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医学专业英语二分册答案

医学专业英语二分册答案

医学专业英语二分册答案1、( ) --------Please take my seat here.-------- __________________________. [单选题]*A. That is nice of you(正确答案)B. I think it is my seatC. No, you sit hereD. I don’t think it’s a good seat.2、77.You can watch TV when you finish________ your homework. [单选题] * A.to doB.doC.to doingD.doing(正确答案)3、A little learning is a dangerous thing, _____ the saying goes. [单选题] *A. likeB. as(正确答案)C. withD. if4、--What’s your _______, Jim Green?--Jim. [单选题] *A. full nameB. first name(正确答案)C. last nameD. family name5、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksC. tells(正确答案)D. talks6、8.—Will she have a picnic next week?—________. And she is ready. [单选题] * A.Yes, she doesB.No, she doesn'tC.Yes, she will(正确答案)D.No, she won't7、These plastics flowers look so_____that many people think they are real. [单选题] *A.beautifulB.artificialC.natural(正确答案)D.similar8、—______ Tom play the piano?—Yes, very well. ()[单选题] *A. Can(正确答案)B. MayC. MustD. Should9、If the trousers are too long, ask the clerk to bring you a shorter _____. [单选题] *A. suitB.setC.oneD.pair(正确答案)10、I usually do some ____ on Sundays. [单选题] *A. cleaningsB. cleaning(正确答案)C. cleansD. clean11、I’m _______ I must be leaving now. [单选题] *A. afraid(正确答案)B. thinkC. thoughtD. free12、I’d?like _______ the English club. [单选题] *A. to join inB. joinC. to join(正确答案)D. join in13、It’s one of _______ means of transportation. [单选题] *A. cheapB. convenientC. second-handD. the most convenient(正确答案)14、He held his()when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought15、—What do you think of Animal World? —______. I watch it every day.()[单选题] *A. I don’t mind it.B. I like it.(正确答案)C. I can’t stand it.D. I don’t like it.16、You can ask()is on duty there tonight. [单选题] *A. WhatB. whomC. whoever(正确答案)D. whomever17、The carbon we produce when we breathe is much less than()produced by a car. [单选题] *A. oneB. itC. that(正确答案)D. those18、—When are you going to Hainan Island for a holiday? —______ the morning of 1st May.()[单选题] *A. InB. AtC. On(正确答案)D. For19、11.No one ________ on the island(岛). [单选题] *A.liveB.lives(正确答案)C.livingD.are living20、( ) Some students preferred to stay in the toilet ______ do morning exercises. [单选题] *A in order to notB in not order toC in order not to(正确答案)D not in order to21、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or22、5 He wants to answer the ________ because it is an interesting one. [单选题] * A.problemB.question(正确答案)C.doorD.plan23、The travelers arrived _______ Xi’an _______ a rainy day. [单选题] *A. at; inB. at; onC. in; inD. in; on(正确答案)24、If we want to keep fit, we should try to _______ bad habits. [单选题] *A. keepB. haveC. getD. get rid of(正确答案)25、20.Jerry is hard-working. It’s not ______ that he can pass the exam easily. [单选题] * A.surpriseB.surprising (正确答案)C.surprisedD.surprises26、95--Where and when _______ you _______ it? [单选题] *A. did; buy(正确答案)B. do; buyC. have; boughtD. will; buy27、--I can’t watch TV after school.--I can’t, _______. [单选题] *A. alsoB. tooC. either(正确答案)D. so28、You cannot see the doctor _____ you have made an appointment with him. [单选题] *A. exceptB.evenC. howeverD.unless(正确答案)29、We got up early this morning and took a long walk after breakfast. We walked _____ the business section of the city. [单选题] *A. amongB. betweenC. through(正确答案)D. upon30、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)。

医学英语新教程-习题参考答案Unit 2

医学英语新教程-习题参考答案Unit 2

Unit TwoBody Temperature and MetabolismSection A1—f 2—j 3—i 4—a 5—b6—h 7—c 8—d 9—e 10—gSection BPassage 1I. Reading Comprehension1.What is the normal range of human body temperature?96.5-99.5ºF (36-38ºC)2.Describe the pathways of heat loss through the skin.Since the skin covers the body, most body heat is lost from the skin to the environment. The arterioles in the dermis may constrict or dilate to decrease or increase blood flow, thereby decreasing heat loss or increasing loss of heat to the environment. The other mechanism by which heat is lost from the skin is sweating.Small amounts of heat are also lost in what is called “insensible water loss”3.Explain why the hypothalamus is called the thermostat of the body.The hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of body temperature, and is considered the “thermostat” of the body. As the thermostat, the hypothalamus maintains the “setting” of body temperature by balancing heat production and heat loss to keep the body at the set temperature.4.Explain what is meant by metabolic rate and kilocalorie.Metabolic rate is usually expressed as an amount of heat production. The energy available from food is measured in kilocalories (kcal). Kilocalories are also the units used to measure the energy expended by the body.5—B 6—D 7—A 8—B 9—A 10—DII. Vocabulary StudyPart A1—Vasodilation 2—metabolism 3—Anabolism 4—neurons 5—dehydration 6—hemoglobin 7—catabolism 8—thyroxine9—digestive 10—peristalsisPart B1—Transferring 2—saturate 3—fluctuate 4—evaporate5—radiation 6—encompass 7—humidity 8—generate9—convection 10—disperseIII. TranslationPart A1.At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be asprecise as it is in older children or younger adults.然而,在年龄段两端的人群,其体温调节精确程度都不如少年或青年人。

福建医科大学医学英语2慕课答案

福建医科大学医学英语2慕课答案

福建医科大学医学英语2慕课答案1、Her ()for writing was that she wished women to get the right to higher education. [单选题] *A. motivation(正确答案)B. motivateC. effectD. concentration2、Tom is very _______. He never cleans his room. [单选题] *A. lazy(正确答案)B. activeC. shyD. healthy3、Can you _______ this form? [单选题] *A. fillB. fill in(正确答案)C. fill toD. fill with4、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions5、5.Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A.forB.as (正确答案)C.withD.about6、The classmates can' t()Alice from her twin sister. [单选题] *A. speakB. tell(正确答案)C. talkD. say7、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *B. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)8、Some students are able to find jobs after graduation while _____will return to school for an advanced degree. [单选题] *A. otherB. anotherC. others(正确答案)D. the other9、Jim, it’s dark now. Please _______ the light in the room. [单选题] *A. turn on(正确答案)B. turn upC. turn offD. turn down10、He _______ maths. [单选题] *A. does well in(正确答案)B. good atD. does well at11、43.How much did you ________ the man for the TV? [单选题] *A.pay(正确答案)B.takeC.spendD.buy12、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandC. giveD. reach13、Marie is a _______ girl.She always smiles and says hello to others. [单选题] *A. shyB. friendly(正确答案)C. healthyD. crazy14、Stephanie _______ going shopping to staying at home. [单选题] *A. prefers(正确答案)B. likesC. preferD. instead15、99.—Would you please show me the way _________ the bank?—Yes, go straight ahead. It’s opposite a school. [单选题] *A.inB.forC.withD.to(正确答案)16、26.—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] *A.MyB.IC.MeD.Mine(正确答案)17、73.()about the man wearing sunglasses during night that he was determined to follow him.[单选题] *A. So curious the detective wasB.So curious was the detective(正确答案)C.How curious was the detectiveD.How curious the detective was18、At last the plane landed at the Beijing Airport safely. [单选题] *A. 平稳地B. 安全地(正确答案)C. 紧急地D. 缓缓地19、I run out of money. Could you _______ me some?[单选题] *A. lend(正确答案)B. sellC. borrowD. buy20、—______ is it from your home to the bookstore?—About 15 kilometers.()[单选题] *A. How far(正确答案)B. How muchC. How longD. How many21、—When are you going to Hainan Island for a holiday? —______ the morning of 1st May.()[单选题] *A. InB. AtC. On(正确答案)D. For22、Amy and her best friend often ______ books together.()[单选题] *A. read(正确答案)B. readsC. is readingD. to read23、Wang Dong usually gets up at 6:00 _______ he can catch the early school bus. [单选题] *A. as ifB. so that(正确答案)C. untilD. after24、We got up early this morning and took a long walk after breakfast. We walked _____ the business section of the city. [单选题] *A. amongB. betweenC. through(正确答案)D. upon25、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *A. MoreoverB. ThereforeC. However(正确答案)D. Besides26、--Do you often go to the cinema _______ Sunday?--No, we _______. [单选题] *A. on; don’t(正确答案)B. on; aren’tC. in; doD. in; don’t27、I saw the boy _______?the classroom. [单选题] *A. enter intoB. enter(正确答案)C. to enter intoD. to enter28、The bookstore is far away. You’d better _______ the subway. [单选题] *A. sitB. take(正确答案)C. missD. get29、A?pen _______ writing. [单选题] *A. is used toB. used toC. is used for(正确答案)D. used for30、His understanding made a deep impression_____the young girl. [单选题] *A.on(正确答案)B.inC.forD.with。

医学英语视听说教程2医学教育与健康服务

医学英语视听说教程2医学教育与健康服务

医学英语视听说教程2医学教育与健康服务医学英语视听说教程2是一套专门为医学生和医护人员设计的教学资料,旨在帮助学习者提高医学英语的听说能力,以应对日益国际化的医学环境。

而医学教育与健康服务作为医学领域中的两大关键概念,是医学英语学习中必不可少的内容。

在本篇文章中,我们将从医学英语视听说教程2的角度出发,探讨医学教育与健康服务的关系,以及对医学生和从业人员的重要意义。

一、医学教育医学教育是指传授医学知识和技能的过程,包括对医学专业学生的教育培训,以及继续教育和职业发展。

在医学英语视听说教程2中,医学教育是一个重要的话题,学习者需要掌握相关的医学英语词汇和表达方式,以便在学术交流和临床实践中准确表达自己的观点和理解。

1. 医学教育的重要性医学教育的重要性不言而喻。

医学是一个高度专业化和技术密集的领域,医学生需要通过系统的教育培训来掌握丰富的医学知识和临床技能。

医学教育涉及到医疗安全和患者生命健康,因此对教学质量和医学生素质要求极高。

医学教育不仅是对医学知识和技能的传授,更是对医德医风的培养,帮助医务人员树立正确的职业观念和医疗理念。

医学英语在医学教育中扮演着重要的角色。

国际化的医学环境需要医学生具备良好的英语听说能力,以便与国外学者和医务人员进行学术交流和合作。

另医学英语作为专业英语的一种,具有严谨的表达和精准的用词,对医学生的文档阅读和学术写作能力提出了较高的要求。

医学英语视听说教程2的推出,为医学生提供了一个系统和有效的学习评台,帮助他们提高医学英语的听说能力,提升国际化视野和竞争力。

二、健康服务健康服务是指为人们提供预防、诊断、治疗和康复等健康相关服务的活动。

在医学英语视听说教程2中,健康服务是一个重要的话题,学习者需要了解相关的医学英语表达和对话技巧,以便在与患者和医务人员的交流中准确表达自己的意见和建议。

1. 健康服务的重要性健康服务的重要性不可忽视。

健康是人类生存和发展的基本前提,健康服务的提供直接关系到人们的生命健康和生活质量。

医学学术英语U2课文翻译《重新出现的疾病今天走了,明天在这里》

医学学术英语U2课文翻译《重新出现的疾病今天走了,明天在这里》

重新出现的疾病:今天去了,明天在这里?我们有两种选择。

请选择1,并在10年的头条新闻可能会报告在美国国会最新的自相残杀的争吵,或者运动员签订了多少百万。

选择2,在另一方面,可能会导致头条新闻,如“新流感病毒价差:死亡人数达一百五十万”1969年,卫生局局长威廉·斯图尔特,美国国会作证时说,我们可以“传染病合上这本书。

”抗生素和疫苗都留下了印象深刻的胜利一串医学界平齐,从青霉素到小儿麻痹症。

这场战争,他们认为,即将结束。

如今,面对的是已成为被称为新出现和重新出现的疾病,我们知道更好。

“'崛起',其实是回归,回归到标准在上个世纪盛行普遍,”1诺贝尔奖得主,哥伦比亚大学生物学家约书亚莱德伯格写在美国医学协会杂志的特殊传染病的问题。

在同一期杂志的一份报告量化了日益严重的威胁:在美国1980年和1992年之间,死亡率因感染性疾病增加了58%。

2艾滋病的占了一半以上的跳略多,但其他条件,尤其是呼吸道感染也显著贡献。

由于胜利宣言的激动人心的日子里,新的疾病,如艾滋病和埃博拉突然出现了,老痛苦,以为征服了,已经爆发了。

白喉是使前苏联卷土重来。

结核病- 它从来没有真正离开,但高档的歌剧爱好者可能会认为这是仅限于“波希米亚人”的生产- 再一次在城市中心,包括纽约市的威胁。

甲类链球菌情况有上升的趋势,这意味着猩红热可能再次成为熟悉。

每个人都在传染病领域的担心有一天感冒了强大的新菌株席卷全球。

“战争已经赢了,”一位科学家最近打趣说。

“到了另一边。

”保持我们的眼睛对运动目标事实上,这种情绪可以反映尽可能多的夸张的前卫生的。

也许目前的情况有更清楚快照是战斗已经加入。

世界卫生组织和美国疾病控制和预防已加速运转了他们的努力,检查传染病,包括复出的。

1995年10月,世卫组织建立了一个新的部门致力于在全球范围内监视和新出现的疾病的控制。

疾病预防控制中心提出了1994年预防策略虽然美国国会在1995年,不到达斯汀·霍夫曼的工资主演如“爆发”的感染战斗机资助的疾病预防控制中心的努力,只有$ 670万调- 他们都提出了数字至$ 26日万元用于感染性疾病1997年公众意识,或许是部分原因是由于这样的电影,可能影响国会的前景。

