电力系统技术规格说明书
PAC2000技术说明书
2.3
暂态记录............................................................................................................... 2-1
2.4
发电机内电势及功角监测................................................................................... 2-2
1.3
同步相量测量装置（PMU） .............................................................................. 1-3
1.4
电力系统实时动态监测系统............................................................................... 1-4
3.2.2 硬件结构....................................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.3 技术参数....................................................................................................... 3-4
1.5
PAC-2000 电力系统相量测量装置 ..................................................................... 1-5
汤普森纳特电力系统产品介绍书说明书
Products for Railway Networks You will find whatyou are looking forIn-house manufacturingComponent testingHigh voltage laboratoryDipl.-Ing. H. Horstmann GmbH is a medium-sized company based in Heiligenhaus near Düsseldorf (Germany). The company was founded in 1946 by Heinrich Horstmann. Since that time it has been a successful family-owned company. Due to its long experience and the ongoing expansion activities in research and development as well as in production facilities Dipl.-Ing. H. Horstmann GmbH is today recognized as the leading manufacturer in medium voltage technology for:short-circuit and earth fault indicators solutions for remote monitoringvoltage detectors and voltage detecting systemsearthing devices and accessoriesThe worldwide distribution is covered by both our own highly qualified sales force and trade agents.Our products meet the highest quality requirements and are developed and manufactured in own productionfacilities in Germany. In order to respond to these demands, we have a very high vertical depth of production (e.g. own SMD assembly lines) as well as an own research and development department with state-of-the-art testing and measuring equipment. Besides the electronics manufacturing, we have also a mechanical production facility for safety material.Our company has been certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001 since 1996.Company profileHead office in HeiligenhausThe safe and reliable transport of passengers and goods is the primary concern of railway network operators. In order to achieve this, not only the trains, but also the tracks need to be monitored and maintained.Horstmann offers products and system solutions for the rapid location of faults in the event of short-circuits or lightning strikes, as well as for continuous monitoring of railway electrical systems.In the event of disturbances or outages fault finding is often laborious and time-consuming. It is necessary to drive or walk along the entire electrified section in order to find the fault location.Horstmann fault indicators divide the electrified sections into sub-sections. In the event of a fault, all fault information is sent to the control room, clearly indicating the exact fault location. This permits maintenance staff to go straight to the fault location and quickly implement the necessary measures. This saves time and money and ensures customer satisfaction for all rail passengers.When there are no faults, monitoring provides the railway network operator with a full overview of the most important network parameters at all times.Horstmann also offers products which allow work to safely be carried out on the tracks. These include voltage detection systems for determining that there is no voltage present in overhead line systems which provide power to the overhead contact lines.Horstmann products are precisely adjusted to the requirements of railway networks and designed for use with the typical frequencies.Smart Navigator 2.0 Rail — Quick location of faults in overhead line systems and on catenary mastsPole Master Rail — Long-distance communication of reports of faults in overhead line systems to a central location BO-A 2.0 — Determining voltage presence or absence in overhead line systems of electrified railways BO-A AC / DC — Focus: Determining the absence of voltage for DC and AC applications with residual voltage Polaris — Electrified sections with autotransformers, monitoring of return currentsWega 2 R1 and Wega 1R1 — Determining voltage presence or absence in switchgears for powering railwaysEarthing and short-circuiting device — For safe working in switchgearsRailway networksProducts and system solutionsSmart Navigator 2.0 RailDirectional overhead faulted circuit indicator with monitoringSmart Navigator 2.0 Rail Fault messages containing information about short-circuits and fault current direction help to clearly identify problem situations. Every fault is signalled to the control room within one minute.Energy managementPole-mounted units with solar panels are used to ensure supply and control room communication. Alternatively, these can be powered from a DC or AC auxiliary power supply.The high battery capacity of the Smart Navigators guarantees a service life of >10 years, and any load current extends the service life. ClampThanks to the innovative clamping mechanism, unintentional detaching from the overhead line due to environmental influences is impossible.With a hot stick, the Smart Navigator 2.0 Rail can be mounted on an overhead line up to 12 meters high, even under live conditions. Likewise, it also can be uninstalled again without any problems.Product featuresIntelligent fault detection — reduces outage timesOverhead line monitoring — data for the evaluation of the network conditionInnovative installation — on live conductors and from the groundRemote maintenance — configuration and updates from the control roomIntelligent fault detectionThe proven overcurrent detection algorithm detects fault currents reliably under a wide range of network situations. Individual parameter settings tailor the system perfectly for all locations in your overhead line network, eliminating false tripping.The Smart Navigator 2.0 Rail can be quickly and easily mounted in overhead line systems. Typical mounting locations are longitudinal and transverse disconnects, catenary lines, amplifier lines, bypass lines and feeder lines in autotransformer systems.Pole Master RailServiceSmart Navigators 2.0 Rail are successfully used worldwide, on all continents, to detect and remotely report network faults. Therefore, the Smart Navigator 2.0 Rail is tailored to the country-specific radio approvals and the different frequency ranges of the network operators.We are happy to support you with the connection to your server solution for the control room and the design of the network-specific tripping characteristics.Implement your individual projects together with us:+49 2056 976 0.Remote signalling and monitoringThanks to remote signalling, the complex, high quality and diverse sensor technology enables clear monitoring and thus direct insight into your overhead line network. Remote maintenance such as software updates or configuration adjustments can be performed via the GSM / LTEconnection.AccessoriesSmart Navigator 2.0 Rail InstallationstoolExtension stick with universal end fittingInstallation tool and extension stickFor Smart Navigator 2.0 Rail installations and removals on overhead line systems.Hot Stick with hookFor Smart Navigator 2.0 Rail installations and removals on overhead line systems.Dimensions [mm]Order no.a b c 1 — 241,200500 31065-0301-001b acHot stick with hook (according to DIN VDE V 0681-1)Order no.Bird guard for Pole Master Rail44-9900-001Order no.USB-Transmitter28-5000-001Order no.Magnet (Test / Reset)49-6001-002Bright LED’s and loud acoustic signals - Excellent percep-tion under all environmental conditions.Extension or plug-in system — quick and easy to use Self-testing when switched on - Increased safety Light weight — easy handling and transportation Use even in precipitationAutomatic frequency detection - Warning when used in networks of a different frequencySignal colour storage bag — safe transportBackpack carrying belts and hand carrying belts — comfortable transportHighest reliability and user comfortShockproof and no battery replacement necessary - maintenance-free with long operating lifeProduct featuresThe BO-A 2.0 is a voltage detector for medium voltage overhead line systems of electrified railways, substations and electrical indoor installations.It is designed to detect the absence or presence of voltage during maintenance work for example.The voltage detector BO-A 2.0 is suitable for use in16.7 / 50 / 60 Hz networks. If the voltage detector BO-A 2.0 is used in a network with a deviating frequency, a visual and audible signal is activated. In this case the network situation must be verified.The BO-A 2.0 is designed according to IEC 61243-1 resp. DIN VDE 0681-6, depending on the version. The voltage detector is ready for the global market.According to the German accident prevention