities
PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCU Eastern Illinois University
wenku.baidu.com
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
• Efficient • Maximizes the sum of producer and
consumer surplus
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
• Negative externalities
– Cost to society (of producing a good)
• Larger than the cost to the good producers
“All I can say is that if being a leading manufacturer means being a leading polluter, so be it.”
Price of Aluminum
External Cost
Optimum
Social cost (private cost and external cost)
Supply (private cost)
Equilibrium
Demand (private value)
0
QOPTIMUM QMARKET
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
2
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
6
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
• Welfare economics: a recap
– Demand curve: value to consumers
• Prices they are willing to pay
– Supply curve: cost to suppliers – Equilibrium quantity and price
• Government – correct market failure
– Internalizing the externality
• Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
– Exhaust from automobiles – Barking dogs
• Positive externalities
– Restored historic buildings – Research into new technologies
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
9
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
7
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
3
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities
• Negative externalities
– Why markets sometimes fail to allocate resources efficiently
– How government policies can potentially improve the market’s allocation
– What kinds of policies are likely to work best
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
• Negative externalities
– Optimum quantity produced
• Maximize total welfare • Smaller than market equilibrium quantity
Externalities and Market Inefficiency
• Negative externalities
– Social cost
• Private costs of the producers (supply) • Plus the costs to those bystanders affected
Externalities
• Externality
– The uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander
– Market failure
• Negative externality
– Impact on the bystander is adverse
Price of Aluminum
Supply (private cost)
Equilibrium
Demand
(private value)
0
QMARKET
Quantity of
Aluminum
The demand curve reflects the value to buyers, and the supply curve reflects the costs
5
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Figure 1
The Market for Aluminum
1
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities
• Government action can sometimes improve upon market outcomes
4
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Externalities and Market Inefficiency