当代医学英语2关注健康课后答案

当代医学英语2关注健康课后答案

当代医学英语2关注健康课后答案当代医学英语2旨在培养学生良好的英语学习习惯,提升学生英语的综合运用能力,使英语学习不只是单纯的背诵记忆等单一功能。

在教学中教师要引导学生形成良好的阅读习惯与理解能力,并且要注重培养他们的语言交际能力,从而使他们能够将所学知识运用于实际生活中。

目前我国已经进入老龄化社会,老人生活质量下降以及营养失衡都是引起老年人死亡的主要原因。

然而当今我国社会人口老龄化速度也越来越快。

作为中国唯一一个人口过亿而没有发生老龄化问题的国家,老龄化对我国未来经济增长与社会稳定也产生了很大影响……因此,为了改善我国老年人的生存质量。

作为一名英语教师需要不断学习和提高自己的专业技能以更好地帮助学生走向未来而不仅仅是“纸上谈兵”,同时在教学过程中需要提高学生应对医学问题并进行准确表达方法的能力、用多种方式表达所学知识并将它们灵活运用于实际生活中!让我们来看看当代医英2课堂上有哪些答案吧。

1.对于脑卒中,首先应进行脑卒中相关认知和症状的诊断,再由专业医生进行指导。

请回答 A。

在这一节的学习中,我主要想强调的是:卒中患者是不能在家进行康复治疗的。

这一节的学习了脑卒中相关认知和症状的诊断,同时还让我们了解了在家进行康复治疗(probability integration)对于脑卒中患者的重要性(probability integration)对脑卒中患者进行康复治疗时可以起到很好地作用(retropositive)。

这一节我们学习了当患者在家进行康复治疗时,应该怎么进行康复治疗(probability integration)。

在这一节的学习中,我向学生们展示了如何通过一些简单、快速、直观、有效而且简单易操作的方法来帮助患者进行康复治疗(probability integration)。

其中包括了如何通过言语训练或者其他手段来改善患者在家中康复治疗所带来的一些问题……因此,在这一节的学习中,我向学生们介绍了通过什么样的方法可以提高老年人在家中康复治疗所带来的一些问题和机会……这一节是通过使用 probability integration这个词在我们脑海里构建一个完整图来让学生们理解什么是“居家康复”这个词的含义并让学生们能够更好地理解这一行为对于一个健康老人所带来哪些好处。

医学英语综合教程课文和翻译

医学英语综合教程课文和翻译

Unit2。

Cells and AgingAging is a normal process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses; the specialized branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly person is called geriatrics。

衰老是一种正常的生理过程,伴有机体内环境稳定适应性应答的进行性改变。

研究老年人的健康问题和保健的一门特殊医学分支被称作老年病学The obvious characteristics of aging are well known; graying and loss of hair, loss ofteeth, wrinkling of skin, decreased muscle mass, and increased fat deposits。

The physiological signs of aging are gradual deterioration in function and capacity to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis) in response to changes in temperature, diet,and oxygen supply。

These sings of aging are related to a net decrease in the number of cells in the body and to the dysfunctioning of the cells that remain。

当代医学英语综合教程Ⅱ——关注健康 答案

当代医学英语综合教程Ⅱ——关注健康 答案

当代医学英语综合教程Ⅱ——关注健康引言医学英语作为专业学科英语的重要组成部分,是医学专业学习中不可或缺的一部分。

掌握医学英语的基本知识和技巧对于从事医学研究、临床实践、医学翻译等相关工作的人士来说至关重要。

本教程旨在通过综合方式,帮助学习者全面了解当代医学英语的重要内容,从而提升他们在医学领域的交流和应用能力。

第一章:疾病与诊断1.1 常见疾病及其症状• 1.1.1 感冒与流感• 1.1.2 高血压与心脏病• 1.1.3 糖尿病与肥胖症1.2 诊断与治疗• 1.2.1 医学检查与诊断技术• 1.2.2 药物治疗与手术治疗• 1.2.3 康复与辅助治疗第二章:健康管理2.1 饮食与营养• 2.1.1 膳食结构与均衡饮食• 2.1.2 营养素与食物摄入2.2 锻炼与体育• 2.2.1 健身与体态保持• 2.2.2 运动与健康2.3 心理健康与压力管理• 2.3.1 心理健康问题与疾病• 2.3.2 压力源与解压方法第三章:医学研究与发展3.1 医学研究方法• 3.1.1 实验设计与数据分析• 3.1.2 文献回顾与综述3.2 新药研发与临床试验• 3.2.1 药物研发流程与临床试验设计• 3.2.2 药物监管与伦理审查3.3 医学技术与创新• 3.3.1 医学仪器与设备• 3.3.2 医学信息技术与远程医疗第四章:全球医疗与卫生4.1 全球医疗资源与人才• 4.1.1 医疗设施与人员配置• 4.1.2 医疗援助与救援4.2 全球疾病与公共卫生• 4.2.1 传染病与流行病• 4.2.2 公共卫生政策与策略4.3 医学翻译与跨文化交流• 4.3.1 医学翻译的重要性与挑战• 4.3.2 跨文化交流的技巧与方法结论通过学习本教程,学习者将能够全面了解当代医学英语的重要内容,加深对医学学科的理解与应用,并提高在医学领域的交流和应用能力。

在与国内外医学专业人士的交流与合作中,能够更加流利地进行交流并准确理解对方的意图。

大学英语2医学院校版课后题答案

大学英语2医学院校版课后题答案

大学英语2医学院校版课后题答案1、—Does your grandpa live ______ in the country?—Yes. So I often go to visit him so that he won’t feel ______. ()[单选题] *A. alone; aloneB. lonely; lonelyC. lonely; aloneD. alone; lonely(正确答案)2、As for the quality of this model of color TV sets, the ones made in Chine are by no means _____ those imported. [单选题] *A inferior thanB less inferior toC less inferior thanD. inferior to(正确答案)3、—Why do you call him Mr. Know?—______ he knows almost everything that we want to know.()[单选题] *A. SoB. OrC. ButD. Because(正确答案)4、—Can you play the violin at the art festival?—No, I ______. But I am good at playing the drums.()[单选题] *A. canB. can’t(正确答案)C. doD. don’t5、In the past, Mary _______ listening to music in her spare time. [单选题] *A. will likeB. likesC. likeD. liked(正确答案)6、( ) They have_____ useful dictionary. They want to lend it___ us. [单选题] *A. an; forB. a; fromC. an; toD. a; to(正确答案)7、Mary _____ be in Paris. I saw her just now on campus. [单选题] *A. mustn'tB. can't(正确答案)C. need notD. may not8、The man lost his camera and he ______ it now.()[单选题] *A. foundB. is findingC. is looking forD. looks for(正确答案)9、Which do you enjoy to spend your weekend, fishing or shopping? [单选题] *China'shigh-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past fewyears.A. are growing(正确答案)B. have grownC. will growD. had grown10、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest11、The car _______ after forty minutes driving, so he didn’t have the interview on time. [单选题] *A. broke down(正确答案)B. broke inC. broke outD. broke up12、Nowadays more and more people travel by _______, because its safe, cheap and fast. [单选题] *A. footB. bikeC. high-speed train(正确答案)D. boat13、Mr. White likes to live in a _______ place. [单选题] *A. quiteB. quiet(正确答案)C. quickD. quietly14、82.—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A.toB.along(正确答案)C.ofD.about15、You can't see many _____ in a hospital. [单选题] *A. man nurseB. men nurses(正确答案)C. men nurseD. man nurses16、1.________my father ________ my mother is able to drive a car. So they are going to buy one. [单选题] *A.Neither; norB.Both; andC.Either; orD.Not only; but also(正确答案)17、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)18、I have a _____ every day to keep fit. [单选题] *A. three thousand meter walkB. three-thousands-meters walkC.three-thousand-meters walkD. three-thousand-meter walk(正确答案)19、I think you should buy this novel. It is really worth _____. [单选题] *A. reading(正确答案)B. being readC. readD. to read20、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers?I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant21、27.My father is a professor and he works in__________ university. [单选题] *A.a (正确答案)B.anC./D.the22、If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _____ choice. [单选题] *A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better(正确答案)23、Mary _______ Math. [单选题] *A. is good at(正确答案)B. do well inC. is good forD. is good with24、The trouble turned out to have nothing to do with them. [单选题] *A. 由…引发的B. 与…有牵连C. 给…带来麻烦D. 与…不相干(正确答案)25、18.Who is staying at home now? ________, all of them are out. [单选题] *A.NoneB.No one(正确答案)C.EveryoneD.Nothing26、69.Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A.shop; takesB.shopping; takeC.shop; takeD.shopping; takes(正确答案)27、Last year Polly _______ an English club and has improved her English a lot. [单选题] *A. leftB. sawC. joined(正确答案)D. heard28、( ) Some students preferred to stay in the toilet ______ do morning exercises. [单选题] *A in order to notB in not order toC in order not to(正确答案)D not in order to29、Finally he had to break his promise. [单选题] *A. 计划B. 花瓶C. 习惯D. 诺言(正确答案)30、4.—Let's fly a kite when you are ________ at the weekend.—Good idea. [单选题] *A.warm B.kind C.small D.free(正确答案)。

医学英语二级考试内容

医学英语二级考试内容

医学英语二级考试内容
医学英语二级考试内容主要包括以下几个方面:
1.听力部分:听力测试主要考察考生对医学英语术语、词汇、语句和对话的理解能力。

2.阅读理解部分:阅读理解部分主要测试考生对医学英语文献的理解和提取信息的能力,包括医学文章、报告、摘要等。

3.翻译部分:翻译部分主要测试考生对医学英语的理解和表达能力,包括医学英语词汇、语句和段落等的翻译。

4.写作部分:写作部分主要测试考生的医学英语写作能力,包括医学文章、摘要、论文等的写作。

总之,医学英语二级考试内容涵盖了医学英语的基本知识和技能,旨在评估考生在医学英语听、说、读、写等方面的能力。

医学英语文献阅读(二)

医学英语文献阅读(二)

医学英语文献阅读(二)Medical English Literature Reading (Part II)。

In the field of medicine, staying updated with the latest research and advancements is crucial for healthcare professionals. Reading medical literature is an essential skill that allows practitioners to access and understand scientific studies, clinical trials, and expert opinions. In this article, we will delve deeper into the process of reading medical English literature and explore various strategies to enhance comprehension and critical analysis.1. Understanding the Structure of Medical Articles。

Medical articles generally follow a specific structure, consisting of the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Familiarizing yourself with this structure can greatly facilitate your reading process. The title provides a concise overview of the study, while the abstract summarizes the key findings and conclusions. The introduction introduces the research question and provides background information, while the methods section outlines the study design, sample size, and data collection methods. The results section presents the findings, often in the form of tables, figures, and statistical analyses. The discussion section interprets the results, compares them with existing literature, and highlights the study's limitations. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main findings and their implications.2. Skimming and Scanning Techniques。

研究生医学英语Unit 2翻译

研究生医学英语Unit 2翻译

3 Unit 2Definition and Classification of Pneumonia 肺炎的定义和分类When the word pneumonia is used in medical practice, it almost always refers to a syndrome caused by acute infection, usually bacterial, that is characterized by clinical and/or radiographic /ˌreɪdɪəʊˈgræfɪk/放射影像学signs of consolidation/kənˌsɒlɪˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ 实质、实变of a part or parts of one or both lungs. The use of the term has however been greatly extended to include non-bacterial infection of the lungs caused by a wide variety of microorganisms. Pneumonitis /ˌnjuːməʊˈnaɪtɪs/ is occasionally used as a synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/同义词for pneumonia, particularly when inflammation炎症/ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ of the lung has resulted from a non-infectious cause such as in chemical or radiation injury.当肺炎这个词在医疗实践中使用时,它几乎总是指由急性感染引起的综合征,通常是细菌感染,临床上和/或放射学上的以肺部分或单肺弥漫性或双肺弥漫性实变为特征。

剑桥医学英语初级篇2

剑桥医学英语初级篇2

Cambridge Medical EnglishBasics 2(初级篇第二章)Part 1 Symptoms and signsA Describing problemsThe problems which a patient reports to the doctor are called symptoms, for example pain or nausea. Signs are what the doctor finds, also known as findings, on examining the patient, for example high blood pressure or a rapid pulse rate.Note: the verb feel is also used with other adjectives, such as hot, cold, nervous, anxious, dizzy, weak-She said she felt dizzy.Note: a spouse can be a wife or husband. A widow is a woman whose husband is no longer living; a widower is a man whose wife is no longer living. To avoid saying someone is dead, patients may say that person has passed away.C Talking about painCase notes are kept for each consultation. The Presenting Complaint section of case notes records the patient’s symptoms. For example:R. sided temporal headache, severe, throbbing. Lasts 24-48 hrs.How to ask about symptomsD Reviewing the systemsOnce you know the main reason why the patient wants medical attention, it is sensible to ask about the systems to determine the patient’s general state of health and to check for any additional problems. The patient should be encouraged to describe symptoms spontaneously. Initial questions should be open-ended and as general as possible. Follow up with more specific questions if needed, but avoid putting words in the patient’s mouth.Open-ended questionsWhat’s your appetite like?How’s your vision?Closed questionsHave you eaten today?Is your vision ever blurry?E Asking about the central nervous system1)Do you suffer from headaches?2)Have you ever had a blackout?3)What about fits?4)Have you had any dizziness?5)Do you get ringing in the ears?6)Have you ever experienced any numbness or tingling in your hands or feet?7)Do you have any problems sleeping?F Patient ideas, concerns and expectationsIt is important during the consultation to give patients the chance to express their own ideas and concerns about their problem and to determine what their expectations are.The letters ICE (Ideas, Concerns and Expectations) are a way of remembering this. Typical questions are:Ideas1)What do you know about this problem/condition/illness?2)Do you have any ideas about this?3)How do you think you got this problem?4)What do you mean by…?Concerns1)What are your worries about this?2)Do you have any concerns?3)How might this affect the rest of your family?Expectations1)What do you think will happen?2)What do you expect from me?3)What were you hoping we could do for you?G Phrasal verbs in history-takingOk?3)Instruct the patient in a clear but polite manner (see Giving instructions)4)Show sensitivity to the patient’s needs and respond to discomfort, reassuring ifappropriate.You might feel a little bit of discomfort.This might hurt a little but I’ll be quick.Tell me if it hurts.Let me know if it’s sore.It will b e over very quickly.It won’t take long.You’re doing very well.5)Talk the patient through the procedure.I’m just going to …First I’ll…Then I’ll …Now I’m going to…You’ll feel…When it’s over, I’ll…That’s it. All over.6)Share your findings with the patient.Well, I’m fairly certain you’ve got a …One possibility is it could be what we call…I haven’t found anything to suggest any problems.B Giving instructionsWhen examining a patient, polite forms are often used for the initial instruction: Could you bend forward as far as you can?If you could cross your arms in front of your chest.What I’d like to do is examine you standing up.After that direct instructions may be used:Stand with your feet together.Lie perfectly still.To soften an instruction:Can you just turn to the side again?Could you jus t lie on the couch?Verbs used in instructions (诊疗常用指令性动词短语)。

