托福TPO阅读话题分类-更新.docx
托福TPO真题阅读答案解析
托福TPO真题阅读答案解析托福TPO真题阅读答案解析只有愚者才等待机会，而智者则造就机会。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福TPO真题阅读答案解析，希望大家能有所收获，l 答案及题目解析Key:1.B2.A3.C4.C5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C 11.D 12.B 13-14.125题目解析：1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?(Factual Information Question)A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.相关原句：Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence ofa fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.(Paragraph 1)本题解析：cannot disguise…意为“不能掩盖…”，因此“the presence of blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals”意思是“具有blowhol(出气孔)并不能掩盖这一事实：鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系(affinities)”;B选项中cannot concea(不能隐藏)l恰好与 cannot disguise相吻合，并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实，因此选择B。
托福TPO阅读题目汇总
1: The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.○Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.○Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.○Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.○Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM. 2: Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas. 3: The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.○ While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○ Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.○The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.4: Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).○ The fossil record suggests that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.○ Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.○ Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.○ Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.5: Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.○Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society. ○Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.○Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.○Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.○As a glacier moves, it leaves behind rock formationsthat have been engulfed, pushed, and dragged by theglacier.○Glaciers reshape the landscape by carving into rockand transporting the resulting debris todistantlocations.○Glaciers carve the hardest rock formations with great energy and slowly reshape them into debris.○The tremendous energy of slowly moving glacierstransports and finally deposits rock debris into largerock formations.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.○It was difficult for some critics in the 1920s to imagine why the idea of sound film had faded from sight well before the First World War.○As surprising as it seems today, some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade just as quickly as the attempts made before the First World War.○Though some early critics thought that sound film would fade, its popularity during the First World War proved that it was not simply a technical novelty.○Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an important technical innovation, it was not attempted until the 1920s.Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.○Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period,depends on changeable factors such as temperature.○A major feature of the biological clock is that itsperiod does not change despite significant changes in the environment.○A factor such as temperature is an importantfeature in the establishment of the biological clock'speriod.○Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.○Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenlydistributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.○Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women topossess the same skills as men and take part in themilitary.○Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies werecaused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differencesin military training between men and women.○In pastoral societies, gender inequality iscomparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals.○Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.○The original Polynesian settlers were probably marooned on the islands, but they may have been joined later by carefully prepared colonization expeditions.○Although it seems reasonable to believe that colonization expeditions would set out fully stocked, this is contradicted by much of the evidence.○The settlement of the Pacific islands was probably intentional and well planned rather than accidental as some people have proposed.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.○Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.○One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature. ○Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.○Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.○But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.