朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(爱尔兰的文化：语言,文学和艺术)

第14章爱尔兰的文化：语言，文学和艺术14.1 复习笔记I. Language1. Irish under political unrests2. Hiberno-EnglishII. Oral culture1. Features2. Origin3. Positive effectsIII. Literature1. The first Irish poem2. Nobel Prize winners for literature3. Other important figuresIV. Music and dance1. Sean nos2. The Irish pipe3. Irish dancing4. Irish harpV. Sports culture1. Soccer (football)2. Rugby football3. Cricket and tennis4. Hurling5. Golf6. Horse-racingVI. Science and technology1. Distinguished figures2. Important societiesVII. The Irish identity in the world1. The Irish diaspora2. Attitudes towards other countries or areasI. Language（语言）1. Irish under political unrests（政治动荡下的爱尔兰语）(1)Irish or Gaelic is an ancient language spoken by the Irish people.(2)Under the English colonial policy, many people, especially the middle and professional classes, lost this language and never regained. But until the mid-19th century, Irish was still spoken widely by the peasant classes.(3)The death blow to the Irish language was the Great Famine of 1845—1848, since two million Irish people emigrated or died in this event.(4)In the late 19th century, an attempt was made to revive the use of the Irishlanguage among the middle and professional classes.(5)After achieving national independence, official attempt was made to make Irish again the national language.(6)Irish is now a compulsory subject in schools and the first official language in the Republic.(1)爱尔兰语，也称盖尔语，是爱尔兰人的古老语言。

(2)在英国殖民政策下，许多爱尔兰人，尤其是中产阶级和职场中的爱尔兰人，被迫放弃使用爱尔兰语，而且再也没有重新使用。

不过直到19世纪中期，爱尔兰语还被农民阶级广泛使用。

(3)1845—1848年的大饥荒给爱尔兰语带来了致命的打击，当时这个国家流失了200万的人口，他们要么移民国外，要么死于饥荒。

(4)19世纪末期，追求爱尔兰独立的人试图恢复爱尔兰语在中产阶级和职业阶层中的应用。

(5)爱尔兰独立后，官方努力恢复爱尔兰语作为国语的地位。

2. Hiberno-English（爱尔兰英语）(1)Despite official pressures to speak Irish，the language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard English known as Hiberno-English.(2)It is distinguished from British English by a certain vocabulary and by certain semantic idiosyncrasies. Also, it has the variety and difficulty of the regional accents.(1)尽管有来自官方说爱尔兰语的压力，如今在爱尔兰广泛使用的语言却是标准英语的一个版本，称为“爱尔兰英语”。

(2)爱尔兰英语同英国英语的区别在于词汇的不同和某些句子结构的特点。

同时，爱尔兰英语还有地方口音的存在。

II. Oral culture（口头文化）Ireland is a culture which operates most obviously on an oral level.爱尔兰是一个注重口头文化的国家。

1. Features（口头文化特征）(1)An Irish person will take an opportunity to talk even if pressed for time.(2)Great value is extended to the ability to talk spontaneously and with grace and force.(1)每个爱尔兰人都有强烈的说话欲望，即使时间紧迫也不放过说话的机会。

(2)谈话艺术追求高雅。

2. Origin（口头文化起源）The basis for this is in the original peasant culture, which makes the transfer from an oral to a written culture only slowly in the late 19th century.口头文化的传统最早起源于农民文化，直到19世纪末期，这种口头文化才逐渐缓慢地向书面文化过渡。

3. Positive effects（积极影响）(1)Oral culture adds great pleasure to day-to-day routine.(2)It is one key to Ireland’s very effective business and diplomatic efforts.(3)It is the very basis for Ireland’s reputation as a culture of great writers.(1)口头文化的流行为日常生活增添了乐趣。

(2)口头文化也是爱尔兰商业和外交努力富有成效的一大原因。

(3)口头文化是爱尔兰能够孕育许多伟大作家的基础。

III. Literature（文学）In Ireland, writers and poets are honored above all other artists. Writers may publish in either the Irish or the English language.在爱尔兰，作家和诗人是所有艺术家中最受尊重的人群。

文学创作可以使用爱尔兰语，也可以使用英语。

1. The first Irish poem（第一首爱尔兰诗歌）The first poem identified as “Irish” is the saga of the Tain, which was transmitted orally for centuries before it was written down.“泰恩”传奇被认为是第一首爱尔兰语诗歌，这首诗歌在口头上流传了几个世纪后才用文字记载下来。

2. Nobel Prize winners for literature（诺贝尔文学奖得主）The Republic of Ireland has been the home of 4 winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature.爱尔兰历史上出现了四位获得诺贝尔文学奖的作家。

(1)W.B. Yeats (1865—1929)Yeats was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. The Secret Rose, and The Wind Among the Reeds are among his early famous works.(2)Seamus Heaney (1939—)Heaney was awarded in 1995, one of his famous works is Winterins Ou t, revealingthe religious conflict in Northern Ireland.(3)George Bernard Shaw (1856—1950)Bernard Shaw won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Literature. His famous play Pygmalion has been adapted into a film My Fair Lady.(4)Samuel Beckett (1906—1989)Samuel won the 1969 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is famous for his great absurdist play Waiting for Godot.(1)威廉·巴特勒·叶芝（1865—1929）叶芝于1923年获得诺贝尔文学奖，诗集《玫瑰的秘密》、《苇间风》是他早期的著名作品。

(2)谢默斯·希尼(1939—)1995年，希尼荣获诺贝尔文学奖。

他的著名作品之一为诗集《在外过冬》，这是一本基于北爱尔兰宗教冲突的作品。

(3)乔治·萧伯纳（1856—1950）萧伯纳于1925年获得诺贝尔文学奖桂冠。

他的著名作品《卖花女》被改编为电影，就是著名的《窈窕淑女》。

(4)塞缪尔·贝克特（1906—1989）塞缪尔·贝克特1969年获得诺贝尔文学奖，著名作品为荒诞剧《等待戈多》。