医学科技英语Chapter 2

医学科技英语Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Disease and Disease-producing Organisms 2.1 What is Disease?Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person. Disease can have number of direct causes such as:1.Disease-producing Organisms. Some of these will be discussed in this chapter. Theseare believed to play a part in at least one half of human illnesses.2.Malnutrition. This means a lack of essential vitamins, minerals, proteins or othersubstances required for normal life processes to take place.3.Physical Agents. These included excessive heat or cold, or injuries that cause cuts,fractures or crushing damage to tissues.4.Chemicals. Some may be poisonous or otherwise injurious if present in excess such aslead compounds (in paints), carbolic acid (in certain antiseptic solutions), certain laundry aids and other products.5.Birth Defects. Those abnormalities of structure and function which are present at birthare termed congenital. Such abnormalities may be inherited, which means they are passed on by the parents through their reproductive cells, or they may be acquired during the process of development within the mother’s womb (uterus).6.Degenerative Process. Degeneration means breaking down. With aging, there isdeterioration of tissue so that it becomes less active and less capable of performing its normal functions. Such degenerative processes may be caused by continuous infection, by repeated minor injuries to tissues by poisonous substances, or by the normal “wear and tear” of life. Thus degeneration is an anticipated result of aging.7.Neoplasms. The word neoplasm means “new growth” and refers to cancer and othertypes of tumors.Other factors which enter into the production of a disease are known as predisposing causes. While a predisposing cause may not in itself give rise to a disease, it increases the probability of a person’s becomin g ill. Examples of predisposing causes include:Age. As we saw, the degenerative process of aging can be direct cause of disease. But a person’s age also can be a predisposing factor. For instance, measles is more common in children than in adults.Sex. Certain diseases are more characteristic of one sex than the other. Men are more susceptible to heart disease, while women are more prone to develop diabetes.Heredity. Some individuals inherit a “tendency” to acquire certain diseases -- particularly diabetes and many allergies.Living Conditions and Habits. A person who habitually drives himself to exhaustion, does not have enough sleep or pays little attention to his diet is highly vulnerable to the onslaught of disease. Overcrowding invites epidemics, and lack of sunshine can cause rickets in children. The use of narcotics and the abuse of alcohol and tobacco also can lower vitality and predispose to disease.Occupation. A number of conditions are classified as “occupational disease.” For instance, miners are susceptible to lung damage caused by the constant inhalation of stone dust.Physical Exposure. Undue chilling of all or part of the body, or prolonged exposure to heat, can lower the body’s resistance to disease.Preexisting Illness. Any preexisting illness, even as mild a one as the common cold, increases the changes of contracting another disease.Psychogenic Influences. “Psycho” refers to the mind, “genic” to origin. Some physical disturbances are due either directly or indirectly to emotional upsets caused by conditions of stress and anxiety in daily living. Peptic ulcers and so-called nervous indigestion are examples.2.2 The Study of DiseaseOur brief survey of the human body should give us a glimpse into three different studies which are considered the fundamentals of medical science. These are:1.Anatomy – the science of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts toeach other.2.Physiology – the science which deals with the activities or dynamic (functions) of thebody and its parts.3.Pathology –the science which treats of the essential nature of disease, including thestructural and functional changes produced by the disorders.The modern approach to the study of disease emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body disorder. The term used for this combined study in medical science is pathophysiology.Underlying the basic medical sciences are the still more fundamental disciplines of physics and chemistry. A knowledge of both of these is essential to any real understanding of the life process.It is interesting to note that many other sciences have grown up about the study of disease and that each has become a specialty in itself.Some examples of these more specialized sciences include:1. Bacteriology, which includes a study of the many beneficial as well as disease-producingplantlike organisms called bacteria.2. Microbiology, which is the science of microscopic plants and animals, usuallyemphasizing the bacteria. This term sometimes is synonymous with bacteriology.3. Protozoology, the study of one-celled animals.4. Parasitology, the general study of parasites, a parasite being any organism which lives ono r within another (called the host) at the host’s expense.5. Helminthology, the study of worms, particularly parasitic ones.2.3 Disease TerminologyThe study of the cause of any disease, or the theory of its origin, is etiology. Any study of a disease usually includes some indication of its incidence, which means its range of occurrence and its tendency to affect certain groups of individuals more than others. Information concerning its geographic distribution and its tendency to appear in one sex, age group or race more or less frequently than another is usually included in a presentation on disease incidence.Diseases are often classified on the basis of severity and duration as:1.Acute: Those that are relatively severe but usually last a short time.2.Chronic: Those that are often less severe but likely to be continuous or recurring forlong periods of time.3.Subacute: Those that are intermediate and fall between acute and chronic, not beingquite so severe as acute infections nor as long-lasting as chronic disorders.Still another term used in describing certain diseases is idiopathic, which means “self-originating” or “without a known cause.”A communicable disease is one which can be transmitted from one person to another. If many people in given region acquire a certain disease at the same time, that disease is said to be epidemic. If a given disease is found to a lesser extent but continuously in a particular region, the disease is endemic to that area.Diagnosis, Treatment and PreventionIn order to treat a patient, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness –that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanies a given disease. Such a group is called syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurses do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient’s disorder is known, the doctorprescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as therapy. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician’s orders.In recent years, physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Throughout most of medical history, the physician’s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop disease before it actually happens – to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World Health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is educating individual patients toward the maintenance of total health – physical and mental.2.4 InfectionThe predominant cause of disease in humans is the invasion of the body by disease-producing microorganisms. The word “organism”means “anything having life”; “micro” means “small.” Hence, a microorganism is a tiny living thing, too small to be seen by the naked eye. Another term for microorganism is microbe or, more popularly, “germ.”Although the great majority of microorganisms are beneficial to man, or at the least are harmless, a certain few types cause illness; that is, they are pathogenic. Any disease-causing organism is a pathogen. If the body is invaded by pathogens with adverse effects, the condition is called an infection. If the infection is restricted to a relatively small area of the body, it is local.A generalized or systemic infection is one in which the whole body is affected. Generalized infections usually are spread by the blood stream.2.5 The MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are living things of a very primitive order. Because the early microscopes lacked high resolving power, many species of microorganisms such as rickettsias and viruses were unknown. Since then they have been placed in the kingdom called Protista (Fig. 2.1).Figure 2.1Some examples of protists.(/reinos-biologicos.html)ProtistaProtista, which means the first, is the term used to designate all one-celled organisms. The protists occur only as single-celled (unicellular) organisms. The main groups are as follows: Protozoa – one-celled animalsAlgae – one-celled plantsFungi – yeasts and moldsBacteriaVirusesHigher forms of life, with which we are all familiar, are composed of vast numbers of cells engaged to a greater or lesser degree in specialized tasks. Most microorganisms, however, are composed of but one cell in which all the processes of life are carried on – nutrition, growth, reproduction and so forth.BacteriaThe bacteria are once-celled plants. Although they comprise the largest groups of pathogens, most bacteria are not only harmless to man but are absolutely essential to the continuation of all life on earth. It is through the action of bacteria that dead animals and plants are decomposed and transformed into substances which enrich the soil. Sewage is rendered harmless by bacteria. One type of bacterium transforms the nitrogen of the air into a form usable by plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. Farmers take advantage of this by allowing a field to lie fallow (untilled) so that the nitrogen of its soil can be replenished. There are so many different types of bacteriathat their classification is very complicated. For our purposes, a convenient and simple groupingis based on the shape and arrangement of their cells as seen with a microscope (Fig. 2.2).Figure 2.2 Types of bacteria1.Rod-shaped cells: bacilli. Cells are straight and slender, like matchsticks. Some arecigar shaped with tapering ends. Typical bacillary diseases include tetanus, diphtheria,tuberculosis and typhoid fever.2.Spherical cells: cocci. Cells resemble dots. Cocci are seen in characteristicarrangements. Some are in pairs and are called diplococcic. Another type is arrangedin chains, like a string of beads. There are the streptococci. A third group is seen inlarge clusters and is known as staphylococci. Among the diseases caused bydiplococcic are gonorrhea and meningitis; streptococci and staphylococci areresponsible for a wide variety of infections3.Curved rods. One type has only a slight curvature, like a comma, and is called vibrio.Another form resembles a corkscrew and is known as spirillum (plural spirilla).Bacteria very similar to the spirilla, but capable of waving and twisting motions, arecalled spirochetes. Cholera is caused by a vibrio. The most serious and widespreadspirochetal infection is syphilis.In syphilis, the spirochetes enter the body at the point of contact through the genitalskin or mucous membranes. They travel to the blood stream and thus set up a systemicinfection.Bacteria can be seen only under a microscope. As a rough indication of their size, from ten to 1000 bacteria (depending upon the species) could, if lined up, span apinhead. Bacteria live in an environment of moisture and food materials. Some typesare capable of swimming rapidly about by themselves by means of threadlikeappendages called flagella. Their requirements as to water, food, oxygen, temperatureand other factors vary according to the species. Not surprisingly, the pathogenicbacteria are most at home within the “climate”of the human body. When livingconditions are ideal, the organisms reproduce (by splitting in two) with unbelievablerapidity. If they succeed in overcoming the body’s natural defenses, they can causedamage in two ways: by producing poisons, or toxins, and by entering the body tissuesand growing within them.4.Now classified as bacteria although considerably smaller are the rickettsias and thechlamydias (sometimes called rickettsiae and chlamydiae). These microorganisms canexist only inside living cells. Because they exist at the expense of their host, they areparasites; and because they can grow only within living cells, they are referred to asobligate parasites.The rickettsias are the cause of a number of serious diseases in man such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In almost every instance, these organismsare transmitted through the bites of such creatures as lice, ticks and fleas.The chlamydias are smaller than the rickettsias. They are the causative organism in trachoma (a serious eye infection that ultimately causes blindness), parrot fever orpsittacosis, the venereal disease lymphogranuloma venereum, and some respiratorydiseases.FungiThe true fungi are another large group of simple plants. Only a very few types are pathogenic. Although the fungi are much larger and more complicated than the bacteria, they are still a low order of plant life, lacking the green pigment chlorophyll which enables higher plants to utilize the energy of sunlight in carrying out their life processes. Like bacteria, the fungi prefer dark and damp places in which to grow.Familiar examples of fungi are mushrooms, puffballs, bread molds and yeasts (commercial yeast cakes used in baking and brewing). Of the fungi only yeasts and molds include pathogenic types. Diseases caused by fungi are called mycotic infections (myco-fungus). Examples of these are athlete’s foot and ringworm. Although few diseases are caused by fungi, some are very dangerous and all are difficult to cure.VirusesIf the bacteria seem small, they are enormous in comparison to the viruses. These latter are so tiny as to be invisible in the ordinary light microscope and can be seen only in an electron microscope. Viruses are the smallest known infectious agents. They have some of the fundamental properties of living matter, but hey are not cellular and they have no enzyme system.Like the rickettsias and the chlamydias, they can grow only within living cells –they are obligate parasites. Unlike these, the viruses are not usually susceptible to antibiotics.At present there is no universally accepted classification of viruses. For our purpose, we can think of them in relations to the diseases which they cause. There is a considerable number of them – measles, polio, hepatitis, smallpox and the common cold, to name a few.ProtozoaWith the protozoa we come to the one and only group of microbes which can be definitely classed as animals because of their mode of nutrition. Although the protozoa are one-celled, like the bacteria, they are much larger. Protozoa are found in most any body of water from moist grass to mud puddles to the sea.There are four main divisions of protozoa:1.Amebae. An ameba is an irregular blob of protoplasm which propels itself by extendinga branch of itself (a “false foot”) and then flowing over it. Amebic dysentery is causedby a pathogen of this group.2.Ciliates. This type of protozoon is covered with tiny hair called cilia which produce awave motion to propel the organism.3.Flagellates. These organisms are propelled by the long whip-like filaments calledflagella.4.Sporozoa. Unlike other protozoa, the sporozoa cannot propel themselves. They areparasites, unable to grow outside the host. A member of this groups cause malaria.Parasitic WormsMany species of warms (also referred to as helminths) are parasitic by nature and select the human organism as their host. Whereas invasion by any form of organism is usually called an infection, the presence of parasitic worms in the body also can be termed an infestation (Fig. 2.3). The microscope is required for the discovery of the eggs or larval forms of most warm infestations.Figure 2.3 Common parasitic worms.Common roundwormThe most common of the intestinal worms is the large rounded ascaris, which is very prevalent in many parts of Asia, where it is found mostly in the larval form. In the United States it is found especially frequently in the children from the rural South. This worm resembles the earthworm (fishworm) in appearance and many be present in such large numbers that intestinal obstruction ensues. The eggs produced by the adult worms are very resistant so that they can live in soil during either freezing or hot, dry weather and cannot be destroyed even by strong antiseptics. The embryo worms develop within the eggs deposited with excreta in the soil, and later reach the digestive system of a victim by means of contaminated food. Discovery of this condition may be made by a routine stool examination.PinwormsAnother fairly common infestation, particularly in children, is the seat or pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), which is also very hard to control and eliminate. The worms average somewhat less than one-half inch in length and live in the lower part of the alimentary tract. The adult female moves outside to the vicinity of the anus to lay its thousands of eggs. These eggs are often transferred by the child’s fingers from the itching anal area to the mouth. In the digestive system of the victim the eggs develop to form new adult worms, and thus a new infestation is begun. The child also may infect others by this means. Patience and every precaution, with careful attention to the doctor’s instructions, are necessary if the patient is to be rid of the worms. Washing the hands, keeping fingernails clean, and avoiding finger sucking are all essential.HookwormsHookworms are parasites that live in the small intestine. They are dangerous because they suck blood from the host, causing such a severe anemia (blood deficiency) that the victim becomes sluggish, both physically and mentally. Most victims become susceptible to various chronic infections because of extremely reduced resistance following such a great and continuous blood loss. Hookworms lay thousands of eggs, which are distributed in the soil by contaminated excreta. The eggs develop into small larvae which are able to penetrate the intact skin of bare feet. They enter the blood, and by way of the circulating fluids, the lungs and the upper respiratory tract, finally reach the digestive system. Prevention of this infestation isaccomplished best by the proper disposal of excreta, attention to sanitation, and the wearing of shoes in areas where the soil is contaminated.Other roundwormsWhile most roundworms are transmitted via excreta, the small Trichinella found in pork and other muscle foods is an exception. These tiny round worms become enclosed in a cyst, that is, a sac, inside the muscles of the rat, the pig and man. If pork is not well cooked, these sacs or cysts are dissolved by the host’s digestive juices, and the tiny worms mature and travel to the muscles where they again become encased. This disease is known as trichinosis. Another threadlike worm causes filariasis. This tiny warm is transmitted by such biting insects as flies and mosquitoes. The warms grow in large numbers, causing various body disturbances. If the lymph vessels become clogged by them, there results a condition called elephantiasis in which the lower extremities and the scrotum may become tremendously enlarged. Filariasis is most common in tropical and subtropical lands, such as southern Asia and many of the South Pacific islands.FlatwormsSome flatworms resemble long ribbons, while others have the shape of a leaf. Tapeworms may grow in the intestinal tract to a length of from 5 to 50 feet (1.5 to 15 meters) (see Fig. 2.4). They are spread by infected, improperly cooked meats, including beef, pork and fish. As is the case with most intestinal and worm parasites, the reproductive systems are very highly developed, so that each worm produces an almost unbelievable number of eggs which then may contaminate food, water and soil. The leaf-shaped flatworms are known as flukes; they may invade various parts of the body including the blood, the lungs, the liver and the intestine.Figure 2.4 Tapeworm2.6 Microbial ControlThe Spread of MicroorganismsThere is scarcely a place on earth which is naturally free of microorganisms. One exception is the interior of normal body tissue. But on external body surfaces, on lining membranes and inside tubes and organs that are connected with the outside – such as the mouth, throat, nasal cavities, and large intestine –both harmless and pathogenic microbes live in abundance. The body has natural defenses against these organisms. If these natural defenses are sound, a person may harbor many microbes without ill effect. However, if his resistance becomes lowered, an infection can result.Microbes are spread about through an almost infinite variety of means. The simplest way is by person-to-person contact. The more crowed the conditions, the greater the chances of epidemics breaking out. The atmosphere is a carrier of microorganism. Although microbes cannot fly, the dust of the air is alive with them. In close quarters the atmosphere is further contaminated by bacteria-laden droplets discharged by sneezing, coughing and even normal conversation. Pathogens also are spread by such pets as rats, mice, fleas, lice, flies and mosquitoes. Microbial growth is further abetted by the prevalence of dirt and the lack of sunlight. In slum areas there is often a combination of crowded conditions and poor sanitation. In addition,many of the inhabitants have lowered resistance because of poor nutrition and other undesirable health practices. As a result, epidemics are apt to begin in these districts.Microbes and Public HealthAll civilized societies establish and enforce measures designed to protect the health of their populations. Most of these practices are concerned with preventing the spread of infectious organisms. A few examples of fundamental public health considerations are listed: Sewage and Garbage Disposal. In times past, when people disposed of the household “slops” by the simple expedient of throwing them out the window, great epidemics were inevitable. Modern practice is to divert sewage into processing plant in which harmless bacteria are put to work in destroying the pathogens. The resulting noninfectious “sludge” makes excellent fertilizer.Purification of the Water Supply. Drinking water which has become polluted with untreated sewage may be contaminated with such dangerous pathogens as typhoid bacilli, the viruses of polio and hepatitis, and dysentery amebae. The municipal water supply usually is purified by a filtering process, and a close and constant watch is kept on its microbial population. Industrial and chemical wastes, such as asbestos fibers, acids and detergents from homes as well as from industry, and pesticides used in agriculture complicated the problems of obtaining pure drinking water.Prevention of Food Contamination. Various national, state and local laws all seek to prevent outbreaks of disease through contaminated food. Not only can certain animal diseases (tuberculosis, tularemia) be passed on, but food is a natural breeding place for many dangerous pathogens. Two organisms which cause food poisoning are the rod-shape botulism bacillus (Clostridium botulinum) and the grapelike “staph”(Staphylococcus aureus).Most cities have sanitary regulations requiring, among other things, compulsory periodic inspection of food-handling establishments and medical examination of personnel.Milk Pasteurization. Milk is rendered free of pathogens by pasteurization, a process in which it is heated to 145℉(63℃.) for 30 minutes and then is allowed to cool rapidly before being bottled. Pasteurized milk still contains microbes, but no harmful ones.Sometimes slightly higher temperatures may be used for a shorter time with satisfactory results.Aseptic MethodsIn the practice of medicine, surgery, nursing and other health fields, specialized procedures are performed for the purpose of reducing to a minimum the influence of pathogenic organisms. The word “sepsis” means “poisoning due to pathogens”; asepsis is its opposite: a condition inwhich no pathogens are present. Those procedures which are designed to kill, remove or prevent the growth of microbes are called aseptic methods.There are a number of terms designating aseptic practices, many of which are often confused with one another. Some of the more commonly used terms and their definitions are as follows:Sterilization.To sterilize an object means to kill every living microorganism on it. In operating rooms and delivery rooms especially, as much of the environment is kept sterile as is practicable –for instance, the gowns worn by operating room personnel and the instruments used. The usual sterilization agent is live steam under pressure, or else dry heat. Most pathogens can be killed by exposure to boiling water for four minutes.However –and this is a vitally important fact to remember –a very few types of pathogenic bacteria are armorlike coat. The resulting stage is called a spore. Spores are very difficult to kill. To insure destruction of all spore-forming organisms, the time and temperature for sterilization are much greater than those required to kill most pathogens.Disinfection. Disinfection refers to any measure which kills all pathogens (expect spores), but not necessarily all harmless microbes as well. Most disinfecting agents (disinfectants) are chemical. Examples are iodine and phenol (carbolic acid). Two other terms for bacteria-killing agents, synonymous with disinfectant, are bactericide and germicide.Antisepsis. This term refers to any process in which pathogens are not necessarily killed, but are prevented from multiplying, a state called bacteriostasis. Antiseptics are less powerful than disinfectants.ChemotherapyChemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body. Unlike disinfectants, which cannot be taken into the body without damage to its tissues, chemotherapeutic agents exert what is called a selective action; that is, they act against the parasites without harm to the host. For instance, quinine (made from the bark of a tree) kills the malaria parasite but does not injure the body tissues. A large group of chemotherapeutic agents are the sulfonamide (“sulfa”) compounds, used against a number of disease organisms. Because these drugs can be toxic to the body in some cases, they have been largely superseded by the antibiotics.AntibioticsAn antibiotic is a chemical substance, produced by living cells. It has the power to kill or arrest the growth of pathogenic microorganisms by upsetting vital chemical processes within them. Most antibiotics are derived from molds and soil bacteria. Penicillin, the first widely used antibiotics, is made from a common blue mold, Penicillium. Another large group of antibiotics is produced by Streptomyces, a type of soil bacteria; a well-known example of this group is。