○But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.○But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.○But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.○ Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.○The practice of being reflective is no longer simply a habit among teachers but something that is externally motivated.○Most teachers need to explore ways to form the habit of reflection even when no external motivation exists.○Many aspects of the motivation to reflect have not been studied, including the comparative benefits of externally motivated and habitual reflection among teachers.○There has not been enough exploration of why teachers practice reflection as a habit with or without external motivation.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.○When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.。
TOEFL阅读历年考题分类：题材篇(三)
TOEFL阅读历年考题分类：题材篇（三）（三）自然科学：1.植物学，微生物2.动物学3.生理学4.地质学，地理学，天文学，气象学5.考古学，人类学6.物理，化学，医药，环境1.植物学S/P1树叶为何变颜色82/11海藻83/1地衣S1/P12386/1植物演化86/5藤蔓植物，86/10地衣S1/P788/1树的防御机理S1/P1788/5植物形成层和树皮结构S1/P99S/P69植物的根90/8浮游生物P3291/8植物学P54普样题192/8树的重要性P71P89/植物拟态的性质和作用P138/沙漠植物的生存95/10植物内部运水的机理96/1植物的防御机理北美题96/5兰花96/10一种野草和牛的传说98/5赤扬和森林环境的关系99/8菌类和植物的区别及破坏性和用途2.动物学81/11鸟类适应的演化82/1蝙蝠的生物声纳83/5蚊子利用水产卵83/5有机椎动物和无脊椎动物中ALLEOMIMETIC的作用S1/P95 83/8濑鱼S1/P6283/11海獭84/5响尾蛇的响声84/11旋木雀S1/P7885/5蜜蜂酿蜜S1/P8686/1牛胃S1/P6786/3蜜蜂结构适宜社会化S1/P7586/8恐龙绝迹的解释87/1鸟类学87/5动物为何不生轮子S1/P1687/8北美野牛S1/P10387/10猴子尾巴88/1蜜蜂意识测试S1/P20S/P24沼泽中的动物S1/P24S/P37蜜蜂的社会结构S1/P37S/P39美洲鳄鱼交配后S1/P39S/P52莺科鸣禽划分树上食物S1/P52S/P56食物网S1/P56S/P93考拉S1/P9388/5北极熊S1/P98S/P109灵长类动物的社会行为S1/P109S/P112猿S1/P11288/10鲸鱼S1/P13389/1树懒的习性P289/5美国蝗虫灾害P989/10河狸P1890/1马的进化P2290/8浮游生物P3291/5河狸的特征和习性P4892/1信鸽训练P6192/5病毒P67P80/细菌的特性P90/海葵P98/昆虫的伪装P105/候鸟飞行的高度和速度P116/动物导航P122/血液温度和动物分类P141海洋与生命P142黑猩猩的社会化生活P147贫齿类动物犰犹ARMADILLOS普样2候鸟迁徙的原因S1/P121普样3海葵95/12海洋生物多样性96/1海参96/8研究乌鸦的困难96/10猎狗的嗅觉物质97/1沙漠动物适应97/5鸟儿群居的原因97/10交喙鸟的鸟嘴结构98/1有机物如何对入侵者作出反应98/8动物行为认识99/10爬行动物和鸟类飞行的发展3．生理学99/8临床营养学的发展阶段84/5人类疾病的两个原理99/5有机椎动物的神经系统85/11大脑和中央神经系统的起源83/8大脑意识反应的听觉测试S/P53婴儿大脑成熟和感情发育S1/P53P118/新陈代谢中盐的演化P110/睡眠的阶段86/10睡眠的功能和分类S1/P11S/P136两类睡眠S1/P136 82/1休眠P101/人类肌肉解剖和动作P96/生物与电90/5荷尔蒙P284．地质学，地理学，天文学，气象学2000/1土壤结构的确定方法S/P107土壤的类型99/101994/7流星袭击木星90/10彗星P3999/5极光的形成和表象99/1火成岩98/10地球表面水S/P35大气中的水98/8地球表面的陨石P133/陨石分类S/P4陨石坑98/5宇宙中氦何时形成97/10星系P148/星的分类系统S/P49星的亮度97/1宇宙星体形状95/12地球板块运动96/12地球板块结构理论对地质学的贡献P94/地球板块结构理论S/P58地球板块96/10地震波与地球内部结构研究82/11地球冰河期S1/P12596/1飓风预报86/5气象学91/5飓风P4587/1飓风95/8海底探险普样3海底探索普样4太阳结构P56P82/太阳的演化89/5太阳发光和热P892/10地球和宇宙P7588/10宇宙的理解91/8加拿大省BRITISH COLUMBIA P50 87/8大峡谷的形成S1/P10495/12美国大盆地P145/阿拉斯加半岛S/P76气候决定动植物的分布P42/冰山的特征和起源S/P125冰河期82/8田那西洲东部地下湖82/11地球冰河期P121/洞冰起源96/5火山冰洞降雪的重要性5．考古学，人类学98/8骨化石比骨骼重的原因NA98/1化石足迹分析97/12化石保存条件NA95/10鱼龙胚胎化石96/8历史考古学96/1人类右手为主的考古学证据NAP99/左右手的形成P92/考古学和人类历史P86/考古学的工作方法6．物理，化学，医药，环境91/8降雨的机理普样195/10植物内部运水的机理96/1植物防御的机理北美NA97/5猫降落的机理98/8燃烧的解释98/8雪花的形成北美99/5极光的形成和表象97/8钢丝篱笆97/8一种新型显微镜97/12空气污染物定义98/8人类行为对地球生态系的影响98/1玻璃91/5统计学的发展和用途普样292/5海水盐度普样2？/制陶普样3 95/8戏剧起源95/10钢琴的历史发展95/12无声电影的音乐98/1爵士乐和其它音乐的区别95/12海洋生物多样性96/1N冰箱的发展北美96/5美国西部蒸汽船发动机97/5直接雕塑。
(完整版)托福TPO阅读话题分类-更新
托福阅读文章分类本分类为四大类：自然科学、生物科学、社会科学、其他学科自然科学包括：地质学、天文学生物科学：植物学、动物学、生态\环境学社会科学：艺术、历史\考古学、心理\生理学、社会学自然科学一、地质学冰川类1.OG：Green Icebergs2.TPO 15：Glacier Formation3.TPO 19：Discovering the Ice Ages地质类1.OG：Desert Formation2.OG：Geology and Landscape3.TPO 01：Groundwater4.TPO 03：Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer5.TPO 07：The Geologic History of the Mediterranean6.TPO 12：Water in the Desert7.TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8.TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9.TPO 24：Lake Water10. TPO 27: The Formation of Volcanic Islands11. TPO 29: The History of Waterpower二、天文学火星类1.TPO 08：Running Water on Mars2.TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1.TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2.TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1.Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2. TPO 01: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3.TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4.TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5.TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants6.TPO 22：Spartina7. TPO 29: Competition二、动物学动物特点1.OG：Swimming Machines2.OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3.TPO04：Deer Population of the Puget Sound4.TPO 13：Biological Clock5.TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6.TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship7.TPO27: Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8.TPO27: Predator-Prey Cycle9.TPO 30: Role of Play in Development10.TPO 30: The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物变化1.Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2.TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3.TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4.TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1.TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2. TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation3.TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings4.TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1.TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2.TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3.TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1.Sample：Electricity from Wind2.TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3.TPO 10：Variations in the Climate4.TPO 18：Lightning5.TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1.Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2.TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3.TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4.TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5.TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6.TPO 27: Crafts in the Ancient New East建筑/戏剧/电影/1.OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2.TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3.TPO02：Early Cinema4.TPO03：Architecture5.TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6.TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1.OG：Artisans and Industrialization2.TPO 06：Powering the Industrial Revolution3.TPO 18：Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia4.TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1.TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2.TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3.TPO 16：Trade and the Ancient Middle East4.TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5.TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1.TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2.TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3.TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1.OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics inThe United States2. TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan3.TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece4.TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5.TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6.TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East7.TPO 29: Characteristics of Roman Army人口变化特点1.TPO 05：The Origins of the Pacific Island People2.TPO 09：Colonizing the Americas Via The Northwest Coast3.TPO 20：Westward Migration4.TPO 20：Early Settlement in the Southwest Asia5.TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1.OG：Aggression2.OG：The Expression of Emotion3.TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4.TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5.TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6.TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7.TPO 24：Breathing during Sleep四、社会学1. TPO 14：Children and Advertising2.TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching3.TPO 13：Types of Social Groups其他学科类1.OG：Loie Fuller2.TPO 06：William Smith3.TPO 16：Development of the Periodic Table4.TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?5.TOP 28: Early Saharan Pastoralists6.TPO 30 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock。
【小站教育】托福TPO阅读文章话题匹配
托福TPO阅读文章话题匹配自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?以上就是关于托福阅读文章话题匹配(更新至TPO 26)的详细内容，希望对考生们复习托福阅读有所帮助，400-080-6358。
托福阅读-题材结构科目分类TPO 1-54
一、地质学 冰川类 1 OG 2-3: Green Icebergs 2 TPO 15: Glacier Formation 3 TPO 19: Discovering The Ice Ages 地质现象/地理类 1 OG 1-3: Geology and Landscape 2 TPO 01: Groundwater 3 TPO 02: Desert Formation 4 TPO 03: Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5 TPO 07: The Geologic History of The Mediterranean 6 TPO 12: Water in The Desert 7 TPO 20: Fossil Preservation 8 TPO 21: Geothermal Energy 9 TPO 24: Lake Water
7 TPO 32-1: Plant Colonization
8 TPO 34-3: Protection of Plants by Insects 10 TPO 44-3: Seagrasses 11 TPO 45-2: Wind Pollination 12 TPO 35-3: Seasonal Succession In Phytoplankon 13 TPO 38-3: Transgenic Plants 二、动物学 动物特点 1 OG: Swimming Machines 2 OG 2-1: Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores 3 TPO 04: Deer Population of The Puget Sound 4 TPO 13: Biological Clock 5 TPO 15: A Warm-blooded Turtle 6 TPO 17-3: Symbiotic Relationship 7 EX 2-1: Habitats and Chipmunk Species 8 EX 2-2: Cetacean Intelligence 9 TPO 40-3: Amphibian Thermoregulation 10 TPO 47-2: Termite Ingenuity 11 TPO 47-3: Coral Reefs 12 TPO 38-2: The Raccoons's Success 动物变化 1 Sample: Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction 2 TPO 05: The Cambrian Explosion 3 TPO 08: Extinction of The Dinosaurs 4 TPO 15: Mass Extinctions 5 TPO 30-2: The Pace of Evolutionary Change 6 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 9 TPO 42-1: Geographic Isolation of Species 7 TPO 33-3: Extinction Episodes of the Past 8 TPO 42-2: Explaining Dinosaur Extinction 9 TPO 44-1: From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates 10 TPO 36-3: Industrial Melanism: The Case of the Peppered Moth 11 TPO 39-2: The Extinction of Moa 12 TPO 54-2: Overkill of the North American Megafauna 动物行为 1 TPO 02: The Origins of Cetaceans 2 TPO 11: Begging by Nestlings 3 TPO 11: Orientation and Navigation 4 TPO 17: Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development 6 TPO 29-2: Competition 7 TPO 28-3: Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 8 TPO 27-3: Predator-Prey Cycles 9 TPO 32-3: Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies 10 TPO 45-3: Feeding Strategies in the Ocean 11 TPO 48-2: Determining Dinosaur Diet 12 TPO 37-2: Direct Species Translocation 三、生态/环境/能源 1 TPO 03: The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