standard DGUV Regulation 3 (Table 1c), the device is subject to maintenance tests with intervals of not more than 6 years.BO-A 2.0For overhead line systemsBO-A 2.0D e ut s c h e B a hn — A p pr o v a lGreen LED: Stand-by state andVoltage not present Red LED: Voltage present Black button:Acoustical indicatorBO-A 2.0 indication and control panelAccessoriesPage Plug-in adapter/Telescopic stick 12Nominal voltage [kV]/Nominal frequency [Hz]Total length[mm]±50 mm Insertiondepth [mm]Handling VersionOrder no15 kV / 16,7 Hz max. 5.400 1.790Plug-in adapter/Telescopic stick VDE-Version DB-Approval 50-1510-20215 kV / 16,7 Hz max. 5.4001.790Plug-in adapter/Telescopic stick IEC-VersionAutomatic self-activation 50-1512-00215 kV / 16,7 Hz 4.700 1.790Insulating sticks (pluggable) VDE-Version 50-1510-002Further versions are available depending on the following parameters:Nominal voltage (11 kV, 15 kV, 25 kV), Rated frequency (16,7 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz),Version according to IEC 61243-1 or VDE 0681-6,Handling (telescopic pole/plug-in adapter, universal adapter/telescopic pole, plug-in insulating pole),Optional: Automatic self-activation when connected to energized overhead lines.Please let us know which version is suitable for your application.BO-A AC/DCThe new DC multifunction voltage detector for overhead line systems of electrified railwaysBO-A AC/DCBO-A AC/DC indication and control panelYellow LED: Residual voltage indication Green LED: Stand-by state andVoltage not present Red LED:Voltage presentBlue Pushbutton: On/Off-Pushbutton Red/blue LED:Polarity indicationD e ut s c h e B a hn — Ap p r o v a lProduct featuresOne device for DC and AC voltage networksBright LEDs and loud acoustic signals - Excellent perception in all environmental conditionsTelescope and plug-in system - quick and easy to useIntegrated self-test and AC/DC residual voltage indicator - Maximum safetyDC +_polarity indicator Low weight — easy handling and transportUse even in precipitationAutomatic frequency detection - warning when used in networks of a different frequencyNo hazard when touching the ground contact - Increased personal protectionThe voltage detector BO-A AC/DC is a two-pole testequipment for overhead line systems of electrified railways and other typical voltage applications. It provides clear evidence of the presence or the absence of the operating voltage.The BO-A AC/DC tester is suitable for use in DC and ACvoltage networks.When the BO-A AC / DC is connected to a live line, an optical and acoustical signal is activated.A DC or AC voltage network is detected and indicated automatically.The BO-A AC / DC is designed and tested according to IEC 61243-1, -2 and DIN VDE 0681-6.The voltage detector is ready for the global market.According to the German accident prevention standard DGUV Regulation 3 (Table 1c), the device is subject to maintenance tests with intervals of not more than 6 years.Accessories Page Telescopic pole/Plug-in adapter12 Telescopic pole/Universal adapter12 Insulating sticks (pluggable)12 Earthing bridge12 Storage bag, orange, with silver reflective strips12Transportation and storage bag for BO-A 2.0 and BO-A AC/DCProductOrder no.L H D Transportation bag black 1.130********-0104-105Storage bag reflector foil orange 1.130********-0104-106Storage bag reflector foil yellow 1.130********-0104-107Cordura bag black, Horstmann logo in yellow1.21030010052-0104-018Cordura bag black, Horstmann logo in blue1.21030010052-0104-019Catch hook and catch fork for BO-A 2.0 and BO-A AC/DCProductOrder no.Telescopic insulating stick/Plug-in systemEarthing bridgeForOrder no.BO-A AC/DC52-0108-052Cordura bag with yellow Horstmann logoStorage bag incl. BO-A 2.0 with pluggableinsulating poles (example)BO-A 2.0 und BO-A AC/DCProduct Order no.Plug-in adapter/ Telescopic insulating stick according to IEC 62193 and ASTM182652-0108-051Universal adapter/ Telescopic insulating stick according to IEC 62193 andASTM 182665-0305-001Insulating stick (pluggable)52-0108-008PolarisPolarisMonitoring of return currents in applications with autotransformerProduct featuresThe Polaris performs a continuous monitoring of parallelconnecting cables in 2 x 25 kV railway systems, which typi-cally carry the return current.If the connection of one of these cables deteriorates, itwill be detected and selectively displayed. In addition, anyundesired increase of the earth potential is detected anddisplayed.The above events are remotely reported to the controlcentre. This means that railway asset management candirect the service team to the fault location.Monitoring of lines in the reverse current system ofelectrical railway supplyMonitoring the earth potentialRelay for remote signalSingle-phase current sensorAutotransformerBusbarEarth gridRail-earthvoltage/ 16,7 Hz and 25 kV / 50 Hz-60 Hz / 16,7 Hz and 25 kV / 50 Hz-60 Hz x UnWega 2 R1Wega 1 R1LineWega 2 R1 | Wega 1 R1Integrated voltage detecting system for railway networksPrinciple of an integrated voltage detecting systemEquipment set 1 display unitWega 2 R1, 16.7 Hz Order no.51-2251-102Wega 2 R1, 50 Hz / 60 Hz Order no.51-2251-302Wega 1 R1, 16,7 Hz Order no.51-1255-004Wega 1 R1, 50 Hz / 60 HzOrder no.51-1255-003Single-pole earthing and short-circuiting cable Designed according to IEC 61230 (VDE 0683-1 or -100) Cables assembled from highly flexible copper conductors (with transparent insulation)Cable lug on each cable endProduct featuresEarthing and short-circuiting devicesSingle-pole without connecting elementsEach cable lug is provided with a 13 mm diameter hole.Any type of connecting element can be used for theearthing cables.O t h e rv e r s i on s a ndc o m bi n a t i on s o nr e q u estOther cable lengths available on requestLine clamps with bayonet fitting1 U n i v e r s a l p h a s ec l a m pU n i v e r s a l p h a s e c l a m pB a l l t o n g20———18.7———64-0103-001Earth connecting elementsEarth clamp with wing bolt Clamping range [mm]Rated values Ir [kA] / t r = 1 s Order no.2318.764-0201-003Earth clamp with T-handle Clamping range [mm]Rated values Ir [kA] / t r = 1 s Order no.2318.764-0201-001Earthing terminalCable cross section [mm²]Rated values Ir [kA] / t r = 1 s Order no.509.964-0202-003Earth clamp with bayonet connector Clamping range [mm]Rated values Ir [kA] / t r = 1 s Order no.2318.764-0201-005Cable lug with captive wing nut Cable cross section [mm²]Thread Rated values Ir [kA] / tr = 1 s Order no.50M129.964-0203-001Cable lug with captive wing bolt Cable cross section [mm²]Thread Rated values Ir [kA] / tr = 1 s Order no.Cable lug with 13 mm hole Cable cross section [mm²]Rated values Ir [kA] / tr = 1 s Order no.Further clamps and connecting points are in the main catalogue.Dipl.-Ing. H. Horstmann GmbH Humboldtstraße 242579 HeiligenhausT +49 2056 976-0F +49 2056 976-140********************** All rights reserved to make technical changes. 101101-0001/300/06.22。
sd200技术说明书
国电南自Q/GDNZ.J.10.23-2000SD200水电站自动化系统技术说明书国电南京自动化股份有限公司GUODIAN NANJING AUTOMATION CO., LTDSD200型水电站自动化系统技术说明书编写陈军审核史恒批准郭效军2001年 2月 28日目次1.概述 (1)1.1.研制背景 (1)1.2.系统特点 (3)1.3.系列产品构成 (3)2.SD200系统引入水电厂的形式 (5)2.1.以计算机为基础 (5)2.2.以计算机为主，简化常规为辅 (5)2.3.以常规为主，计算机为辅 (6)3.SD200系统在水电厂控制形式 (7)3.1.集中式 (7)3.2.分散式 (7)3.3.分布式 (7)3.4.分层分布式 (7)3.5.全开放、全分布式 (7)4.系统结构与典型配置 (8)4.1.系统结构 (8)4.2.上位管理层构成 (10)4.3.现地控制层构成 (10)5.系统功能 (12)5.1.数据采集与处理 (12)5.2.事故顺序记录（SOE） (12)5.3.事故追忆记录及相关量记录 (13)5.4.有功功率联合控制（AGC） (13)5.5.无功功率联合控制（AVC） (14)5.6.控制与调节 (14)5.7.显示、打印与参数设置 (15)5.8.电厂设备运行管理 (16)5.9.系统通讯 (16)5.10.中文语音报警 (17)5.11.卫星同步对时 (17)5.12.系统自诊断与自恢复 (17)5.13.培训仿真 (17)6.主要技术指标 (18)6.1.系统容量 (18)6.2.实时性 (18)6.3.可靠性 (18)6.4.安全性 (19)6.5.使用环境 (20)7.产品（系列）简介 (21)7.1.SDQ200微机自动准同期装置 (21)7.2.SDD200微机电量采集装置 (28)7.3.SDZ200微机综合采集装置 (32)7.4.SDW200微机温度巡检装置 (34)7.5.SDB200智能数字表 (37)7.6.发光管开关位置指示灯 (39)7.7.SDM200闸门控制系统 (40)7.8.SDM201微机闸位计 (43)7.9.SDT200水轮机微机调速器（电柜） (46)7.10.SDF200水电厂计算机辅机控制系统 (50)8.系统软件简介 (64)8.1.基本组成 (64)8.2.软件特点 (65)8.3.软件清单及简要说明 (65)9.定货须知 (67)9.1.系统接口参数 (67)9.2.系统结构形式 (68)9.3.设计生产流程 (69)1SD200系统概述1.1.研制背景水电自动化是水电建设的一部分，在２０世纪２０年代的美国、瑞士等国家即己出现，４０年代，水电站运行采用在中控室和机旁两级值班；５０年代后期，开始实现无人值班，由上级调度所或梯级调度所遥控。
煤矿电力监控治理系统扩容升级技术方案说明书
xxxxxx煤业集团xx煤矿xx电力监控治理系统改造升级技术方案说明书方案简介目前井下共有9个变电所，别离是井下井下变电所为中央变电所（含清水泵房）、11采区5#、11采区9#、13采区7#、14采区4号变电所、14采区11号变电所、16采区15号，15采区13#变电所、15采区12#变电所。
电力监控系统已经监控的2个变电所为15采区13#变电所、15采区12#变电所，高低压开关采纳通信协议转换的方式接入了电力系统中实现监测监控。
通过已经监测的2个变电所和未监控的变电所在实际应用中发觉，现有的爱惜器功能比较简单，由于功能较少，监控上传数据少，没有有效的数据进行预警分析和故障后事件的分析，无法进行事故预防，且存在着功率方向型漏电判定不正确的情形，已经成立通信的爱惜器，爱惜器通信能力差，通信速度慢，上送遥测量要乃至几十秒才能刷新一次，而且485通信电缆容易被耦合电磁干扰，阻碍正常通信。
井下此刻在用的低压开关，为济源科灵低压开关和浙江恒泰低压开关，济源科灵的低压不具有通信能力，浙江恒泰的低压开关已经停止生产。
本方案针对现场实际情形和以后进展的趋势，采纳改换新型高、低压综保的形式，实现未监控的7个变电所高低压开关的监控，共需要改换高压爱惜器97台，低压爱惜器134台。
前期已经监控的2个变电所在以后资金丰裕的情形下慢慢改换爱惜器，这次这两个变电所仍采纳通信方式接入系统中。
同时在变电所内安装视频摄像机，井下实现9个变电所的远程集中操纵功能和视频监控。
目录一、概述..................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
二、现状..................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
YH-B811技术使用说明书
3.