梁正溜医学英语unit2Text A

梁正溜医学英语unit2Text A
guage
Q: What kind of lifestyle characteristics can help develop hypertension?
put sb. at risk of DOING
The Useful Language
Q: What if the heart has to work harder?
The Importance of Losing Weight • To stay physically _____ active
• To improve cardiac _________________ performance blood pressure • To lower ____________
The Current Treatment in USA
• More than half of hypertensives not ________________ receiving treatment • One-quarter of them being _______________ inadequately treated ______ • _________________ Only about one-fifth receiving the proper treatment
The Useful Language
Q: What is the most important thing to do about hypertension?
The bottom line on … is to …
The Silent Killer: Hypertension
Manny Alvarez
Hypertension

医学英语词汇(S2)_医学英语词汇

医学英语词汇(S2)_医学英语词汇

speak 说,讲,陈述speaker 扬声器,话筒,喇叭speaking tube 传音筒spear drill 矛状锥,剑尖锥spear point drill 剑尖锥spear poing flat drill 剑尖平锥spec. (1.specification 2.specimen) ①说明书②标本special ①特殊的,专门的②专刊special accessories 专用附件special digital computer 专用计算机special effect generator 特技效果发生器specialist 专家speciality 特点,专业specialize 专门化,特殊化,限定special licence 特别许可证special procedure equipment 特殊程序设备special purpose computer 专用计算机species 种类specific 特有的,专门的,比(的)specific activity 比活性specification (abbr. spec.) ①说明书②规格,规范specific density 比重specific gravity (abbr. sp. gr.) 比重specific gravity balance 比重天平specific gravity bottle 比重瓶specific heat 比热specific ion electrode 离子选择电极specificity 特异性,专一性specific ratio 比率specific resistance 电阻率,比电阻specific value 比值specific volume 比容specific weight 比重specify ①规定,指定②详细说明specillum 探子,探杆specimen 标本,样品specimen bottle 样本瓶specimen copy 样本specimen disc 样品盘specimen holder 标本夹specimen jar 标本缸specimen trap 标本收集器specimen trimmer 标本粗割机specimen vial 标本管形瓶spectacles 眼镜,平光眼镜spectral 光谱,频谱的spectral lamp 光谱灯spectral line 光谱线spectral phonoangiography 光谱血管音描记术spectral phonocardiogram 光谱心音图spectral phonocardiograph 光谱心音描记器spectro- 光谱,分光spectrochrome 色光谱的spectrocolorimeter ①分光比色计②单色盲分光镜spectrocolorimetry 光谱色度学spectrocomparator 光谱比较仪spectrofluorimeter 荧光分光计spectrofluorometer 荧光分光计spectrofluorometry 荧光光谱测定法spectrofluorophotometer 荧光分光光度计spectrogram 光谱图spectrogrph 摄谱仪,光谱仪spectrographic camera 光谱照像机spectrography 摄谱术spectrometer 分光计,光谱计spectrometry 分光术,光谱测定法spectromicroscope 分光显微镜spectromonitor 分光监视器spectrophotometer 分光光度计,分光比色计spectrophotometer cell 分光光度计比色皿spectrophotometry 分光光度测定法spectropolarimeter 分光偏振计,旋光分光计spectropyrheliometer 日射光谱仪spectroradiometer 分光辐射谱仪spectroscope 分光镜,分光仪spectroscopy 分光镜检查spectrum 光谱,光系,谱specular image 镜像speculum ①窥器,张开器②窥镜speculum forceps 窥器钳speech 语言,演说speech amplifier 音频放大器speech coder 语言编码器speech recognizing machine 语言识别机speed 速率,速度,转数speed autoclave 快速灭菌器speedometer 示速器,里程计spermatangium 精子器spf (spectrophotofluorometer) 荧光分光光度计sp. gr. (specific gravity) 比重spheno- 楔形,蝶骨sphenoidal rasp 蝶骨锉sphenoid sinus canula 蝶窦套管sphenoid sinus curette 蝶窦刮匙sphenoid sinus rongeur 鼻蝶窦咬骨钳sphenometer (楔形)骨片测量器sphenotribe 碎颅器sphere 球体,区域,范围,界sphere introducer 眼球置入器spherical aberration 球面像差spherical lens 球面镜片spherical projection perimeter 球形投影视野计spherocylinder 球柱透镜spheroid ①球形的②球形体spherometer 球径计sphincter 括约肌sphincteroscope 肛门括约肌镜sphincteroscopy 肛门括约肌匀检查sphincterotome 括约肌切开器sphygmo- 脉,脉搏sphygmobologram 脉能图,胸压曲线sphygmobolograph 脉能描记器sphygmobolometer 脉能描记器,脉压计sphygmobolometry 脉能描记法,脉压测量术sphygmocardiogram 脉搏心动图sphygmocardiograph 脉搏心动描记器sphygmocardioscope 脉搏心音描记器sphygmochronograph 脉搏自动描记器sphygmochronography 脉搏自动描记法sphygmodynamometer 脉搏力计sphygmodynamometry 脉搏测量法sphygmogram 脉搏图,脉搏曲线sphygmograph 脉搏描记器,脉搏计sphygmograph transducer 脉搏计换能器sphygmography 脉搏描记法sphygmoid 脉样的,脉搏状的sphygmology 脉学,脉搏学sphygmomanometer 血压计sphygmomanometroscope 复式血压计sphygmomanometry 血压测量法sphygmometer 脉搏计sphygmometrograph 血压描记器(记录最高和最低动脉血压)sphygmometroscope 听脉血压计,听力测压器sphygmo-oscillometer 示波血压计,振动血压计sphygmopalpation 按脉(法),切脉(法)sphygmophone 脉音听诊器sphygmoplethysmogrph 脉搏体积描记器,脉搏容积计sphygmoscope 脉搏检视器,脉镜sphygmoscopy 脉搏检查sphygmosignal 脉(搏振)辐检视器,脉搏信号器sphygmosystole 收缩期脉搏曲线sphygmotachograph 血流速度描记器sphygmotachymeter 脉搏速度计sphygmotonogram 血压脉搏图skphygmotonograph 血压脉搏描记器,脉动力描记器sphygmotonometer ①脉动力计,动脉管壁弹力计②眼底血压计sphygmous 脉搏的sphygmoviscosimetry 血压血液粘度测量法spica 穗形绷带,人字形绷带spider ①蜘蛛②三脚架,支座spider- web antenna 蛛网天线spigot ①插口,插销②龙头spike ①钉②脉冲,波峰(示波图)spike potential 峰电位spinal bone plate 脊柱接骨板spinal cord 脊髓spinal forceps 脊柱钳spinal fusion curette 脊柱凑合术刮匙spinal fusion osteotome 脊凑合术骨凿spinal fusion plate 脊柱接合板spinal manometer 脊椎测压计spinal marrow 骨髓spinal needle 脊椎穿刺针spinal retractor 脊柱牵开器spinal rongeur 棘突咬骨钳spinal screw 脊柱螺钉spinal support 脊柱支持器spinawl 破皮锥,破皮钻spine ①脊柱②棘,刺spine chisel 脊柱凿spine saw 脊柱锯spinner 旋转器spinogram ①脊柱x射线(照)片②脊髓造影照片spinthariscope 闪烁镜spintherometer x射线透度计spintometer x射线透度计spiral ①螺旋的②螺旋管③螺旋钻spiral agitator 螺旋式搅拌器spiral drill 螺丝钻头spiral separator 螺旋分离器spirit 酒精,醑剂spirit blowtorch 酒精喷灯spirit gauge 酒精比重计spirit lamp 酒精灯spirit thermometer 酒精温度计spiro- 呼吸spiroanalyzer 呼吸功能分析器spirocomputer 呼吸功能计算器spirogram 呼吸(描记)图spirograph 呼吸量描记器,肺功能测定仪spirography 呼吸描记法spiroid 螺旋样的spiro-index 呼吸指数spirometer 呼吸量计,呼吸气量测定器spirometer alarm 呼吸量计报警器spirometric 肺量测定的spirometry 肺量测定法,呼吸量测定法spirophore 柜式人工呼吸器spiropulsator 吸入麻醉器spiroscope 呼吸量测视器spiroscopy 呼吸量测视法spittoon 痰盂splanchna 内脏splanchnic retractor 内脏牵开器splanchno- 内脏splanchnoscopy 内窥镜检查splanchnotribe 夹肠器spleen 脾spleen pedicle clamp 脾蒂钳splenic venography 脾门静脉造影术spleno- 脾splenogram 脾x射线照片splenography 脾 x射线照像术splenoportography 脾门静脉x射线造影术splice ①缝接②加板splint 夹板,夹splint and bandage 夹板绷带splinter 裂片,碎片屑splinter forceps 取裂片镊splint of wood 木夹板split antenna 隙缝天线split stream inyector 分流注射器splitter ①分裂器②分离器③分流器splitting chisel 裂片凿splitting forceps 分劈钳splitting instrument 分解器split ventricular trocar 裂隙室套管spokeshave 鼻用环形刀sponge 海绵sponge biopsy 棉拭活组织检查sponge bowl 海绵碗sponge dressing forceps 弹性敷料镊sponge forceps 海绵钳sponge holder 海绵夹,持绵器sponge holding forceps 海绵夹持钳,持海绵钳sponge probang 海绵除鲠器sponge tent 海绵塞条spongia 海绵sponsor ①发起人,资助人②发起,主办spontaneous 任意的,自发的spontaneous brain wave 自发性脑电波spool 线圈,卷盘spoon 匙spoonful 匙,一匙量spoon knife 匙型刀spoon shaped clamp 匙型夹spoon shaped speculum 匙形窥器spoon type anastomosis forceps 匙型吻合钳spot 斑,光点,部位spot film device x射线点片器spot film radiography 适时x射线照像术spot film roentgenography 适时x射线照像术spotlight 聚光灯,反光灯spotlighting illuminator 焦点照明器spot paper 点滴反应用滤纸spout 喷嘴,槽spray ①喷雾器,喷嘴②喷雾剂spray bottle 喷雾瓶spray bottle heater 喷雾瓶加热器spray bottle nozzle 喷雾瓶嘴spray bottle warmer 喷雾瓶加温器spray dryerin lab 实验室喷雾干燥器sprayer ①喷雾器②喷嘴spray jet 喷雾器spray nozzle 喷嘴spray pistol 喷雾枪spreader 摊开器,扩张器spreading forceps 扩张钳spring ①弹簧②弹性spring balance 弹簧天平,弹簧称spring bending pliers 曲簧钳spring forceps 弹簧钳spring guide 弹簧导子srs x-knife(stereotactil radiosuryerysystem) 立体定位放射外科系统(简称x刀)srt 多向立体定位放射疗法spring knife 弹簧刀spring kymograph 弹簧记波器spring lancet ①弹簧刀②弹簧刺血针spring manometer 弹簧测压计spring mattress 弹簧褥子spring phlebotome 弹簧静脉刀spring scarificator 弹簧划痕器spring socket 弹簧插座spring washer 弹簧垫圈spring wire 弹簧丝sprue former 铸道形成针spud 铲,剥皮刀spur crusher 骨刺压碎器spurious 假的,伪造的spurt 喷出,喷射sputum 痰sputum bottle 痰瓶sputum cup 痰杯sputum tube 容痰管square 正方形,平方squared paper 方格纸square punch 方型钻孔器square shaped 方型的square tray anth cap 有盖方盘squeeze 压缩,挤sqyeeze dtbanineter 手握力计squeezer 压榨器squeezing forceps 砂眼压榨镊squid 超导量子干涉仪squint hook 斜视钩squint knife 斜视刀sr (strontium) 锶srs 立体安位射线外科sseg (segmental spinal electrogram) 节段性脊电图stab ①刺②杆squid (superconduction quantum interference device) 超导量子干涉仪(测量心磁脑磁信息)stabber 锥,穿索针stability 稳定性stabilivolt 稳压管stabilization 稳定stabilizator ①稳压器②稳定器stabilizer ①稳压器②固位器,稳定器stabilograph 稳定性测定器stabilovolt tube 稳压管stab knife 穿刺刀stable tracer isotope 稳定示踪同位素stack ①堆积,叠②捆,束,组,套stacked antenna 多层天线stacker ①可升降摄像机台②叠式存储器stactometer 测滴计,滴量计stadia computer 视距计算器stadiometer 测距仪staff ①探杆,导引探子②杆stage (显微镜)载物台,镜台stage micrometer 镜台测微器(显微镜)stagonometer (表面张力)滴重计stain 着色剂,染料stained preparation 染色标本stainer 染色器staining 染色,染色法staining bottle 染色瓶staining dish 染色皿staining jax 染色缸staining machine 染色机staining technique 染色技术stainless 不锈的,不锈钢的stainless steel 不锈钢=yustlessstcel stainless steel silk 不锈钢丝stainless steel wire 不锈钢丝stain smear 染色涂片stalagmometer 表面张力滴定计,滴数计stall 手指护套stalloy 硅钢片stamp ①图章②盖印,标出③邮票stand 台,座,支架standard (abbr.std.) 