托福阅读tpo答案
托福阅读tpo答案托福阅读tpo答案第一篇托福阅读tpo答案第二篇托福阅读tpo答案第五篇托福阅读tpo答案第六篇The word “particular〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Natural○Final○Specific○ComplexAccording to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?○They occur at the end of a○They last longer than any other type of○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not○They remain stable for at least 500 years at aParagraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose theAccording to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the ○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Climax communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated,The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability〞Stability can be defined as simply lack of In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a This kind of stability is also called In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability〞with the word “〞○The exact meaning of the word “stability〞is debated by○There are many different answers to ecologicalAccording to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer○They can be considered both the most and the least stable○They are stable because they recover quickly after major○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least overParagraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack ofchange is not always associated with maximum At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s )Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○They become less stable as they○They support many species when they reach○They are found in temperate○They have reduced diversity during mid-successionalThe word “guarantee〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○ComplicateIn paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle)〞?○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations ○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsThe word “pales〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increases proportionally○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness〞of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food webof the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety ofword “adjacent〞in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stable○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsat the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to theIn fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events andWhere would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to theAn introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change overAnswer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability〞make it difficult to identify the most stable○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by。
【小站教育】托福TPO+OG阅读话题篇目归类
托福 TPO 阅读文章话题匹配
自然科学 一、地质学 冰川类 1 OG：Green Icebergs 2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation 3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages 地质现象 1 OG：Geology and Landscape 2 TPO 01：Groundwater 3 TPO 02：Desert Formation 4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean 6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert 7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation 8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy
400-080-6358
2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe 3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery 4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture 5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines 建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影 1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts 2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater 3 TPO 02：Early Cinema 4 TPO 03：Architecture 5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film 10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography 二、历史/考古学工业化介绍 1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization 2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution 3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia 4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution
托福tpo阅读文本及答案汇总(PDF)