硬件说明 ................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 装置面板布置.................................................................................................................... 7 结构与安装 ....................................................................................................................... 7 插件原理说明.................................................................................................................... 8
4.
定值整定及信息表 .................................................................................................................. 13 4.1. 4.2. 定值及整定说明 .............................................................................................................. 13 信息表 ............................................................................................................................. 13
Eaton 93PR 模块化 UPS 及关键电力系统 25-1600kW 产品白皮书说明书
伊顿电力保护解决方案Eaton 93PR模块化UPS2 Eaton 93PR UPS设计理念93PR 模块化UPS 及关键电力保护系统采用当今专业的及伊顿专利的电力电子技术，充分考虑用户负载特性和实际应用，以及伊顿在电源系统设计方面近50年的专业技术和丰富经验，结合多年现场服务经验，第三方报告和客户应用的实际挑战，为客户提供包括电池在内的整体解决方案，以增大系统可用性，安全性和能源效率。
由伊顿全球团队共同精心打造的一款为关键负载提供高可靠性供电保护的不间断模块化电源系统。
可以满足从网络配线间、中小数据中心到大型数据Eaton 93PR 模块化UPS 及关键电力系统75kVA/kW 125kVA/kW 200kVA/kW关键应用：• 大中小型数据中心• 金融数据中心• 安全运行中心• 大专院校机房• 交通控制枢纽• 医疗中心• 广播电视• MDC • 工业控制系统中心的应用及自动化或医疗等应用场所的电力保障要求。
93PR 系列由伊顿全球团队继9395、93PM 等后打造的又一高品质的模块化UPS ，具有高扩展性、高效率、易管理及安全、可靠等特性，总拥有成本低，可用性高。
Eaton 93PR UPS 3模块功率: 25kVA/kW单柜容量：最大200kVA/kW 额定电压: 380/400/415Vac 系统容量： 最大1600kW4 Eaton 93PR UPS卓越效率• 交流直供模式（ESS ）效率大于99%，将生命周期运营成本降至最低，能耗少，寿命长，更静音• 93PR 采用三电平拓扑，即使在双变换模式下，效率也能高达96.5%，显著降低您的电源和制冷成本，减小您的总体拥有成本，堪称当今数据中心的首选解决方案• VMMS （智能模块休眠功能）功能调整UPS 实际工作效率，使得系统工作在最佳效率区间，有效提升双总线设计和多机并联冗余设计数据中心能效，有效降低PUE 值专业技术• Easy Load 假负载测试功能，简化验收过程和降低验收成本• ABM 智能电池管理技术，延长电池使用寿命• 输入功率因数为1，输入电流谐波<3%等降低配电成本•高输出功率因数1.0(kW=kVA)，最大化带载能力产品白皮书易部署 安装简便• 功率模块（UPM ）可热插拔，即插即用，快速部署• 并机系统可采用分散电池和共用电池• 全模块化设计，易于安装，节省空间• 正、负电池架构，减少电池中线需求，并避免因单节电池故障导致输出直流分量超标风险• 电池灵活配置，全系兼容锂电池，最大化提升电池利用率• 93PR 系列基于标准19”机柜的设计，与数据中心产品易于组合成冷/热通道系统，提升能效节省空间• 支持顶部进出线、底部进出线、顶部进线底部出现和底部进线顶部出线，满足不同数据中心布线需求• 可选上出风选件和侧边接线，支持靠墙放置Eaton 93PR UPS 5伊顿93PR系列电力保护系统伊顿93PR 系列提供了完整的机房关键基础电力解决方案，包含了93PR 模块化不间断电源、并机接线柜（PTC ）、外部电池柜（EBC ）、电池开关柜、输入输出配电柜(PPM)等，可与伊顿的IT 专用机柜、可编程智能PDU 及智能管理系统轻易组合成完整的机房关键电力基础架构，为客户提供定制的解决方案，满足当今数据中心多样化需求。
继电保护整定计算系统技术说明书
蟹湖善拯揉白啄摊蛇尉况禽硝惕唾辛兹摘森爵系勿抨迢掺嵌创傣少告什埂继电保护整定计算系统技术说明书继电保护整定计算系统技术说明书
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前言
以往，由于保护定值的计算主要依靠人工并辅以专用计算工具的方式进行，其计算量太大、计算时间太长，而且运行方式的选择做了简化，无法满足生产的需要。 从70年代开始，保护定值的整定计算开始向利用数字计算机的方向发展，但是人工利用通用短路计算程序的定值计算方法，仍然需要计算者用人工方式调整计算内容、查找计算结果、并用人工方法算出保护的定值。 我国有关部门陆续开展了应用计算机进行电网继电保护整定计算的研究工作，并推出了一批相应的软件。 我公司研发的整定计算软件使用灵活方便，简单易学，操作能力强，并且根据时代潮流的的发展不断的对软件进行升级及优化。
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工具箱功能介绍
点击绘图按钮，再点击最右侧的工具箱按钮，就会出现右图所示的工具箱面板。 工具箱就如右图所示，在这里可以找到绘图所需的各种元件及其保护，将鼠标停留在按钮上就会显示此按钮的名称，其中F是保护功能（包括各种设备的保护），比如：线路的电流电压保护、低压线路（用于10KV及以下线路）、电容器保护、变压器后备等等。BCH系列中有母线差动保护和变压器的差动保护，比率制动，BCH-1，BCH-2，BCH-4。 曲线、虚线代表无阻抗的连线，只起连接作用，实线细的代表有阻抗的线路，粗线代表母线
放吝咙环金望妨兹窃呆室圃叁条磕予磐妹牲乡迭祷霞苔混趣赤眠恤彩荒饮继电保护整定计算系统技术说明书继电保护整定计算系统技术说明书
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装置参数的增加
单击工具栏中的“管理”子菜单“装置参数”，将出现右图所示的对话框。做完1-3步后，点击”定值单模版”，将自动生成定值单。关闭对话框，做第五步。然后再做第四步,然后进行项目的添加。做完后点击”文件“中的“保存”。回到右图界面，点击”修改”即可
ZF11-252说明书
ZF11全封闭组合电器随着我国电力事业的发展和经济的繁荣，输变电设备已朝着高性能化﹑可靠化﹑智能化﹑经济化的精品轨道发展。
河南平高电气股份有限公司为了自身的发展，1997年初，在吸收了法国M·G公司生产的HB7系列及HB9系列全封闭组合电器先进技术的基础上，又融合了其它外国公司产品的一些优点，结合我国电力事业的实际情况，我公司自行设计开发了ZF11-252（L）型封闭式组合电器。
它是将高压变电站中除变压器以外的所有一次设备组装在金属壳体内，用环氧树脂绝缘子支持导体，内充SF6气体作为绝缘和灭弧介质的一种设备。
该设备包括断路器﹑隔离开关﹑接地开关﹑电流互感器﹑电压互感器﹑氧化锌避雷器﹑三极共箱母线﹑出线套管﹑电缆连接装置﹑电气控制柜等基本元件，还有伸缩节等其它附件。
可按用户要求组合成各种接线方式。
它适用于252KV的电力系统中，用以切合故障电流﹑转换和隔离线路﹑防护过电压和测量电量等。
ZF11-252（L）型封闭式组合电器在西安高压试验站进行了全部型式试验，并通过了国家电力公司和国家经贸委联合主持的两部鉴定，2001年荣获国家级重点新产品奖。
总体布置该GIS为分箱式结构，母线为共箱式结构，各元件已形成标准化，可按用户提出的不同主接线要求进行组合，形成用户满意的布置形式；并推出了块式结构整体运输GIS产品，它把GIS每个间隔中的断路器及两侧的电流互感器、隔离开关、接地开关及连接筒体，甚至电缆终端与现场汇控柜有机的结合在一起，二次电缆在厂内全部配置完毕，和电动机构相配的接口采用德国插入式电缆连接器，插接二次电缆非常方便，SF6气室密封性能、水份含量已在厂内测试合格，GIS全部试验厂内一次做完，无须拆卸，整体出厂，到现场只需间隔间对接，极大的减少了现场安装的工作量和周期，保证了产品整体质量。
一般来说，一个内桥变电站现场只需15个工作日即可完成安装和调试工作。
产品通用结构介绍该GIS把变电站除电力变压器外的所有一次设备都组装在接地的 金属壳体内，按用户主接线的要求构成一个整体；用盘式或柱式绝缘子支持带电部件，内充SF6气体作为绝缘和灭弧介质，由出线套管或电缆终端与外接电网相连。
电力系统继电保护说明书
第一章概述第 1 . 1节电力系统继电保护的作用电力是当今世界使用最为广泛、地位最为重要的能源，电力系统的安全稳定运行对国民经济、人民生活乃至社会稳定都有着极为重大的影响。
电力系统由各种电气元件组成。
这里电气元件是一个常用术语，它泛指电力系统中的各种在电气上的独立看待的电气设备、线路、器具等。
由于自然环境，制造质量运行维护水平等诸方面的原因，电力系统的各种元件在运行中可能出现各种故障或不正常运行状态。
因此，需要有专门的技术为电力系统建立一个安全保障体系，其中最重要的专门技术之一就是继电保护技术。
电力系统继电保护的基本作用是：在全系统范围内，按指定分区实时的检测各种故障和不正常运行状态，快速及时地采取故障隔离或告警等措施，以求最大限度地维持系统的稳定，保持供电的连续性，保障人身的安全，防止或减轻设备的损坏。
第 1 . 2节电力系统继电保护技术与继电保护装置继电保护技术是一个完整的体系，它主要由电力系统的故障分析、继电保护原理及实现、继电保护配置设计、继电保护运行与维护等技术构成，而完成继电保护功能的核心是继电保护装置。
继电保护装置，是指装设于整个电力系统的各个元件上，能在指定区域快速准确地对电气元件发出的各种故障或不正常运行状态作出反应，并按规定时限内动作，时断路器跳闸或发出告警信号的一种反事故自动装置。
继电保护装置的基本任务是：（1）自动、迅速、有选择地将故障元件从电力系统中切除并最大限度地保证其他无故障部分恢复正常运行；（2）能对电气元件的不正常运行状态作出反应，并根据运行维护规范和设备承受能力动作，发出告警信号，或减负荷，或延时跳闸；（3）条件许可时，可采取预定措施，尽快地恢复供电和设备运行。
总之，继电保护技术是电力系统必不可少的组成部分，对保障系统安全运行，保证电能质量，防止故障扩大和事故发生，都有极其重要的作用。
第1.3节继电保护的基本要求对作用于跳闸的继电保护装置，在技术上有四个基本要求，也就是所说的“四性”：选择性、速动性、灵敏性和可靠性。
低压用电安全监控系统技术规范说明书
中国消防协会 发布
2023 - 09 - 01 实施
T/CFPA 023—2023
目次
前言 ................................................................................. II 引言 ................................................................................ III 1 范围 ............................................................................... 4 2 规范性引用文件 ..................................................................... 4 3 术语和定义 ......................................................................... 4 4 缩略语 ............................................................................. 5 5 技术参考架构 ....................................................................... 5 6 技术要求 ........................................................................... 6 7 工程设计 .......................................................................... 11 8 施工验收 .......................................................................... 13 9 运行维护 .......................................................................... 15 参考文献 ............................................................................. 16
DRL600技术说明书
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DRL600 微机型电力系统故障录波及测距装置
总结了
国电南自几十年来二次保护理论与实践的
丰富经验 以
专业化继电保护的可靠性、稳定性设计理念
为要求 以
新型的嵌入式设计
为基础 着手于
高速度、高精度、大容量、多存储、网络化的录波采样、存储及传输
DRL600 微机型电力系统故障录波及测距装置
技术说明书
编写：杜 煜 审核：侍昌江、张明勇、付国新 批准：俞 限公司
2006 年 12 月
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安全声明