标准,规格,样品standard accessory 标准附件standard candle 标准烛光standard cell 标准电池standard curve 标准曲线standard deviation 标准偏差standard electrode 标准电极standard emitron 光电摄像管standard error (abbr.s.e.) 标准误差standardizition 标准化,标定法standard lead 标准导程standard lens 标准镜头standard rocking microtome 标准摇动式切片机standard set-up 标准装置standard solution 标准溶液standard specifications 标准规格standard technique 标准技术,标准法standard volume 标准容积(理想气体在标准温度和压力下的体积,即=22.414公升)stand-by ①备用品②准备standing ①放置②固定的,直立的stand magnet 立式吸铁器standpoint 立场,观点stannum (abbr.sn) 锡staphylagra 悬雍垂钳staphyle 悬雍垂staphylo- 悬雍垂staphylorrhaphy elevator 软腭缝合用起子staphylotome 悬雍垂切除刀staple ①u形钉,肘钉②钉书钉staple driver 骨科u形钉起子stapler ①小钉书机②中药袋封口机star 星,星形物starch 淀粉starch-sugar 糊精star connection 星形联接start 起动,开始starter 起动器,发射器stasimetry 稠度测量法stat. 镭射气单位(计算镭放射量的单位相当于0.364毫居里)state ①状态,情况②叙述,说明statement 声明,报告书statement of claims 索赔清单static ①静电的②固定的static campimeter 静态平面视野计,中心量光觉视野计static electrical apparatus 间动电疗机static electricity 静电static electrometer 静电计static probe 固定探头(b超)statics ①静电学②静电干扰station 电台,站,地点stationary grid 静止滤线栅statistical distribution 统计分布statistics 统计学statometer 眼球突出计statoscope 自记微气压计,微动气压计status 状况,地位stay suture clamp 支座缝合夹std. atm. (standard atmosphere) 标准大气压steadiness apparatus 共济失调描记器steady 稳定的,均匀的steam 蒸汽,汽steam autoclave 蒸汽灭菌器steam disinfecting apparatus 蒸汽消毒器steam disinfector 蒸汽消毒器steam gage 汽压计,蒸汽压力表steam inhalar apparatus 蒸汽吸入器steam inhaler 蒸汽吸入器steam kettle 蒸汽锅steam piston 蒸汽活塞steam pressure gauge 蒸汽压力表steam pressure respirator 蒸汽加压呼吸器steam sterilization 蒸汽灭菌法steam sterilizer 蒸汽灭菌器steam under pressure 加压蒸汽steam vapor cabinet 蒸汽浴箱steam vaporiser 蒸汽喷雾器steel 钢steel bending wire 钢曲丝steel bur 钢钻steel measure tape 钢卷尺steel rule 钢尺steel spoon 钢匙steel strip 钢条steel tape 钢卷尺steel thimble 钢套管steel wire 钢丝steering 操纵,控制stellite 钨铬钴合金stem 柄,杆,把stem-pessary 有杆子宫托stencil ①模绘板②蜡纸stender dish 施滕德氏皿(组织标本制备及染色的大小形状不同的器皿)stenocompressor 腮腺管压闭器stenopaic spectacles 小孔镜stenosis 狭窄step ①极,档,阶梯②间歇式的step-down transformer 降压器step lens 棱镜stepless 连续的,均匀的step-penetrameter 楔形梯级式x射线透度计step-up 升高,加快step-up transformer 升压器step-wedge 楔形梯级step-wedge penetrameter 楔形梯级式x射线透度计steradian 球面度(立体角单位)stere 千升,立方米(容量单位)stereo ①立体,实体②立体镜③立体照片stereo- 立体,实体stereo-amplifier 立体声放大器stereobinocular microscope 立体双目显微镜stereo-camera 立体摄像机stereocampimeter 立体视野计stereocardiography 空间心电向量描记法stereo-cinefluorography 立体荧光电影摄像术stereo effect 立体声效应stereoencephaloscope 立体窥脑器,脑检视仪stereoencephalotome 立体脑切开器,脑定点切开器stereoencephalotomy 脑定点切开术stereofluoroscopy 立体荧光屏透视检查stereogram 立体照片,立体x射线照片stereograph 立体照片,立体x射线照片stereography 立体x射线照像术stereoisomer 立体异构体stereoisomerism 立体异构stereo-magnifier 立体放大镜stereometer ①体积计②比重计stereometry ①体积测定法②比重测定法stereomicrography 立体显微摄影stereomicroscope 实体显微镜,体视显微镜stereomodel 立体模型stereomonoscope 双眼单体镜stereo-movie 立体电影stereo-ophthalmoscope 双目检眼镜,立体检眼镜stereo-orthoptor 视轴矫正实体镜,体视矫正器stereophantoscope 体视绘图器stereophenomenon 体视现象stereophonic broadcast 立体声广播stereophony 立体声stereophorometer 立体隐斜视矫正器stereophoroscope 活动影片检视器stereophotogrammetry 立体照像测量术stereophotograph 立体照片stereophotography 立体摄影,立体照像术stereophotomicrograph 立体显微照片stereoplotter 立体绘图仪stereopter 实体视力检查器stereopticon ①幻灯②幻灯机,投影放大器stereoradiographic unit 立体摄影装置stereoradiography 实体x射线照像术stereo receiver 立体声收音机stereo recorder 立体声录音机stereo reflex camera 立体反射线照像机stereoroentgenograph 立体x射线照片stereoroentgenoscopy 立体x 线透视检查stereoscan photograph 扫描电镜照片stereoscope 立体镜,体视镜stereoscope picture 立体照片stereoscopic 立体的,体视的stereoscopic camera 立体照像机stereoscopic film 立体电影,立体影片stereoscopic fluoroscopy 实体荧光屏透视检查stereoscopic image 立体影像stereoscopic microscope 立体显微镜stereoscopic radiograph 立体x射线照片stereoscopic television 立体电视stereoscopic zoom microscope 体视变焦显微镜stereoscopy 实体镜检查法stereoskiagraphy 立体x射线照像术stereostroboscope 立体动态镜,体视频闪观测器stereotactic 立体定位的stereo tape 立体声录音带stereotactic rodiosurgery srstem(srs) 立体立位放射手术系统(简称x-xnife)stereotaxic apparatus 立体定位仪stereotelevision 立体电视stereo viewer 立体观片灯sterilamp 灭菌灯sterile 灭菌的,消毒的sterile chamber 无菌容器,灭菌室sterile solution 无菌溶液sterile working 无菌操作steriliser 消毒器,灭菌器sterility detector 灭菌检验器sterilization 灭菌,消毒sterilize 灭菌,消毒sterilized dressing 无菌敷料sterilizer 消毒器,灭菌器sterilizing forceps 消毒钳sterilizing lamp 灭菌灯sterilizing room 无菌室sterilometer 消毒测定器sternal 胸骨的sternal biopsy 胸骨髓活组织检查sternal knife 胸骨刀sternal needle holder 胸骨持针器sternal punch 胸骨钻孔器sternal puncture needle 胸骨穿刺针sternal retractor 胸骨牵开器sterno- 胸骨sternogoiometer 胸骨角度测量器sternotomy air saw 风动胸骨锯sternum 胸骨sternum chisel 胸骨凿sternum knife 胸骨刀sternum shears 胸骨剪stethendoscope 胸部x射线透视机stetho- 胸stethocyrtograph 胸廓曲度描记器stethogoniometer 胸廓曲度计stethograph 胸动描记器stethography ①胸动描记法②心音描记法stethokyrtograph 胸廓曲度描记器stethometer 胸围计,胸廓张度计stethophone ①胸音传播器②听诊器stethophonometer ①胸音计②听诊测音器stethopolyscope 多管听诊器(教学用)stethoscope 听诊器stethoscope chestpiece 胸部听诊头stethoscope diaphragm 听诊器薄膜stethoscope transducer 听诊器传感器stethoscopy 听诊器检查stew ①噪声②热浴室stheno- 力量sthenometer 肌力计sthenometry 体力测量法stibium (abbr. sb) 锑stick 棍,棒,操纵杆stiffness 硬度,稳定性stigma ①气孔,小孔②斑,点stigmatic ①像散校正的②小孔的stigmatometer 视网膜检视镜stigmatoscope 细孔屈光镜stilb 熙提(表面亮度单位)stilet ①通管丝,管心针②细探子③锥刺stilette ①通管丝,管心针②细探子③锥刺still 蒸馏器stilligout 点滴管stilling 蒸馏stilus ①通管丝,管心针②细探子③棒剂stimulant 兴奋剂,刺激物stimulating electrode 刺激电极stimulation 兴奋,刺激stimulation level 刺激级stimulator ①刺激器②刺激物stimulator ophthalmoscope 刺激检眼镜stimulus threshold 刺激阀stipulation ①规定,限制②合同,契约stir 搅拌stirrer ①搅拌器②搅棒stirrer bar 搅棒stirring machine 搅拌机stirring rod 搅棒stirrup 镫形件,u形卡stitch 缝线stiching instrument 缝合器stitch scissors 缝合剪stochastic 随机的,机遇的stock ①原料,存货②台,座,架stock-cutter 切料机stocking 长袜,袜套stoechiometer 化学计算器,化学计量器stoichiometer 化学计算器,化学计量器stomach 胃stomach brush 胃刷stomach catheter 胃导管stomach cells adopter 胃细胞取样器stomach clamp 胃夹,胃钳stomach evacuator 洗胃排液器stomach forceps 胃钳stomach irrigator 洗胃器stomach model 胃模型stomach pump 胃抽器,胃唧筒stomach resection and suturing clamp 胃切除缝合器stomach siphon 胃虹吸管stomach tube 胃管stomach washer 胃脏冲洗器stomat- 口,口腔stomatic 口的stomatology 口腔学stomatoscope 口腔镜stomatoscopy 口腔镜检查-stomy 造口术,吻合术stone 石,结石stone breaker 碎石器stone dislodger 取结石器stone searcher 膀胱石探杆(检查膀胱石用)stools ①凳子②托架,座stop ①停止②制动器③光圈stopcock 开关,活塞,龙头stop-needle 有档针stopper ①充填器②塞子③制动器stop speculum 固定开睑器stop watch 秒表,跑表storage ①储藏,储存②仓库,存储器storage battery 蓄电池组storage cabinet 储藏柜storage capsule 储存容器storage cell 蓄电池storage oscilloscope 存储示波器store 记忆装置,存储器story 故事,经历stove 炉子,加热器stoving machine 烘干机s.t.p. (standard temperature and pressure) 标准温度和压力str (systolic time intervals) 收缩时间间期(心脏)strabism 斜视,斜眼strabismometer 斜视计strabismus forceps 斜视镊strabismus hook 斜视钩strabismus knife 斜视刀strabismus needle 斜视眼针strabismus scissors 斜视剪strabometer 斜视计strabotome 斜视刀straight 直的,直线straight adapter 直接管straight angle 平角straight b/l 直运提单straight handpiece 直机头straight knife 直刀strain ①张力,应变②过滤strainer 滤过器strain gauge 拉力计,应变计strain tube 应变管strand 线,导线束,丝条strap 皮带,条带stratification 层,层次stratigram x射线断层图,x射线体层照片stratigraphy 体层x射线照像术,断层x射线照像术stratum 层streak 条纹,划线stream 流,气流,水流street (abbr.st.;str.) 