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12月13日托福阅读答案解析
12月13日托福阅读答案解析Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动可以改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。
比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。
一个山脉可以把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。
或者一个障碍的形成可以把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的可以到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。
相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term ‘speciation’ for the splitting of lineages or “cladogenesis,” as opposed to “anagenesis” or “phyletic evolution” occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures;(b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galápagos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin’s finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.12月13日托福阅读第二篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：主要讲关于夏威夷岛上的Noendemic animals and plants是如何移民到岛上的，主要通过风，动物皮毛和消化，以及通过人类的船只等。
tpo阅读分类
1. 自然科学1.1地质学1.1.1冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages1.1.2地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water10 TPO 27：The Formation of Volcanic Islands11 TPO 28：Groundwater1.2天文学1.2.1火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars1.2.2其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite2. 生物科学2.1植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants2.2动物学2.2.1动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship2.2.2动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions2.2.3动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest5 TPO 27：Predator-Prey Cycles6 TPO 28：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes2.3生态/环境学2.3.1生态系统1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4 TPO 29：Competition5 TPO 30：The Pace of Evolutionary Change2.3.2环境特点1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates3. 社会科学3.1艺术3.1.1绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6 TPO 27：Crafts in the Ancient near East7 TPO 29：Characteristics of Roman Pottery3.1.2建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography7 TPO 30：The Role of Play in Development3.2历史/考古学3.2.1工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5 TPO 29：The History of waterpower6 TPO 30：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock3.2.2贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO 14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping3.2.3农业发展介绍1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO 21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture3.2.4国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East3.2.5人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6 TPO 28：Early Saharan Pastoralists3.3心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep3.4社会学1 TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Children and Advertising4. 其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?。
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面小编给大家带来TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析。
TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析托福阅读真题：The Long-Term Stability of EcosystemsPlant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparentstability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stab ility can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factorscontribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.TPO托福阅读题目1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest inmeaning to○Natural○Final○Specific○Complex2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?○They occur at the end of a succession.○They last longer than any other type of community.○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.○A change in the members of an organism does n ot affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this ideacame from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Climax communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with theword “resilience.”○The exact meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists.○There are many different answers to ecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing b icycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○They become less stable as they mature.○They support many species when they reach climax.○They are found in t emperate zones.○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○Complicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fiftee n-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaningto○Increases proportionally○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stable○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.Answer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读真题参考答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○14. ○25. ○36. ○27. ○38. ○29. ○110. ○311. ○412. ○413. ○214. ○2 3 5托福阅读真题译文：生态系统的长期稳定植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。
托福阅读TPO3（试题+答案+译...