为保证安全、正确、高效地使用装置，请务必阅读以下重要信息： (1) 装置的安装调试应由专业人员进行； (2) 装置上电使用前请仔细阅读说明书，应遵照国家和电力行业相关规程，并参照说明书对装
2.1 “装置化”设计，电磁兼容性能优，组屏简洁、运行维护方便 ........................................2 2.2 完全基于专业继电保护产品设计理念的嵌入式装置化故障录波器 ....................................2 2.3 面向对象的、针对故障录波功能要求的高性能的嵌入式硬件平台 ....................................2 2.4 基于专业继电保护产品设计理念的录波主 CPU 独立记录与存储 ........................................3 2.5 面向对象的镜像分布多存储....................................................................................................3 2.6 完全独立的双以太网设计........................................................................................................3 2.7 冗余双电源设计........................................................................................................................4 2.8 友好的人机界面，完善的分析功能， ....................................................................................4 2.9 数字化接口，方便实现数字化变电站 ....................................................................................4
PCS-996R型电力系统故障录波装置技术和使用说明书-云南昆明110kV吴家营变电站
第二章 电力系统故障波形分析工具 ..................................................................................... 19
1 概述 ....................................................................................................................... 19
2 使用说明 ............................................................................................................... 20
2.1 主界面介绍...................................................................................................... 20 2.2 文件操作......................................................................................................... 20 2.3 波形显示与打印............................................................................................... 23 2.4 分析功能 ......................................................................................................... 32 2.5 分析数据显示.................................................................................................. 37 2.6 公式组合......................................................................................................... 42
北美电力可靠性公司的电力系统管理手册说明书
!1325%G%Street%NW%Suite%600%Washington,%DC%20005%202:400:3000%|% %!!September 22, 2020VIA ELECTRONIC FILINGMs. Christine E. LongRegistrar & Board Secretary Ontario Energy Board27th Floor 2300 Yonge Street Toronto, ON M4P 1E4Re: North American Electric Reliability CorporationDear Ms. Long:The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (“NERC”) hereby submits Notice of Filing of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation of Amendments to the Northeast Power Coordinating Council Regional Standard Processes Manual. NERC requests, to the extent necessary, a waiver of any applicable filing requirements with respect to this filing.Please contact the undersigned if you have any questions concerning this filing.Respectfully submitted,/s/ Lauren Perotti Lauren PerottiSenior Counsel for the North American Electric Reliability Corporation!!ONTARIO ENERGY BOARDOF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIONORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC ) RELIABILITY CORPORATION )NOTICE OF FILING OF THENORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY CORPORATION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE NORTHEAST POWER COORDINATING COUNCIL REGIONAL STANDARD PROCESSES MANUALMarisa HechtCounselNorth American Electric ReliabilityCorporation1325 G Street, N.W., Suite 600Washington, D.C. 20005202-400-3000*********************Counsel for the North American ElectricReliability CorporationSeptember 22, 2020TABLE OF CONTENTSI.!NOTICES AND COMMUNICATIONS ................................................................................ 2! II.!PROPOSED NPCC RSPM ..................................................................................................... 2! III.!NPCC AND NERC APPROVALS FOR PROPOSED AMENDMENTS ............................. 3!ATTACHMENTSATTACHMENT 1: Amended Northeast Power Coordinating Council Regional Standard Processes Manual – CleanATTACHMENT 2: Amended Northeast Power Coordinating Council Regional Standard Processes Manual – RedlineONTARIO ENERGY BOARDOF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIONORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC )RELIABILITY CORPORATION )NOTICE OF FILING OF THENORTH AMERICAN ELECTRIC RELIABILITY CORPORATION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE NORTHEAST POWER COORDINATING COUNCILREGIONAL STANDARD PROCESSES MANUALThe North American Electric Reliability Corporation (“NERC”) hereby provides notice of the revised Northeast Power Coordinating Council (“NPCC”) Regional Standard Processes Manual (“RSPM”).1 The NPCC RSPM is a “Regional Entity Rule.”2As described in greater detail in Section II of this filing, NPCC made several revisions to its RSPM to align with the NERC Standard Processes Manual errata process, clarify the intent of language, and remove outdated references.Attachments 1 and 2 to this filing are clean and redlined versions, respectively, of the proposed revised NPCC RSPM.1Unless otherwise designated, all capitalized terms shall have the meaning set forth in the Glossary of Terms Used in NERC Reliability Standards, https:///files/Glossary_of_Terms.pdf.2Regional Entity standard development procedures are no longer maintained as an exhibit to the Regional DelegationAgreements. NERC maintains an up-to-date copy of each Regional Entity’s standard development procedure on its website at: /AboutNERC/Pages/Regional-Entity-Delegation-Agreements.aspx.I.!NOTICES AND COMMUNICATIONSNotices and communications with respect to this filing may be addressed to the following:Marisa HechtCounselNorth American Electric Reliability Corporation1325 G Street, N.W.Suite 600Washington, D.C. 20005202-400-3000*********************Edward SchwerdtPresident and Chief Executive Officer Northeast Power Coordinating Council 1040 Avenue of the Americas10th FloorNew York, NY 10018212-840-1070******************II.!PROPOSED NPCC RSPMThe currently effective version of the NPCC RSPM, Version 1, was submitted on September 23, 2014. Appendix C of the NPCC RSPM provides that the RSPM will be reviewed for possible revision at least once every five years or more frequently, if needed. Consistent with this provision, NPCC reviewed its RSPM in 2019 and made a number of revisions to update the document.Most