街道s trength ①体力,力量②强度③浓度strephotome 螺钻形刀stress 压力,张力,应力stress amplifier 应变压力放大器stress brdaker 应力中断器stretch 伸展,拉长stretcher ①担架②拉直器stretching pliers 扩张钳striascope 屈光检查器striation 纹,条纹strict 严格的,精确的stricture 狭窄stricture explorer 检狭窄探杆stricturoscope 直肠狭窄镜stricturotome 直肠狭窄切开刀string electrometer 弦线电流计string galvanometer 弦线电流计strip ①磨带,条②剥离strip-cutter 切条器strip penetrameter 条状x射线透度计stripper 剥离器strobe ①闸门②闪频观测器strobolaryngoscope 动态喉镜,回旋喉镜stroboscope ①动态镜②闪光仪stroboscopic disc 动态镜盘,斜视镜盘strobostereoscope 立体动态镜stroke 发作,冲程stroke volume (abbr. sv) 心搏排血量stromuhr 血流速度计strong 强的,有力的strong anion exchanger 强阴离子交换器(色谱法)strong cation exchanger 强阳离子交换器strontium (abbr. sr) 锶strontium ophthalmic applicator 眼科用sr90敷贴器structure 结构,构成struggle 斗争s-t segment s-t节段(心电图)stud 大头钉,栓钉student microscope 教学显微镜study model 研究模型stuff 材料,原料stump bur 牙残根钻stump elevator 牙残根梃子stump file 牙残根锉stump splinter forceps 牙残根碎片钳style ①式样,型②描笔③细探子,管心针stylet ①通管心针,通管丝②细探子stylet mandrel 管心针stylus ①描笔,记录笔②细探子,通管丝,管心针stylus tracer 细探子描记器(牙科)stype 药栓,药布styptic cotton 止血棉sthptic sponge 止血海绵sub- 在下面,亚,不足,副subarachnoid screw 蛛网膜下螺丝subarachnoid screw driver 蛛网膜下螺丝装拆器subarachnoid twist drill 蛛网膜下旋钻subassembly ①组件,机组②局部装配subaudible 次声(频)的subcutaneous 皮下的subinfuse-port 皮下埋藏灌注器subcutaneous syringe 皮下注射器subdermal 皮下的subaermal needle electrod 皮下针状电极(eeg)subdivision ①细分,重分②一部分subduce 扣除,减去subintegumental electrode 皮下电极subject ①主题,学科②使从属subjective 主观的,自觉的subjective photometer 直观光度计subjective refraction system 自动验光系统subjectoscope 视觉检查器subject range 适应范围sublimating apparatus 升华器sublimation 升华(作用)sublimator 升华器subliminal 阈下的,限下的sublingual 舌下的sublingual tablet 舌下片submicroscopic 亚显微的,亚微观的subminiaturization 超小型化subnormal 低常的,正常以下的subordinate ①部属的,次的②辅助的subprogram 子程序subscriber ①订户,用户②签名人subscript 记号,标记,脚注subsequence ①顺序,序列②后,次subsequent 以后的,次的subsidiary 辅助的,副的subsonic vibration 次声振动substage 镜台下部(显微镜)substage lamp 镜台下灯(显微镜)substance ①物质,材料②内容substandard 副标准,标准下的substitution 代替,取代,置换substrate ①基片,补底②底物subsystem 辅助系统subterminal 终端下的subthalmogram 丘脑底部图subthreshold stimulus 阈下刺激物subthreshold summation 阈下总和subtraction 减去法(放射诊断学)subtraction unit (x射线)减法装置subtractive 减去的,负的subtractor 减法器,减数subzero 零下,负的succedaneum 代用品,替代品succeed ①成功,及格②接替success 成功,成就succession 连续,系列suck 吮,吸suck and blow apparatus 吸吹式人工呼吸器sucked type 吸盘式sucker 吸盘,吸管,吸入器sucker apparatus 吸器,吸盘sucker tube 吸盘管suction ①吸,抽吸②抽吸器suction apparatus 吸引器suction booster 吸引增压器suction bottle 吸引瓶,吸滤瓶suction chamber 吸室suction cup 吸杯suction curet 吸引刮匙suction filter 吸滤器suction flask 吸滤瓶suction nozzle 吸气管suction-pipe 吸管,抽气管suction pump 抽气泵,吸气唧筒suction tube 吸引管,吸管suction unit 吸引器sufficiency 充足,足量sugar 糖sugarcoating machine 包糖衣机suggestion 建议,提出,意见suit ①适合,适应②套,组sulf- 硫,磺基sulfate 硫酸盐sulfur (abbr. s) 硫sulfurator 硫磺熏蒸器sulfuric acid 硫酸sulphuric acid desiccator 硫酸干燥器sum 总数,合计summary 摘要,大略summation 合计,总和summit 顶点,最高峰sump 池,坑,贮槽sump suction tube 池吸管sun-bath 日光浴sunday (abbr.sun.) 星期日sunlight 太阳光sunlight lamp 日光灯sun-parlor 日光浴室super 特级的,优等的super- 在…上,过度super-audio 超音频supercentrifuge 超速离心机supercharge 增压supercharger 增压器superconductor 超导体supercooled 过冷的superficial 表面的,肤浅的superficial scaler 表层刮器(用以去除齿龈结石)superficial therapy x-ray equipment x射线浅部治疗机superficial x-ray treatment x射线浅层治疗superheterodyne spectrometer 超外差分光计superiority 优秀,优越性superior limit 上限super low frequency therapeutic apparatus 超低频治疗机supernatant ①漂浮的②上层清液superperformance 超级性能,良好性能super-pressure kettle 高压锅superscope 超宽银幕电影superscriiption 处方标记,取supersonic 超声波的,超音频的supersonic detector 超声波检测器supersonic diagnostic set 超声波诊断仪supersonic echo sounder 超声波回声探测仪supersonic frequency 超声频率supersonic generator 超声波发生器supersonics 超声波,超声波学supersonic sounding 超声探测supersonic vibration 超声振动supersonic wave 超声波supertension 超高压supervision 监视,管理supervoltage 超电压,超高压supervoltage generator 超高压发电机super widefield condenser 超宽视野聚光器super widefield eyepiece 超宽视野接目镜supplement 补充,增刊,附录supplier 供给者supply ①供给,输送②电源supply cabinet 供应柜supply main 供电干线supply room 供应室supply voltage 供给电压support ①支柱,支架②底座supposition 假定,推测suppository 栓剂suppository desintegrationtester 栓剂溶介测定仪suppository machine 栓药机suppository mould 栓剂模型suppress 抑制,压制suppressor 抑制器,消除器supra- 上,在……之上supraliminal stimulus 阈上刺激物suprapubic catheter 耻骨上导尿管suprapubic urinal 耻骨上贮尿器suprarene 肾上腺surface 面,表面surface absorber 表面吸收器surface adsorption 表面吸附surface applicator 表面贴敷器surface biopsy 表面活组织检查surface electrode 表面电极surface stimulating electrode 表面刺激电极surface tension 表面张力surface tensometer 表面张力测定器surface thermometer 表面温度计surfactant 表面活性剂surgeon's needle 外科针surgeon's needle holder 持针器surgery 外科surgery microscope 手术显微镜surge suppressor 突波遏抑器surgical bed 手术床surgical blade 手术刀片surgical bur 外科钻surgical cement 外科粘固粉surgical diathermy unit 电手术器surgical olrape 外科手术巾surgical drill 手术钻surgical electrode 外用电极surgical forceps 手术镊surgical knot 外科结surgical mallet 外科锤surgical mask 手术口罩surgical mesh 心脏修补网状织物surgical monitor 手术监护仪surgical pad 手术橡皮垫surgical paraffin 外科用石腊surgical pliers 手术镊surgical scissors 手术剪surgical spoon 手术匙surgical suture needle 外科缝合针surgical tray 手术盘surgical unit 手术仪器surmount 克服,打破survey ①观察,调查②测量survey line 观测线surveyor ①测量器②测量员survey report 检验报告susceptance 电纳susceptibility ①灵敏度②磁化率susceptible 灵敏的,敏感的susceptiveness 灵敏性,敏感性susceptor 感受器suscitation 兴奋,刺激suspect 怀疑,推测suspend 推迟,暂停,悬挂suspended magnet 悬式吸铁器suspender 悬吊带,悬吊器suspensiometer 混悬度测定器suspension ①悬吊②悬吊架③悬浮液suspension splint 悬吊夹suspensory bandage 悬吊绷带sustain 支持,经受sutures 手术缝线,缝术suture bobbin 缝合线轴suture clip 缝合夹suture clip applying and removing forceps 创缘夹缝拆镊suture clip applying forceps 创缘夹缝合镊suture cutting forceps 缝合切割钳suture forceps 缝线钳suture guide 缝线导子suture instruments 缝合器械suture needle 缝合针suture pliers 缝针镊suture ring 缝合环suture scissors 缝合剪suture silk 缝合线suture tag forceps 缝合结节钳suture tying forceps 打线结钳suture wire scissors 缝线剪sv (stroke volume) 心搏出量svcg (spatial vectorcardiogram) 空间心电向量图svec (stereovectorelectrooardiogram) 立体心电向量图s. w. (specific weight) 比重swab 拭子swab stick 拭子条swage 铁模swager 牙压模器swan socket 插入式插座,卡口灯座swap 交换,交叉swedged needle 带缝线针sweep ①扫描②长,宽,高度sweep check 扫频检验sweep electron microscope 扫描式电子显微镜sweep reflectometer 扫频反射计swift 快,迅速swim ①游,游泳②漂浮swing ①摆动,回转②悬腿架swing bed 摇床swinging ball mill 振荡式球磨机swing-out 摆动式swing-out filter holder 摆动式持滤光镜架swing-out stirrer 摆动式搅拌器swing-type centrifuge 摇摆式离心机switch 闸,开关,电键switchboard 配电盘,电键板switcher 转换开关switch-fuse 开关保险丝switch in 接入,合闸switching ①配电,转换②开关switching amplifier 转换放大器switching box 转换盒switch off 切断,关掉switch on 开,接通switch panel 开关板switch selectro 选键器switch unit 转换开关swivel 旋转,转体swivel head examining lamp 转头检查灯swivel knife 旋转刀swivel stirrup 旋回牵引镫sylvatron 电光管sym- 连,合,共symballophone 定向听诊器symbol 符号,象征symbolize 用符号表示symmetric(al) 对称的,匀称的symmetrization 对称化symmetry 对称,匀称sympathectomy dissector 交感神经剥离器sympathectomy hook 交感神经钩symphysiotome 耻骨联合刀symphysiotomy knife 耻骨联合切开刀symposium 经验交流,讨论会symptom 症状symptomatography 症状记录synapse ①突触,神经键②联合synaptic potential 突触电位sync ①同步②同步机sync defibrillator 同步除颤器syncelom 体腔synchro- ①同步②同步机synchro-cyclotron 同步电子回旋加速器synchrometer 同步计synchronism 同步性,同时性synchronization 同步,同期synchronized pulmotor 同步呼吸机synchronizer 同步机,同步装置synchronous 同步的synchronous pacemaker 同步起搏器synchronous timer 同步定时器synchroscope 同步示波器synchrotone 同步超声发生器synchrotron 同步加速器syndrome 综合征synechia knife 虹膜粘连切开刀synechotome 虹膜粘连切开刀synopsis ①概要,内容摘要②对照表,说明书synoptophore 同视机,斜视诊疗器synoptoscope 同视镜,斜视检眼镜synteresis 预防synthermal 等温的synthescope 合成观测器synthesis 合成,综合synthesizer 合成器,综合器synthetic 合成的,人造的synthetic eye 人造眼,假眼synthetic membrane 人工膜syntony 谐振,共振syphon 虹吸管syringe 注射器,灌注器syringe adapter 注射器接头syringe burette 注射滴定管syringe hydrometer 吸管式比重计syringe needle 注射器针头syringe nozzle 注射器头syringe pipe 冲洗管,冲洗头syringo- 瘘管syringotome 瘘管刀system 系统,装置,设备systematic 有系统的,有规则的systematization 系统化,分类system compstibility guarantee 系统兼容性的保证书systemic circulation 体循环system simulation 系统模拟systole 收缩期(心脏)systolic 收缩的systolometer 心音鉴定器。