托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读原文Plant communities assemble themselvesflexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of thearea. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happenin plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in asuccession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at theend of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plantcommunities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. Thesechanges—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climaxcommunities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500years.An ecologist who studies a pond today maywell find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may bereplaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to thenext. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than theindividual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that speciesdiversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversitythe more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observationthat long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs andmore species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that theapparent stability ofclimax ecosystems depended on their complexity. T o takean extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable thatone year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entirecrop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, willtolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability iscomplicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agreewhat “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. Inthat case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, bydefinition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can bedefined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular formfollowing a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is alsocalled resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragileand the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to theclimax state.Even the kind of stability defined assimple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At leastin temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successionalstages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensurestability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversitydoes not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A morecomplicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to breakdown. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested toknow what factorscontribute to the resilience of communities because climaxcommunities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by humanactivities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison tothe destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a communityare most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsrecovery.Many ecologists now think that the relativelong-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the“patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to placesupports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A localpopulation that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacentcommunity. Even if the new population is of a different species, it canapproximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep thefood web intact.托福阅读试题1. The word “particular” in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.naturalB.finalC.specificplex2. According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing is NOT true of climax communities?A.They occur at the end of a succession.B.They last longer than any other type ofcommunity.C.The numbers of plants in them and the mixof species do not change.D.They remain stable for at least 500 yearsat a time.3. According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing principles of ecosystems can be learned bystudying a pond?A.Ecosystem properties change more slowlythan individuals in the system.B.The stability of an ecosystem tends tochange as individuals are replaced.C.Individual organisms are stable from oneyear to the next.D.A change in the members of an organismdoes not affect an ecosystem’s properties.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologistsonce believed that which of the following illustratedthe most stableecosystems?A.Pioneer communitiesB.Climax communitiesC.Single-crop farmlandsD.Successional plant communities5. According to paragraph 4, why is thequestion of ecosystem stability complicated?A.The reasons for ecosystem change are notalways clear.B.Ecologists often confuse the word“stability” with the word “resilience.”C.The exact meaning of the word “stability”is debated by ecologists.D.There are many different answers toecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing is true of climax communities?A.They are more resilient than pioneercommunities.B.They can be considered both the most andthe least stable communities.C.They are stable because they recoverquickly after majordisturbances.D.They are the most resilient communitiesbecause they change the least over time.7. Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?A.They become less stable as they mature.B.They support many species when they reachclimax.C.They are found in temperate zones.D.They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage(paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.increaseB.ensureC.favorplicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the authorprovide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely tobreak down than a child’s tricycle”?A.To illustrate a general principle aboutthe stability of systems by using an everyday exampleB.To demonstrate that an understanding ofstability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in othersituationsC.To make a comparison that supports theclaim that, in general, stability increases with diversityD.To provide an example that contradictsmathematical models of ecosystems10. The word “pales” in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.increases proportionallyB.differsC.loses significanceD.is common11. Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 7)? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Ecologists now think that the stabilityof an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B.Patchy environments that vary from placeto place do not often have high species diversity.C.Uniform environments cannot be climaxcommunities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchyenvironments.D.A patchy environment is thought toincrease stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12. The word “adjacent” in the passage(paragraph 7) is closest in meaning toA.foreignB.stableC.fluidD.neighboring13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage bynatural events and processes.█【A】Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contributeto the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the worldare being severelydamaged or destroyed by human activities. █【B】The destructioncaused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwesternUnited States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused byhumans. █【C】We need toknow what aspects of a community are most important to the community’sresistance to destruction, as well as its rec overy. █【D】Where would the sentence best fit? Click ona square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stabilityof a climax community can change over time.A.The changes that occur in an ecosystemfrom the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.B.A high degree of species diversity doesnot always result in a stable ecosystem.C.The level of resilience in a plantcommunity contributes to its long-term stability.D.Ecologists agree that climax communitiesare the most stable types of ecosystems.E.Disagreements over the meaning of theterm “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.F.The resilience of climax communitiesmakes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读答案1. particular特别的，特定的，答案specific。
托福阅读文章的话题分类
托福阅读文章的话题分类为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福阅读文章的话题分类，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
更多精彩尽请关注!托福阅读文章的话题分类1. 人：学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。
例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geographer，astronomer(人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家)这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。
在面对未知的专有名词时，至少要判断他们存在于那个学科，才好进行下一步的推理。
2. 地质、地貌：这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。
建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。
例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid火山，(地)层，砾岩，喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形)，多孔的(有透气性与透水性)，可渗透的，陨石，小行星3. 气候、动物与生态：与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。
例如：unpredictable，vary，range from，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial不可预测的，改变(动词)，变化幅度(动词)，灭绝，濒危的，热带的，丛林，赤道附近的4. 历史、考古，这类题材是分水轮流转的对象，也要加以注意。
尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古，而是从各个层面切入，有很多的表现形式。
可能是古人类的迁徙，那就是人类历史。
贸易和交通运输的发展，那就是经济史，等等。
例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization遗迹，遗迹或残骸，陵墓，手工艺品，凝聚性，领土的，文明新托福阅读背景知识：脚尖的艺术脚尖的艺术从运动的实际需要来看，脚尖鞋的发明能够将舞者身体的重量支撑“面”经过若干倍的缩小后变成支撑“点”，从而有效地减小与地面的摩擦力，提高旋转的速度，造成风驰电掣的效果、超凡脱俗的幻觉，进而更好地为仙凡之恋这类虚幻的芭蕾题材服务。
托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍
托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍!托福阅读考试文章的题材也是偏好的，大家在复习的时候，掌握好这些题材的分类，对于我们的考试也是有一定的帮助的下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考!托福TPO1-49阅读分类题材介绍TPO 1-10(2篇)TPO 7: Ancient Rome and GreeceTPO 8: The Rise of TeotihuacanTPO 11-20(3篇)TPO 16: Trade and the Ancient Middle EastTPO 17: Europe’s Early Sea Trade with AsiaTPO 20: Early Settlements in the Southwest AsiaTPO 21-30(2篇)TPO 24: Moving into PueblosTPO 26: Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East TPO 31-40(4篇)TPO 32: Siam, 1851-1910TPO 33: The First CivilizationTPO 35: Europe in the twelfth centuryTPO 40: Ancient AthensTPO 41-50(3篇)TPO 41: Trade and Early State FormationTPO 46: The Commercial Revolution in Medieval EuropeTPO 47: Roman Cultural Influence on Britain由此总结，托福TPO阅读中历史地理城市类题材，此类文章在历史上共计出现过14篇，那么按照总数150篇范围来估算比例(14/150 = 9%)，我们可以得出该类型的文章在历史上的重现比例为9%，接近每10篇就会出现一篇的概率，绝对是高产概率。