substantively, NPCC revised Section 8 of its RSPM regarding the process for correcting errata in a regional Reliability Standard. Specifically, NPCC revised the process so that the NPCC Regional Standards Committee approves errata for regional Reliability Standards that already received NPCC Board of Directors approval. In Version 1 of the NPCC RSPM, the errata approval would go to the NPCC Board of Directors. This change in Version 2 aligns the NPCC process for correcting errata more closely with the NERC Standard Processes Manual Section 12 process for correcting errata.3 Additionally, NPCC made other clarifying changes within Section 8 of its RSPM.3The NERC Standard Processes Manual is available athttps:///FilingsOrders/us/RuleOfProcedureDL/SPM_Clean_Mar2019.pdf.NPCC’s review also resulted in several clarifying changes throughout the NPCC RSPM. NPCC updated links and references to documents that were outdated, among others. These minor changes appear in redline in Attachment 2 of this filing.III.!NPCC AND NERC APPROVALS FOR PROPOSED AMENDMENTS The revised NPCC RSPM was posted on the NPCC website for regional ballot body comments from September 11, 2019 through October 26, 2019. An extended ballot period was conducted from December 17, 2019 through February 25, 2020. The revised RSPM achieved 96% approval with 81.65% quorum and received no negative ballots with comments. In accordance with NPCC RSPM, STEP 2.5.B.2, the revised NPCC RSPM was approved by the NPCC Board of Directors on May 6, 2020.The NPCC RSPM was posted on the NERC website for industry stakeholder comment from June 15, 2020 through July 29, 2020. There were two sets of responses received, both indicating that the NPCC RSPM continues to meet the criteria to be open, inclusive, balanced, and transparent and to provide for due process. The NERC Board of Trustees approved the amendments to the NPCC RSPM at its August 20, 2020 meeting.Respectfully submitted,/s/ Marisa HechtMarisa HechtCounselNorth American Electric Reliability Corporation1325 G Street, N.W., Suite 600Washington, D.C. 20005202-400-3000*********************Counsel for the North American Electric Reliability Corporation Date: September 22, 2020ATTACHMENTS 1 and 2。
电力系统产品使用手册及产品概述
电力系统产品使用手册及产品概述一、产品概述 3 1.1简介 3 1.2主要功能特点 3 1.3设备外观结构 4 二、技术指标 5 2.1环境条件 5 2.2主要技术指标 5 三、设备操作使用 7 3.1面板指示灯 7 3.2浏览 8 3.3 参数设置 13 四、安装与调试 14 4.1设备安装 14 4.2设备调试及注意事项 16一、产品概述 1.1简介产品主要针对电力系统应用特点，采用灵活插卡式设计，采用冗余结构，支持双电源热备份，双系统热备和双IRIG-B热备，具有高精度的授时性能和优越的守时性能，可集中或单独组屏。
(WORD表格,打开后格式正常,:)产品提供多种授时信号，包括：脉冲、串行授时报文、IRIG-B（直流、交流B码）、DCF77、网络授时等；授时接口类型包括：光纤、RS232电平、RS485电平、空接点和网口等；各种授时信号及接口类型可灵活选择配置。
产品适应基本式、互备方式、主从方式和主备式等更多灵活多变的组网模式。
主要应用于以调度自动化系统为中心的主站系统，以电站监控（包括发电厂、变电站、开关站等）为主的子站系统，为其提供稳定可靠高精度的时间信息。
1.2主要功能特点产品具有主时钟和扩展时钟的双重性。
可同时接收北斗和GPS卫星信号，实现北斗卫星和GPS双系统冗余备份，提供长期时标信息，进行同步并对外授时；也可以使用外部输入源（包括IRIG-B（DC）和网络授时）为时间基准进行同步并对外授时；在卫星源和外部钟源都不可用时，由系统内部时钟控制算法在一定时间段内稳定地提供高精度时间信息，具有GPS卫星源和外部输入源之间和外部两B码源之间自动、无损切换功能。
具体功能特点如下： ? 双电源冗余热备份； ? 具有先进时钟控制算法； ? 支持点阵、液晶面板显示管理和WEB管理方式； ? 可配置主时钟，扩展时钟； ? 支持多种输入板卡，支持144路授时接口； ? 具有周波测量、工频时钟和工频钟差输出功能，周波测量精度为0.001周，工频钟差测量精度≤20 ms。
经典220V 不间断电源(UPS)技术说明书
目录第1章安全说明 (1)1.1 符号说明 (1)1.2 安全注意事项 (1)第2章产品介绍 (3)2.1 产品概述 (3)2.2 型号规则 (3)2.3 UPS 外观 (4)2.4 工作原理 (6)第3章安装 (7)3.1 开箱检查 (7)3.2 安装注意事项 (7)3.3 接线方法 (7)3.3.1 输入接线 (8)3.3.2 输出接线 (8)3.3.3 长效机外接电池 (9)3.3.4 通信接线 (10)3.3.5 通讯浪涌保护接口 (10)第4章运行和操作 (11)4.1 操作面板 (11)4.2 UPS 主要运行模式 (13)4.2.1 市电模式 (13)4.2.2 电池模式 (13)4.2.3 旁路模式 (13)4.3 操作 (14)4.3.1 开机操作 (14)4.3.2 关机操作 (14)4.3.3 电池自检操作 (14)4.3.4 消音操作 (15)4.3.5 LED面板显示和告警音说明 (15)4.3.6 LCD面板显示, 告警音和LCD显示内容说明 (16)第5章维护和保养 (19)5.1 常规维护 (19)5.2 电池维护 (19)第6章故障处理 (20)6.1 LED 操作面板故障处理表 (20)6.2 LCD操作面板故障处理表 (21)第7章产品规格.......................................................................................................................................... 7-17.1 基本电气规格 ................................................................................................................................. 7-17.2 尺寸重量 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-27.3 应用环境 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-27.4 传导辐射 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-27.5 安规 ................................................................................................................................................. 7-27.6 工业标准 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-2 维修保证.......................................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
SID-40A中文技术说明书V1.43
本公司保留对产品更改的权利，说明书内容如有改动恕不另行通知，以装置为准。详情请至电本公司
或当地代理商。
我们致力推动世界电力技术的科技进步！
SID-40A 无扰动备用电源替续控制装置
1． 概述
1.1 适用范围 电力供应的不间断是国民经济各领域正常运作的重要保证，电力系统的发展和技术进步正是沿着这一
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ－－－－－－－－1－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ Tel：(0755)83416189 ,83663989 Fax：(0755)83663603 Website：
我们致力推动世界电力技术的科技进步！
SID-40A /－*－*－*
事故切换由保护接点或模拟量启动。保护启动接点可并接进线纵差保护、发电机、变压器或发变组保护出口接点；模拟量启动包括：频差启动、频差无流启动、逆功率启动、频差逆功率启动、 频压品质启动。当事故切换启动后，先发跳工作电源开关指令，在切换条件满足时（或经用户延 时）发合备用电源开关命令。切换模式可以选择串联或同时。 ☆ 非正常工况切换 非正常切换是自动进行的，包括以下两种情况： 母线失压启动：当母线三个线电压均低于整定值且时间大于所整定延时定值时，装置根据选定方 式进行串联或同时切换。 工作电源开关误跳启动：因各种原因（包括人为误操作）引起工作电源开关误跳开，装置可根据
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－2－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ Tel：(0755)83416189 ,83663989 Fax：(0755)83663603 Website：
选定方式进行串联切换。
我们致力推动世界电力技术的科技进步！
电力系统电源操作指南说明书
A. Introduction1.Title: Generator Operation for Maintaining Network Voltage Schedules 2.Number: VAR-002-1.1b 3. Purpose: To ensure generators provide reactive and voltage control necessary to ensurevoltage levels, reactive flows, and reactive resources are maintained within applicable FacilityRatings to protect equipment and the reliable operation of the Interconnection.4.Applicability4.1. Generator Operator.4.2. Generator Owner.5. Effective Date: Immediately after approval of applicable regulatory authorities.B. RequirementsR1. The Generator Operator shall operate each generator connected to the interconnectedtransmission system in the automatic voltage control mode (automatic voltage regulator inservice and controlling voltage) unless the Generator Operator has notified the TransmissionOperator.R2. Unless exempted by the Transmission Operator, each Generator Operator shall maintain thegenerator voltage or Reactive Power output (within applicable Facility Ratings 1R2.1. When a generator’s automatic voltage regulator is