医学英语视听说教程2医学教育与健康服务

医学英语视听说教程2医学教育与健康服务

医学英语视听说教程2医学教育与健康服务
摘要:
I.引言
- 介绍医学英语视听说教程2 的主题和内容
II.医学教育的重要性
- 医学教育的定义和作用
- 医学教育的发展历程
III.健康服务
- 健康服务的定义和作用
- 健康服务的发展历程
IV.医学英语视听说教程2 的具体内容
- 课程的具体内容和教学方法
- 课程的优势和特点
V.总结
- 总结医学英语视听说教程2 的重要性和具体内容
正文:
医学英语视听说教程2 的主题是医学教育与健康服务。

医学教育是培养医学人才的重要途径,它的主要目的是培养具备专业医学知识和技能的人才,以满足社会对医学服务的需求。

医学教育的发展历程可以追溯到古代,当时医学知识主要通过师徒传承。

现代医学教育则主要依靠学校和医疗机构进行。

健康服务是医学教育的另一个重要方面。

健康服务是指通过各种服务手
段,帮助人们保持和恢复健康,提高生活质量。

健康服务的发展历程也可以追溯到古代,当时人们主要通过自我调节和自然疗法来保持健康。

医学英语第二单元翻译

医学英语第二单元翻译

Smallpox vaccination①smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.天花是由天花病毒引起的,通常是通过吸入病毒传播it has an incubation period of between 7 and 17 days,after which symptoms begin to appear.the inital symptoms are flu-like.A significant feature of the disease is the development of blisters on the upper part of the boby,which eventually scab over and leave scars when the scabs fall off. around 30 per cent of those infected with smallpox die,usually within two weeks of symptoms appearing.它有7至17天的潜伏期,之后开始出现症状。

初是类似流感的症状。

疾病的一个重要特征是水泡上的发展身体的一部分,最终愈合留下疤痕有30%的感染者因天花死去,通常在两周内出现症状。

②The first attempts to control the disease used a technique know as variolation. dried scab tissue from victims of smallpox was used to deliberately infect young people. of those infected by variolation, one per cent died,far fewer than the 30 per cent killed by infection in the normal way.despite the risks, variolation was still used in some remote communities until relatively recently. 第一个试图控制这种疾病使用天花接种的技术知道。