2020年托福阅读考试高频话题分类介绍
高频话题1. 人：学术性的托福阅读常考的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。
例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geogrAPher，astronomer（人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家）这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。
在面对未知的专有名词时，至少要判断他们存在于那个学科，才好进行下一步的推理。
2. 地质、地貌：这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。
建议大家对其中的托福阅读常考词汇进行积累。
例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid火山，（地）层，砾岩，喀斯特地貌（石灰岩的一种地形），多孔的（有透气性与透水性），可渗透的，陨石，小行星3. 气候、动物与生态：与生物和地球有关的托福阅读话题是托福阅读常考的。
例如：unpredictable，vary，rangefrom，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial不可预测的，改变（动词），变化幅度（动词），灭绝，濒危的，热带的，丛林，赤道附近的4. 历史、考古，这类托福阅读话题是托福阅读常考对象，也要加以注意。
尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古，而是从各个层面切入，有很多的表现形式。
可能是古人类的迁徙，那就是人类历史。
贸易和交通运输的发展，那就是经济史，等等。
例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization遗迹，遗迹或残骸，陵墓，手工艺品，凝聚性，领土的，文明精准定位一、根据题干中的关键词进行定位所谓关键词，就是可以据此回到原文定位并能找到其出处的词。
关键词有两个特点：一个是稳定性，一个是细节性。
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托福阅读文章分类
本分类为四大类：自然科学、生物科学、社会科学、其他学科自然科学包括：地质学、天文学
生物科学：植物学、动物学、生态环境学
社会科学：艺术、历史考古学、心理生理学、社会学
自然科学
一、地质学
冰川类
：G reen Icebergs
15 ： Glacier Formation
19 ： Discovering the Ice Ages
地质类
：D esert Formation
：G eology and Landscape
01 ： Groundwater
03 ： Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
07 ： The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
12 ： Water in the Desert
20 ： Fossil Preservation
21 ： Geothermal Energy
24 ： Lake Water
10.TPO 27: The Formation of Volcanic Islands
11.TPO 29: The History of Waterpower
二、天文学
火星类
08 ： Running Water on Mars
25 ： The Surface of Mars
其他行星类
16 ： Planets in Our Solar System
22 ： The Allende Meteorite
生物科学
一、植物学
：O pportunity and Competitors
2.TPO 01: Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
05 ： Minerals and Plants
09 ： The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii
25 ： The Evolutionary Origin of Plants
22 ： Spartina
7. TPO 29: Competition
二、动物学
动物特点
：S wimming Machines
：F eeding Habits of East African Herbivores
：D eer Population of the Puget Sound
17： Symbiotic Relationship
:Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
:Predator-Prey Cycle
30: Role of Play in Development
30: The Pace of Evolutionary Change
动物变化
：M eteorite Impact and Dinosaur
Extinction 05 ： The Cambrian Explosion
08 ： Extinction of The Dinosaurs
15 ： Mass Extinctions
动物行为
02 ： The Origins of Cetaceans
2.TPO 11 ： Orientation and Navigation
11 ： Begging by Nestlings
17 ： Animal Signals in The Rain Forest
三、生态 / 环境学
生态系统
03 ： The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
19 ： Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
26 ： Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点
：E lectricity from Wind
4： Petroleum Resources
10： Variations in the Climate
18： Lightning
23： Urban Climates
社会科学
一、艺术
绘画 / 雕塑 / 陶瓷
：L ascaux Cave Paintings
：C ave Art in Europe
10： Chinese Pottery
11： Ancient Egyptian Sculpture
23 ： Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines
27: Crafts in the Ancient New East
建筑 / 戏剧 / 电影 /
：A pplied Arts and Fine Arts
1： The Origins of Theater
：E arly Cinema
：A rchitecture
12 ： Transition to Sound in Film
22 ： The Birth of Photography
二、历史 / 考古学
工业化介绍
：A rtisans and Industrialization
06 ： Powering the Industrial Revolution
18 ： Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia 26 ： Energy and the Industrial Revolution
贸易 / 经济介绍
10 ： Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth ：P astoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia 16 ：
Trade and the Ancient Middle East 17 ：
Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia
25 ： The Decline of Venetian Shipping
农业发展介绍
07 ： Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples
：T he Origins of Agriculture
23 ： Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture
国家 / 城市特点
：N ineteenth-Century Politics inThe United States
2. TPO 08 ： The Rise of Teotihuacan
07 ： Ancient Rome and Greece
14 ： Maya Water Problems
19 ：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain
26 ： Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 29: Characteristics of Roman Army
人口变化特点
05 ： The Origins of the Pacific Island People
09 ： Colonizing the Americas Via The Northwest Coast 20 ： Westward Migration
20 ： Early Settlement in the Southwest Asia
24 ： Moving into Pueblos
三、心理 / 生理学
：A ggression
：T he Expression of Emotion
06 ： Infantile Amnesia
13 ： Methods of Studying Infant Perception
18 ： The Mystery of Yawning
21 ： Autobiographical Memory
24 ： Breathing during Sleep
四、社会学
1.TPO 14 ： Children and Advertising
09 ： Reflection in Teaching
13 ： Types of Social Groups
其他学科类
：L oie Fuller
06 ： William Smith
16 ： Development of the Periodic Table 12 ： Which Hand Did They Use?
28: Early Saharan Pastoralists
30 The Invention of the Mechanical Clock。