out of service, the GeneratorOperator shall use an alternative method to control the generator voltage and reactiveoutput to meet the voltage or Reactive Power schedule directed by the TransmissionOperator.) as directed by the Transmission Operator.R2.2.When directed to modify voltage, the Generator Operator shall comply or provide anexplanation of why the schedule cannot be met. R3. Each Generator Operator shall notify its associated Transmission Operator as soon as practical,but within 30 minutes of any of the following:R3.1. A status or capability change on any generator Reactive Power resource, including thestatus of each automatic voltage regulator and power system stabilizer and theexpected duration of the change in status or capability.R3.2.A status or capability change on any other Reactive Power resources under theGenerator Operator’s control and the expected duration of the change in status orcapability. R4. The Generator Owner shall provide the following to its associated Transmission Operator andTransmission Planner within 30 calendar days of a request.R4.1. For generator step-up transformers and auxiliary transformers with primary voltagesequal to or greater than the generator terminal voltage:R4.1.1. Tap settings.R4.1.2. Available fixed tap ranges.1 When a Generator is operating in manual control, reactive power capability may change based on stability considerations and this will lead to a change in the associated Facility Ratings.R4.1.3.Impedance data.R4.1.4.The +/- voltage range with step-change in % for load-tap changingtransformers.R5.After consultation with the Transmission Operator regarding necessary step-up transformer tap changes, the Generator Owner shall ensure that transformer tap positions are changedaccording to the specifications provided by the Transmission Operator, unless such actionwould violate safety, an equipment rating, a regulatory requirement, or a statutory requirement.R5.1.If the Generator Operator can’t comply with the Transmission Operator’sspecifications, the Generator Operator shall notify the Transmission Operator andshall provide the technical justification.C. MeasuresM1.The Generator Operator shall have evidence to show that it notified its associated Transmission Operator any time it failed to operate a generator in the automatic voltage control mode asspecified in Requirement 1.M2.The Generator Operator shall have evidence to show that it controlled its generator voltage and reactive output to meet the voltage or Reactive Power schedule provided by its associatedTransmission Operator as specified in Requirement 2.M3.The Generator Operator shall have evidence to show that it responded to the Transmission Operator’s directives as identified in Requirement 2.1 and Requirement 2.2.M4.The Generator Operator shall have evidence it notified its associated Transmission Operator within 30 minutes of any of the changes identified in Requirement 3.M5.The Generator Owner shall have evidence it provided its associated Transmission Operator and Transmission Planner with information on its step-up transformers and auxiliary transformersas required in Requirements 4.1.1 through 4.1.4M6.The Generator Owner shall have evidence that its step-up transformer taps were modified per the Transmission Operator’s documentation as identified in Requirement 5.M7.The Generator Operator shall have evidence that it notified its associated Transmission Operator when it couldn’t comply with the Transmission Operator’s step-up transformer tapspecifications as identified in Requirement 5.1.D. Compliancepliance Monitoring Processpliance Monitoring ResponsibilityRegional Reliability Organization.pliance Monitoring Period and Reset Time FrameOne calendar year.1.3.Data RetentionThe Generator Operator shall maintain evidence needed for Measure 1 through Measure5 and Measure 7 for the current and previous calendar years.The Generator Owner shall keep its latest version of documentation on its step-up andauxiliary transformers. (Measure 6)The Compliance Monitor shall retain any audit data for three years.1.4.Additional Compliance InformationThe Generator Owner and Generator Operator shall each demonstrate compliancethrough self-certification or audit (periodic, as part of targeted monitoring or initiated bycomplaint or event), as determined by the Compliance Monitor.2.Levels of Non-Compliance for Generator Operator2.1.Level 1: There shall be a Level 1 non-compliance if any of the following conditions exist:2.1.1One incident of failing to notify the Transmission Operator as identified in, R3.1,R3.2 or R5.1.2.1.2One incident of failing to maintain a voltage or reactive power schedule (R2).2.2.Level 2: There shall be a Level 2 non-compliance if any of the following conditions exist:2.2.1More than one but less than five incidents of failing to notify the Transmission asidentified in R1, R3.1, R3.2 or R5.1.2.2.2More than one but less than five incidents of failing to maintain a voltage orreactive power schedule (R2).2.3.Level 3: There shall be a Level 3 non-compliance if any of the following conditions exist:2.3.1More than five but less than ten incidents of failing to notify the TransmissionOperator as identified in R1, R3.1, R3.2 or R5.1.2.3.2More than five but less than ten incidents of failing to maintain a voltage orreactive power schedule (R2).2.4.Level 4: There shall be a Level 4 non-compliance if any of the following conditions exist:2.4.1Failed to comply with the Transmission Operator’s directives as identified in R2.2.4.2Ten or more incidents of failing to notify the Transmission Operator as identifiedin R1, R3.1, R3.2 or R5.1.2.4.3Ten or more incidents of failing to maintain a voltage or reactive power schedule (R2).3.Levels of Non-Compliance for Generator Owner:3.1.1Level One: Not applicable.3.1.2Level Two: Documentation of generator step-up transformers and auxiliarytransformers with primary voltages equal to or greater than the generator terminalvoltage was missing two of the data types identified in R4.1.1 through R4.1.4.3.1.3Level Three: No documentation of generator step-up transformers and auxiliarytransformers with primary voltages equal to or greater than the generator terminalvoltage3.1.4Level Four: Did not ensure generating unit step-up transformer settings werechanged in compliance with the specifications provided by the TransmissionOperator