考研英语逻辑关系词,代词,和文章结构词

1.五类逻辑关系（前三类常考为核心，后二类为非核心）：第一类逻辑关系词：转折，让步，对比（本质：不一致）(1). 转折，对比：however, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet*, though*, whereas*, while*, still*（但是）, conversely, contrarily, contrary to, to the contrary, on the contrary, by contrast, in contrast, in comparison（相反地）, compared with (与…相比), unlike（不像）, excluding, save, except, except that, except for, other than, barring*, aside from*, apart from*（不包括）(2). 让步：even if, even though, despite, in spite of, granted that, granting that, albeit, notwithstanding, although, though*, whereas*, while*（尽管）, (but) even so, (but) even now, (but) even then（尽管如此）, regardless of, irrespective of, regardless, even*（即使）(3). 转折，让步，对比：while*（尽管，然而）(4). 对比：instead, instead of, rather than, prefer to（与其做…不如做…）, either…or…（或者…或者…）, neither…nor…（既不…也不…）, other, anothe r（其它）, some…,others…（一些…另一些…）; some…most…（一些…大部分…）;some…the remaining(一些…剩余的…); the former…the latter…（前者…后者…）; on （the）one hand…on the other hand…; on (the) one side…on the other side…（一方面…另一方面…）; some…others…still oth ers…（一些…另一些…再一些…）; against (相对) 类逻辑词：no, not, without, hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, less（否定功能）, stop, cease（停止）, firstly, at first, previously（曾经）, in effect, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually(其实), oppose, against（反对）, comparison, contrast（对比）, interestingly（有趣的是）, ironically（讽刺的是）, (un)fortunately（不幸的是）, than(比较级), anyway, anyhow（无论如何，不顾）,第二类逻辑关系词：并列，递进，举例（本质：一致）并列：and（和）, or（或者）, also, as well as, as well, too（也）,equally, similarly, alike, likewise, similar to（与…相似）, consistent with, parallel with（与…一致）, aside from*, apart from*, besides, including（包括）, still*（仍然）, according to(根据), as*, like*, as if, as though（像，如）, the way（按…的方式）, as usual（像通常那样）递进：furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition, in addition to, what’s more（并且）, above all（最重要的是）, indeed（的确）, even*（甚至）, not on ly…but (also)…not simply…but (also)（不仅…而且…）, more importantly, more significantly(更重要的是), still*, yet*, even*（更，后加比较级）举例总分：for example, for instance, such as, like*（例如）, of, among, in, between（在这些当中…）举例分总：on the whole, in short, in brief, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in a nutshell, to conclude, to sum up, all in all, generally, in general, overall, over all（总而言之）, eventually, finally, lastly, at last（最终）举例的分：firstly, at first, first and foremost, in the first place, to begin with, to start with（第一）, secondly, in the second place, in the meanwhile*, meanwhile*, simultaneously* (与此同时) , then*（然后）, 递进词（第二）, thirdly（第三）…类逻辑词：并列：“,”, “;” ,“—” ,“()” , namely, viz., that is, or rather, in other words, put another way(即), this/it mean, this/it refer to, this/it signify, this/it suggest, this/it imply, this/it indicate, this/it conveys, this/it infer, this/it demonstrate, this/it show, this/it illustrate, this/it display, this/ it manifest, this/ it depict, this/it boil down to…(这意味着, 这指的是), call sth. sth., regard sth. sth. (宾语补足语), 同位语, 同位语从句, same(相同), again, once more(再次), still*(仍然,用于肯定句), yet*(仍然,用于否定句), continue(继续),be动词(是), at the least(至少), at the most(至多), be regarded as, be considered as, be believed as, be envisioned as…(被看作)举例：“:”, e.g., include, including（包括）, 数词+名词, all these（所有这些）, conclusion, summary （总结）第三类逻辑关系词：原因，结果，目的（本质：因果）原因：because, as*, for*, given, considering, now that, in that, since*, because of, on the ground of, in view of, in (the) light of, by virtue of, as a result of, as a consequence of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to（因为）, after all（毕竟）, for fear of/that, lest(由于害怕, 唯恐)结果：therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly(因此), consequently, in consequence, as a result, thereby（结果是）, so…that…, such…that…（如此…以至于…）目的：for*, so that, such that, in order to, so as to(为了), in case*（以防）, to(为了) 提示词：explanation(n.), explain(v.), account for(解释）, justify, prove(证明), reason(n.), cause(n.＆v.), account（原因）problem(问题), causal(adj.), resulting(adj.)（结果的）, influence(n.), implication effect(n.)(影响）, consequence(n.), result(n.)(结果), why(为什么), result from(导致于), root in, originate from, launched by, follow(来源于), raise, incur, arouse, affect, result in, bring about, lead to(导致), provoke, spur, urge, force, drive, stir, prompt(刺激,激起), make(使得), attribute A to B, owe A to B（把A归因于B）, A be put down to B（A被归因于B）, A be in response to B, A as a reaction to B(A是B的反应), the problem of A(A的问题在于…), by(通过…手段), to(为了)第四类逻辑关系词：时间（本质：时间）时间：after(在…后), thereafter(此后), before(在…前), between, during(在…间), later(后来), by, until(直到…), in the meanwhile*, meanwhile*, simultaneously* (与此同时), since, ever since, ever after(自从), even as(正当…时候), whenever(每当), then*(然后，那时), as*, while*, when*, whilst, once(当), henceforth, from now on(从今以后), until now, hitherto, so far, to date(至今为止)第五类逻辑关系词：条件（本质：条件）条件：unless, barring*,otherwise, or else(除非), when*, in case*, in case of(在…情况下), on condition that, as long as, so long as，providing, provided, suppose, supposing, if(如果), only if(只有当), if only(如果是…就好了)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 有一个以上功能的词：even; after all; still; yet; for; in case; aside from; apart from; while; as; like; since; barring; in the meanwhile; meanwhile; then; since; when; whereas, simultaneously 易混淆的词：so…that(结果)/so that(目的); such…that(结果)/such that(目的); accordingly(结果)/according to(并列); only if/if only(条件)/even if/even though(让步)/as if/as though(并列); in case(条件，目的)/in case of(条件); though(让步，转折)/although(让步)2. 代词第一类：he(him, his, his), she(her, her, hers), it(it, its, its), they(them, their, theirs)第二类：this, that, these, those第三类：the former, the latter第四类：other, another, else第五类：so, such第六类：then第七类：some, a few, a little, many, much, something, anything, nothing, none第八类：here, there第九类：the previous, the last, the latest, the next, the subsequent3. 文章结构词第一类：ago, before, past, previously, at first, firstly, once, old, traditional, conventional第二类：now, nowadays, today, these days, these weeks, these months, these years, these decades, presently, lately, new第三类：no longer, no more, not any more, change, alter, until, subsequently, after第四类：still, yet, so far, up to now, hitherto, to this day4. 等于号be动词, 代词，并列逻辑关系词和提示词，举例逻辑关系词和提示词5. 提问词直接表达：means, show, reveal, demonstrate, signify, depict, indicate间接表达：imply, infer, suggest, hint, connote。