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医学制药词汇-1Aavitaminosis 维生素a 缺乏abacterial 无菌的abaissement 降落abalienation 精神错乱abarognosis 辨重不能abasia 步行不能abatement 轻减abdomen 腹abdominal 腹部的abdominal aorta 腹织脉abdominal apoplexy 腹部卒中abdominal belt 腹带abdominal cavity 腹腔abdominal distension 腹部膨胀abdominal fissure 腹壁裂abdominal hernia 腹疝abdominal hysterectomy 腹式子宫切除术abdominal membrane 腹膜abdominal murmur 肠音abdominal reflex 腹壁反射abdominal region 腹部abdominal respiration 腹式呼吸abdominal retractor 腹部牵开器腹壁拉钩abdominal ribs 假肋abdominal ring 腹环abdominal section 剖腹术abdominal space 腹腔abdominal surgery 腹部外科abdominal tumor 腹部瘤abdominal typhoid 伤寒abdominal version 外倒转术abdominal wall 腹壁abdominal zone 腹部abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺abdominohysterectomy 腹式子宫切除术abdominoscopy 腹腔镜检查abducens paralysis 外转神径麻痹abducent nerve 外展神经abduction 外展abduction splint 外展夹板abductor 外展肌abenteric 肠外的abepithymia 太阳神经丛麻痹aberant rest 迷芽瘤aberrant artery 迷行动脉aberration 迷乱abiosis 生活力缺失abiotic 无生命的ablactation 断乳ablatio placentae 胎盘剥离ablatio retinae 网膜剥离ablation 剥离ablepharia 无睑ablepharon 无睑ablephary 无睑ablepsia 失明盲ablepsy 失明盲ablution 洗净法ablutomania 沐浴癖abnormal labor 异常分娩abnormal psychology 变态心理学abnormality 异状性abo blood group abo血型abort forceps 龙钳abortion 龙abortive 顿挫性的abortive infection 顿挫型感染abrasion 刮除abreaction 精神疏泄abscess 脓肿abscess cavity 脓肿腔abscission 切除absence 失神absinthism 苦艾中毒absolute alcohol 绝对酒精absolute arrhythmia 绝对性心律失常absolute diet 禁食absolute sterility 绝对不育absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbed dose 吸收量absorbent 吸收剂absorbent system 淋巴系统absorbent vessel 淋巴管absorbing capacity 吸收力absorbing power 吸收力absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收带absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorptive cell 吸收细胞abstinence 禁戒abstinence symptom 禁戒症状abulia 意志缺失abutment 支持牙acalculia 计算不能acanthesthesia 针剌感acanthocephala 棘头虫类acanthocheilonemiasis 棘唇虫病acantholic nevus 老年疣acantholysis 皮肤棘层松解acanthoma 棘皮瘤acanthosis 棘皮症acapnia 血内二氧化碳缺乏acariasis 螨病acarinosis 螨病acarodermatitis 螨性皮炎acarophobia 螨恐怖acatalepsia 领悟不能acatalepsy 领悟不能acathisia 静座不能acaulinosis 无茎真菌病accelerated labor 分娩急速accessory breast 副乳房accessory cramp 痉挛性斜颈accessory nerve 副神经accessory olivary nucleus 副橄榄下核accessory pancreas 副胰accessory pancreatic duct 副胰管accessory placenta 附胎盘accessory spleen 副脾accessory symptom 辅助症状accidental hemorrhage 偶然出血acclimation 服水土acclimatization 服水土accommodation 第accompanying gastritis 伴随性胃炎accompanying vein 伴行静脉accoucheur's hand 助产手aceptor 接受器感受器aceratosis 无角病acervuloma 沙样瘤acervulus 脑沙acescent 变酸的acetabular bone 臼骨acetabulum 臼acetaldehyde 乙醛acetic acid 醋酸acetification 醋化acetone bodies 酮体acetonemia 丙酮血acetonuria 酮尿acetylcholine 乙酰胆碱achalasia 弛缓不能achilles calcaneal tendon 跟腱achillobursitis 跟腱囊炎achillorrhaphy 跟腱缝术achillotomy 跟腱切断术achiria 无手achlorhydria 盐酸缺乏achloropsia 第二型色盲acholia 无胆汁acholuria 无胆色素尿achondroplasia 软骨发育不全achorion 黄癣菌achreocythemia 无色素血症achrestic diabetes 失利用性糖尿病achroacyte 无色素细胞achroacytosis 淋巴细胞增多achroiocythemia 无色素血症achromasia 色素缺乏achromate 色盲者achromatocyte 无色红细胞achromatopsia 色盲achromatopsia totalis 全色盲achromatopsy 色盲achromatosis 色素缺乏achromia 色素缺乏achylia 乳糜缺乏achymia 食糜缺乏achymosis 食糜缺乏acid alkali balance 酸碱平衡acid ash diet 酸化性饮食acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid base imbalance 酸碱不平衡acid cell 酸细胞acid dyspepsia 胃酸过多性消化不良acid fast 耐酸的acid fast bacteria 抗酸性杆菌acid glands 胃酸腺acid intoxication 酸中毒acid milk 酸乳acidaminuria 氨基酸尿acidemia 酸血acidification 酸化acidimetry 酸定量法acidity 酸度acidocyte 嗜酸血球acidology 外科频学acidophilic bacteria 嗜酸性杆菌acidophilic body 嗜酸小体acidophilic cell 嗜酸性细胞acidophilic leukocyte 嗜酸性细胞acidoresistant 耐酸的acidosis 酸中毒aciduria 酸尿acinesia 运动不能acinous adenocarcinoma 腺胞性腺癌acinous carcinoma 腺泡状癌acinous cell 腺泡细胞acinus 腺泡acladiosis 皮肤真菌病acme 极期acne 痤疮acneiform eruption 痤疮状发疹acology 治疗学aconitine 乌头碱acorea 无瞳孔acosta's disease 高山病acosta's disease hypsonosus 高山病acouasma 幻听acouesthesia 听觉敏感acousma 幻听acousmatagnosis 听觉性认识不能acousmatamnesia 听觉性健忘acoustic cell 听细胞acoustic hair cell 听毛细胞acoustic nerve 听神经acoustic pressure 声压acoustic trauma 声外伤acoustic tumor 听神经瘤acousticopsychology 音响心理学acoustics 声学acquired character 获得性状acquired hernia 后天性疝acquired immune deficiency 后天性免疫缺乏acquired immunity 获得免疫acquired reflex 获得反射acra 肢端acrania 无颅;天颅acratia 肌无力acrid 辛味药acrimony 刺激性acroanesthesia 肢麻木acroasphyxia 肢端缺氧acrocephalia 尖头acrocephalosyndactylia 尖头并指acrocontracture 四肢挛缩acrocyanosis 手足发绀acrodermatitis 肢皮炎acrodynia 肢端痛症acroesthesia 肢端感觉过敏acrohypothermy 手足温度过低acromacria 细长指acromegaly 肢端肥大症acromion 肩峰acropachyderma 肢厚皮病acroparesthesia 肢端感觉异常acropathology 肢病理学acropathy 肢病acrophobia 高处恐怖acrosome 顶体acrotism 无脉actinic 光化的actinic dermatitis 光化性皮炎actinogen 射线质actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycosis 放线菌病actinoneuritis 射线神经炎actinoscopy x 线透视actinotherapy x 线治疗action current 动诅流action potential 动诅位activation 活性化activator 活化剂active congestion 织性充血active hyperemia 织性充血active immunity 自动免疫active immunization 自动免疫法active oxygen 活性氧active substance 活性物质activity 活度actual neurosis 真性神经症acuity 敏度acumeter 听力计acumetry 听力测计法acupuncture 针术acupuncture analgesia 针麻acusector 电针刀acute 急性的acute abdomen 急腹症acute lung edema 急性肺水肿acute rheumatic fever 急性风湿性发热acute rheumatism 急性风湿性发热adam's apple 喉结adamantina 釉质adamantine substance 釉质adamantinocarcinoma 成釉细胞癌adamantoblast 成釉细胞adamantoma 成釉细胞瘤adams stokes syndrome 亚当斯斯托克斯综合征adaptation 适应adaptation syndrome 适应综合征adaptive enzyme 适应酶adaptive process 适应过程adaptometer 适应计adaptometry 适应性测量法addison biermer's anemia 艾狄生比尔默病addison's disease 阿狄森病addisonism 类阿狄森病adduction 引证adelomorphous cell 指胞adenasthenia 腺机能衰弱adenectomy 腺切除术adenitis 腺炎adenocarcinoma 腺癌adenofibroma 腺纤维瘤adenoid 增样的adenoid cystic carcinoma 腺囊癌adenoid facies 增殖腺面容adenoid tissue 淋巴组织adenoitis 增殖腺炎adenology 腺学adenolymphitis 淋巴结炎adenoma 腺瘤adenomalacia 腺软化adenomatous goiter 腺瘤性甲状腺肿adenomatous polyp 腺瘤性息肉adenomyoma 腺肌瘤adenopathy 腺病adenopharyngitis 咽扁桃体炎adenophlegmon 蜂窝织炎性腺炎adenosarcoma 腺肉瘤adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺甙adenylic acid 腺甙酸adephagia 贪食症adermia 无皮adherent placenta 粘连胎盘adhesion 粘连adhesiotomy 粘连切离术adhesive inflammation 粘连性炎adhesive pericarditis 粘连性心包炎adhesive peritonitis 粘连性腹膜炎adhesive pleurisy 粘连性胸膜炎adiadochocinesia 轮替性运动不能adiaphoresis 无汗adiastole 无舒张adipocele 脂肪疝adipocere 尸蜡adipoid 类脂的adiponecrosis 脂肪坏死adipopexia 脂肪蓄积adipopexis 脂肪蓄积adiposalgia 脂肪痛adipose cell 脂细胞adipose degeneration 脂肪变性adipose sarcoma 脂肉瘤adipose tissue 脂肪组织adipose tumor 脂瘤adiposis 肥胖adipositas 肥胖adiposuria 脂肪尿adipsia 不渴症adjuvant 辅药adjuvant disease 辅佐性病adjuvant therapy 辅助疗法administration 投药admission department 住院接受科adnexa 附属物adnexal carcinoma 附件癌adnexectomy 附件切除术adnexitis 子宫附件炎adnexopexy 子宫附件固定术adrenal apoplexy 肾上腺性卒中adrenal body 肾上腺adrenal cortex 肾上腺皮质adrenal crisis 肾上腺危象adrenal cyst 肾上腺囊肿adrenal gland 肾上腺adrenal medulla 肾上腺髓质adrenal tumor 肾上腺瘤adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术adrenalinemia 肾上腺素血adrenalism 肾上腺机能病adrenergic 肾上腺素能的adrenergic agent 类肾上腺素能药物adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素能受体adreno corticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocortical carcinoma 肾上腺皮质癌adrenocortical hormone 肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticomimetic 类肾上腺皮质激素的adrenogenital syndrome 肾上腺生殖欺合征adrenolytic 抗肾上腺素的adrenolytic agent 抗肾上腺素剂adrenomedullotropic 促肾上腺髓质的adrenotropic 亲肾上腺的adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adstringentia 收敛药adult disease control 成人病管理adult diseases 成人病advanced cancer 晚期癌advanced carcinoma 晚期癌advanced labor 早产adventitia 血管外膜adventitial cell 外膜细胞adventitious cyst 假囊肿adynamia 肌无力adynamic ileus 麻痹性肠梗阻aerasthenia 飞行员神经机能病aerated blood 充氧血aeration 换气aeremia 气栓aerial infection 空气传染aerial respiration 空气呼吸aero odontodynia 航空牙痛aerobe 需氧菌aerobic bacterium 需氧菌aerobic glycolysis 好气性糖分解aerobic metabolism 需氧代谢aerobiosis 需氧生活aerocele 气肿aerocolia 结肠积气aerocoly 结肠积气aerocystography 膀胱充气照相术aerodermectasia 皮下气肿aerodontalgia 航空牙痛aerodontology 航空牙科学aeroembolism 气栓aerogastria 胃积气aerogenic 产气的aerogenous 产气的aerogram 充气照片aeroionotherapy 空气离子化疗法aeromammography 充气乳房造影术aeromedical 航空医学的aeromedicine 航空医学aeroneurosis 飞行员神经机能病aeropathy 航空病aeroperitoneum 气腹aeroperitonia 气腹aerophagia 吞气症aerophil 需氧菌aerophobia 气林怖aeropiesotherapy 压缩气疗法aeroplethysmograph 呼吸气量仪aeropleura 气胸aerosinusitis 气压损伤性鼻窦炎aerosol 气溶胶aerosol therapy 气溶胶疗法aerotherapeutics 空气疗法aerotherapy 空气疗法aerotitis 航空性中耳炎aerotropism 向气性afebrile 无热的affect 情感affection 疾患affective incontinence 感情失禁affective insanity 情感性精神病affectivity 易感性afferent fiber 传入性纤维afferent nerve 传入神经afferent neuron 传入神经元affinity 亲和力afflux 硫affluxion 硫affusion 注水afibrinogenemia 无纤维蛋白原血症african tick fever 非洲蜱传热after brain 后脑afterbirth 产后物aftereffect 后效afterimage 后像afterimpression 后感觉aftersensation 后感觉aftertreatment 后疗法afunction 机能缺失agalactia 乳泌缺乏agalaxia 乳泌缺乏agamete 无性生殖体agammaglobulinemia 无丙种球蛋白血症agamy 无性瀑agar 琼脂agar agar 琼脂agar disk method 琼脂盘法agastria 无胃agastric anemia 无胃性贫血age 年龄age determination 年龄决定agenesia 发育不全agenesis 发育不全agenitalism 生殖腺机能缺乏agent 动因ageusia 味觉丧失ageustia 味觉丧失agglutination 凝集反应agglutination titer 凝集反应效价agglutinative thrombus 凝集性血栓agglutinin 凝集素agglutinogen 凝集原aggravation 加重aggregate 聚集aggregation 集合aggressin 攻回aggressivity 侵袭力aging 衰老aging hormone 致老激素agitolalia 急躁性错语agitophasie 急躁性错语aglobulia 红细胞减少aglobulism 红细胞减少aglobulosis 红细胞减少aglossia 无舌aglucone 配质aglutition 吞咽不能aglycemia 血糖缺乏aglycone 配质agnathia 无下颌agnathy 无下颌agnosia 失认agonadism 无生殖腺agonal leukocytosis 濒死期白细胞增多agony 濒死痛苦agoraphobia 广场恐怖agrammatism 语法缺失agranulocyte 无粒细胞agranulocytosis 粒细胞缺乏症agraphia 书写不能agravic illusion 无重力幻觉agriothymia 残忍agromania 隐居癖agrypnocoma 醒态昏迷agrypnode 阻睡药agrypnotic 阻睡药ague 疟agyria 无脑回ahypnia 失眠aids 艾滋病ailing 生病的ailment 小病ainhum 阿洪病air bath 空气浴air bed 气褥air breathing 空气呼吸air cell 肺胞air cure 空气疗法air cystography 膀胱充气x线照相术air dose 辐射剂量air embolism 气栓air medicine 航空医学air sac 肺泡air sickness 航空病airmyelography 脊髓充气造影术airway 气道akaryote 无核细胞akatamathesis 理解不能akatanoesis 理解不能akathisia 静座不能akembe 阿肯病akinesia 运动不能akinesis 运动不能alalia 失语alar 翼状的alar bone 蝶骨alar ligament 翼状韧带alarm 警报alastrim 乳白痘alba 脑白质albiduria 白尿albinism 白化病albinuria 白尿albuginea 白膜albuginitis 巩膜炎albugo 白斑albumin 白蛋白albumin agglutinating antibody 白蛋白凝集抗体albumin globulin ratio 白蛋白球蛋白比率albuminemia 白蛋白血症albuminoid 类蛋白albuminosis 白蛋白血症albuminous degeneration 蛋白变性albuminuria 蛋白尿alcaptonuria 尿黑酸尿alcohol 醇alcoholase 醇酶alcoholdehydrogenase 醇脱氢酶alcoholemia 醇血症alcoholic delusion of jealousy 酒精中毒性嫉妒妄想alcoholic psychosis 酒精中毒性精神病alcoholism 醇中毒alcoholist 嗜酒者alcoholomania 酒精性躁狂aldehyde 醛aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗药aldosteronism 醛甾酮过多症aldosteronoma 醛甾酮瘤aletocyte 游走细胞aleukemia 非白血性白血病aleukemic leukemia 非白血性白血病alexia 读字不能algesia 痛觉过敏algesiometer 痛觉计algesthesia 痛觉algesthesis 痛觉alginuresis 疼痛性排尿algogenesia 疼痛产生algogenesis 疼痛产生algogenia 疼痛产生algogenic 产生疼痛的algolagnia 痛淫algomenorrhea 经痛algometer 痛觉计algometry 痛觉测验法algophobia 疼痛恐怖algopsychalia 精神痛苦algospasm 痛性痉挛alienation 精神错乱alienia 无脾aliform 翼状的aliment 食物alimentary canal 消化道alimentary intoxication 食物中毒alimentary system 消化系统alimentary toxicosis 食物中毒alimentary tract 消化道alimentation 营养法alimentotherapy 饮食疗法alkalemia 碱血alkali 碱alkali ash diet 碱化性饮食alkali burn 碱灼伤alkali reserve 硷储备alkaline intoxication 碱中毒alkaline reserve 硷储备alkalinity 硷性alkalosis 碱中毒alkalotherapy 硷疗法all or none law 全或无定律all or nothing relation 全或无定律allantiasis 腊肠中毒allantoic cyst 尿囊囊肿allantoid 尿囊样的allele 等位基因allelic gene 等位基因allergen 过敏原allergen elimination 变应原排除allergenic serum 变应性血清allergia 变态反应allergic asthma 变应性哮喘allergic disease 变态反应病allergic granuloma 变应性肉芽肿allergic pneumonia 变应性肺炎allergic rhinitis 变应性鼻炎allergic serum 变应性血清allergic stomatitis 变应性口炎allergic test 变应性试验allergist 变态反应学家allergization 致敏酌allergodermia 变态反应性皮病allergometry 变应性测定allergosis 变态反应病allergy 变态反应allobiosis 反应特性改变allochiria 感觉异侧allochromasia 变色allogenic 同种的alloimmune serum 同种免疫性血清allokinesis 反射运动allolalia 言语障碍allomorphism 同质异晶allongement 伸长术allopathy 对抗疗法allophthalmia 两眼异色alloplasty 同种成形术alloploidy 异源多倍性allopolyploidy 异源多倍性allorhythmia 节律异常allotopia 异位allotropism 异性细胞亲和性allotropy 异性细胞亲和性alloxane diabetes 阿脲糖尿病almond oil 扁桃油alochia 无恶露alopecia 脱发alpha cell 细胞alpha hemolytic streptococcus 溶血性链球菌alpha rays 线alpha stimulant 兴奋药alpha sympatholytic agent 交感神经阻滞药alpha sympathomimetic agent 拟交感神经药alpine scurvy 糙皮病alterative 变质药alterative inflammation 变质性炎alternate hemiplegia 交叉性偏瘫alternate host 中间宿主alternating bath 冷热交替浴alternating insanity 情感性精神病alternating pulse 交替脉alternation 交替altitude chamber 高压室altitude sickness 高空病alveolar arch 牙槽弓alveolar bleeding 齿槽出血alveolar cell 肺泡细胞alveolar osteitis 牙槽骨炎alveolar point 牙槽中点alveolar ridge 牙槽棱线alveolar socket 牙槽alveolar ventilation 肺泡换气alveole 肺胞alveolectomy 牙槽切除术alveolitis 牙槽炎alveoloclasia 牙槽破折alveolotomy 牙槽切开术alvine calculus 粪石alymphocytosis 淋巴细胞缺乏alzheimer's disease 阿尔茨海默病amacrine cell 无长突细胞amarthritis 多关节炎amastia 无乳房amathophobia 飞尘恐怖amaurosis 全盲amaxophobia 乘车恐怖症amazia 无乳房ambidexterity 两手同利ambilateral 两侧的ambiopia 复视ambisexual 两性的amblyacousia 听觉减退amblyopia 弱视ambosexual 两性的ambulance 救护车ambulant 能走动的ambulant case 能走动患者ambulatorium 门诊部ambulatory 能走动的ambustion 灼伤ameba 阿米巴amebacide 抗阿米巴药amebiasis 阿米巴病amebic dysentery 阿米巴痢疾amebicide 抗阿米巴药amebocyte 阿米巴状细胞ameboid 阿米巴样的ameboid cell 阿米巴状细胞ameboma 阿米巴瘤amelia 无肢amelioration 转佳ameloblast 成釉细胞ameloblastoma 成釉细胞瘤amelogenesis 釉质发生amenia 无月经amenorrhea 无月经amentia 白痴american equine encephalitis 美洲马脑炎american leishmaniasis buba brasi 鼻咽粘膜利什曼病ametria 无子宫ametropia 变常眼。

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