as identified in R5.E. Regional DifferencesNone identified.F. Associated Documents1.Appendix 1 Interpretation of Requirements R1 and R2 (August 1, 2007). Version HistoryAppendix 1Interpretation of Requirements R1 and R2Request:Requirement R1 of Standard VAR-002-1 states that Generation Operators shall operate each generator connected to the interconnected transmission system in the automatic voltage control mode (automatic voltage regulator in service and controlling voltage) unless the Generator Operator has notified the Transmission Operator.Requirement R2 goes on to state that each Generation Operator shall maintain the generator voltage or Reactive Power output as directed by the Transmission Operator.The two underlined phrases are the reasons for this interpretation request.Most generation excitation controls include a device known as the Automatic Voltage Regulator, or AVR. This is the device which is referred to by the R1 requirement above. Most AVR’s have the option of being set in various operating modes, such as constant voltage, constant power factor, and constant Mvar. In the course of helping members of the WECC insure that they are in full compliance with NERC Reliability Standards, I have discovered both Transmission Operators and Generation Operators who have interpreted this standard to mean that AVR operation in the constant power factor or constant Mvar modes complies with the R1 and R2 requirements cited above. Their rational is as follows: ▪The AVR is clearly in service because it is operating in one of its operating modes▪The AVR is clearly controlling voltage because to maintain constant PF or constant Mvar, it controls the generator terminal voltage▪R2 clearly gives the Transmission Operator the option of directing the Generation Operator to maintain a constant reactive power output rather than a constant voltage.Other parties have interpreted this standard to require operation in the constant voltage mode only. Their rational stems from the belief that the purpose of the VAR-002-1 standard is to insure the automatic delivery of additional reactive to the system whenever a voltage decline begins to occur.The material impact of misinterpretation of these standards is twofold.▪First, misinterpretation may result in reduced reactive response during system disturbances, which in turn may contribute to voltage collapse.▪Second, misinterpretation may result in substantial financial penalties imposed on generation operators and transmission operators who believe that they are in full compliance with thestandard.In accordance with the NERC Reliability Standards Development Procedure, I am requesting that a formal interpretation of the VAR-002-1 standard be provided. Two specific questions need to be answered.▪First, does AVR operation in the constant PF or constant Mvar modes comply with R1?▪Second, does R2 give the Transmission Operator the option of directing the Generation Owner to operate the AVR in the constant Pf or constant Mvar modes rather than the constant voltagemode?Interpretation:1.First, does AVR operation in the constant PF or constant Mvar modes comply with R1?Interpretation: No, only operation in constant voltage mode meets this requirement. This answer is predicated on the assumption that the generator has the physical equipment that will allow such operation and that the Transmission Operator has not directed the generator to run in a mode other than constant voltage.2.Second, does R2 give the Transmission Operator the option of directing the GenerationOwner (sic) to operate the AVR in the constant Pf or constant Mvar modes rather than the constant voltage mode?Interpretation: Yes, if the Transmission Operator specifically directs a Generator Operator to operate the AVR in a mode other than constant voltage mode, then that directed mode of AVR operation is allowed.Appendix 2Interpretation of VAR-002-1aRequest:VAR-002 — Generator Operation for Maintaining Network Voltage Schedules, addresses the generator’s provision of voltage and VAR control. Confusion exists in the industry and regions as to which requirements in this standard apply to Generator Operators that operate generators that do not have automatic voltage regulation capability.The Standard’s requirements do not identify the subset of generator operators that need to comply – forcing some generator operators that do not have any automatic voltage regulation capability to demonstrate how they complied with the requirements, even when they aren’t physically able to comply with the requirements. Generator owners want clarification to verify that they are not expected to acquire AVR devices to comply with the requirements in this standard.Many generators do not have automatic voltage regulators and do not receive voltage schedules. These entities are at a loss as to how to comply with these requirements and are expending resources attempting to demonstrate compliance with these requirements. A clarification will avoid challenges and potential litigation stemming from sanctions and penalties applied to entities that are being audited for compliance with this standard, but who do not fall within the scope or intent of the standard itself.Please identify which requirements apply to generators that do not operate generators equipped with AVRs.Response: All the requirements and associated subrequirements in VAR-002-1a apply to Generator Owners and Generator Operators that own or operate generators whether equipped with an automatic voltage regulator or not. The standard is predicated on the assumption that the generator has the physical equipment (automatic voltage regulator) that is capable of automatic operation. A generator that is not equipped with an automatic voltage regulator results in a functionally equivalent condition to a generator equipped with an automatic voltage regulator that is out of service due to maintenance or failure.There are no requirements in the standard that require a generator to have an automatic voltage regulator, nor are there any requirements for a Generator Owner to modify its generator to add an automatic voltage regulator. Unless exempted by the Transmission Operator, each Generator Operator shall maintain the generator voltage or Reactive Power output (within applicable Facility Ratings) as directed by the Transmission Operator.。
机器人电力系统介绍的说明书
机器人电力系统介绍的说明书前言：本说明书旨在介绍机器人电力系统的构成、原理、功能以及使用注意事项。
请仔细阅读本说明书，并按照要求正确使用机器人电力系统，以确保其正常运行和安全性。
第一部分：机器人电力系统概述1.1 概述机器人电力系统是指用于提供机器人工作所需的电力供应系统。
它包括电源模块、电池组、电力管理模块等多个组件，这些组件共同工作来为机器人提供稳定的电力。
1.2 构成机器人电力系统主要由以下几个组件构成：- 电源模块：用于将交流电转换为直流电，并为整个系统提供电力；- 电池组：储存电能，主要在无法接入外部电源时为机器人提供电力；- 电力管理模块：负责对电力进行调度和管理，以确保机器人的正常运行和电池寿命的延长。
1.3 原理机器人电力系统的原理主要包括电能转换和电力管理两个方面。
电源模块通过电能转换将交流电转换为机器人所需的直流电，而电力管理模块则监测和控制电力的分配和使用，确保机器人在不同工作状态下的电力供应的稳定性和效率。
第二部分：机器人电力系统功能2.1 供电机器人电力系统主要功能之一是为机器人提供稳定的电力供应。
无论是通过电源模块从外部电源接入，还是通过电池组供电，在不同场景下，机器人电力系统都能确保机器人的正常工作。
2.2 保护机器人电力系统还具备保护机制，能够监测和应对各类电力问题。
例如，当电流过载或电压异常时，电力管理模块会立即采取相应的措施，以避免损坏机器人或其他设备。
2.3 节能节能是机器人电力系统追求的重要目标之一。
通过电力管理模块对电力的调度和管理，机器人电力系统能够最大限度地降低能量消耗，延长电池寿命，并提高整个系统的能源利用效率。
第三部分：机器人电力系统使用注意事项3.1 安装在安装机器人电力系统时，请确保电源模块、电池组等组件正确连接，并符合相应的安全标准。
务必遵循安装指南中的步骤，以免发生电路故障或其他安全隐患。
3.2 维护定期对机器人电力系统进行维护和检查，确保各个组件的正常工作。
电力系统说明书
电力系统说明书一、引言本说明书旨在提供关于电力系统的详细信息，以帮助用户了解其组成、功能和操作方法。
电力系统作为一种重要的能源供应设施，对于现代社会的正常运行至关重要。
本文将从以下几个方面进行介绍：电力系统概述、组成部分、功能特点、操作方法以及维护保养等。
二、电力系统概述电力系统是指由发电厂、输电网和配电网组成的能量转换和传输系统。
其主要功能是将发电厂产生的电能经过输电网传输到各个用户终端，以满足人们的用电需求。
电力系统的稳定运行对于保障电力供应的可靠性和质量至关重要。
三、组成部分1. 发电厂发电厂是电力系统的起点，通常由燃煤发电厂、水电站、核电站等组成。
发电厂通过能源转换的方式将燃料、水力或核能转化为电能，并将其注入输电网。
2. 输电网输电网是将发电厂产生的高压电能进行传输的网络系统。
它由高压输电线路、变电站和开关设备等组成。
输电网的主要任务是将发电厂产生的电能输送到各个地区的配电网。
3. 配电网配电网是将输电网输送的高压电能转变为低压电能并分配到各个用户的网络系统。
它由变电站、配电变压器、配电线路和用户终端等组成。
配电网的主要任务是将电能送达用户终端，满足用户的用电需求。
四、功能特点1. 供电可靠性电力系统具有高度可靠性，通过合理的设计和运行管理，确保电力供应的连续性和稳定性。
系统中的备用设备和自动切换装置可以在发生故障时实现快速切换，以保障用户的用电不受影响。
2. 能效优化电力系统通过优化能源利用和输电损耗控制，提高能源利用效率。
采用先进的输电技术和设备，减少能量损耗，降低系统的运行成本。
3. 安全性保障电力系统具备完善的安全保护措施，包括过流保护、过压保护、短路保护等，以确保系统运行时的安全性。
此外，系统还具备防雷击、防火和防爆等功能，以应对各种意外情况。
五、操作方法1. 电力系统的启动与停止在操作电力系统时，需要按照规定的程序进行启动和停止操作。
启动时，应逐步投入各个设备，确保系统的平稳运行；停止时，应按照相反的顺序逐步停机，避免设备损坏或事故发生。
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目录1. 低压分配电箱、柜 (2)2. 电力电缆及电线 (5)3. 金属桥架及线槽 (7)4. 线路配件及其它电气设备电 (9)1.低压分配电箱、柜1.1.低压分配电箱、柜生产制造总体说明(一)包括配电柜的设计、制造、运输、安装、通电测试直至设备安全投入使用。
(二)配电柜内的所有元件、配件、布线、材料和工艺应适用于规定的使用操作条件及相关国家标准和规范。
1.2.设计、制造、安装标准及依据GB7251-1997《低压成套开关设备和控制设备》GB14048-2001《低压开关设备和控制设备》GB50171-1992《电气装置安装工程盘、柜及二次回路结线施工及验收规范》GB4942.2-1993《低压电器外壳防护等级》GB4208-1993《外壳防护等级（IP代码）》GB4728《电气图形用符号》GB17196-1997《连接器件连接铜导线用的扁形快速连接端头安全要求》GB17464-1998《连接器件连接铜导线用的螺纹型和无螺纹型夹紧件的安全要求》JGJ16-2008《民用建筑电气设计规范》GB50303-2002《建筑电气工程质量验收规范》GB50254-96《电气装置安装工程低压电气施工及验收规范》其他相关国家及地方标准1.3.配电箱（柜）制造装配技术说明1.3.1.配电箱（柜）外壳的技术说明：(一)配电箱（柜）的外壳钣金厚度应根据柜门（指单开门电柜）的大小确定：(1)单排PZ30照明箱钣金1.0mm，双排PZ30照明箱钣金1.2mm；(2)门板面积＜0.8m2时，柜体（边框）1.2mm，电气安装板1.2mm，柜门1.5mm；(3)0.8≤门板面积＜1.2m2时，柜体（边框）1.5mm，电气安装板1.5mm，柜门2.0mm；(4)1.2≤门板面积＜1.5m2时，柜体（边框）1.5mm，电气安装板1.5mm，柜门2.0mm；(5)门板面积≥1.5m2时，柜体（边框）2.0mm，电气安装板2.0mm，柜门2.5mm；(6)双开门时，柜体（边框）2.5mm，电气安装板2.5mm，柜门2.5mm；(7)配电箱（柜）的外壳钣金厚度除满足上述要求外，还必须保证不能钣金的韧性、强度（可采用背面焊接加强筋的形式），不能在正常运输和使用过程不得出现箱体外壳变形的状况。
(二)配电箱（柜）的外壳表面处理：(1)配电箱（柜）的外壳必须经过除油→水洗→酸洗除油除锈→水洗→磷化→水洗→干燥→涂塑等工艺处理；涂塑必须采用环保型环氧树脂喷涂工艺，喷涂颜色须符合要求；在设计图中的工作环境下，在正常使用的15年内不得出现涂塑脱落而导致箱体外壳生锈的状况。
(2)配电箱内的接地螺栓在喷涂过程中必须严密包覆，螺栓上（根部5mm不计）不得出现涂层。
(3)所有门板上的开孔应整齐、美观；不得出现补孔现象。
(三)其他说明：(1)配电箱（柜）的门，转动应灵活，转动角度不得小于100°，门在开闭过程中不应损坏防护涂层或明显晃动现象，且开门过程中不能出现刺耳噪音。
(2)金属壳体的焊接应牢固，焊缝应光洁均匀，无焊穿、裂纹、咬边、溅渣、气孔等现象，焊药皮应清除干净。
(3)产品内零件的边缘和开孔应平整光滑，无明显毛刺及裂口。
1.3.2.配电箱（柜）接地说明：(一)箱体上应设有专用接地螺栓，并有接地标记。
电柜内的接地螺栓用铜制；如采用钢质螺栓，必须经热浸锌处理或使用不锈钢材质。
(二)不论电柜柜门上是否安装元件，都必须安装接地螺栓。
(三)柜门与柜体的柔性接地导体使用镀锌屏蔽带，且屏蔽带的固定要使用倒齿垫片。
端头处理使用O型铜接头压接，不得直接将屏蔽带穿孔固定。
(四)电压互感器和电流互感器的次极绕组应单独可靠接地，接地处应设有耐久的接地标记；保护接地不应与工作接地共用接地线和接地螺栓。
(五)每台配电箱（柜）都应有可靠接地装置，装有电器元件的面板与构架之间，以及构架与底座之间，应可靠接地。
(六)配电箱（柜）间线路的线间和线对地间绝缘电阻值，馈电线路必须大于0.5MΩ；二次回路必须大于15MΩ。
1.3.3.配电箱（柜）内安装的技术要求：(一)固定低压电器时，不得使电器内部受额外应力。
(二)所有元件附件应齐全、完好。
(三)低压断路器的安装应符合产品技术文件的规定，无明确要求时，宜垂直安装，其倾斜度不应大于5°。
(四)为了使带电部分和电线在打开前门板时能完全屏蔽，所有在箱内的电线、母线等都应利用中间门或中间保护隔板加以遮护，只有断路器操作手把和其周围的绝缘部分可突出在屏蔽和面板上。
在相与相之间和相与中性线之间须加装绝缘隔板。
(五)低压电器根据其不同的结构，可采用支架、金属板、绝缘板固定在墙、柱或其它建筑构件上。
金属板、绝缘板应平整。
当采用卡轨支撑安装时，卡轨应与低压电器匹配，并用固定夹或固定螺栓与壁板紧密固定，严禁使用变形或不合格的卡轨。
(六)电器元件的安装紧固应牢固，固定方法应是可拆卸的。
设备安装用的紧固件应用镀锌制品，并应采用标准件。
(七)电器的接线应采用铜质或有电镀金属防锈层的螺栓和螺钉，连接时应拧紧，且应有防松装置。
(八)当元件本身预制导线时，应用转接端子与柜内导线连接，不得使用对接方法。
(九)按钮操作应灵活、可靠、无卡阻。
集中在一起安装的按钮应有编号或不同的识别标志，紧急按钮应有明显标志，并设保护罩。
(一〇)柜内所有的接线、汇流排的载流量需大于断路器的额定电流值，且其载流量应是在充分考虑了配电柜内的温度及多组导线间产生涡流的不利影响后折算出来的载流量。
(一一)所有回路电线接线处（包括接地线）的接头必须经过搪锡处理；同一端子上压接的导线连接不多于两根，且垫圈下螺丝两侧压接的导线截面及应相同；导线连接处的防松动垫圈等零件应齐备。
(一二)对于在主回路中取电压信号的O型端子不应夹在主电流回路的两块导体之间。
(一三)为方便检修及施工布线，所有出线回路编号均要在断路器本体上标记清楚。
(一四)落地的配电柜需增加检修照明灯，利用行程开关判断柜门位置控制检修照明灯的开关。
(一五)对于装有接触器、变频器或电子元件的配电柜应增加散热风扇；所有变频柜要考虑进风口的有效截面积，（厂商要考虑变频控制柜的散热量并选择适合的散热风扇并附计算书）；散热风扇应通过温度控制器控制，不能利用行程开关控制或手动开启的方式控制散热风扇的启停。
1.3.4.配电柜标示标牌的要求：(一)盘、柜的正面及背面各电器、端子牌等应标明编号、名称、用途及操作位置，其标明的字迹应清晰、工整、不易褪色。
(二)在每个电器元件上和近旁，应有与原理线路图相一致的元件代号。
(三)标签已在元件附近的底板和元件本体上粘贴。
位置要明显易于发现，尽量不遮盖元件主要型号为准，且不靠近人员操作位置。
面板元件附近要贴上与板前铭牌一致的中文标签。
(四)对组合式元件要在其安装座和元件主体上都贴上标签，以使其在任何状态下都能起到标示作用。
1.4.低压分配电箱主要元器件的技术要求1.4.1.断路器、ATSE、交流接触器及热过载保护继电器的技术要求：(一)元器件制造商对断路器、ATSE、交流接触器及热过载保护继电器等元件的生产不得另外转包或贴牌代工生产。
(二)断路器、熔断器的Ics值和Icu值都必须不小于设计图中的IC值要求。
(三)ACB断路器的额定电流值、过载长延时电流值和短路延时值均可以调节整定，以断路器能在合闸情况下进行调节整定为宜。
(四)断路器的附件，如辅助开关、报警触头、分励脱扣线圈、失压脱扣线圈等应具有模块化设计；分励脱扣线圈、失压脱扣线圈宜采用宽电压设计。
(五)接触器的吸合声音应响亮清脆而不沉闷；接触器的线圈应有足够的电磁力，在运行过程中不得产生异常噪音。
(六)接触器在正常使用条件下不得出线熔焊现象；接触器的电磁辐射应符合相关国家标准。
(七)热继电器应能准确动作，其双金属片应具有热叠加记忆功能。
(八)热继电器应具有三相热保护功能，A/B/C三相均安装双金属片；对于单相设备可采用只有两相热保护功能热继电器，但安装时单相设备的相线和零线均必须受保护。
1.4.2.变频器：(一)变频应设有定限保护如限流和限压输出等及跳闸保护包括电流，过电压，失压停，过热及接地等。
(二)变频器应能监测供电电源在暂停电及故障后自动起动，并能提供最后4次故障记录，包括故障时的电流及频率等。
(三)变频器应动作在可调校的载波频率调频模式，使变频器及电动机能达到最佳的效能。
(四)变频器应具有电机转速跟踪功能，在电源中断时，变频器应能维持满负载输出至少15微秒。
(五)变频器在晚间运行或风机排烟功能时，可透过外接之接驳器选择8个或以上不同而预先选定可较的运作速度。
(六)当变频器内的温度达到90℃时，变频器应能自动停止运作及关掉以避免因高热而引致的损坏。
(七)变频器应设有内置电子电动机过载保护。
(八)变频器应设有现场操作及遥控操作二者选择，以配合大厦管理系统应用；变频器应具有参数拷贝功能并支持中文显示及密码锁功能。
(九)每台变频器应附设两个程序调校的模拟讯号输出接驳位。
1.5.低压分配电箱的安装(一)设备基础和构架应达到允许设备安装的强度；焊接构件的质量应符合要求，基础槽钢应固定可靠。
(二)预埋件及预留孔的位置和尺寸，应符合设计要求，预埋件应牢固。
(三)设备型钢基础的直线度应≤1mm/m，全长的误差不大于5mm；设备型钢基础的水平度应≤1mm/m，全长的误差不大于5mm。
(四)配电箱与基础应采用镀锌螺栓连接，且放松动零件齐全。
2.电力电缆及电线2.1.电力电缆及电线生产总体要求2.1.1.电力电缆及电线质量保证：(1)电线电缆所有元件、配件、布线、材料和工艺应适用于规定的使用操作条件及相关国家标准和规范。
(2)每一电缆在其外被覆上以不易消褪方式清楚标明制造厂的名称或简称、制造年月、电压等级、记号、导体大小等。
2.2.设计、制造、安装标准及依据GB3953《电工用圆铜线》GB4005《电线电缆交货盘》GB6995《电线电缆识别标志》GB12666《电线电缆燃烧试验方法》GB9330《塑料绝缘控制电缆》GB12706《额定电压35KV以下铜芯、铝芯塑料绝缘电力电缆》GB/T18380.3-2001《成束电线或电缆的燃烧试验方法》GB/T19216-2003《在火焰条件下电缆或光缆的线路完整性试验》GB/T19666-2005《阻燃和耐火电线电缆通则》GB/T17651.2-1998《电缆或光缆在特定条件下燃烧的烟密度测定》GB/T17650.1-1998《取自电缆或光缆的材料燃烧时释放气体的试验方法》JGJ16-2008《民用建筑电气设计规范》GB50303-2002《建筑电气工程质量验收规范》GB50168-2006《电气装置安装工程电缆线路施工及验收规范》DGJ08-93-2002《民用建筑电线电缆防火设计规程》GB50254-96《电气装置安装工程低压电气施工及验收规范》其他相关国家及地方标准2.3.主要设计技术指标：2.3.1.环境条件：(1)额定电压：电缆0.6/1kV，电线0.45/0.75kV；(2)最高长期工作温度：电缆≤90℃，电线≤70℃；(3)敷设温度：电缆≥-5℃，电线≥0℃；(4)敷设方式：桥架、线槽或穿管。